DK Findout! Sharks - DK

Bull shark
Young bull sharks are
most likely to be found in
rivers. They may use them
as freshwater nurseries.
Adults sometimes bite
unwary river swimmers.

Nursehound
This spotty shark winds
its eggs onto seaweed
in very shallow water.
It may even be found
by people paddling at
low tide!

Whitetip reef shark
These stout sharks often
sleep by day, but gather
in packs to hunt at night.
They search out dozing
fish that are hidden in
the coral.

Oceanic whitetip shark
This large, inquisitive
animal never stops
swimming. Once a very
common oceanic shark,
it’s now under threat
from fishing.

Australian angelshark
Angelsharks can hide
perfectly on the sandy
bottom of the seafloor.
This means they can stay
still, waiting for prey to
come to them.

Bigeye houndshark
These little sharks live in
the very deep waters of
the Red Sea and Indian
Ocean. They need huge
eyes to catch small fish
and squid in the dark.

49

A E
D
BC

Migration

Many sharks never move far from
the place where they were born.
However, some large sharks make
amazing long-distance journeys
called migrations. Some move
with the seasons, to stay in warm
water. Others travel across oceans
to good feeding spots or to find
a mate.

50

MIGRATION ROUTES D Basking sharks These
sharks don’t like warm
A Salmon sharks These water. They feed on the
warm-blooded sharks surface in the North
prefer cold water. They Atlantic, but dive very
swim between the coasts deep to cross the equator.
of California and Alaska,
and out to the middle of E Blue sharks Blue sharks
the North Pacific Ocean. use an ocean current,
called the North Atlantic
B Great white sharks Drift, to help them swim
Great white sharks spend clockwise around the
the summer in California, Atlantic Ocean.
then swim 2,490 miles
(4,000 km) to Hawaii F Whale sharks It may
for the winter, and take two or three years for
then go back again. a whale shark to travel
around an ocean, visiting
C Scalloped feeding grounds along
hammerheads the way.
Hammerheads may
use their electric sense G Shortfin makos A shortfin
to follow underwater mako named Carol swam
magnetic highways from New Zealand to Fiji
between the islands of and back, and then out to
Malpelo, Cocos, and Tonga, all in one year!
the Galapagos.

G
F

! REALLY?
Great white sharks meet in
an empty patch of ocean
near Hawaii called the
“white shark café,”
probably to find a mate!

51

Interview with...

We put some questions to Rob Allen, a shark
conservationist, photographer, and adventurer.
He travels the world diving with sharks and
working to help protect them from the threat
of extinction.

Q: We know it is something to do with Q: Is your job dangerous?
sharks, but what do you actually do? A: Sharks are wild animals, and so you
A: I lead scuba-diving expeditions to have to be very careful around some of
remote parts of the world to dive with the larger ones. However, if you take the
and photograph sharks. right precautions and have someone
Q: What made you decide to become watching your back (they do like to creep
a photographer and conservationist? up on you) then it is safe. I have done
A: I have always loved photography and over 600 shark dives and never felt
the sea—photographing sharks was a threatened—not by the sharks at least;
natural way to combine these. I have there are some pretty aggressive fish, too.
been a shark conservationist for about Q: What sort of equipment do you use?
20 years, since learning how dangerously A: I have a Canon 5D Digital SLR camera
close to extinction most shark species that is put in a solid metal case so I can
are. Back then, most people didn’t care take it underwater. Two big strobe lights,
about saving sharks, but the tide is which produce a quick flash, help to light
turning now, with many people far more up the water when it’s dark. I use wide
interested in conservation. angle lenses, which means I have to get
very close to the sharks.
Q: What are the best and worst parts
of your job?
A: Every shark encounter is fantastic
and it’s a real privilege to be with them
in their environment. Unfortunately,
the sea and weather can’t be controlled
and I have spent many hours on boats
in storms—luckily I don’t get seasick.

52 Great hammerhead shark

Great white shark Rob scuba-diving with a great hammerhead shark

Q: What is the most exciting thing Q: Do you have a favorite type
you have ever photographed? of shark?
A: I love the annual Sardine Run off the A: That’s a difficult question. Blue sharks
coast of South Africa, where millions of are the prettiest sharks, bull sharks have
fish are herded into large bait balls by the most attitude, and great whites are
dolphins. All the marine predators are magnificent and make you feel totally
attracted, including sharks, whales, sea insignificant, but my favorites are tiger
lions, and gannets, which plunge in sharks as they have so much character.
to feast. Being close to all that energy
and action is incredibly exciting.
Q: What are the biggest problems
facing sharks and what can you
do to help them?
A: Many types of shark are close to
extinction. As the top predators in
the ocean, they are essential for a
healthy ecosystem, as they keep fish
populations in balance. You can help
by understanding the conservation
issues and educating others. Also
avoid buying shark products like
teeth necklaces.

Tiger shark

53

Sharks Trophy hunting
in danger Many anglers like to catch
sharks, but most put them A necklace
Scientists estimate that about back in the sea alive. of great white
one quarter of all shark species Trophy hunters kill big shark teeth.
are in danger. Millions of sharks sharks for their jaws
are killed each year. The biggest and teeth, or to
sharks and those that live in weigh, measure, and
shallow coastal water are at photograph them
greatest risk. If sharks are during fishing
overfished or lose their habitats competitions.
they could face extinction.
Many conservationists, PRODUCTS
however, work to protect Many sharks have meat that can be eaten,
sharks and try to stop and their fins are used in soup.
their numbers from Sometimes when a shark’s fins are
dropping too far. removed the rest of it is thrown
away. People also use sharks’
thick skin for leather, oil from
their livers for makeup, and
cartilage in pills.

Shark fin soup is sometimes
eaten at banquets in East Asia.

OVERFISHING !

This is the greatest threat to sharks. Some Sharks can
are hunted for food and others for parts to get caught in
fishing nets.
make products, such as oil. Sharks are
caught with a hook and line or with nets.

They can also be killed accidentally by
fishermen trying to catch other fish.

54

Conservation

Many people support shark conservation.
Some join organizations for saving marine
wildlife, while scientists carry out research
to learn about the lives of sharks and how
to help them. Managers of fisheries try to
make sure catches are sustainable, which

limits the number of sharks caught.

Cage diving with great white sharks and Electronic tags
swimming with whale sharks are amazing track sharks so
experiences. They also bring lots of people and scientists can learn
money to coastal areas. However, they should more about them.
be organized carefully so that sharks aren’t

disturbed or harmed.

Habitat loss POLLUTION

Some sharks only live in shallow coastal areas, Marine litter can entangle and harm
or have nursery grounds there. Unfortunately wildlife. Sometimes it’s eaten by sharks and
other sea animals. Invisible pollution, such
many people live right next door. Coastal
habitats are often used for housing, ports, as chemical waste, is also dangerous.
and industrial development. Sharks have Sharks can live for a long time and can build

nowhere else to go! up enough toxic chemicals to make them
bad for us to eat.
This mangrove forest, a
lemon shark nursery, is
having a hotel built on it.

55

Shark facts Tiger sharks
and figures have been found to eat

Sharks are a fascinating group cans, shoes, and even
of fish. Here are some weird and license plates
wonderful facts you might not from cars!
know about them!

e shy shark curls in The whale shark has
hen threatened, th to a protective rin
OPEN WIDE! g. W

Sharks let fish called remoras clean
parasites from their skin, even inside
their mouths, without eating them!

99 days million

A great white shark called Nicole sharks are killed by
traveled 6,900 miles (11,100 km) people a year.
from Australia to South Africa
in 99 days.

56

GALEOPHOBIAis the fear of sharks. Baby sandtiger sharks
have been known to

eat each other
while still inside
their mother!

thickestthe skin of any animal. Bull
sharks

are one of the most
dangerous species of

shark, along with
great white sharks
and tiger sharks.

1640 400 1976
ft (500 m) is how Greenland sharks The megamouth
far male great white can live as long as shark wasn’t
sharks swim down 400 years. discovered
and back up again until 1976.
to impress females.

58 Top sharks

You’ve read this far, so you already 20 ft (6 m)
know that sharks are amazing
animals! Here are a few more facts Shortfin mako
that you can use to astonish your This shark has to
friends. Find out which shark is the swim very fast to
fastest, which can jump the highest, jump that high!
and which lives the deepest.
10 ft (3 m)

Highest leaper Thresher shark
A thresher shark may
Sharks jump to show how strong jump several times in
they are, or when they are swimming a row. Even their long
too fast to stop! A jump can also tail clears the water.
knock off a parasite, such as a
blood-sucking copepod (a type of 8 ft (2.5 m)
crustacean) or a fisherman’s hook.
Great white shark
Great white sharks breach when
charging from deep water to hit
prey swimming on the surface.

Blue shark 32 mph (20 kph)
The blue shark usually
glides slowly around
oceans, but it can sprint
much faster.

Fastest swimmer Shortfin mako shark 56 mph (35 kph)
The shortfin mako is the
A shark must be very fast to eat world’s fastest shark. It
fast food (meaning speedy fish, can catch fast prey such
not burgers). Otherwise they as tuna.
need to be very good at sneaking
up on their dinner, ambushing it. 40 mph (25 kph)

Great white shark
This shark reaches its top
speed when chasing prey.
It often surprises its dinner
from below.

Deepest living Cookiecutter shark 11,480 ft (3,500 m)
In third place is the cookiecutter
The sharks here have been shark. This tiny predator sneaks
fished up from very deep up on prey in the dark. It has
water. Other types of shark the biggest teeth for its size of
might live or dive even any shark.
deeper—but no one has yet
caught them doing it. 12,060 ft (3,675 m) Portuguese dogfish
Runner-up is the
Great lanternshark Portuguese dogfish.
The deep-diving It bites chunks out
champion is the great of its prey like the
lanternshark. This shark cookiecutter does.
shines its light in the
59 dark depths. 14,760 ft (4,500 m)

Glossary conservation Trying to stop
an animal or plant from
Here are the meanings of some words that becoming extinct
are useful for you to know when learning courtship Special types of
about sharks. animal behavior that are used
to attract a mate

adaptation Way in which camouflage Colors or denticle Small, toothlike
an animal becomes better patterns on an animal’s skin scale found on the skin of
suited to its habitat that help it merge with the sharks and rays
ampullae Special jelly-filled environment dorsal fin Fin on the back of
pores that detect electricity carnivore Animal that eats a shark. There may be one or
anal fin Single fin only meat two, with or without a spine
underneath a shark’s body, in front of it
near the tail
ancestor Animal to which a cartilage A tough but ecosystem A living
more recent animal is related flexible material that makes community of plants and
armor Naturally hard body up the skeletons of sharks animals found together,
covering that provides and their relatives and their environment
protection for an animal
barbels Feelers near a chimaera Unusual type of egg case Tough, outer capsule
shark’s nostrils, or on the fish related to sharks. Also that protects a developing
rostrum of a sawshark called ghostsharks and ratfish shark, ray, or chimaera
breach When an animal
makes a complete, or almost cold-blooded Animal with elasmobranchs Sharks, rays,
complete, leap out of the a body temperature that guitarfish, and sawfish
water and splashes back goes up and down to match electroreception Sharks’
the surrounding air or ability to sense electricity
A great white shark water temperature
breaching
environment Surroundings
in which an animal lives

estuary End of a river where
freshwater meets the sea

extinction When all of a
particular animal species dies
out and there are none left in
the world

filter feeding When small Leopard shark
animals in water are sieved snout
out with gill rakers and eaten

gill rakers Small, hard
projections on a shark’s gills
that filter small food items
from the water

gills Organs that allow fish parasite Animal that lives reproduce To have young.
to breath underwater on or inside another animal Sharks and rays may lay eggs
gill slits Openings that allow and feeds off it or give birth to live young
the water that comes in pectoral fins First pair of rostrum Long part of a
through a shark’s mouth to large fins underneath a shark’s snout. It is flat
pass out over the gills shark. In skates and rays, and edged with teeth in
habitat Natural home they are joined to the head sawsharks and sawfish
environment of an animal to form wings snout Part of the head in
lagoon Area of shallow pelvic fins Second pair of front of an animal’s eyes
water partly or completely fins underneath a shark, and mouth
enclosed by a barrier of land before the tail species Specific types of
mangrove Tree that grows in poison Harmful substance animal with shared features
shallow sea water released by an animal that that can mate and produce
marine Describes animals may be deadly if touched young together
that live in the sea, their or eaten temperate Area or climate
habitat, and environment polar Describes areas near with mild temperatures
migration Regular movement the North and South poles vemon Harmful substance
of animals, often to feed or predator Animal that hunts that may be deadly if injected
breed other living animals for food into the skin by a sting
nocturnal Animals that are prey Animal that is hunted tropical Area or climate with
awake at night, when they for food hot temperatures
hunt or feed warm-blooded Animal that
keeps a constant body
nursery ground Area, often pup Newborn or newly temperature
in a shallow sheltered place, hatched young of a shark
where newborn sharks live or ray

61

Index

A communication 36–37 G
conservation 52, 55
ambushes 20, 41, 59 conservationists 52–53, 54 Galapagos sharks 41
ampullae 46, 47 cookiecutter sharks 41, 59 ghostsharks 10, 32
angelsharks 5, 13, 20–21, 41, coral reefs 48–49 gill arches 28
cow sharks 12, 14–15 gill slits 12, 14, 15, 42, 43
49 gills 30, 42
Australian angelsharks 5, D goblin sharks 22
great hammerheads 7, 26–27,
20–21, 41, 49 deep-sea habitats 48–49
Australian ghostsharks 32 denticles 4, 17, 18, 19, 31 36, 52, 53
diet 6, 7, 38–39, 40, 42–43 great lanternsharks 59
B diving with sharks 52–53, 55 great white shark 7, 22–23,
dogfish 13, 16–17, 28–29, 59
bamboo sharks 25 dolphins 29 28–29, 37, 39, 40–41, 51, 53,
barbels 19, 45 dorsal fins 5, 14, 29 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59
basking sharks 6–7, 23, 38, 43, Greenland sharks 16, 57
E ground sharks 13, 26–27
51 guitarfish 11
behavior 36, 37 ears 44, 45
bigeye houndsharks 49 ecosystem 53 H
birdbeak dogfish 17 eggs 4, 32–33
birth 32–33, 34 electric rays 10, 46 habitats 48–49, 54, 55
blacktip reef sharks 5, 26, 41 electronic tags 55 hammerheads 5, 7, 26–27, 36,
blind sharks 24 electroreception 44, 45, 46–47
blue sharks 26, 51, 53, 58 endangered species 21, 52, 53, 47, 51, 52, 53
body language 37 hatching 32–33
brains 30, 47 54–55, 56 hearing 44, 45
bramble sharks 12, 18–19 epaulette sharks 48 heart 30
broadnose sevengill sharks 12, 15 extinction 52, 53, 54 Helicoprion 8
bullhead sharks 12, 20–21 eyelids 13, 27 horn sharks 20–21, 33
bull sharks 49, 53, 57 eyes 13, 28, 44, 45, 47 houndsharks 27, 49
humans, senses 44
C F hunting 40–41, 46
Hydobus 9
carpetsharks 13, 24–25 filter feeders 6, 42–43
cartilage 4, 28, 29, 54 fins 4, 5, 28, 29, 54 I
catsharks 4, 27, 33 fishing 49, 54
chimaeras 10, 32 fossils 8, 20, 39 intestines 31
Cladoselache 8 freshwater habitats 48–49
coastal habitats 48–49, 54, 55 friends 35, 36 J
common angelsharks 21 frilled sharks 12, 14–15
common spiny dogfish 13, Japanese angelsharks 13
jaws 28
16–17 jumping 58

62

K pelagic thresher sharks 4, 13, skates 11
22 skeletons 28–29
keratin 33 skin 4, 31, 54, 57
kidneys 31 photographers 52–53 slendertail lanternsharks 16
photophores 16 smallspotted catsharks 4, 33
L pills 54 smell 44, 45, 47
plankton 6, 7, 39, 42–43 speed 58–59
lanternsharks 16, 59 pollution 55 spotted rays 32
lateral line 45 Port Jackson sharks 12, 38 Stethacanthus 9
lemon sharks 33, 34–35, 55 Portuguese dogfish 59 stingrays 10, 26, 47
leopard sharks 27 predators 7, 38–39, 53, 59 stomachs 30
live births 33 prehistoric sharks 8–9 swellsharks 36
livers 30, 54 prey 38–39, 40 swimming 28–29
longnose sawsharks 13, 18–19 prickly dogfish 17
prickly sharks 12, 18–19 T
M products, shark 53, 54
pups 32–33, 34–35, 57 tails 4, 28, 29
mackerel sharks 13, 22–23 pygmy sharks 6 taste 44, 45
mako sharks 38, 51, 58, 59 pyjama sharks 27 teeth 8–9, 15, 28, 38–39, 40,
manta rays 11
mates 36, 37, 50, 51 R 53, 54
Megalodon 9, 39 test bites 41
megamouth sharks 43, 57 rays 10, 11, 26, 47 thresher sharks 4, 13, 22, 58
mermaid’s purse 32 reef sharks 5, 26, 41, 49 tiger sharks 4, 13, 53, 56, 57
migration 50–51, 56 remoras 56 torpedo rays 46
movement 28–29 rostrum 11, 19 touch 44, 45
muscles 4, 30, 31 tourism 55
S trophy hunting 54
N types of shark 12–13
salmon sharks 31, 51
nose 44, 45, 47 sandtiger sharks 23, 38, 57 V
nursehounds 49 sawfish 11
nurse sharks 24, 36 sawsharks 13, 18–19 vertebrae 29
nursery grounds 32, 34–35 scalloped hammerheads 5, 36,
W
O 51
schools 36 warm blood 31
oceanic whitetip sharks 49 seafloor habitats 48–49 whale sharks 7, 13, 24–25,
oil 30, 54 sea snakes 35
open-ocean habitats 48–49 senses 44–45 42–43, 51, 55, 56–57
ornate wobbegongs 25 shark relatives 10–11 whitespotted bamboo sharks 25
overfishing 54 shortfin mako sharks 38, 51, whitetip reef sharks 49
winghead sharks 27
P 58, 59 wobbegongs 25
shy sharks 56
pack hunting 36, 41 sight 44, 45 Z
parasites 56, 58 sizes 6–7
pectoral fins 5, 29 zebra sharks 35

63

Acknowledgments

The publisher would like to thank the following people for their assistance in the preparation of this
book: Ann Cannings, Abi Wright, Surya Deogun, Suzena Sengupta, Garima Sharma, and Nand Kishor
Acharya for design assistance, Arran Lewis for CGI artwork, Polly Goodman for proofreading, and Helen
Peters for compiling the index. The publisher would also like to thank Gill Pitts and Jolyon Goddard for
editorial assistance and Rob Allen for the “Interview with...” interview.

The publisher would like to thank the following for WaterFrame (cb). 26-27 Alamy Stock Photo: Brandon Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum,
their kind permission to reproduce their Cole Marine Photography. 27 Dorling Kindersley: Jerry London cla; Front Flap: Alamy Stock Photo: Brandon
photographs: Young (bc). FLPA: Bruno Guenard / Biosphoto (c). Science Cole Marine Photography cra/(hammerhead), Ben
Photo Library: Sandra J. Raredon, National Museum Of Horton / National Geographic Creative cra, Norbert
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; Natural History, Smithsonian Institution (cra). 28 Dorling Probst / imageBROKER cla, Masa Ushioda / Stephen Frink
r-right; t-top) Kindersley: Richard Davies of Oxford Scientific Films (bl, Collection cl; Dorling Kindersley: Dr. Peter M. Forster cr/
br). 29 Alamy Stock Photo: Fabrice Bettex (cra). Dorling (inside), Natural History Museum, London cra/(inside),
1 Alamy Stock Photo: Brandon Cole Marine Kindersley: Richard Davies of Oxford Scientific Films (bl); Natural History Museum, London crb; Getty Images:
Photography. 2 Getty Images: Wayne Lynch / All Canada Suzanne Porter / Rough Guides (ca). 31 Getty Images: Wayne Lynch / All Canada Photos tr/ (inside); Back
Photos. 3 Alamy Stock Photo: Kelvin Aitken / VWPics (c); Doug Perrine / Photolibrary (br). 32 Alamy Stock Photo: Endpapers: Alamy Stock Photo: Kelvin Aitken / VWPics 0
WaterFrame (clb); Brandon Cole Marine Photography (cr). Marevision / age fotostock (br, bc). 33 Alamy Stock (frilled shark), blickwinkel / Hecker 0 (spiny dogfish),
FLPA: Kelvin Aitken / Biosphoto (br). 4 Alamy Stock Photo: Marevision / age fotostock (bl). naturepl.com: Brandon Cole Marine Photography 0 (hammerhead
Photo: Kelvin Aitken / VWPics (cl, cr); Masa Ushioda / Doug Perrine (tr). 34-35 Getty Images: Brian J. Skerry / shark), Marty Snyderman / Stephen Frink Collection 0
Stephen Frink Collection (crb). 4-5 Alamwy Stock National Geographic. 35 Alamy Stock Photo: Image (longnose sawshark), torstenvelden / RooM the Agency 0
Photo: Masa Ushioda / Stephen Frink Collection. 5 123RF. Source (ftr). Getty Images: Auscape / Universal Images (whale shark); Getty Images: Image Source 0 (great
com: cbpix (tl). Alamy Stock Photo: Martin Strmiska (ca, Group (tr); Fleetham Dave / Perspectives (tl). 36 Alamy white shark), Brian J. Skerry / National Geographic 0
cr). Getty Images: Auscape / Universal Images Group (clb, Stock Photo: Mark Conlin (br); Matt Heath (bl); Christian (prickly shark)
bl). 6-7 Alamy Stock Photo: Wild Wonders of Europe / Zappel / imageBROKER (cr). 38 Alamy Stock Photo:
Sá / Nature Picture Library. 6 Alamy Stock Photo: Mark Conlin (cra). Getty Images: Jeff Rotman / Oxford All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Brandon Cole Marine Photography (br); Doug Perrine (cl). Scientific (cla). naturepl.com: Alex Mustard / 2020Vision
7 Dreamstime.com: Izanbar (ca). Getty Images: Wayne (ca). 38-39 Alamy Stock Photo: Reinhard Dirscherl (b). For further information see: www.dkimages.com
Lynch / All Canada Photos (c). 8 Dorling Kindersley: 39 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum,
Natural History Museum, London (br). 10 Alamy Stock London (c, bc). 40-41 Alamy Stock Photo: Dan Callister.
Photo: Barry Brown / Danita Delimont (clb). Getty 41 Alamy Stock Photo: Kelvin Aitken / VWPics (cr); Peter
Images: Banfi Franco / AGF / UIG / Universal Images Mc Cabe (tr); David Fleetham (tl). National Geographic
Group (crb). 11 Alamy Stock Photo: Michael Patrick Creative: Bill Curtsinger (c). 42-43 Alamy Stock Photo:
O'Neill (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Dr. Peter M. Forster (cra). WaterFrame. 43 Alamy Stock Photo: digitalunderwater.
SuperStock: Universal Images Group (crb). 12 Alamy com (cra). naturepl.com: Bruce Rasner / Rotman (crb). 45
Stock Photo: David Fleetham (cb, br); WaterFrame (bl, Alamy Stock Photo: George Karbus Photography /
fbl). National Geographic Creative: Brian J. Skerry (tr). 13 Cultura RM (c); Matt Heath (ftl); WaterFrame (cr). Dorling
Alamy Stock Photo: Kelvin Aitken / VWPics (tl, br); Marty Kindersley: Jerry Young (crb). 46 Getty Images: DEA
Snyderman / Stephen Frink Collection (tc); blickwinkel / Picture Library / De Agostini (bl). 47 Alamy Stock Photo:
Hecker (cra); Masa Ushioda / Stephen Frink Collection (c); Andre Seale (cr). 48 Alamy Stock Photo: FLPA (bl). 49
WaterFrame (bl). Getty Images: Jeff Rotman / Photolibrary Alamy Stock Photo: Ben Horton / National Geographic
(cr). 14-15 Alamy Stock Photo: Kelvin Aitken / VWPics. Creative (t); Carlos Villoch - MagicSea.com (ca); Rasmus
14 Getty Images: Awashima Marine Park (cra). 15 Alamy Loeth Petersen (tc, cb); Jeff Rotman (b). Getty Images:
Stock Photo: Kelvin Aitken / VWPics (tc); WaterFrame (b). Auscape / Universal Images Group (bc). 50-51 Dorling
FLPA: Kelvin Aitken / Biosphoto (cra). 16 FLPA: Kelvin Kindersley: Merritt Cartographic / Ed Merritt. 52 Rob
Aitken / Biosphoto (cb). Getty Images: Paul Nicklen / Allen: (tr, bl). 53 Rob Allen: (tl, tr, br). 54 The Trustees of
National Geographic (bc). 16-17 Alamy Stock Photo: the British Museum: Mike Row (tr). 55 Alamy Stock
blickwinkel / Hecker. 17 Alamy Stock Photo: Kelvin Photo: Steve Woods Photography / Cultura RM (cr).
Aitken / VWPics (bc, cb). 18-19 Alamy Stock Photo: Getty Images: Steven Trainoff Ph.D. / Moment Select (tl).
Marty Snyderman / Stephen Frink Collection (t). Getty naturepl.com: Brandon Cole (bl). 56 Getty Images: Jim
Images: Brian J. Skerry / National Geographic (b). 19 Abernethy / National Geographic (cl); Wayne Lynch / All
Alamy Stock Photo: Marty Snyderman / Stephen Frink Canada Photos (bl). 56-57 Alamy Stock Photo:
Collection (tl). 20-21 SuperStock: Universal Images WaterFrame. 57 Alamy Stock Photo: Reinhard Dirscherl
Group (t). 21 Alamy Stock Photo: Kelvin Aitken / VWPics (cra). naturepl.com: Bruce Rasner / Rotman (br). 60
(cra); Jeff Rotman (cb). SuperStock: Universal Images Alamy Stock Photo: Brandon Cole Marine Photography
Group (ca). 22 Alamy Stock Photo: Kelvin Aitken / (tl); Dan Callister (bl). 61 Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young
VWPics (bl); Ben Horton / National Geographic Creative (tr). 62 Alamy Stock Photo: Reinhard Dirscherl (tl). 64
(cla); Norbert Probst / imageBROKER (clb). 22-23 Getty Alamy Stock Photo: WaterFrame (tl).
Images: Image Source. 23 Alamy Stock Photo: Charles
Hood (cb); Michael Patrick O'Neill (bc). 24 Alamy Stock Cover images: Front: 123RF.com: Ten Theeralerttham
Photo: Natalia Pryanishnikova (bc). naturepl.com: Doug crb; Alamy Stock Photo: Ben Horton / National
Perrine (cb). 24-25 Alamy Stock Photo: torstenvelden / Geographic Creative cla, WaterFrame cra; Dorling
RooM the Agency. 25 Getty Images: Jonathan Bird / Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London tr, Jerry
Photolibrary (cb). 26 Alamy Stock Photo: ArteSub (bl); Young bc; SuperStock: Universal Images Group cr; Back:

64