145.[DK]_Dinosaur!(z-lib.org)

202 glossary

MEMBRANE MOSS OMNIVORE PALEOZOIC

A thin, flexible, often elastic sheet A primitive type of nonflowering An animal that eats a wide variety of Literally “ancient animal life”—the era
of a material, such as skin. plant that forms cushionlike growths plant and animal foods, but is usually that preceded the age of dinosaurs
in damp places. very selective. (the Mesozoic Era). It lasted from 541
MESOZOIC to 252 million years ago.
NATURALIST OPPOSABLE THUMB
Literally “middle animal life,” the era PELVIC
known as the age of dinosaurs, from Someone who specializes in studying A thumb that can be used
252 to 66 million years ago. the natural world. like a human thumb to pinch Having to do with the pelvis, the
against the fingers for a skeletal structure that the upper leg
MICROFOSSIL NECTAR tight grip. bones are attached to at the hips.

A fossil that is too small to be studied Sugary fluid produced by OPTIC LOBES PERCEPTION
without using a microscope. It may flowers to attract insects and
be a fossil of a microscopic form of other animals. Parts of the brain that process Using the senses to detect objects
life, or part of a larger form of life. visual data. and events.
NEOGENE
MICROSCOPIC ORDOVICIAN PERIOD
The second period of the
Something too small to be seen Cenozoic Era, lasting from 23 A period of the Paleozoic Era A span of geologic time that is part of
without a microscope. to 2 million years ago. that lasted from 485 million an era—for example, the Jurassic
years ago to 443 million years ago. Period is part of the Mesozoic Era.

MINERALS NODOSAURID ORGANISM PERMIAN

Natural chemicals found in the rocks One of a family of ankylosaurs A living thing. A period of the Paleozoic Era that
and soil. that did not have a heavy club lasted from 298 million years ago to
on the end of its tail. ORNITHISCHIAN 252 million years ago.
MOLARS
NOTHOSAUR One of the two main divisions PHYTOSAUR
Teeth at the back of the jaws that are of dinosaurs.
specialized for chewing. A type of marine reptile that lived One of a group of extinct reptiles that
in the Triassic Period. ORNITHOMIMOSAUR resembled crocodiles and lived until
MONOTREME the end of the Triassic Period.
NOTOCHORD A birdlike theropod dinosaur,
One of a small group of mammals that resembling an ostrich. PLACENTAL
lay eggs, such as the platypus. A stiff but flexible rod that forms
part or all of the backbone of some ORNITHOPOD Describes a mammal that gives birth
vertebrate animals. to live young after a long period of
One of a group of plant-eating development in the womb.
NUTRIENTS dinosaurs that mostly walked
on their hind legs and were PLEISTOCENE
Substances that living things need not armored.
to build their tissues. An epoch of the Cenozoic Era, from
OSTEODERMS 2.6 million years ago to 12,000 years
NUTRITIOUS ago, during which there was a series
Bony plates that form within of ice ages.
Rich in food value. the skin and often form the
basis of defensive armor. PLESIOSAUR

OVIRAPTORID A marine reptile with four long
flippers; many had very long necks.
One of a family of theropod
dinosaurs with beaks and feathered PLIOSAUR
arms, named after Oviraptor.
A type of plesiosaur, with a shorter
PACHYCEPHALOSAUR neck, larger head and jaws, and
a more predatory lifestyle.
One of the very thick-skulled
“boneheaded” ornithischian dinosaurs. PLUMES

Long or luxuriant feathers, which
are usually decorative.

PALEOGENE POLLINATING

The first period of the Cenozoic Era. It Carrying pollen from one plant
began 66 million years ago and ended to another, as in bees.
23 million years ago.
POLYGAMOUS

Having more than one breeding partner.

PALEONTOLOGIST PRECAMBRIAN

A scientist who specializes in the The vast span of geologic time that
study of fossils. preceded the Paleozoic Era.

203

PREDATOR SAURISCHIAN SPECIES THEROPOD

An animal that kills other animals One of the two main divisions A particular type of living thing that One of the group of saurischian
for food. of dinosaurs. can breed with others of the same type. dinosaurs that are nearly all
meat-eaters.
PREMOLARS SAUROPOD SPHERICAL
THYREOPHORAN
Chewing teeth of mammals that lie One of the group of long-necked, Ball-shaped.
in front of the molars. plant-eating dinosaurs that evolved One of the group of dinosaurs
from the prosauropods. SPINE that includes the stegosaurs and
PREY armored ankylosaurs.
SAUROPODOMORPHS Either a sharp spike, or the backbone
An animal that is eaten by of an animal. TITANOSAUR
another animal. All the long-necked, plant-eating,
saurischian dinosaurs. STANCE One of a group of sauropods that
PROSAUROPOD evolved in the Cretaceous Period.
SCAVENGER How an animal stands.
One of a group of early long-
necked, plant-eating dinosaurs, An animal that lives on the remains STATUS SYMBOLS TOXIC
which lived in the Triassic before of dead animals and other scraps.
the sauropods. Things that advertise social importance. Poisonous.
SCLEROTIC RING
PROTEIN STEGOSAUR TRIASSIC
A ring of bones that supports the
A complex substance that a living eyeball in its socket. One of a group of armored dinosaurs The first period of the Mesozoic Era,
thing makes out of simpler nutrients, with large plates and spines on from 252 to 201 million years ago.
and uses to form its tissues. SCUTE their backs.
TROODONTID
PTEROSAUR A tough, often protective STRATIGRAPHY
plate embedded in the skin, with One of the small, agile theropod
One of the flying reptiles that a bony base and a covering of The science of working out the dinosaurs including and closely
lived during the Mesozoic Era, scaly keratin. relative ages of rocks, and the fossils related to Troodon.
with wings of stretched skin they contain, from a sequence of rock
that were each supported SEDIMENT layers, or strata. TROPICAL
by the bones of a single
elongated finger. Solid particles, such as sand, SUBFOSSIL A warm climate, or warm part of
silt, or mud, that have settled the world near the equator.
QUADRUPED in layers. The remains of any living thing that
have survived the normal processes TSUNAMI
An animal that stands on four feet. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS of decay, but have not been altered
in any major way. A vast ocean wave, or series of waves,
QUATERNARY Rocks made of hardened sediments. created by a massive event such as
SUPERCONTINENT an earthquake on the ocean floor,
The third period of the Cenozoic SERPENTINE the explosion of a volcanic island,
Era, from 2 million years ago A huge landmass made up of many or an asteroid impact.
to the present. Like a snake. continents that have joined together.
TUBERCLE
RAUISUCHIAN SERRATED SUPERVOLCANO
A small, rounded, bony structure,
One of a group of archosaur Saw-toothed, like a bread knife. A gigantic volcano that erupts colossal like a bony scale, or a small knob or
reptiles that were related to amounts of lava, volcanic ash, and gas. cusp on an animal’s tooth.
crocodilians, and became extinct SHEATH These catastrophic eruptions always
at the end of the Triassic Period. have big impacts on the global climate. TYRANNOSAURID
A covering that protects or extends
REPTILE an elongated object. SYNAPSID One of the dinosaurs including and
closely related to Tyrannosaurus.
One of the group of animals SHELLFISH One of a group of vertebrate
that includes turtles, lizards, animals that includes the mammals VANE
crocodiles, snakes, pterosaurs, Clams, oysters, crabs, and similar and their ancestors.
and dinosaurs. hard-shelled sea creatures. A lightweight sheet of material that
TENDON resists air pressure, like a wind vane.
RESONANCE SILURIAN
A strong, slightly elastic, cordlike VEGETATION
A quality that increases the volume A period of the Paleozoic Era that structure in the body that attaches
and richness of a sound. lasted from 443 million years ago to muscles to bones. Plant material.
419 million years ago.
RITUAL TERRITORY VERTEBRAE
SNORKEL
In animals, an action used The part of an animal’s habitat that The bones that make up the backbone
in display that other animals A breathing tube used to gather air it defends from rival animals, usually of an animal such as a dinosaur, bird,
recognize, often used in from above the water surface. of its own kind. or mammal.
place of fighting.
SNOUT TETRAPOD VERTEBRATE
SANDSTONE
A long nose or muzzle. A four-limbed vertebrate, or An animal with an internal skeleton
Rock made of sand grains that have any vertebrate with four-limbed and backbone.
become cemented together. SOARING ancestors. All vertebrates except
fish are tetrapods.
Circling or gliding for long distances
on rising air currents.

204 Index

Index

Page numbers in bold type fossil sites 175, 177 mammals 45, 153 Cenozoic Era 144 Cuvier, Georges 162, 172,
refer to main entries. mammals 123, 152, 153, protection of 15 Cretaceous Period 80 178
pterosaurs 106
A 158, 166 breathing 183 Triassic Period 20 Cylindroteuthis 43
marine reptiles 22 breeding 188, 189, 192, 193, Jurassic Period 42, 50, 51 cynodonts 25, 44, 200
Abelisaurus 128 sauropods 37 194–195, 200 coasts 35, 63, 69, 96, 174
Acanthostega 11 theropods 51, 54, 55, 58, Buckland, William 173 Coelophysis 31, 38–39 D
acid rain 197 burrows 38, 45, 47, 93, 123, Colombia 146
Acrocanthosaurus 98 77, 84, 90, 109, 177 190 coloration 51, 58, 59, 70, 88, Dakosaurus 43
Africa 21, 47, 80, 81, 145 Asilisaurus 14 butterflies 43, 81, 145 91, 103, 180, 190, 191, 192 Darwin, Charles 155, 163
asteroids 17, 196, 200 computer models 179 Darwinius 154–155, 174
human evolution 9 Auca Mahuevo 174 C mammals 45
fossil sites 174, 175 Australia 81, 94, 144, marine reptiles 23, 56 defenses 15, 33, 37, 49,
mammals 166 Cambrian Period 9 pterosaurs 97, 137, 192 61, 99, 113, 116, 190–
sauropods 74, 175 175, 187 camouflage 88, 91, 190, communiciation 54, 94, 101, 191, 192
stegosaurs 64, 175 avians 198 126, 127, 186, 193
Albertonectes 56, 110–111 azhdarchids 136, 200 191, 200 computer modeling 179, frills 138, 193
Albertosaurus 124 mammals 45 180, 181, with tails 65, 66, 71, 98,
Allosaurus 17, 61, 71, 72–73, B marine reptiles 23, 56 Confuciusornis 90–91,
174, 176, 184, 187 Canada 112, 147, 174, 189 100–101, 199 124, 191
Alxasaurus 81 Barapasaurus 43 cannibals 39, 73, 200 continents 16, 20–21, 80–81, thumb spikes 83
amber 81, 170, 181, 200 Baryonyx 184 Carcharodon megalodon 144–145, 200 Deinonychus 77, 188
ammonites 43, 81, 130, 172, bats 150–151 Gondwana 42, 80 Deinosuchus 118–119
197, 200 beaks 14, 24, 46, 48, 64, 70, 160–161, 170 Laurasia 42, 43, 80 Deinotherium 152
amphibians 8, 9, 10, 16, 200 Carcharodontosaurus 10, 15 Pangaea 20, 21, 42 denticles 160
frogs 197 82, 89, 90, 92, 99, 112, 114, carnosaurs 187, 200 convergent evolution 29 deserts 20, 27, 39, 42, 80,
Ichthyostega 10 115, 117, 125, 126, 133, Carnotosaurus 182 Cope, Edward Drinker 173 109, 115, 120–121, 123,
ampullae of Lorenzini 160 135, 139, 178, 185 Carboniferous Period 9 coprolites 141, 173, 176, 200 174, 175
anatomy 12–13, 182–183, birds 148, 149, 198, 199 Carthatesaura 190 Corythosaurus 15, 185, 186, devil’s toenails 172
186, 200 pterosaurs 13, 68, 106, cats, saber-toothed 157, 192 Devonian Period 8
Anchiornis 58–59 craters 196 dicynodonts 24, 25, 28, 200
Andrews, Roy Chapman 158 137 164–165 crests 8, 37, 50, 51, 54, 55, digestion 13, 33, 37, 64, 67,
Andrewsarchus 158–159 bees 43, 81 Cenozoic Era 8–9, 16, 17, 58, 66, 94, 95, 102, 115, 93, 111, 116, 124, 126, 133,
ankylosaurs 14, 15, 49, 64, beetles 145 126, 127, 180, 186, 193 147, 152, 182, 200
98, 124, 98–99, 124–125, belemnites 43, 172, 200 143–167, 200 pterosaurs 68, 106, 107, digging 88, 93, 123
191, 200 Belgium 82 birds 148–149 Dilophosaurus 51, 55
ankylosaurids 49, 200 birds 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 43, mammals 150–159, 162– 137, 192 Dimetrodon 9
Anning, Mary 172 Cretaceous Period 8, 16–17, Dimorphodon 16
Antarctica 50, 174 77, 90, 145, 198–199, 196 167, 171 Dinosaur National Monument
Apatosaurus 195 breathing 183 sharks 160–161, 170 78–141, 174, 175, 200 174
Archaeopteryx 61, 76–77, breeding 188 Central America 17 birds 198 Dinosaur Provincial Park
174, 198, 199 Cenozoic Era 148–149 Centrosaurus 189 crocodilians 118–119, 200 174, 189
archosaurs 10, 12, 13, 28, blood 73, 103, 165, 187 ceratopsians 14, 15, 92–93, mammals 86–87, 122–123 Diphydontosaurus 21
182, 200 pterosaurs 34 138–139, 185, 187, 189, marine reptiles 110–111, Diplodocus 11, 15, 66–67,
Argentina 26, 27, 174 bone beds 38, 188, 189, 200 193, 200 72, 176, 183, 184, 185, 191
Argentinosaurus 11, 104– bone wars 173 Chile 97 130–131 display 50, 70, 91, 93, 94,
105, 181 boneheaded dinosaurs see China 22, 54, 55, 58, 59, 84, meat-eaters 90–91, 108– 95, 98, 99, 102, 103, 106,
armored dinosaurs 29, 48, pachycephalosaurs; 85, 87, 90, 91, 93, 152, 175 109, 138, 193, 200
49, 70, 98–99, 124–125, Citipati 114–115, 120–121, 109, 140–141, 170, 171 dragonflies 9, 16
129, 190–191 Pachycephalosaurus 186, 195 omnivores 112–117, Libellulium 16, 43
see also ankylosaurs bones 11, 12, 26, 35, 36, 47, claws 13, 26, 32, 33, 39, 47, Meganeura 9
arms 13, 24, 38, 58, 84, 49, 55, 58, 59, 67, 72, 77, 134–135 dragons 172
102, 108, 109, 112, 115, 65, 67, 71, 73, 85, 104, 125, 88, 90, 95, 102, 108, 109, plant-eaters 88–89, 92–95, drawings 178, 179
126, 140, 182 132, 147, 170, 173, 176, 112, 114, 116, 117, 124, dromaeosaurids 108–109,
Asia 181, 186 141, 184, 198 98–99, 104–105, 122, 200
continents 80, 144, 145 air cavities 54, 74, 153, birds 199 124–129, 132–133, 138– Dryosaurus 191
deserts 80 dew claws 148 139, 170, 171, 187 duck-billed dinosaurs
feathered fossils 58, 77, 182 mammals 45, 123, 162 pterosaurs 96–97, 102, see hadrosaurs
mammals 151, 167 marine reptiles 22 106–107
84, 90, 109, 177 spines (backbones) 10, 11, wing claws 68, 77, 90, crocodilians 10, 12, 16, 21,
119–119, 195, 196
56, 57, 76, 87, 103, 104, 107, 137, 199 phytosaurs 16
126, 147, 182, 192 climate 16, 196–197 relatives 28, 43
wishbones 38, 198 Cryolophosaurus 8, 50–51,
Brachiosaurus 74 55
brains 13, 64, 66, 70, 125,
134, 135, 186, 187, 190

205

E marine reptiles 52 Australia 94, 175 forests 9, 16, 17, 21, I
pterosaurs 63, 107 Belgium 82 30–31, 33, 35, 42, 43,
ears 186 young 194 Canada 112, 174, 189 50, 51, 55, 65, 71, 80, Iberomesornis 199
earthquakes 16 Chile 97 81, 83, 84, 85, 91, 95, 99, Icaronycteris 150–151
echolocation 150, 151 F China 22, 54, 55, 58, 59, 100–101, 105, 117, 125, ice ages 9, 144, 166, 171
ecosystems 16 127, 129, 135, 141, 144, ichthyosaurs 43, 52, 53, 57,
Edmontosaurus 132–133, family groups 39, 52 84, 85, 87, 90, 91, 93, 145, 146, 149, 153, 155,
fat 152, 175 156–157, 174, 175, 180, 172
141, 177, 185 Colombia 146 186, 191, 196 Icthyosaurus 172
eggs 85, 109, 114, 115, mammals 166 earliest 14 Iguanodon 82–83, 89, 173,
marine reptiles 57 England 83, 88, 172 grasslands 80, 144, 201
121, 128, 129, 174, 177, feathers 8, 12, 39, 58, 59, Europe 22, 32, 33, 35, 65, oceans and seas 23, 35, 176, 185
194–195 76, 77, 84, 85, 90, 91, 96, 68, 76, 82, 131, 148, 175 India 196
birds 149 108, 109, 112, 115, 116, Germany 32, 33, 62, 65, 43, 53, 57, 69, 107, 131, insect-eaters 10, 16, 31, 38,
mammals 45, 123 121, 148, 175, 177, 181, 68, 76, 155, 175 160–161
marine reptiles 23 183, 193 Holland 131 plains 25, 39, 51, 99, 115, 44, 47, 58, 77, 84, 86, 123,
pterosaurs 106 feet 13, 75, 105, 129, 182 Italy 35 129, 133, 137, 139, 159, 150, 151
tetrapods 11 birds 148 Middle East 22 165, 166, 174 insects 9, 16, 21, 38, 43, 44,
Elasmosaurus 11, 111, 173 claws 45, 59, 76, 82, 85, Mongolia 109, 115, 123, rivers 63, 118, 119, 174, 58, 77, 81, 84, 86, 123, 134,
elephants 152, 166 158, 175 189 145, 150, 151, 197
embryos 177, 194 88, 95, 108, 109, 113, North America 25, 29, 38, scrublands 47, 80, 109, insulation 84, 183, 193, 201
enantiornithines 198, 199 114, 116, 124, 139, 39, 70, 72, 73, 99, 112, 120–121, 123 intelligence 186–187
England 83, 88, 172 141, 148 132, 148, 151, 152, 165, swamps 11, 33, 103, 119, intestines 13, 95, 182
Eomaia 10, 81 crocodilians 119 171, 173, 174, 176, 189 133, 141, 146, 171, 174 invertebrates 9, 10, 16, 21,
Eoraptor 14, 26–27 foot pads 13, 71, 166 Patagonia 97 woodlands 29, 45, 60–61, 43, 81, 145, 197, 201
Eosimias 150 mammals 86, 152, 155 Siberia 166 73, 77, 87, 89, 93, 137, Isanosaurus 36–37
Eudimorphodon 9, 34–35 marine reptiles 22, 23 South Africa 47 163, 165 Ischyodus 16
Euoplocephalus 124–125, pterosaurs 96, 136 South America 97, 104, hadrosaurs 126–127, 132– islands 42, 43, 77, 107
141, 174, 182–183, 190, filter-feeders 96–97 105, 146, 174 133, 177, 185, 186, 189, Italy 35
191 fingers 26, 33, 35, 38, 45, Tanzania 175 192, 201
Europe 21, 43, 145 47, 51, 55, 58, 82, 89, 94, Thailand 37 hands 33, 35, 38, 47, 51, J
birds 148 102, 112, 140 United States 25, 29, 38, 72, 77, 82, 94, 102, 108,
fossil sites 174, 175 mammals 162 39, 70, 72, 73, 148, 151, 114, 116, 132, 155 jaws 14, 46, 58, 77, 102, 114
mammals 151, 155, 166 pterosaurs 68, 96, 107 165, 171, 173, 174, 176, head-butting 135 birds 149
marine reptiles 22, 131, fins 52, 110, 160, 161 189 hearing 186 crocodilians 118
fire 197 frills 15, 138, 193, 195 mammals 44, 123, 150 mammals 87, 122, 153,
172 fish 8, 9, 10, 11, 23, 34, 53, fur 45, 47, 87, 154, 155 heart 182, 183 158, 159, 165
ornithopods 82, 88 62, 90 heat regulation 103, 115, marine reptiles 57, 111,
prosauropods 33 Rolfosteus 10 G 183, 195 130
pterosaurs 35, 63, 68, 174 fish-eaters 22–23, 35, 52–53, Hell Creek 174 meat-eaters 13, 28, 38, 58,
sauropods 175 63, 90, 102–103, 106, 130– Gallimimus 187 herds 25, 33, 37, 95, 99, 73, 184
stegosaurs 65, 175 131, 146 Gastonia 15 188, 189 plant-eaters 24, 48, 67,
Eusthenopteron 11 Flaming Cliffs 175 Gastornis 145, 148–149 mammals 166 128
evolution 80, 81, 89, 94, 97, flippers 11, 52, 53, 56, 57, gastroliths 93, 111, 201 Herrerasaurus 27 pterosaurs 97
112, 123, 126, 128, 129, 110, 131, 201 geologic timescale 8–9, 173 Heterodontosaurus 14, sharks 161
130, 133, 134, 141, 144, flooding 38, 42, 80, 144, Germany 32, 33, 62, 65, 68, 46–47, 185 snakes 147
145, 146, 149, 152, 160, 170, 171, 189, 201 hips 12, 14, 106, 126, 129,
183, 185, 190, 191, 192, footprints 37, 69, 176, 149, 76, 155, 175 181, 191 joints 11, 12, 104
197, 198–199, 201 171, 188, 189 Ghost Ranch 38, 39, 174 Holland 131 mammals 122
plants 81, 95, 145 see also trackways gills 160 hooves 133, 158
excavations 171, 178–179, forests 9, 16, 17, 21, 30–31, Giraffatitan 15, 74–75, 175 horns 72, 92, 138, 139, 178, Jurassic Period 9, 16, 17,
33, 35, 42, 43, 50, 51, 55, Gondwana 42 180, 190, 192, 195 40–77, 174, 175
201 65, 71, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, grasshoppers 145 mammals 153 birds 43
extinctions 8, 16, 17, 20, 201 91, 95, 99, 100–101, 105, grasslands 80, 144, 201 Huayangosaurus 15 mammals 44–45
117, 125, 127, 129, 135, Guanlong 55 humans 9, 144, 145, 166, marine reptiles 43, 52–53,
Cretaceous 8, 141, 144, 141, 144, 145, 146, 149, 183, 184, 186 56–57
196–197 153, 155, 156–157, 174, H hunting 61, 166 meat-eaters 43, 45, 50–51,
175, 180, 186, 191, 196 ambushes 118 54–55, 61, 58–59, 72–73,
Jurassic 80 fossilization 170–171, 201 habitats family groups 39, 52 76–77
mammals 167 fossils 8, 9, 12, 14, 22, 34, coasts 35, 63, 69, 96, 174 at night 44, 46, 108, omnivores 44–45, 46–47
Mesozoic 8, 144, 196–197 36, 43, 49, 52, 62, 77, 95, deserts 20, 27, 39, 42, 80, 151, 160 plant-eaters 42, 43, 48–49,
Permian 9 103, 170–181, 201 109, 115, 120–121, 123, in packs 38, 189 61, 64–67, 70–71, 74–75,
Triassic 42, 43 Antarctica 50, 174 174, 175 see also meat-eaters 132–133
eyelids 125, 191 Argentina 26, 27, 174 Hybodus 81 pterosaurs 43, 63, 68
eyes 13, 26, 32, 46, 49, Hypsilophodon 88–89, 191
51, 72, 82, 89, 113, 114,
117, 128, 187
crocodilians 119
mammals 44, 155, 164

206 Index

K Megalosaurus bucklandii 173 193, 202 172–173, 179, 202 prosauropods 15, 29, 31,
Megatherium 157, 162–163 North America 20, 42, 80, Paleogene Period 8–9, 174 202
Kentrosaurus 64–65, 175, Megazostrodon 31, 44–45 Paleozoic Era 9, 202
187, 191 Mesozoic Era 7, 8–9, 16–17 144 Pangaea 20, 42 Protoceratops 15, 109, 195
Messel Pit 174 ankylosaurs 99, 124 Paraceratherium 152 Psittacosaurus 86, 87, 92–93,
keratin 70, 82, 112, 115, 137, Mexico 196 birds 148, 149 Parasaurolophus 126–127
185, 201 microscopic life 181 ceraptopsians 138, 189 Patagonia 97 100–101
Middle East 22 crocodilians 118 pelvises 12, 14 Pteranodon 106–107
L millipedes 21 dicynodonts 25 Permian Period 9, 20, 202 pterodactyloids 68
Mongolia 109, 115, 123, fossil sites 39, 174, phytosaurs 16, 202 Pterodactylus 68–69, 174
La Brea Tar Pits 165 pigs 158 Pterodaustro 96–97
Laurasia 42 158, 175 176, 189 Placerias 24–25 pterosaurs 9, 10, 13, 16, 43,
Leaellynasaura 187 Monolophosaurus 54–55 hadrosaurs 133 plains 25, 39, 51, 99, 115,
legs 12, 27, 70, 71, 73, 74, mosasaurs 13, 131, 178 mammals 151, 153, 144, 192, 202
Mosasaurus 130–131 129, 133, 137, 139, 159, Cretaceous 96–97, 102,
83, 85, 93, 95, 98, 113, 115, Mount Kirkpatrick 174 165, 166 165, 166, 174
116, 125, 129, 135, 140, movement 176 plants 171 plant-eaters 12, 14, 15, 17, 106–107, 136–137
182 pterosaurs 136 24–25, 32–33, 36, 42, 48, extinction 17
birds 148 flying 63, 107, 137, 151 rauisuchians 29 61, 65, 67, 88–89, 92–95, Jurassic 13, 16, 62–63,
crocodilians 119 gliding 59 research 205 98–99, 104–105, 116, 122,
mammals 86, 158, 164, mammals 45, 166 rock stata 180 124–129, 132–133, 138– 68–69
running 27, 38, 46, 55, 73, sauropods 17 139, 185, 187, 192 Triassic 9, 34–35
165 theropods 38, 39, 72, herds 25, 33, 37, 95, 99, wings 34, 35
marine reptiles 23 85, 88, 89, 112, 113, 176,
Liaoning 175, 177 140, 176, 183, 191 73, 112, 141 188, 189 Q
Liopleurodon 13, 56–57, 111 swimming 22, 52, 53, 56 tyrannosaurs 141 mammals 152–155, 162–
lizards 10, 16, 21, 146, 196 walking 12, 13, 25, 33, 36, noses 125, 127, 129, 193 Quaternary Period 9, 202
as prey 26, 38 82, 93, 126, 176, 132, nostrils 128, 193 163 Quetzalcoatlus 136–137
lungs 13, 183, 193 176, 181, 182 nothosaurs 21, 22–23, 202 weight 11, 24, 25, 36, 64,
wing walking 69 Nothosaurus 21, 22–23 R
M multituberculates 122, 123 notochords 10, 202 66, 67, 74, 83, 94, 104,
muscles 12, 28, 51, 85, 93, nut-eaters 149 105, 124, 132, 139, 182, radiometric 180
Maiasaura 189, 195 97, 126, 140, 181, 182 Nyctosaurus 107 183 rauisuchians 28, 202
mammals 8, 9, 10, 17, 197 birds 149 plants 9, 17, 42, 43, 81, 95, Repenomamus 86–87
mammals 157, 158, 164 O 145, 185, 197 replicas 178, 179
ancestors 25 marine reptiles 57 clubmosses 17, 200 reptiles 9, 10, 13, 16, 39
Cenozoic Era 144, 145, sharks 160 oceans 20, 21, 23, 35, 43, conifers 43, 81, 82, 95,
snakes 146, 147 53, 57, 69, 80, 81, 107, 170, 200 archosaurs 10, 12, 13, 28
150–159, 162–167, 171 wings 34, 63, 69, 77, 107, 131, 107, 131, 144, cycads 43, 82, 95, 200 flying see pterosaurs
Cretaceous 10, 81, 86–87, 137, 199 160–161,172, 174 ferns 21, 43, 70, 81, 95, marine 10, 11, 13, 21,
museums 59, 65, 91, 158, Cenozoic 160–161 145, 180, 201
122–123 173, 176, 178 Tethys 21, 42, 43, 81 flowering 8, 81, 95, 145 22–23 43, 52–53, 56–57,
Jurassic 44–45 Muttaburrasaurus 94–95, Triassic 23 ginkgos 21, 43, 81,201 81, 110–111, 130–131,
Paleogene 9 175, 193 grasses 145 144, 172
as prey 38 Ordovician Period 9 horsetails 17, 21, 82, Spinoaequalis 10
mammoths, woolly 166–167, N organs, internal 12–13 201 restorations 64, 178–179
171 ornithischians 14, 15, 185, mosses 21 Rhamphorynchus 13, 62–63,
maniraptorans 114, 198, 201 names 173, 178 trees 9, 17, 36, 43, 67, 174
Mantell, Gideon 82, 83, 173 necks 14, 32, 38, 50, 64, 202 70, 74, 77, 80, 145, 162 rhinoceroses 152
Mapusaurus 190 ornithomimosaurs 112, 202 Triassic 20 rivers 63, 118, 119, 174, 189
marine reptiles 10, 11, 13, 67, 74, 75, 94, 102, 112, ornithopods 14, 15, 82–83, plaster 178, 179 robots 57, 147
43, 144, 172, 201 116, 190 Plateosaurus 32–33
Cretaceous 81, 110–111, birds 149 88–89, 94–95, 126–127, plates 15, 52, 64, 65, 66, 70, S
mammals 164 132–133, 185, 202 73, 89, 98, 119, 124, 125,
130–131 marine reptiles 57, 110 osteoderms 64, 202 129, 190, 191, 192 Sahelanthropus 145
Jurassic 43, 52–53, 56–57 pterosaurs 97, 106 Ouranosaurus 192 see also scutes sails 103, 180, 192
Triassic 21, 22–23 Nemegtbaatar 122–123 Oviraptor 115, 177, 195 Pleistocene 202 Saltasaurus 128–129, 174
marginocephalians 15 Nemegtosaurus 128 oviraptorid 114, 115, 202 plesiosaurs 43, 110, 111, saurischians 14
Marsh, Othniel 70, 173 Neogene Period 9 Owen, Richard 173 172, 173, 202
marsupials 123, 145, 201 nests 23, 93, 109, 115, 121, Plesiosaurus 172 necks 26, 84
meat-eaters 8, 12–13, 15, 17, 128, 174, 177, 183, 189, P pliosaurs 56, 57, 110, 111, Sauropelta 98–99, 188,
26, 28, 38, 45, 50, 54, 58, 195, 199 130, 202
61, 72–73, 108–109, 157, nocturnal animals 44, 46, 89, pachycephalosaurs 14, 15, Postosuchus 16, 24, 28–29 190, 193
159, 164–165, 187, 189, 108, 121, 123, 151 134–135, 202 Precambrian Period 8, 202 sauropodomorphs 14, 15,
190 nodosaurids 49, 98, 190, pressure sensors 102
megaherbivore 9, 152, 201 Pachycephalosaurus 15, primates 150, 155 203
melanosomes 59 134–135 sauropods 15, 17, 26, 36–37,

paleontologists 27, 83, 43, 67, 72, 74, 104–105,
128–129, 183, 185, 187

207

eggs 128, 129, 177, 190, marine reptiles 57, 131 pterosaurs 9, 35, 62, 69 marine repiles 121 vertebrae 10, 11, 56, 67,
194, 195 pterosaurs 106 and steering 35, 53, 62 snakes 146 102, 147, 203
snakes 146 Tanzania 175 Torosaurus 138
Sauroposeidon 74 Smilodon 157, 164–165 teeth 171, 176 trackways 37, 171, 183, vertebrates 10–11, 12, 25,
scales 10, 12, 23, 39, 55, 66, Smith, William 173 and fighting 46, 47 188, 189 86, 150, 203
snakes 10, 146–147, 197 fish-eaters 22, 53, 63, see also footprints
93, 110, 126, 134, 138, 148, snakestones 172 Triassic Period 9, 14, 16, volcanoes 16
177 Solnhofen 62, 76, 174 102, 111, 119, 184 18–39, 174 ash 175
scanning 181, 186 sound see communication mammals 44, 45, 87, 122, marine reptiles 22–23 eruptions 16, 93, 196
Scelidosaurus 48–49 South Africa 47 meat-eaters 24, 26–27, gases 90, 155, 174,
sclerotic rings 52, 89, 203 South America 20, 26, 42, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 196, 197
scorpions 21 80, 144 158, 159, 162, 167 38–39
scrublands 47, 80, 109, fossil sites 27, 174 marine reptiles 111 plant-eaters 24–25, 32–33, X
120–121, 123 mammals 162, 163 meat-eaters 13, 26, 28,
Scutellosaurus 49 pterosaurs 97 38, 50, 54, 72, 73, 77, 36–37 X-rays 181
scutes 29, 49, 129, 203 sauropods 105, 129 84, 108, 141, 157, 158, pterosaurs 34–35
sea creatures 8, 9 snakes 146 159, 176, 184 Triceratops 15, 138–139, W
see also reptiles, marine; speed 12, 88, 112, 140, 141, omnivores 26, 46, 47, 135, 170, 174, 179, 181, 183,
176, 183, 190 185 187, 190, 196 water-dwelling dinosaurs
sharks mammals 158 plant-eaters 15, 24, 26, 32, triconodonts 87 25, 93, 100–103
seed-eaters 92–93, 122–123 marine reptiles 56 37, 48, 64, 66, 74, 82, 83, trilobites 9
senses 125, 186–187 pterosaurs 136 89, 92, 94, 98, 105, 125, Troodon 187 weight 54, 83, 105, 183
spiders 9, 16, 21, 43, 44, 81, 128, 132, 133, 138, 153, troodontids 187, 189, 203 sharks 161
mammals 44, 45, 123 170, 197 155, 167, 176, 184 trunks 167 support of 11, 12, 29, 67,
marine reptiles, smell 57, spikes 15, 61, 64, 66, 71, 99, pterosaurs 9, 34, 63, 68, tubercules 122 83, 94, 102, 125, 132,
124, 135, 138, 191, 192, 193 69, 97, 184 tsunamis 197, 203 135, 139, 160
131 Spinosaurus 102–103, 175, seed-eaters 93, 122, 123 Tupandactylus 192
pterosaurs 107 180, 183 sharks 161, 171 turtles 10, 21, 131, 161, whiskers 87
sharks 160 stegosaurs 14, 15, 43, 49, tendons 36, 50, 132, 203 wings 58, 59, 76, 77, 90,
snakes 146 175, 185, 203 Tenontosaurus 188 197
see also eyes; hearing; Stegosaurus 61, 70–71, 72, Teratornis 145 tusks 24, 153, 167 91, 109, 198–199
73, 191 tetrapods 10, 11, 203 Tyrannosaurus rex 140–141 claws 68, 77, 90, 107,
noses; smell Stenopterygius 52–53 Thailand 37
Sereno, Paul 27 stomachs 13, 39, 62, 86, 90, Thecodontosaurus 21 anatomy 12–13 137, 199
sharks 10, 16, 81, 160–161, 93, 95, 116, 124, 163 Therizinosaurus 116–117 brain 186 mammals 150, 151
mammals 166 theropods 8, 14, 15, 26, 27, extinction 197 pterosaurs 34, 35, 62, 63,
170, 171, 197 stratigraphy 180, 203 37, 38–39, 43, 50–51, fossils 170, 171
shellfish 6, 8, 9, 16, 130, 170, Struthiomimus 112–113, 199 54–55, 77, 102–103, 128, hunting 125, 133, 138, 190 68, 69, 96, 97, 106, 107,
studs 98, 125, 129, 191 140–141, 182, 184, 187, movement 141, 182, 183 136, 137
197, 203 Styracosaurus 185, 193 189, 203 research 181 wishbones 38, 198
Siberia 166 swamps 11, 33, 103, 119, crests 54, 55, 58, 192 smell, sense of 187 woodlands 29, 45, 60–61,
Silurian Period 9, 203 133, 141, 146, 171, 174 feathered 58–59, 76–77, teeth and jaws 176, 184 73, 77, 87, 89, 93, 137,
Sinornithosaurus 177 synapsids 25, 203 81, 84–85, 112–117, 177, tyrannosaurids 124, 138, 163, 165
Sinosauropteryx 84–85, 175 183, 191, 193, 198 140, 184, 203
size 12, 13, 105, 106 T footprints 176 Y
skeletons 11, 12, 25, 32, 38, thunderstones 172 U
tails 12, 36, 50, 95, 109, 115, Thylacosmilus 145 young 39, 72, 86, 93,
39, 47, 65, 66, 76, 82, 106, 116, 129, 132, 182 thyreophorans 15, 48, 49, Uintatherium 9, 152–153 114, 115, 121, 189, 190,
112, 170, 171, 179, 182, 198 for balance 12, 27, 29, 33, 64, 203 United States 194–195, 199
mammals 151, 155 39, 47, 65, 73, 83, 85, 89, Tiktaalik 8, 11 marine reptiles 52
skin 10, 12, 27, 39, 47, 55, 115, 126, 141 timeline of dinosaurs 16 birds 148, 149
66, 83, 93, 132, 134, 138, birds 198 tissue, soft 74, 94, 112, 151, fossil site 39, 174, 176 Yucatán Peninsula 196
177, 190 bristles 93 152, 166, 170, 177, 178, mammals 151, 165
mammals 153 crocodilians 119 181, 183, 192, 193, 194 plants 171
marine reptiles 23, 52 as defensive weapons Titanoboa 146–147 pterosaurs 138
pterosaurs 68, 69 15, 49, 61, 64, 66, titanosaurs 104–105, 128– rauisuchians 29
sharks 160 71, 124, 191 129, 203 rock strata 180
snakes 146 mammals 45, 86, 150, toes 13, 24, 26, 32, 36, 39, theropods 38, 39, 73
skulls 15, 28, 38, 39, 50, 54, 152, 155, 162, 165, 166 49, 59, 71, 73, 85, 88, 90,
64, 66, 70, 74, 82, 93, 105, marine reptiles 22, 23, 57, 93, 95, 102, 109, 124, 133, V
112, 125, 127, 128, 134, 130 141, 198
135, 139, 184, 186, 193 mammals 45, 123 Valley of the Moon 27, 174
birds 149 pterosaurs 69 Velociraptor 8, 77, 108–109,
crocodilians 119 tongues
humans 145 123, 175, 183, 184, 187,
mammals 153, 154, 159, 193, 198

165
marine reptiles 56, 57, 130
pterosaurs 137
sloths 157, 162–163
smell, sense of 125, 186, 187

208 acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

The publisher would like to thank the following Dorling Kindersley: State Museum of Nature, History Museum, London (tr). Getty Images: Arthur History Museum, London (tc). 167 Dorling
people for their assistance in the preparation of Stuttgart (bl). 42-43 Plate Tectonic and Dorety / Stocktrek Images (tl). Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London
this book: Carron Brown for the index; Victoria Paleogeographic Maps by C. R. Scotese, © 2014, 99 Corbis: Mitsuaki Iwago / Minden Pictures (tc). (tr). 168 Getty Images: Roderick Chen / All Canada
Pyke for proofreading; Simon Mumford for help PALEOMAP Project (www.scotese.com). 100-101 Getty Images: P. Jaccod / De Agostini Photos (cl). Science Photo Library: Mark Garlick
with maps; Esha Banerjee and Ciara Heneghan for 42 Dorling Kindersley: Rough Guides (br). (Background). 102-103 Dorling Kindersley: (cr). 171 Corbis: James L. Amos (tr); Tom Bean (ftr).
editorial assistance; Daniela Boraschi, Jim Green, Dreamstime.com: Robyn Mackenzie (bc). Andrew Kerr. 102 Corbis: Franck Robichon / Epa Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum,
and Tanvi Sahu for design assistance; John Searcy 43 Dorling Kindersley: Jon Hughes and Russell (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Andrew Kerr (bc). London (tl). 172 Corbis: Bettmann (br). Dorling
for Americanization; Jagtar Singh for color work; Gooday (br); Andrew Kerr (cra, crb). 104-105 Dorling Kindersley: Andrew Kerr. Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (cl,
A. Badham for texturing assistance; Adam Benton 44 Dreamstime.com: Xunbin Pan (bl). 45 Corbis: 104 Dorling Kindersley: Museo Paleontologico bl, bc). Dreamstime.com: Georgios Kollidas (tr).
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