DK Findout! Maya, Incas, and Aztecs - DK

Masks

Gold or precious stones
were used to make masks.
Mosaic masks were made
from wood covered with
pieces of stone. They were
worn for ceremonies or to

scare enemies in battle.

Inca gold mask

Threads
were woven
together into
material.

Maya mosaic
mask

Aztec Inca woven textile
loom
Weaving
Feathers
Feathers were a sign Plant fibres and animal coats
of importance. They were were spun into thread or wool.
used to decorate nobles’
clothes, as well as shields Aztec women wove cotton
and fans. Thousands thread into light clothes, while
of bird skins used for Inca women made llama and
Aztec featherwork were found alpaca wool into warm clothes.

fan in one Inca city. Figure of a
Maya woman

weaving

Inca pouch

49

Inca gold

Gold was the sacred metal of the Incas. They called
gold “the sweat of the Sun god”. But the Incas’
fascination with gold led to their downfall.
Spanish soldiers heard of a land of gold and
silver, and conquered the Inca Empire so
they could take their treasures.

Gifts of gold Gold figure
of a god
The Inca emperor took gold
and silver from peoples
defeated in war. The emperor
showed his power by filling
storehouses with gold and by
giving gifts. He also rewarded
brave soldiers with gold.

Gold cup
used to give
offerings to
the gods

Gold llama Gold of the gods
given as an
offering to This magnificent gold disk
shows the face of the Sun god,
the gods Inti. He was the Incas’ supreme god.

50

This is a copy of one of the
few precious Inca objects
found that Spanish soldiers
failed to melt down.

Golden nuggets

The Incas dug gold mines
in the Andes mountains.
Chunks of small gold
rocks, or nuggets, were
smelted (melted) until
soft and then shaped.

The lure of gold

In the 1530s, Spanish conqueror
Pizarro heard about the riches
to be found in Peru. He and
his men fought the Inca people,
and stole and melted down
most of the Inca gold. Only
a few pieces are left in
museums today.

Spanish gold
coins

The Incas shaped
gold into decorative
ornaments, like this
gold disc.

51

Under attack KEY

In the 1500s ce, the Spanish came to the Maya
Americas to find treasure. They attacked the Inca
Maya, Aztecs, and Incas, whose lands were Aztec
rich in gold and silver. The native people
bravely fought back, but were conquered
by the Spanish invaders.

Pedro de Alvarado World map showing the empires
(1485–1541)

FACT FILE Maya

» Conquest begins: 1523 In 1523, Alvarado
» Led by: Pedro de Alvarado invaded the Maya lands.
» Arrival site: Soconusco One of the last Maya
Maya lands » Major Spanish victories: rulers, Tecun Uman,
was killed during battle
Zapotitlan in 1524. Alvarado
Acajutla claimed to have won
Lake Atitlan the land for Spain.
Quetzaltenango

The Maya fought on
for many years.
Soconusco
1523 Quetzaltenango Zapotitlan
1524 1524
Pacific Lake Atitlan
Ocean 1524 Acajutla
1524
FACT FILE
» Conquest begins: 1531
Incas » Led by: Francisco Pizarro
» Arrival site: Tumbes
Atahualpa had just won a war for » Major Spanish
the Inca leadership, but then victories :
Pizarro arrived with a small army Cajamarca
and killed him. Another Inca Cusco
leader, Manco Capac, fought back, Vilcabamba Pacific
but was killed in 1545. The last Ocean

Inca leader was beheaded in 1572.

52

Aztecs ! WOW!

When Cortés invaded Aztec lands, Some Aztec,
the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II sent Inca, and Maya
gold to show his power. Cortés took people believed
the emperor prisoner and captured
the capital city of Tenochtitlan. the Spanish
invaders were
Hernando Cortés
(1485–1547) gods.

Otumba Atlantic FACT FILE
1520 Ocean
» Conquest begins: 1519
Tenochtitlan Cholula Veracruz » Led by: Hernando Cortés
1521 1519 1519 » Arrival site: Near modern-day

Aztec Veracruz
Empire
» Major Spanish victories:

Cholula
Otumba
Tenochtitlan

Pacific
Ocean

Francisco Pizarro How were
(1471–1541) they defeated?

Tumbes The Spanish caused
1531 divisions within the Aztec
and Inca Empires. They
Cajamarca gained allies from these
1532 divisions and from local
enemies. The Spanish
Vilcabamba had steel armour, swords,
1572 and guns. They also
brought diseases, which
Cusco killed many people.
1533

Inca
Empire

Steel armour

53

Where are Traditional
they now? Quechua
dolls
Today, many people in Central and
South America have Maya, Aztec, or Quechua
Inca ancestors. In Mexico, some people
speak Nahuatl, which comes from the About 25 per cent of people in
Aztec language. Other people in Central Peru speak the Inca language
America speak types of Mayan. In Peru, Quechua. Many Quechua people
many people still use versions of the farm and make clothes from the
Quechua language of the Incas. wool of llamas and alpacas,
following the traditions of their
ancestors.

Top, or
huipil

Nahua

The Nahua people of Mexico are
descended from the Aztecs, and
many speak Nahuatl. Some are
farmers and craftspeople, like
their Aztec ancestors. There are
about 2.5 million Nahua people
living in Mexico today.
54

Woven Festivals
basket
There are festivals celebrated
Maya throughout this region that
combine old and new traditions
The descendants of the Maya live with religious rites.
mostly in Guatemala, Honduras,
and Mexico. Many Maya live in Dance of the Flyers
small villages. Here they farm This five-man show is
and carry on traditional Maya based on an Aztec rain
crafts, such as weaving. Others ceremony. While one man
live in big cities. stands on top of a pole
playing music, the other
four dangle from ropes,
twirling to the ground.

Inca Sun Festival
Inti Raymi, the Sun
Festival, takes place in
many places in Peru
on 24 June. It marks
the shortest day of
the year, and the start
of the Inca new year.

Skull mas k

Day of the Dead
This festival (31 October–2 November) mixes
Christianity and ancient traditions. In Mexico,
many people dress up and wear masks. They
visit family graves with flowers and gifts.

55

Then and now Modern herbal
medicines
IstapfhuseyesoboppMeuelinen’avsygteioaoie,nndvIvienbserccrnaboitdsovo,geuraersnn,,mcodtehradAenezyaayttrwemeucnebsartbpeteoeoarrpimtabhclooaasrnlnaln,gkn,c!tdyrhAoopessuosfwpehireduaslvltlaaer use passion
foods of today. flower.

TMdmSrpoaaiaenirnzdyteimsipfhlelalaoiiatnzpbsevlreaeidnianetdorsts,hfcloeoarAullwrem.drTaetprhoisecr,aytwisbllhmaaikscaehddethe

(“little cakes”).

Maize
tortillas

Popcorn Chocolate

tiiofCnnhifroveteyrrarsoendeadieswnrurtssacto,aeshfwgdeftoihhiAr.tsoemLttsowapehtortoeohirprcwl,epadAesSe.dzdptthiaoetoncvtuiseossrhands Thcea“dcdMrwaEriouaniintyrbkhkoae,ipcawanhenngh,isdliwcict.hAhhoTozetmhctrhoeieaseclakiyssttepufewrla”saea.evhasdodocutatroleledd

Cacao beans were
called cocoa beans
by the English.

56

Plant medicines

TfprsilnelhaoelsewahesxpeAeio.rrmzbn-Ttmauehflscleiomscsdlwlpeieocseldiva,rnienacetditnosndi.fecslTaohsthlwoetmeildelpylrapuspyue.sesaoeeonpddpdlele,

A sapodilla tree

Chewing gum

fwfTrrhohomeemnMntchaaheyteuaswrafaeoplduoc.ndhCdiilhcltlaeehwtauritennestgaiwlpgteu,hnometr1wr“cu9ahb4sib0cmesle.ra”yd, e

STrTtsihwhuhveeeeusrygnIspnaghtpce,uoasbnnsguugebssttsuiiwnuotilgoestnprptbeehlranbseindasirrfitgoeiemfd!nsibogbtruoreeniscdst.rgaToeisnhsseacdicbterrieoeipdsssg. es

Rubber Freeze-dried
potatoes
miriTftTnurohwhotbroeembinytesMhiqtrrnuujuagburbyiyigndabclmgeeeotdyrorfi,xryottboirhkvnoemeigseunassnea.pcspy.
FTdttchhuahrelereelmmienIedngtozccocuhaeogtsu-l.eñdldTetofnh,rrtiileydgapsshoieotnttfefsarda.gtenTofeoyehzsreem-ayodoultriohtisneettduognrptfterior,meotdeaderzt.yeooinensg,
Rubber
tree sap 57

Facts and The Maya
figures didn’t have
sugar. They ate
There is so much to learn about the Maya, honey as a
Incas, and Aztecs. We’ve gathered together sweet treat.
as many fascinating facts as we could fit onto
these pages.

8 MILLION PEOPLE
SPEAK A VERSION OF
THE INCA LANGUAGE,
QUECHUA, TODAY.

jTehre kwoyrdcomes There are around
fcLrlhoamm’aatrhmkeeIian,tc.faorwdorrided 6 million Maya
people alive
24,000 today.
The Incas built
roads stretching Maya
around 24,000 km children
(15,000 miles) across
their vast empire.

TttT(hhh2iekee1aTM2Jle,afamrgtyis)upaehalsperiy4g,or7haaftm.mid Aztec children
may have been pricked with

maguey cactus spines

as a punishment.

T1h0isgiisraefqfueisvaslteanckt etdo around
on top of

each other.

VENUSTHLEOMOKAYOAUKTEFPOTRA

SATTNAHDREMMTYOEASDRYANWWEIVANIERTGNSISNHWKATYHV.HEEEN

90% It is said that 700 sheets 650
Up to 90 per cent of gold were used for In 2017, archaeologists
of the Aztecs and the walls of the digging beneath Mexico
the Maya died Inca Golden City found 650 skulls of
when the Spanish Temple in human sacrifice victims.
came, mostly from Cusco, Peru.
European diseases.

59

Glossary irrigation Bringing water
from rivers or lakes to
Some words in this book may be new to you. farmland by digging canals
This is what they mean. They will help you llama The Incas’ most
to learn about the Maya, Incas, and Aztecs. useful domestic animal,
providing wool, milk,
alpaca Animal of South Central America The strip of meat, and transport
America and a relative of the land joining North America maize Commonly known
llama and camel, valued for and South America as corn, or sweetcorn, an
its wool and hunted for ceremony Special event that important food in the
meat by the Incas is often religious ancient Americas
Andes Highest range chinampas Small islands in Mesoamerica Earlier name
of mountains in South lakes, used by the Aztecs as for the area of land that
America, which stretches farmland to grow food includes Central America
along the western side of civilization Large group of and Mexico
the continent people, or society, who share mummy Dead body
armour Body protection the same way of life preserved by chemicals or
for soldiers drying so that it does not
decay
astronomy Study of the codex Book with noble Important person in
Sun, Moon, planets, handwritten pages society, often a royal relative,
and stars conqueror Winning side who may control an area of
calendar Chart showing a in a war, when one leader land and people
year or years divided into defeats another and takes obsidian Hard, volcanic rock
units of time, such as days their land used to make sharp-edged
knives and war weapons
canal Waterway made empire Multiple lands ruled priest Person who leads
for boats, or to bring water by one leader religious ceremonies
to crops growing in glyph Picture signs, used by pyramid Stone-built
farmers’ fields the Maya and Aztecs in mound with four triangular
canoe Small boat made writing instead of alphabet faces and steps, often with a
from a tree trunk or animal letters temple on top
skins, and pushed through
the water with paddles

60

quipu Knotted-string device How to say it Feather
used by the Incas to record shield
events, keep accounts, and This guide will show you how
send messages to say words and names from Mama Coya (Ma-ma Koy-a)
ritual Religious activity in the Maya, Inca, and Aztec mamakuna (ma-ma-KOO-na)
which people perform a series civilizations. Capital letters Mama Quilla (Ma-ma Key-a)
of set actions mean you should emphasize maquahuitl (ma-KWA-weet-l)
sacred Linked to the gods that part of the word, or say Maya (MY-a)
sacrifice Offering, such as it a tiny bit louder. Otumba (O-TOOM-ba)
gold, food, or human victims, panacas (pan-A-kas)
made to the gods to seek Acajutla (A-ka-HOOT-la) Quetzalcoatl
their help Acatitlan (A-ka-TEET-lan)
site A piece of ground used atlatl (at-LAT-l) (Kwet-zal-ko-ATL)
for something, such as an Cajamarca (Ka-ha-MAR-ka)
old city cenote (sen-oat-ay) Quetxaltenango
slave Person owned by other Chichen Itza (Chi-chen It-za)
people, and made to work for Cholula (Cho-LOO-la) (Kwet-zal-te-NAN-go)
them without pay Choquequirao
society Group of people living quipu (key-poo)
together in an ordered way, for (Cho-keh-KEY-ra-o) Sacsayhuaman
example in a country
temple Building for religious chuno (choo-no) (Sak-say-WA-man)
ceremonies and worship Cihuacoatl (Si-WA-ko-at-l)
of gods Cinteotl (Sin-tay-ot-l) Sapa Inca (Sa-pa In-ka)
terraced fields Walled fields, curacas (koo-RA-kas] Tenochtitlan (Te-nock-TEET-lan)
such as steps or terraces one Cusco (Kus-ko) Teotihuacan (Tay-oh-ti-WA-kan)
above the other, created by the huaca (hwa-ka) Tlaloc (Tla-lok)
Incas on mountainsides Huayna Picchu Tonatiuh (Ton-a-TEE-ooh)
warrior Soldier who is trained tzolk’in (zol-keen)
to fight in battles (Hway-na Pee-choo) Vilcabamba (Vil-ka-BAM-ba)
Viracocha (Vir-a-coach-a)
huipil (wi-pill) Willac Umu (Wil-ak Oo-moo)
Huitzilopochtli Xipe Totec (Shi-pay toe-tek)
Zapotitlan (Za-po-TEET-lan)
(Hwit-zi-low-POK-tli)

Illapu (Il-A-poo)
Intihuatana (In-tee-WA-ta-na)
Ixchel (Eesh-chel)
Machu Picchu

(Ma-choo Pee-choo)

61

Index

A cities 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, flower wars 31
22–25, 34–35 food 18–19, 56–57, 58
alpacas 16, 49, 54 freeze-drying 57
Alvarado, Pedro de 52 civilizations 4–5 fruits 19
Andes 5, 16, 24, 39, 51 clan groups (panacas) 12
aqueducts 25 clothes 13, 14–15, 49 G
archeology 36–37, 59 clubs 32
armour 33, 53 codex 5, 11, 13, 15 games 21, 44–45
art 37, 38–39 common people 13 girls 20–21
astronomy 35, 59 Cortés, Hernando 53 glyphs 7, 36, 40–41, 46, 47
axes 33 crafts 48–49 gods 6, 11, 22, 23, 26–29, 43
Aztecs 4, 10–11, 22–23, crops 16–17 gold 5, 50–51, 52, 59
Cusco 29, 55 grains 18
53, 54
D H
B
daily life 14–15 Haab calendar 47
babies 21 Dance of the Flyers 55 headdresses 7, 33
ball games 44–45 Davies, Dr. Diane 36–37 honey 58
Bingham, Hiram 24 Day of the Dead 55 houses 14, 23, 25
boats 22, 39 descendants 54–55, 58 huaca 30
books 11, 13, 15, 40–41 diseases 42–43, 53, 59 Huayna Picchu 25
bows and arrows 33 doctors 42 Huitzilopochtli 23, 27
boys 20–21 human sacrifices 22, 23, 30,
bridges 38–39, 57 E
43, 59
C ear-piercing ritual 31
earthquakes 14 I
calendars 35, 46–47 emperors 10, 12–13, 22, 30,
canals 17, 22 illnesses 42–43
canoes 22, 39 31, 50, 53 Inca Sun Festival (Inti Raymi)
cenotes 34 empires 4, 5, 8, 10, 50,
Central America 5, 36, 55 52–53 55
ceremonies 30–31, 55 Incas 4, 5, 8–9, 24–25,
chewing gum 57 F
Chichen Itza 34–35 28–29, 50–51, 52, 54
childbirth 43 families 15 insects 18
children 13, 15, 20–21, 59 farming 13, 16–17, 20, 21 Inti 28, 29, 50
chinampas 17 feathers 21, 32, 33, 34, 49 irrigation 17
chocolate 19, 56 festivals 7, 30–31, 55 Ixchel 26
Cihuacoatl 43 fishing 20
Cinteotl 26 flavourings 18 J
floating fields 17
jade 43, 48
jewellery 48

62

K planting ceremony 30 Sun-worship 30
plants 16–17, 42–43 surgical tools 42
kings, Maya 6, 7 ploughs 16 suspension bridges 57
knives 32 popcorn 56
Kukulkan 27, 34 pottery 39, 48 T
priests 11, 12–13, 22,
L technology 38–39
30, 46 Tecun Uman 52
Lake Texcoco 17, 22 pyramids 6, 22, 34–35, temples 6, 11, 13, 22–23, 25,
language 54, 58
llamas 8, 9, 16, 18, 28, 36, 37, 59 26, 30, 34–35, 38, 59
Tenochtitlan 10, 22–23, 53
29, 49, 54, 58 Q terraced fields 17, 25
lords (curacas) 13 textiles 39, 49
Quechua 54, 58 Tlaloc 23, 27
M Quetzalcoatl 27 Tonatiuh 4
quipu 9, 38 tortillas 56
Machu Picchu 24–25 toys 21
maize 16, 17, 19, 26 R trade 9
Mama Coya 8, 13 Tzolk’in calendar 46
Mama Ocllo 28, 29 records 9, 38
Manco Capac 28, 29, 52 reed boats 39 V
markets 18, 22 religion 11
masks 31, 49, 55 vegetables 19
Maya 4, 5, 6–7, 34–37, see also gods; temples Venus 59
roads 58 Viracocha 26, 28
40–41, 52, 55 rope bridges 38–39
meat 18, 58 rubber 38, 57 W
medicine 42–43, 56–57
Mexico 4, 6, 34, S war 32–33
warriors 10, 11, 20, 30, 31,
54, 55 sacrifices 7, 22, 23,
Moctezuma II 10, 53 30, 31, 59 32–33, 35, 39, 48
mummies 9, 31 Wayeb 47
mummy ceremony 31 Sapa Inca 8, 13 weapons 10, 32–33, 53
music 21, 39 schools 11, 13, 20 weaving 21, 49
mythology, Inca 28–29 servants 13 wells 34
shields 33 wives 12–13
O silver 50, 52 women 11, 13, 15, 43
slaves 13, 15 work 14–15
observatories 35 slings 32 writing 7, 36, 37, 40–41
society 12–13
P solar calendar 47 Y
soldiers 13, 39, 50, 52–53
painting 37, 39 Spanish conquerors 39, 42, Yucatán 6, 34
pan pipes 21
paper 7, 11 50, 51, 52–53, 59 63
Peru 5, 24, 54, 55 spindles 8, 21
Pizarro, Francisco 51, 52, 53 sport 44–45
plant medicines 56–57 stone carvings 7, 11, 21, 38

Acknowledgements

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following people for their assistance in the preparation
of this book: Polly Goodman for proofreading, Helen Peters for the index, Dan Crisp for illustrations,
Mohammad Hassan for map illustrations, and James Tye for additional photography. The publishers
would also like to thank Dr Diane Davies, Maya Archeologist, www.mayaarchaeologist.co.uk, for her
interview on pages 36 and 37.

The publisher would like to thank the Michel Zabe / CONACULTA-INAH-MEX (bl/Stone axe, (bc); Zhang Yongxin (ca). NASA: JPL (cr).
following for their kind permission to br); Dave King / Museum of London (br/arrow). 61 Alamy Stock Photo: INTERFOTO (tr). 62 Dorling
reproduce their photographs: Dreamstime.com: Carl Keyes / Ckeyes888 (cr). Kindersley: Tim Parmenter / The Trustees of the
36 Dr. Diane Davies: (tr, br). 37 Dr. Diane Davies: British Museum (tl). 64 123RF.com: ylstock (tl).
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; (tr). 38 123RF.com: Kriangkrai Wangjai (br). Endpaper images:
f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Alamy Stock Photo: imageBROKER (cl). Dorling Front: 123RF.com: Matyas Rehak (TIkal); Alamy
Kindersley: CONACULTA-INAH-MEX (bc). Stock Photo: Art Collection 2 (Manco Capac),
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2 Dorling Kindersley: Richard Leeney / Whipsnade Stock Photo: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (bl); Jane Blackbird (Calendars), Roy LANGSTAFF (Roy
Zoo (crb). 3 Dorling Kindersley: Tim Parmenter / Emily Riddell (br). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler LANGSTAFF), PRISMA ARCHIVO (Pizarro), Science
The Trustees of the British Museum (bc). / University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology History Images (Moctezuma II); Dorling Kindersley:
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Rivero (tl); Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (cr). Robert Van Der Hilst (bc). 54-55 Getty Images: Dreamstime.com: Max Ddos (doll), Edwardgerges
32 Alamy Stock Photo: Tom Grundy (ca). Dorling Hugh Sitton (bc). 55 123RF.com: Kairi Aun (tr). (papyrus), Matthias Ziegler / Paulmz (beans), Leon
Kindersley: Andy Crawford / National Museums of Alamy Stock Photo: M. Timothy O’Keefe (c). Rafael (stone); iStockphoto.com: andyKRAKOVSKI
Scotland (clb); Michel Zabe / CONACULTA-INAH-MEX Dreamstime.com: Barna Tanko (tl). 56 Getty (kipu); Back Flap: 123RF.com: Audrius Merfeldas tc;
(cra, c, bc, b). 33 Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage Images: Frederic Cirou,PhotoAlto Agency / Isabelle iStockphoto.com: naumoid tr.
Image Partnership Ltd (tc); INTERFOTO (crb); Mostardi Rozenbaum (bc). 57 123RF.com: drpnncpp (bc); All other images © Dorling Kindersley.
Photography (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Michel Zabé Nutthawit Wiangya (tr); Sven Schermer (crb). Alamy For further information see: www.dkimages.com
(tl); Andy Crawford / University Museum of Stock Photo: imageBROKER (cl). 58 Dreamstime.
Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge (c); com: Alle (tc); Daniel Wiedemann (cl). 58-59 123RF.
com: Ulf Hbner (c). 59 123RF.com: Vitaliy Markov

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