Ancient Egypt

Roll a dice to play the game of childhood! 1 Your mother is a slave. 2
Miss a go!
You’ve been born! If your parents are slaves,
you’ll be one too. You’ll have
Life is hard for the very young in Ancient to work hard for the people
Egypt. You’ll be given a name to bring who own you.
you luck throughout your life, such as
“He will be happy.”
START
Cat 13 12 You’re a natural 11 et
Bes jugredhead. Have
Ankh amulanother go!
Red hair is rare in Egypt and
a symbol of the god Seth.

14

15 Your pet cat has 16 Bes answers your 17 18 You’re feeling
scratched you. prayers. Move unwell. Miss a go!
Miss a go! forward 3 places. Sometimes the medicine
Your family might have a lot The fierce god Bes looks you get from the doctor
of pets, such as cats, dogs, after all children. Make sure makes you feel worse
or even something like a his image is always close to
you and you’ll be fine. than the actual illness!
gazelle, baboon, or Let’s hope it doesn’t
green monkey. contain dung…

Children 27 Lucky scarab.
in Egypt Have another go!

In Ancient Egypt, children had to grow up 28
fast, whether they were rich or poor. There
were many dangers around them, including Senet game
illnesses and wild animals. The Egyptians loved
and cared for their children and believed the
gods protected them, too. Play this game to
find out about childhood in Egypt.

50

3 You’ve been given 4Hedgehog rattle 5 Your family are 6
a hedgehog rattle. farmers and you
Move forward 1 place. have to work in the fields. The children of farmers
Real toys in Ancient Go back 3 places. helped harvest crops.
Egypt are rare. As a farmer’s child, you’ll
Children don’t learn by working alongside
get a lot of time your family from an early age.
to play…

10 Lucky ankh. Roll 9 You’ve been playing 8 7 Ride forward 1 place
the dice again. leapfrog with your on your hobbyhorse.
Amulets are worn to friends. Leap forward This toy came to Egypt
keep you safe. Ankh 2 places. with the Romans when
means “life,” and ankhs From time to time, you’ll get they made it part of
are the most common to play with other children. their empire.
type of amulet. Enjoy it while you can!
Sco
19 Hobbyhorse21
20 You’ve been stung 22 There’s been
rpion by a scorpion! a bumper
Go back 3 places. harvest! Go forward
26 Scorpions are very 4 places.
dangerous, so beware! Extra grain is stored away
just in case next year’s
They don’t just live in harvest isn’t so good.
the desert, they hide in
houses, too.

25 Your family is rich, 24 You fell into 23 rocodile
so you get to go the Nile River FINISH
to school! Go forward and were chased by
3 places. a hungry crocodile! C
You’ve got it made! Go back 10 places.
Learning to read and write
will let you climb the ladder
of success.

29 You beat your 29 Big day! You’ve had You’ve now made it
friend at senet. your head shaved.
Move forward Jump to the finish. through childhood.
1 place. You’re leaving childhood
Being good at this behind. Now you can be Well done! It’s not easy to make it
board game means just like your parents and this far. Try your hardest, take every
you’re very smart and wear a wig! opportunity, and if the king hears
logical—you’ll go far! your name you will be blessed.

51

Hieroglyphs (a as in hat) (i as in hill) (y as in happy)
Egyptian vulture Reed leaf Double reed leaf
In Ancient Egypt,
words were written (oo as in too or w as in wind) (b as in bed) (p as in pen)
with picture signs Quail chick Leg Box
called hieroglyphs.
Each sign looked like
an animal, person, or
thing. There were more
than 700 different
hieroglyphs and most,
like the 25 signs shown
here, stand for sounds.

This is the hieroglyph. (m as in man) (n as in nail) (r as in rope)
Owl Water Mouth
This is roughly the sound
the hieroglyph makes. (h as in house) (h as in heel) (h as in loch)
House Twisted flax We don’t know!
This is what the
hieroglyph represents. (s as in sun) (sh as in sheep)
Door bolt Pool
Writing
(c as in cat) (g as in garden)
Not many people could read and Basket Jar stand
write in Ancient Egypt—it was a
special skill. The Egyptians wrote (tch as in itch) (d as in dog)
with signs, called hieroglyphs, Tethering rope Hand
which they thought the gods
had invented. It took experts
a long time to figure out how to
read hieroglyphs because they
can stand for sounds or the
picture they show.

52

(e as in pet) Egyptian phrasebook
Arm
Egyptian words were made up of sound and meaning
(f as in finger or v as in vet) signs. There were sounds like our vowels, but these
Horned viper weren’t always written down, so pronouncing words
is guesswork! Silent meaning signs help us to
understand the words they’re beside. Can you spot
any familiar signs in the phrases below?

“Don’t worry!” “Be quiet!”

“em senej” “ger”

(l as in light) This sign stands A silent meaning sign tells
Lion for three sounds: us that the word it’s beside
is to do with speaking.
(kh as in ankh) s, n, and j.
Animal belly
“Be careful!”
(k as in kick or q as in queen)
Hill slope “ir heroo”

(t as in time) This sign stands for This silent meaning sign of a scroll tells
Loaf of bread two sounds: i and r. us that something must be explained
in words as there is no picture of it.
(j as in jam)
Cobra Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone, found near Rosetta, in
Egypt, is special because it has the same
message written on it in three different
languages: hieroglyphic, demotic
(another Egyptian language), and
Ancient Greek. Before it was discovered,
no one knew what hieroglyphs meant.
Jean-François Champollion, a French
scholar, worked out the Egyptian by
comparing it to the Greek. He had
unlocked the secret of hieroglyphs!

53

Interview with…
We put some questions to Professor Barry Kemp, an
EEtohgnfeygApalnantcnocidlieoe.nngFtitosEctrigtfmyyrpoaotmnfdyAtumyhreeiaanrUrgnsna,tih,hvweeerhrhseiaicitgshynewoxofacfsaCKvbaairmntieegbfdrlAyiadkntghhdeee,nscitanautpdeinitea.dl

Q: We know it is something to do with Q: What are the best and worst parts of
Egypt, but what do you actually do? your job?
A: I have led a research team at the city of A: The best parts are being at the site and also
Tell el-Amarna [usually shortened to Amarna] working on the records afterward. The worst
in Egypt since 1977. We make maps, excavate aspect is having to do this on limited funds.
houses and graves, and sometimes repair Q: Is Akhenaten your favorite pharaoh?
buildings. A: I study Akhenaten because he founded the
Q: Why did you become an Egyptologist? city and his influence is everywhere, but I am
A: My father was a soldier in Egypt during more interested in the lives of his subjects.
World War II. He visited some of the ancient Q: What is the most exciting thing you have
sites and sent back pictures. They became ever discovered?
part of my growing up. At school, I used A: I find excitement in uncovering evidence
them in a history project, and this sparked and trying to make sense of it. At Amarna,
a lifelong love of Ancient Egypt.
we have the houses of the people and,
Q: What is special about Amarna? from their cemeteries, evidence
for their often poor state of
A: It was founded around health and brief lives.
1350bce by King Akhenaten, who
was married to Queen Nefertiti, Sun worshippers
but abandoned not long after his Akhenaten built Amarna
death. Its brief existence offers a for his sun god, the Aten.
unique snapshot of life in an The king is shown here
ancient capital city. with Nefertiti standing
behind him, worshipping
Q: What equipment do you use? the god.

A: We use the kind of equipment
you would see on excavations in
many countries: small trowels,
sieves, wheelbarrows, tape
measures, and so on.

54

Tomb of a scribe
The tomb cut into this cliff close
to Amarna belonged to the scribe
Ahmose, who worked for Akhenaten.

ArAchmaaeronlao’sgimstasiwn otermk opnletohnecseitsetwoohde.re

! WOW!

Akhenaten
was the father
of the famous

boy-king
Tutankhamun.

55

Studying Egypt

Flwfeionaerrrdmeninboagarbedtorltuyehtaadsinatusm2rhe,a0.igs0Tet0hodryebyemy.aOressotf,htupeovendeonspinliuertshhheaudevnptetoaebdsretase,ynoatnnvolciysisietitnnuintdtgeybrEueEgisglytdyepipdnttgtions
cause much less damage.

Excavation

Digging in the ground
for ancient tombs and
buildings, and other signs
of human activity is called
excavation. It must be done
slowly and carefully to
avoid damaging any finds.

Early Egyptologists Curse of the tomb!

Giovanni Belzoni, 1778–1823 Egyptian tombs had curses written on their
Italian explorer Belzoni walls, warning people not to disturb them. Lord
made many great discoveries, Carnarvon, pictured right with Howard Carter,
including the tomb of the was present at the opening of Tutankhamun’s
pharaoh Seti I.
tomb, in 1922, and died a few months later.
Flinders Petrie, 1853–1942 Coincidence or curse?
Englishman Petrie realized
the importance of carefully
preserving the ancient objects
he found in Egypt.

Howard Carter, 1874–1939
Carter, also English, became
world famous for discovering
Tutankhamun’s tomb and
treasures.

56

3-D scans Scientific
Scanning techniques can be techniques
used to look inside wrapped
mummies, through each layer Nowadays, we can see
of wrapping down to the body. inside mummies without
unwrapping them. We can
look beneath the ground
with radar and see where
buildings once stood by
studying satellite images.

X-rays
ruXen-vrdaeeyasrletodhfefmawkuermampmpuiimensgmcsa.ieAns—sfehwowwiXth-urassyttishckehsasvkeeleton
and stones inside rather than bones.

Satellite images
Images taken by satellites high
in the sky let us see the outlines
of buried buildings, which are
hard to see on the ground.

Satellite image of the pyramids at Giza Mummified dog and its X-ray

! REALLY?

Early explorers
used dynamite to get
inside the pyramids!

57

Egyptian facts Missing parts
and figures
If a person had missing body
The Egyptians achieved a lot over parts, such as fingers or toes,
3,000 years. Here are some amazing they would be replaced with
facts you might not know about them! wooden ones for burial.

THIRSTY

Scarab WORK

beetle The world’s oldest brewery was in

Hierakonpolis, Egypt—it could

produce 100 gallons (455 liters)

of beer a day!
MummIn
ified d u ngmummified,
tahnedLeavteenPedruiondg,boavlelrs 3m0addieffberyensctaarnaibmbaelsetwleerse.

4

days is the time it took years is how long Egypt
to unwrap one mummy was ruled by pharaohs.
of a noblewoman. She
was covered in 14 sheets, Tutankhamun
80 bandages, 12 cloth
pads, and four sets of linen
binding cords.

58

AKHENATEN Creature chaos
IS THE ONLY
PHARAOH TO What was the animal sacred to the god
BE SHOWN Seth? Over 20 different suggestions
EATING AND have been made, from aardvark to zebra.
DRINKING However, look at his arrow-shaped
tail—he’s definitely not real!
IN ART!
ABOUT
Iettoxtpeolmookrpe1try0HTyouewatraasnrfdkohrCaamrtuenr ’s
tomb. 2,300,000

STONE BLOCKS
MAKE UP THE
GREAT PYRAMID.

PTiluetoanf okbhajemctusnf’osutonmd bin SECRET?MESSAGES

587 No one can crack the
hieroglyphic code used by
servants were buried with priests in the temple of
King Djer. Esna—one of their hymns
is written almost entirely
with crocodile signs!

10

was the number
of days in an
Ancient Egyptian
week.

59

Glossary dynasty Family of kings, used
as a way to sort the order of
Ancient Egyptian history

Here are the meanings of some words that Egyptologist Someone who
are useful for you to know when learning studies Ancient Egypt
about Ancient Egypt.
empire Large area with
amulet Magical pendant cartouche Oval shape with different peoples, ruled
worn to protect you from a line at one end drawn or by a king or emperor
harm carved around the name of
a king faience Special type of clay
archaeologist Someone made in different colors,
who looks for ancient places casing blocks Smooth stone molded into shapes and
and objects blocks of fine quality used on baked hard
the outside walls of pyramids
Ba Part of the Ancient false door Part of a wall
Egyptian spirit with a human cataracts Six natural, rocky carved into a door shape
face but the body of a bird barriers interrupting the Nile to let friendly spirits into
River’s flow in Nubia, a building
bezel Stone or jewel starting at Aswan
positioned at the center flax Green plant with long
of a finger ring chariot Two-wheeled vehicle stalks that can be made into
pulled by horses, used by the linen or rope
canopic jar Jar used to store Egyptians in battles to shoot
a mummy’s body organs arrows or throw spears from Greco-Roman Period Final
period of Ancient Egyptian
delta Fan-shaped area of history, first with the Greek
fertile green land in the Ptolemies in power and then
north of Egypt, on the the Roman emperors
Mediterranean coast
hieroglyph Picture sign used
in Egyptian writing

Model boat incense Sticky paste burned
with sail and to create perfumed smoke in
rudder temples to please the gods

Intermediate Period
Unsettled period of time
without a king in charge of
the whole of Egypt

60

Inundation Annual flooding rudder Large oars at the
that caused the Nile River to back of a boat that are used
burst its banks to steer it

Late Period Period of Wooden sarcophagus Stone coffin
Egyptian history when the shabti usually holding one or more
last Egyptian kings ruled smaller coffins inside it
Egypt (715–332bce) Old Kingdom Period of
Egyptian history when scribe Someone whose job
lotus Type of waterlily the pyramids were built involved reading and writing
sacred to the Egyptians (2650–2175bce)
papyrus Name of the green shabti Small servant statue
Middle Kingdom Period of marsh plant and the paper that magically came to life
Egyptian history when many made from its stalks and worked for their owner
powerful kings ruled pharaoh Egyptian name in the afterlife
(1975–1755bce) for the king, meaning
“great house” shrine Shelter for a god’s
mummification Process of pylon Entrance into a temple statue, which was sometimes
making a mummy, drying and with large towers on each side made of gold
wrapping a body to preserve it pyramid Four-sided building
with a pointed top, used in silt Fertile soil carried
New Kingdom Period of Ancient Egypt for burying by the Nile River and left
Ancient Egypt’s history when dead kings behind on its banks after
its empire grew much bigger a flood
(1540–1075bce)
sphinx Creature with a
Nile River that runs through person’s head (usually the
the length of Egypt and king) and an animal’s body
down into what was Nubia (usually a lion)

nomad Person who moves stele Stone tablet, often
from place to place rather round-topped, carved or
than staying in a town painted with words and
images
Nubia Egypt’s neighbor to
the south, often an enemy but temple Home for a god
sometimes a trading partner or gods and a place for
worshipping them
obelisk Tall, needle-shaped
block of stone with a shining uraeus Cobra figure poised
golden tip, usually carved for attack, worn on the
with hieroglyphs crowns of kings and gods

61

Index

A C First Intermediate Period 4
flax 32
Abu Simbel 39 Caesar, Julius 14, 15 flies, gold 11
afterlife 20–21, 22, 27 canopic jars 18 food and drink 42–43
Ahmose 55 Carnarvon, Lord 56
Akhenaten 5, 12, 13, 23, Carter, Howard 56, 59 G
cartouches 12, 22
54–55, 59 cats 44, 45, 50 Geb 28
Akhet (flooding) 40–41 Champollion, Jean-François 53 gods and goddesses 26, 28–29,
Amarna 54–55 chariots 10–11
Amenhotep II 27 children 50–51 33
Ammut 20 Cleopatra VII 14–15 Great Pyramid of Giza 12,
amulets 37, 51 clothes 32–33
Amun 30 craftsmen 6 16–17, 59
animals 25, 44–45, 57 crocodiles 44–45, 51 Greco-Roman Period 4
anklets 37 crowns 11, 32–33
Antony, Mark 15 H
Anubis 18, 20, 29 D
architects 39 hair 34
arrowheads 11, 38 Deir el-Medina 9, 24–25 Hathor 29, 31
artwork 26–27 Dendera 15, 31 Hatshepsut 7, 13, 46
Assyrians 8 desert 4, 41 headaches 48
Aten 12, 54 Deshret 4 heart, weighing 20
Atum Ra 28 Djer 59 Herodotus 41
doctors 48 hieroglyphs 52–53, 59
B dung beetles 44 hippopotamus 44
Hittites 8
baboons 44, 47 E homes 24–25
Bastet 36, 44 Horus 29, 30, 36, 37, 49
battle axes 11 Early Dynastic Period 4 houses 24–25
beads 6, 32, 36–37 earrings 36 Hyksos 8
beauty 34–35 Edfu 30
beer 42, 58 Egyptian Empire 5, 8–9 I
Belzoni, Giovanni 56 Egyptologists 54–55, 56–57
Bes 50 excavations 54, 56 ibises 44, 45
boatmen 38 eyes 35, 48, 49 Inundation 40
boats 46–47 Isis 15, 29
Book of the Dead 20, F
J
26 farmers 7, 38, 40–41,
bracelets 36 51 jackals 45
bread 25, 42 jewelry 32, 36–37
festivals 30, 31 jobs 38–39
journey of the dead 20–21

62

K P shells 37
Shemu (harvest) 40
Karnak temple 9, 30 papyrus 26 shoes 32
Kemet 4 pectorals 36, 37 Shu 28
Khafre 8, 27 Peret (growth) 40–41 slaves 7, 50
Khepri 26 perfume 34 snake bites 48
Khufu 12, 46 Petrie, Flinders 56 Snofru 17
kohl 35 pets 23, 44, 47, 50 Sobek 44
pharaohs 5, 6, 7, 12–13, 21, society 6–7
L soldiers 7, 10–11
32–33 spells 27, 49
language 53 Pompey 15 sphinxes 8, 27, 30
Libyans 9 potters 39 spirits 21
lions 27, 44–45 pottery 27 statues 27, 30, 31
Luxor temple 9, 30–31 Predynastic Period 4 stele 49
Prehistoric Period 4
M priests and priestesses 7, 18, T

magic 49 30, 31, 39 Tefnut 28
masks, mummies 19, 21 Ptolemy 14 temples 7, 9, 30–31, 39
medicine 48–49, 50 Punt 13, 46, 47 Thebes 8, 39
Medinet Habu 31 pyramids 8, 16–17, 57 Third Intermediate Period 4
Mediterranean Sea 4 Thutmosis III 5, 10, 22
merchants 7 R tombs 22–23, 55, 56
metalworkers 38 toys 51
Middle Kingdom 4 Ramses II (the Great) 8, 10, trade 46–47
mirrors 35 13, 30–31, 39 Tutankhamun 9, 10–11, 13, 21,
mummies 5, 18–19, 20, 21, 29,
Ramses III 31 23, 32, 36, 37, 55, 56, 58–59
45, 57, 58 rings 36
Roman Empire 5, 14, 15, 51 V
N Rosetta Stone 53
Valley of the Kings 9, 22–23
necklaces 32, 36–37 S Valley of the Queens 9, 22
Nefertari 9, 22 viziers 6
Nefertiti 5, 7, 54 satellite images 57
Nephthys 29 scarab beetles 26, 36, 50 W
New Kingdom 4 school 51
Nile Delta 5 scorpion charmers 39 wall paintings 26
Nile River 4, 5, 8, 9, 40–41, 46 scribes 6, 38, 55 wands, magic 49
Nubians 9, 10 seasons 40 war 10–11
Nut 28 Second Intermediate Period 4, weapons 11
writing 52–53
O 8
senet 51 X
Octavian (Augustus) 15 Senwosret III 13
Old Kingdom 4 Seth 29, 49, 50, 59 X-rays 57
Osiris 4, 26, 29 Seti I 23, 56
shabtis 27

63

Acknowledgments

The publisher would like to thank the following for their assistance in the preparation of this book:
Abi Wright and Molly Lattin for design assistance, Jagtar Singh and Mohammad Rizwan for cutouts,
Polly Goodman for proofreading, Helen Peters for compiling the index, Bolton Library and Museum
Services for the provision of artefacts for photography, Carolyn Routledge for assistance in arranging
for artefects to be photographed, Norman Taylor for photography, and Daniel Long, Dan Crisp, and
Ed Merrit for illustrations. The publisher would also like to thank Professor Barry Kemp of the Amarna
Trust (www.amarnatrust.com) for the “Interview with…” interview.

The publisher would like to thank the following for Kindersley: Eddie Gerald / Rough Guides (bl). 32 Alamy Bolton Library and Museum Services (ca); Alex Wilson /
their kind permission to reproduce their Stock Photo: Travelpass Photography (r). Getty Images: Rough Guides (cl); Cairo Museum (br). Getty Images:
photographs: Alessandro Vannini / Corbis Historical (bc). 33 Alamy Marwan Naamani / AFP (tr). 59 Alamy Stock Photo:
Stock Photo: Travelpass Photography (l); Ariadne Van David Cole (c); Mike P. Shepherd (bc). Dorling
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; Zandbergen (r). 34 Alamy Stock Photo: Gianni Dagli Kindersley: Dan Crisp (br). 60 Alamy Stock Photo: The
r-right; t-top) Orti / The Art Archive (c). Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Print Collector (tl). Dorling Kindersley: The Science
Library and Museum Services (br). 35 The Trustees of Museum, London (bl). 61 Dorling Kindersley: University
2 Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum the British Museum: (t). Dorling Kindersley: Bolton of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
Services (bc, cb). Getty Images: Alessandro Vannini / Library and Museum Services (ca, cra, fcra, cr, br); The Anthropology (tc). 62 Alamy Stock Photo: Gianni Dagli
Corbis Historical (crb). 3 Alamy Stock Photo: Ian M. Science Museum, London (bl). 36 Alamy Stock Photo: Orti / The Art Archive (tl).
Butterfield (Egypt) (bl); Ivy Close Images (bc). Dorling Prisma Archivo (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Ashmolean
Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum Services (c); Museum, Oxford (c); University of Aberdeen (cl); Bolton Cover images: Front: Alamy Stock Photo: Quint & Lox /
Alex Wilson / Rough Guides (tr); Cairo Museum (br). 4 Library and Museum Services (br). 36-37 Dorling Artokoloro Quint Lox Limited cra/ (Snake Bracelet);
Alamy Stock Photo: Sputnik (bc). Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum Services (c). 37 Bridgeman Images: Cleveland Museum of Art, OH, USA
The Science Museum, London (cr). 5 Alamy Stock Alamy Stock Photo: Robert Harding Productions (t). / Gift of the John Huntington Art and Polytechnic Trust
Photo: ASP GeoImaging / NASA (tl); Peter Horree (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum bl; Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum
Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum Services (c, fbl, fclb, bl, crb, fcrb); Canterbury City Council, Services crb, crb/ (beads), Newcastle Great Northern
Services (r). Getty Images: De Agostini Picture Library Museums and Galleries (bc). Getty Images: DEA Picture Museum, Hancock cra; Getty Images: DEA Picture
(bc). 6 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (ftr, cra, fcra, c, cr, Library / De Agostini (br). 38 Alamy Stock Photo: H. Library / De Agostini crb/ (Amulets), Alessandro Vannini /
cb, bc, br). 7 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (fcla, clb, bl). Peter (cr); World History Archive (c). The Trustees of the Corbis Historical cr; Back: Dorling Kindersley: Bolton
Getty Images: Religious Images / UIG / Universal Images British Museum: (fcra, fcr). Dorling Kindersley: Library and Museum Services cr, Bolton Library and
Group (cra). 8 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (tl, ca, cr, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Museum Services tr, Canterbury City Council, Museums
crb, fcrb). 9 Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp (fcl, cla, cl, c, Anthropology (cra, br). 39 Alamy Stock Photo: Ivy Close and Galleries cla, The Science Museum, London clb;
cr, bl, br). 10 Getty Images: DEA / A. Jemolo / De Images (tc); The Print Collector (bc). 40 Dorling Front Flap: Alamy Stock Photo: World History Archive cr;
Agostini (bl). 10-11 Alamy Stock Photo: Gianni Dagli Kindersley: Dan Crisp (cr). 40-41 Dorling Kindersley: Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum
Orti / The Art Archive. 11 Alamy Stock Photo: World Dan Crisp (b). 41 Alamy Stock Photo: Monty Rakusen / Services clb, cl, clb/ (inside), Bolton Library and Museum
History Archive (fbr). The Trustees of the British Cultura Creative (RF) (br). Dorling Kindersley: Dan Crisp Services c, Bolton Library and Museum Services c/ (glass
Museum: (fcr, br). Dreamstime.com: Woverwolf (cr). (cla). Getty Images: Felbert+Eickenberg / Stock4B (tr). 42 bottle), Bolton Library and Museum Services t, Bolton
Getty Images: DEA / S. Vannini / De Agostini Picture Alamy Stock Photo: Blickwinkel / Koenig (c). Dorling Library and Museum Services crb/ (inside), Cairo Museum
Library (tc). 12 Alamy Stock Photo: Ian M. Butterfield Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum Services (fcra). bl, University of Aberdeen br, University of Pennsylvania
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Agostini (tr). 13 Alamy Stock Photo: Gianni Dagli Orti / (tc); Durham University Oriental Museum (cb); Images: DEA / S. Vannini / De Agostini Picture Library ca;
The Art Archive (tl); Pictures Colour Library / Travel Canterbury City Council, Museums and Galleries (fbl). 44 Back Flap: Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum,
Pictures (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Cairo Museum (clb). 14 123RF.com: Eric Isselee / isselee (c); Shlomo Polonsky / London clb, University of Aberdeen tl; Front Endpapers:
Getty Images: DEA / S. Vannini / De Agostini Picture slavapolo (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Alex Wilson / Rough Alamy Stock Photo: Collection Dagli Orti / The Art
Library (l). The Art Archive: British Museum, London / Guides (bl). 45 Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Library and Archive (1950BCE); Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive
Werner Forman Archive (bc). 15 Alamy Stock Photo: Museum Services (cra, fcra, cr, crb). Getty Images: (1840BCE); Ivy Close Images (3100BCE); Joana Kruse
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Dorling Kindersley: Daniel Long. 17 Getty Images: Long. 48 123RF.com: Anatolii Tsekhmister / tsekhmister World History Archive (4000BCE). Dorling Kindersley:
PHAS / Universal Images Group (tr). 18 Dorling (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum Dan Crisp (1630BCE); Eddie Gerald / Rough Guides
Kindersley: Dan Crisp (cl, cr, bl, br). 19 Dorling Services (bl). 49 The Trustees of the British Museum: (1910BCE). Back Endpapers: Alamy Stock Photo: Ian M.
Kindersley: Dan Crisp (t, cl, cr, br). 20 Mary Evans (tc, cra, cr). 50 Alamy Stock Photo: Art Media / The Print Butterfield (Egypt) (1350BCE); Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art
Picture Library: (cla, ca, tr, cr, bl). 21 Mary Evans Picture Collector (tr); Pietro Scozzari / age fotostock (br). Dorling Archive (332BCE); Nedko Dimitrov (130CE); Angus
Library: (tl, cl). 22 Alamy Stock Photo: Reinhard Kindersley: C M Dixon / AAA Collection / Ancient Art & McComiskey (1457BCE); Prisma Archivo (1155BCE); Realy
Dirscherl (tr); World History Archive (bl). Getty Images: Architecture Collection Ltd (cb); Durham University Easy Star / Toni Spagone (1480BCE); Lizzie Shepherd /
DEA / G. Sioen / De Agostini (bc). 23 Getty Images: De Oriental Museum (c). 50-51 The Trustees of the British robertharding (END); Stapleton Historical Collection /
Agostini / A. Jemolo / De Agostini Picture Library (tc); Museum: (c). 51 Alamy Stock Photo: Gianni Dagli Orti / Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (1274BCE).
Werner Forman / Universal Images Group (c); DEA / S. The Art Archive (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Bolton Library Dorling Kindersley: Cairo Museum (1332BCE).
Vannini / De Agostini Picture Library (br). 24-25 Dorling and Museum Services (tl, cr). 53 123RF.com: Pitchayarat
Kindersley: Daniel Long. 25 Alamy Stock Photo: Chootai / pitchayarat2514 (tr); F. Javier Espuny / fxegs (br). All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Magica (bc). 26 Alamy Stock Photo: Gianni Dagli Orti / 54 Andreas Mesli: (tr). Getty Images: DEA / S. Vannini / For further information see: www.dkimages.com
The Art Archive (tr). Getty Images: De Agostini / A. Dagli De Agostini Picture Library (bc). 54-55 Getty Images: De
Orti / De Agostini Picture Library (cr). 27 Dorling Agostini / G. Sioen / De Agostini Picture Library. 55 Barry
Kindersley: Bolton Library and Museum Services (fclb); Kemp: (tl). 56 Alamy Stock Photo: David Cole (fbl); Mary
Durham University Oriental Museum (clb); University of Evans Picture Library (fcl); Granger, NYC. / Granger
Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Historical Picture Archve (fclb). Getty Images:
(r). 29 Getty Images: DEA / A. Dagli Orti / De Agostini GraphicaArtis / Hulton Archive (cr). 57 Getty Images:
Picture Library (tr). 30-31 Alamy Stock Photo: Jan DigitalGlobe (bl). Press Association Images: AP / HO /
Wlodarczyk. 30 Dorling Kindersley: Eddie Gerald / Supreme Council of Antiquities / AP (cla); John Stillwell /
Rough Guides (bc). Getty Images: Glowimages (clb). 31 PA Archive (tl). Science Photo Library: Thierry Berrod,
Alamy Stock Photo: Nigel Westwood (br). Dorling Mona Lisa Production (cr). 58 Dorling Kindersley:

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