DK Findout! Energy - DK

Saving energy Biomass

Energy is an important Energy can be made by
resource, so we’re always burning natural material or
trying to find ways to use waste products, known as
less of it. You could switch biomass. Wood and leftover
off lights when you leave a crops can be used in this way.
room, and cycle to school
instead of going by car. Energy-saving
light bulb

Wood can be burnt
to release energy.
New trees can be
planted to replace it.

Wind

Wind pushes the blades
of a wind turbine around
and a generator converts the
kinetic energy into electricity.

Geothermal The water becomes Cold water is
steam and rises up, pumped below
Heat from inside the where it can spin the Earth’s surface.
Earth can be used to make a turbine.
electricity. Water is piped
deep below the ground, where
it becomes steam. This steam
can drive a turbine.

49

Sparks of ISAAC NEWTON
genius
Dalilstchoevceorylo: uWrshoitfetlhigehrtaiisnmboawd.e from
Scientists have made brilliant Years: 1643–1727
discoveries about energy that WlUbsigtusoahiinrrltktsgi:aanhInstnioadseawtkpchnleuatoenscwleeeodltslesocdaoumgppreosreiroosetmffhctlaihltgetoeahshrsrtlapoyhil.nweitbeawodlswhotih.tee
have led to ways of making
electricity, seeing deeper into
space, and curing diseases. These
energy pioneers helped us to
understand how and why the
Universe works the way it does.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Discovery: Proved that lightning CHRISTIAN DOPPLER Discovery: How sound and light change
is electricity. when their source is moving.
Years: 1706–1790 Years: 1803–1853
WEmmleoaocdrvtkeer:iscsBfpietrayonrmjfkalosmow–ninepedrfpoldelvawoicnweagntktothithaeaetninesottltreohicneatgrrsiacatonintrdydm.
that lightning is electricity. Work: As a police car moves towards
you the noise of the siren sounds
50 higher, and as it moves away it sounds
lower. This is called the Doppler effect.
It also affects the colour of moving light.

LORD KELVIN MARIE CURIE

Discovery: How heat travels and how Discovery: How to measure radiation
we measure temperature. and new radioactive elements.
Years: 1824–1907 Years: 1867–1934
Work: Marie worked with her husband
Work: Lord Kelvin worked out the on chemicals that give off nuclear
coldest temperature that a substance energy. She called this radioactivity.
can be cooled to – a point known as Her work has helped millions of people –
absolute zero. He also explained how radioactivity is used to treat cancer.
heat moves from hot to cold areas.

ALBERT EINSTEIN Discovery: How energy and mass are ! WOW!
related.
Years: 1879–1955 Alessandro Volta
Wcfe(aomnomne)rt,orkaga:uinynAsds(lebEvtq)ehaucrestaatsntsaiphombeoneewoEdcue=anodlmtcfstulchiolg²aafhsttehetando(llcewfm)rr.sgoayhmt.otHemwrisass created the first
electric battery,
called the voltaic

pile, in 1800.

Voltaic pile

51

Energy at Eating a meal
home
Food gives us energy to
All the energy that has ever move and grow. The chemical
existed began at the Big Bang, energy in food is converted
and has been powering everything to movement and heat
that has happened since. This energy energy by our muscles.
is all around us and in us – we use it
every day in lots of different ways.

Listening
to music

Electrical energy
powers music systems.
A speaker vibrates
and sends out sound
energy. Our ears
detect that energy
and we hear music.

! WOW!

Heating and
cooling use up
the most energy

in a home.

52

Switching
on a light

When we switch
on a light, electrical
energy flows through
a circuit and into the
light bulb. The light
glows, and gives out
light and heat energy.

Cycling

When you cycle, you use
the chemical energy in your
muscles to move your legs
and push the pedals down.
The pedals move the wheels
and off you go!

Cooking

Electrical energy is used
to power electric ovens,
which release heat energy
to heat up and cook food.

53

Interview with...
WaonfeTapesucshitsnstaoonmlotgepyqro(uMfeesIstTsioo).nrSsahtteothwDeorMrCkaassnosanancdhDeuavsgiecdtetessvtIihrneasntt,itute
create electricity from movement.

Qen:eWrgeyk, nbouwt withiastsdoomyeotuhiancgtutoaldlyodwoi?th Q: What sort of equipment do you use?
Asmbdestulee:ieoaccfIcvkhlttcaeierrntamireicsgsnaieatotganyenfpotcfdaasfalcehonacexhfemlbiuaaibenarnnlktetmggeeode,rarrien,ednvtwnaethiloechteoeroiegcsrelphgyextoachpiftnwsraarosnpteic,mrudlisottiauyonti.mchnkghEesalaniiancdnkoshaeeduittntghuhehreeal
body to regulate irregular heartbeats. Atudose:evdIiemucsesiiecgirtndosrestalhcfwoe, piwsnethgsriutpcochrtosumgerreeaatyomhfbesmeopyvnaerdatresycvooiscmfmet.phaIulealt.lesro
Q: What made you decide to become
a scientist? Q: What are the best and worst parts
AIhpthler:eoeaWamrcrtohnifsneeaenddiltiutItohirwoemanataystmtsahjeuyalcfsthgttrsiol2atdrn8duidonycfeksataothmrhmeseyeeorgatlhdhrrala.iynndI1gdmd9ftiaaoe9tdd0htesaoe,carfk. le of your job?
Q: What are these devices called?
Atbdhee:envTyidhcc.eerSyecthaautraceenkacgtaesolsmlteshdahelalplpeiuelenezacogtsser,laiecfpocctrehrreiascxroadgnmeevbapirscleeeta,shtt,hehayeensd A: The best part is that I can make my dreams
come true. There is no worst part. If you
in and out, delivering a steady current. really love to do something, you’ll
Q: What are the uses of these devices? experience no worst at all.
Aeplo:ewTctherericymacleoedunilcedarlgbmye.uaIncshesdiidnaeensty,hwseohbyeoordeuyw,dtoehnne’etyehcdaanve
to change the machine’s batteries. Q: What do you think the future of
making energy will be?
54
Acalc:ottLihvitiitntligee,,sta,inyndoyuwd’elhlvebinceeegsveewnrieyllroabuteindaogpeaylroetucotrrfdiycaaoilulyr
power. Free energy!

A piezoelectric device can make electricity
using the movement of internal organs.

Canan working on a
piezoelectric device
in her lab.

55

Future of energy

Scientists are always coming up with new ideas
for ways to use energy and make electricity. Some
of these ideas might sound far-fetched or strange,
but many of the great energy discoveries from the
past seemed strange at the time, too!

Hydrogen is used as The hydrogen is Fusion reactor
fuel in the doughnut- heated until the
shaped reactor. nuclei of its atoms Lots of energy is released by
start joining together. the Sun when the nuclei of
its atoms join together, in
the process called nuclear
fusion. Scientists are
working on machines called
fusion reactors that try and
recreate this, to make huge
amounts of electricity.

The superhot
hydrogen, called
plasma, is held in
place with magnets.

People power Stepcpreinagteosneltehcetsreicpitayn. els

“Piezoelectric” devices can make
electricity out of movement. In a train
station in Japan, pedestrians could walk
on tiles that created electric currents
when they were squashed. The electricity
they created powered Christmas lights.
56

! WOW! Dark energy

Magma power TethxhpaenaUnsndciiinvenegrt,sibseutistsefaaxlspwteaecyrts.
creates 10 times One explanation is
tohfaetntehregryeciaslaletdy“pdeark
more energy efmmpanosyaewtsyretgbererye.r”Ifibfoomeurituaspekslexaeinnindsegetrtstogit,Eymtgahcoraoitskuhel.d
than ordinary
geothermal

power.

ThsepaDcaer,kseEanrecrhgiyngCafomreervaidloeonkcseionfto
dark energy.

Magma power Dyson sphere

Ggtwaedcbhernehehenoaogeaetuhetpmirnrhnieeesabaeedrttptereeede3mrrumdos,e0malww0aptelpor°nhcepCeetr,e1ordawrt(,iwteo50cuouiew70tntrrrh20ykeadses°°rieunFCtdrwras)gsegi(t.ana1riaoHtoocg,nem8hnuorw3dswnac2ardgeoit°,mvlueFleirl)andr!,g A Dyson sphere is a Solar-System-sized container
to surround a star and capture all the energy it gives
out. This futuristic idea involves putting a solid shell,
or many smaller devices, around a star to collect all
its heat and light energy. We don’t have the
technology to do it yet though!

Star at the centre
of the sphere

Hot liquid rock, called A shell, or devices
magma, could be used surrounding the
to heat water, to make star, would capture
lots of electricity. its energy.

57

Energy facts A BROWN BEAR
and figures can gain 180 KG (400 lb)

Energy is amazing. It’s everywhere and of fat a year, so it has enough
everything works because it exists. energy to survive its
Here are some energy facts and figures winter hibernation.
to impress your friends with!

LIGHT IS
ALMOST 900,000
TIMES FASTER
THAN SOUND.

That’s why you see
lightning before you hear
the thunder it creates.

80% The volume in
The amount of decibels heard
electricity in a 160 km (100 miles)
light bulb that away when the
is lost as heat. volcano Krakatoa
erupted in 1883.

58

THE WORLD’S MOST
POWERFUL WIND
TURBINE HAS

BLADES LONGER THAN
NINE BUSES.

The USA makes around
a third of the world’s

nuclear power.

William Röntgen
discovered X-rays

in 1895.

burcnrienSogamtceehpieoclwkeecertnstraimtcioiatnnys ubyre.

8.6million (–362oF). The temperature
oxygen must drop below for
The number of it to become a solid.
lightning strikes
on Earth every day.

59

Glossary electrical energy Energy
that tiny particles called
Here are the meanings of some words that electrons carry as they flow
are useful for you to know when learning in an electric current
about energy. electromagnetic spectrum
Range of electric and
atmosphere Thick layer of chemical Substance magnetic waves that carry
gases around the Earth that made by a reaction different amounts of energy,
trap the Sun’s heat energy between particles including visible light,
and protect the planet from such as atoms X-rays, radio waves, and
the Sun’s dangerous rays chemical energy Energy ultraviolet light
atom Tiny particles that stored inside chemicals electron Tiny, negatively
everything is made from. in their bonds, which can charged particle that moves
They are the smallest part be released or produced around the nucleus of
of something that can take in a chemical reaction an atom
part in a chemical reaction circuit Loop that an electric energy What makes things
boil When a liquid is heated current travels around happen. It is found in
to a temperature at which it condensation When a gas different forms, including
bubbles and turns into a gas cools and forms a liquid. Also heat, light, movement,
bond Join between two the name of the water sound, and electricity.
or more atoms which stores droplets on cold windows, evaporation When a liquid
chemical energy formed by condensation is heated and changes into
carbon dioxide Gas found in conductor Substance that a gas or vapour
the atmosphere produced by allows heat or electricity fat Chemical material
living things, volcanoes, and to pass through it easily in the body used to
by burning fossil fuels echo Sound that has store energy
bounced off a surface force Push or pull that
and travels back in the causes things to start
direction it started from moving, move faster,
change direction, slow
down, or stop moving

electrical appliance fossil fuels Fuels made
Item such as a television, from animals and plants
fridge, or oven, that needs that died millions of years
Atom electricity to work ago, for example, coal

60

fuel Substance that releases liquid State of matter
heat when it is burned, that flows and takes the
often to make electricity shape of any container
gas State of matter with that holds it
no fixed shape, such as air,
that expands to fill any magnetic energy Energy Magnet
space it is in of a magnetic field
generator Machine magnetic field Force potential energy Energy
that creates electrical field surrounding a stored in things, ready to
energy using movement magnet, in which magnetic be used to do something
and magnets materials can be attracted pressure Force of gases
gravity Force that pulls or repelled and liquids when they are
objects towards each other matter Stuff that all things squashed and contained
heat Type of energy are made of renewable energy Sources
that warms things melting When a solid is of energy other than fossil
insulator Substance that heated and becomes a liquid fuels, that are used to
does not allow heat or nuclear energy Energy generate electricity.
electricity to pass easily released when the nuclei at Renewables will never run
through it the centre of atoms break out, unlike fossil fuels
kinetic energy apart or join together shadow Dark area formed
Movement energy nucleus Central area when light rays are blocked
light Part of the of an atom containing by a solid object
electromagnetic spectrum the positively charged solid State of matter that
that humans can see protons, and neutrons, holds its shape
which have no charge sound Form of energy
Light bulb oxygen Gas found in that is produced when
the atmosphere produced objects vibrate, and can
by plants and some bacteria be heard

particle Extremely small turbine Fanlike set of blades
part of a solid, liquid, that are turned by wind,
or gas water, or steam

photosynthesis Process vibration Back and forth
that green plants use to movement. Vibrations
make food produce sound

61

Index

A D Franklin, Benjamin 50
fusion reactors 56
absolute zero 17, 51 Dagdeviren, Canan 54–55
activation energy 29 dark energy 57 G
animals 12–13, 14, 18–19, 20, decibels 22–23, 58
deposition 16 gamma rays 20
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 33, 37, 43, diamonds 42 gases 6, 7, 15, 16–17, 22, 27,
46–47, 58, 59 Doppler, Christian 50
atmosphere 46 Dyson sphere 57 28, 31, 33, 46, 47
atoms 7, 9, 26, 28, 36, 51, 56 generators 27, 44–45
E geothermal energy 49, 57
B geysers 31
Earth 4, 6, 35, 39, 46, 49, glass 18, 42
batteries 4, 40, 45, 51, 54 57, 59 graphite 43
Big Bang 5, 52 gravitational potential energy
bioluminescence 18–19 earthquakes 6
biomass 49 echoes 23, 25 11
boiling points 16 echolocation 25 gravity 11, 13
Einstein, Albert 51 greenhouse gases 46
C elastic potential energy 10, 11
electricity 4, 9, 10, 26–27, 34, H
calories 32–33
carbohydrate 32 36–45, 46, 48–49, 50, 52, 53, heart 54
carbon dioxide 31, 33, 46 54, 56, 58, 59 heat energy 4, 6, 8, 12, 14–17,
Celsius 17 electromagnetic spectrum 20
charge 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 54 electromagnets 34 29, 31, 39, 41, 42–43, 44, 46,
chemical energy 5, 9, 12, 18, electrons 7, 9, 36–37, 38–39, 51, 52, 53, 57
40–41 heating 52
28–29, 32, 33, 40, 45, 52, 53 Elephant’s toothpaste 28–29 homes 37, 52–53
chemical reactions 19, 28–29, 31 evaporation 16, 17 hydroelectric energy 48
circuits 40–41, 45, 53 explosions 5, 20, 23, 30–31 hydrogen 7, 28, 56
coal 46
cold 14, 15, 16–17, 42, 51 F I
condensation 17, 24
conduction 14 Fahrenheit 17 ice 14, 16, 17, 39
conductors 42–43 fat 21, 32, 33, 43, 58 infrared radiation 15, 20,
conservation of energy 4 fibre 32
convection 14, 15 fire 8, 14, 15 21
cooking 14, 21, 29, 47, 53 fireworks 30–31 infrasound 24
Curie, Marie 51 food 5, 9, 14, 21, 32–33, 43, insulators 42–43
current, electric 36, 37, 40–41,
47, 52 K
56 forces 13
cycling 10, 53 fossil fuels 44, 46–47, 48 Kelvin, Lord 17, 51
kinetic energy 8, 12–13, 44,

48, 49

62

L piezoelectric devices 54, 55, 56 12, 28, 32, 33, 40, 45, 46–47
pitch 23, 24, 25 sublimation 16
light bulbs 40, 41, 44, 45, 49, plants 4, 5, 6, 33, 46, 47 sugar 5, 21, 32, 33
53, 58 plasma 56 Sun 4, 6–7, 15, 20, 33, 38, 46,
plastics 35, 40, 42, 43
light energy 4, 5, 6, 8, 18–21, potential energy 8, 10–11, 13 48, 56
30, 31, 33, 39, 41, 48, 50, 53, power stations 26–27, 36, 46, supersonic 24
57, 58 switches 37, 40, 49, 53
57, 59
lightning 38, 39, 50, 58, 59 pressure 24, 25, 30–31 T
liquids 16–17, 22, 59 prisms 18–19, 50
lungs 54 protein 29, 32 temperature 16–17, 24, 43, 51,
protons 7, 26 57, 59
M pylons 27, 37
thermometers 17
Mach 1 24 R tidal energy 48
magma 57 transformers 36, 37
magnetic fields 9, 34, 35, 45 radiation 26, 51 turbines 27, 36, 44–45, 48, 49,
magnetism 4, 9, 34–35, radio waves 20
radioactive waste 26 59
44, 45, 56 rainbows 19, 50
mass 51 reactors 26–27, 56 U
melting points 16 renewable energy 44, 48–49
metals 14, 35, 42, 43 rubber 43 ultrasound 25
microwaves 21 rust 29 ultraviolet light 21
movement energy 5, 8, 12–13, Universe 5, 8, 50, 57
S
22, 44, 45, 52 V
muscles 12, 52, 53 saving energy 49
music 23, 52 shadows 19 vapour cones 24, 25
soda explosion 31 vibrations 9, 22, 23, 52
N solar energy 48 visible light 18, 20
solids 16–17, 22 volcanoes 6, 30, 58
natural gas 46, 47 sonar 25 Volta, Alessandro 51
neutrons 7, 26 sonic booms 24 volume 22–23 , 58
Newton, Isaac 50 sound energy 9, 22–25, 30, 31,
nuclear energy 9, 26–27, 51, W
50, 52, 58
56, 59 sound waves 22–23, 24, 58 water 15, 16, 17, 21, 24, 25,
nuclear fusion 7, 56 speed of light 51, 58 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 44, 48,
nucleus 7, 56 springs 10 49, 57
stars 6, 20, 50, 57
O static electricity 38–39 water vapour 16, 17, 24, 25
steam 14, 16, 27, 31, 36, 44, 49 wind energy 44, 45, 48, 49, 59
oil 46, 47 steel 9, 29, 34, 43 wires 34, 40, 41, 42, 45
oxygen 28, 29, 33, 59 stored energy 5, 8, 9, 10–11, wood 14, 35, 43, 49

P X

particles 7, 9, 16–17, 20, 21, X-rays 21, 59
22, 26, 36, 38

photosynthesis 33

63

Acknowledgements

The publisher would like to thank the following people for their assistance in the preparation of
this book: Lucy Sims, Emma Hobson, and Yamini Panwar for design assistance, Marie Greenwood and
Roohi Sehgal for editorial assistance, Dan Crisp for illustrations, Polly Goodman for proofreading,
and Helen Peters for compiling the index. The publishers would also like to thank Dr Canan Dagdeviren
for the “Interview with...” interview.

The publisher would like to thank the Photo: Blickwinkel. 28 Alamy Stock Photo: (tc). 58 Alamy Stock Photo: Westend61
following for their kind permission to Agencja Fotograficzna Caro (cl); Agencja GmbH (br). Dreamstime.com: Daria
reproduce their photographs: Fotograficzna Caro (cr). 29 123RF.com: Rybakova / Podarenka (r). 59 123RF.com:
Viktoriya Kuzmenkova (cla). Alamy Stock Alexeysmirnov (br). Alamy Stock Photo:
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; Photo: Agencja Fotograficzna Caro (cl). INTERFOTO (cl). Dorling Kindersley:
f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Dreamstime.com: Artem Gorohov / Barleylands Farm Museum and Animal
Agorohov (cr). iStockphoto.com: LOU63 Centre, Billericay (cr). 61 123RF.com:
2 123RF.com: Pongsak Deethongngam (cb). (cra). 30-31 123RF.com: Todsaporn Teerawut Masawat / jannoon028 (br).
Alamy Stock Photo: D. Hurst (bl). 3 Dorling Bunmuen / addtodsaporn (c). 62 Fotolia: apttone (tl). 64 NASA
Kindersley: Arran Lewis / NASA (bc); 30 Dreamstime.com: Pablo Hidalgo /
Whipple Museum of History of Science, Pxhidalgo (crb). 31 Dreamstime.com: Endpaper images: Front: 123RF.com: Lubos
Cambridge (bl). NASA: (br). 4-5 NASA. Andrey Bayda (crb). Science Photo Library: Chlubny c (coal), Alfio Scisetti cla; Alamy
4 Dreamstime.com: Juliengrondin (br). Edward Kinsman (clb). 33 Dreamstime.com: Stock Photo: Tawatchai Khid-arn c;
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Andrey Alyukhin (tr); Soleg (bc). Getty Images: Jeremy Walker. 35 123RF. cr, Oxfordsquare fcrb, Radha Karuppannan /
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Chris Pole (cra). iStockphoto.com: chuynugul (cr). 39 Dorling Kindersley: Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum tc,
Lchumpitaz (br). NASA: (clb). 9 Dorling Positiveflash (br). 40-41 Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London bc;
Kindersley: Stephen Oliver (cla). 10 Alamy Stephen Oliver (circuit). Dreamstime.com:
Stock Photo: Wavebreak Media ltd. Hywit Dimyadi / Photosoup. 43 123RF.com: Cover images: Front: 123RF.com: Didier
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Carolyn Franks (br). 17 123RF.com: Evgeniy jannoon028 (tc). 50 Alamy Stock Photo: tc, Oleksandr Marynchenko cra/1, Teerawut
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Stock Photo: Bruce Beck. 25 Alamy Stock Library: Fermi National Accelerator
Photo: Jeff Rotman (crb). 26-27 Alamy Stock Laboratory / US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

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