DK Findout! Robots - Nathan Lepora

! WOW! The Turing test

A computer How do you know if a machine
program passed is as intelligent as a person? In
the Turing test in 1950, computer scientist Alan
2013. However, Turing invented a clever test.
A judge talks with a machine
it only fooled that they cannot see using text
some judges. messages. If the machine can
trick the judge into thinking it is
a real person, it passes the test!

The robot is shown Alan Turing
a picture it has
never seen before. The robot compares
Is it an apple or the new picture with
an orange? its memory of the
pictures it has seen
before to guess what
the right answer is.

APPLE

? Pepper
Kuri

49

Superhumans This powerful device replaces
a human foot. It has a special
Robot technologies can help us become ankle that is similar to a
superhuman! Scientists have made human ankle, helping you
machines that are like parts of the body. to walk, run, and jump.
Some of these, called prosthetics, replace
body parts that have been lost through PowerFoot BiOM
injury, such as a hand or leg. Others can
make us faster or stronger.

ssist A rgus II glasses These special glasses
can help people with
Walking A
damaged sight. A camera

connects to a chip inside

your eye and sends small

electrical signals to the

brain so you can see.

This robotic device
superpowers your leg
muscles. You wear it
on your hips and thighs
to walk and run faster.
It is especially useful
for people with
weakened legs.

50

LUKE ar
m

HAL-5 exoskeleton This device replaces a
human arm. It has a hand
An exoskeleton is a skeleton that can pick up delicate
on the outside of the body. objects, such as light bulbs,
You wear it to make you and is controlled by tiny
stronger, so you can lift muscle movements.
heavy objects.

51

Robot friends

Social robots are designed to interact with humans. They
try to understand how we feel and act, and what we say,
and then respond. They can be used for everything from
caring to friendship, and often have friendly faces that
make us want to like them!

PARO responds when you Kuri the helper robot
stroke it. It is charged answers a question
through a wire that by beeping.
connects to its mouth.
Teaching
Caring
Kuri is a friendly, wheeled robot that helps
PARO is a robot that looks like a baby around the home. It can follow you around
seal. It is designed to calm patients who and answer questions with beeps. It can even
feel scared. It has a friendly face and cuddly wake you up with an alarm in the morning or
body that reacts to being held. It is meant tell you a bedtime story at night.
to give comfort, like a pet cat or dog.

52

3 LAWS OF ROBOTICS 1 Not harm humans, or let them be
hurt by not helping them.
The Three Laws of Robotics are rules
for how robots should act around 2 Obey orders from humans unless
people. They were invented by author the orders break the first law.
Isaac Asimov for his Robot series of
books. The laws were invented in 3 Protect itself from harm unless its
1942, but are still used today. They actions would break the first and
say that a robot should: second laws.

You can raise your hand Pepper can give
in class using NAO even you a hug.
if you’re at home!
Friendship
Learning
Pepper is a companion robot who can
NAO is a small humanoid that can be used recognize your emotions. It uses your
as a telepresence robot. If you can’t travel face and voice to figure out how you are,
to school, it can be there for you. Using a and changes its behavior according to
camera and a speaker, you can talk and how you feel.
communicate with your class through it.
53

! WOW!

The Interaction
Lab works

with more than
20 different
robots.

Maja with the
robots Maki, and
Spritebot in its
green “Kiwi” skin.
54

Interview with...
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Q: We know it is something to do with Q: What are your office and lab like?
robots, but what do you actually do? tLsarotAooonEofu:rbydGsctMotsrhOtutooyos,dtbo—faaoeolbtsnfbthsflstafeiuioscbtnfcer.ooyghriefshsax,iainfspilgunlseShlapcrlpclgiiuohrrmeaifdastteiibe,irnnobmo,gtnooasanptk..nMesdaWyonaayepkdntilludenaaMsbbdstearlmsieakaso-calisfl—fkluilzelerlsd,

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Q: What made you
a robot engineer? decide to become Q: What are the best and worst parts
of your job?
oihtAnoue:tlredwWwramahosceertrlnidcigno—Ihmtwtha.paenIsudwrtieenatarhnlhs,atiweptgdhhleeyrtdseoscimthcmhaoeealoktwfloe,uomtrcruoolydrbme—uo,pntauiccntlsede.rs
powAani:rtTithnhitsseetturboedeossettnminptasganracytnhiedasmllwsewaoniarlgskpe.ipsn.ignTghweiidtwheaotsrhsetm

Q: What is a usual work day for you? Q: Do you have a favorite robot?
hfrAuou:nbmWo, abtA.nuILttqLiui-msaEalpifpteriporeefmseawcltitnih.tgehIt,ofcihulamatrstinihtshgeae,wfpbroeeirerssfntted.ocltfy,
A: There is no
usual day! I meet
with students and
other scientists
to invent new Q: How do you think robots
robots. I advise us in the future? will help

companies, show rSepdri”tCebhiolit”isnkiints hiradAmoaru:ebvplEeolco,atraraerctnlfaaoyrdtnmieretdodnpatbadfynoonpgttriehesoesranwvotoseeufirrsasryeroajteoclhbwrbsoieonsata.mygstN.s.eeEIdotohvbwffeeeorrlttrieyhhedoeevfinoyermrettyoths,hshaettomul.d
children why
robotics is exciting,
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55

Future of robotics

In the future, there will be lots of robots. They’ll help
us at home, at work, in hospitals, and even inside our
bodies. They will also become easier to communicate
with. Robots may become so lifelike that we won’t
even think of them as robots any more!

Personal robots Dot
Dash
Robots in the future may Dash and Dot are
help us more in everyday robots that anyone
life and act as personal can program.
assistants. You will also
be able to program Dash can be programmed to
them to do what you play tunes on a xylophone.
want. In the future,
everyone may have Robot builders
their own robot helper!
Future houses could be
SAM100 the built entirely by robots.
bricklaying robot The robot bricklayer
SAM100 can work six
56 times faster than a
human, placing 3,000
bricks a day. Other houses
may be 3D printed using
giant robotic arms.

Self-assembling
furniture

Imagine your tables and chairs could
change shape and move. Scientists

are working on self-assembling
robots that join up to make
furniture. A table could change
into a chair and walk across
the room!

Roombots are small robots Guardian LF1 catches lionfish
that can twist and join up that have been introduced
to make furniture. into the Atlantic Ocean.

Robots with Nexi can appear to show Green robots
fMaoroTeupnbotrohnheeebdssoidceolstabopreitderwmsrnlmoehsjocubetgaawouaosvcosunlatethdulnsdldilrinhtitkwkffoeeaeerehl.dnieppeFaaadlentnytuhohedytlavpueospeml!roepnek.y feelings, but it doesn’t
New robots could help look after
have emotions. the environment. From recycling
garbage to protecting rare animals,
Nanorobots can and even eating pollution in the
be smaller than sea, they could work to protect
a blood cell. the planet.

Nanorobots

Scientists are trying to make robots that are
too small to see. These “nanobots” could be
used inside the body. Doctors could use them
to hunt down germs or deliver medicines.

57

Robot facts
and figures

Robots are amazing machines.
Here are some weird and
wonderful facts about robots that
you can impress your friends with!

The word “robot”

comes from the Czech word
“robota,” meaning drudgery,
or forced labor. It was first used

in a play in 1921.

2040 1,200

It is thought 1,200 gallons
that robots might (4,542 liters) per minute
become as smart is the amount of water
as humans the firefighting robot
by 2040. Thermite 3.0 can spray
58 to put out a fire.

Method V2 is
a robotic suit with
two legs controlled by
a HUMAN PILOT.

TOPIO is a troebnont itsh.at plays

table

A NANOBOT Scientists have created a robot called
CRAM that looks like a
can be less than
one-thousandth of GIANT COCKROACH.
a millimeter. That’s It can squeeze through small gaps
even smaller than
and could be used to find people
a period. trapped at a disaster site.
Hello!
3,500
20 W
About 3,500 people
20 mph (32 kph) ildCat from more than 40
is WildCat’s top countries take part
speed, making in the annual soccer
it the fastest tournament
robot on legs— RoboCup.
that isn’t plugged in.
59
WildCat robot image courtesy of Boston Dynamics

Glossary environment Area that
someone lives in, or that
Here are the meanings of some words that a machine works in
are useful for you to know when learning factory Building where lots
about robots. of the same objects are made
haptic When we feel objects
3D printing Way to make autonomous Device that through our sense of touch
a solid object using a printer. works on its own without and body movement
Most 3D printers squeeze human help humanoid Robot with a
liquid plastic out of a thin biomimetic Objects made by body shaped like a human.
tube one layer at a time copying animals or plants Humanoids usually have a
actuator Part of a machine clockwork Machine that head and arms, and often legs
that makes it move, such as works using cogs and gears. industrial robot Robot that
a motor It must be wound up to work works in a factory
agricultural robot Robot cobot Robot that works industry Business of
that works on a farm safely with human making things in factories,
amphibian Cold-blooded coworkers such as cars
animal that starts life in code Written commands International Space Station
the water used in a computer program Large space station and
android Robot that has a computers Machines that laboratory that orbits the
human face can perform different tasks Earth. It can be shortened
animatronics Machines by following programs to “ISS”
that look like real humans or console Device containing interstellar space Area of
animals. They are often used controls for a machine space between stars
in movies and theme parks joystick Small lever used to
control a machine
artificial intelligence When domestic robot Robot made machine Something that
a machine can think for itself. to work in the home is powered by energy and is
Artificial intelligence can be drone Flying machine with used to carry out a task
shortened to “AI” no pilot mechanical To do with
automaton Machine that electricity Type of energy machines, especially those
repeats the same movements. that can be used to power with moving parts
Automata are often driven by machines
water, air, or clockwork

60

microchip Tiny device that propeller Spinning blades soft robot Robot made
stores code in memory or used to push a machine or using soft, bendy materials
runs programs boat through water or air rather than hard, rigid ones

monitor Screen used for prosthetic Artificial body surgery Operation on a
interacting with a computer part to replace one that is patient to treat an injury
motor Device that changes missing, such as a leg or hand or disease
electricity into movement.
Motors are used to make quadcopter Flying drone swarm Collection of many
robots move with four spinning helicopter animals or robots
nanotechnology Science blades technology Using scientific
that studies and makes tiny robot Moving machine knowledge to create
devices too small to see that is programmed by a machinery and devices,
with the human eye computer to do different such as robots
nursing robot Robot that tasks. They can sense their telepresence robot Robot
helps to take care of sick or environment and respond with a screen that you can
injured people robotic Something that is, see and speak through.
power supply Source of or is like, a robot Usually used when you are
energy that is used to make satellite Any object that in a different place from
a machine work travels around a planet, the robot
probe Unmanned spacecraft but often a manufactured
designed to study objects in machine that collects
space and send information scientific information
back to Earth
program Set of instructions sensor Part of an animal
a computer or robot follows or machine that picks up
to complete a task information from its
programming Creating surroundings, such as
instructions for a robot to eyes or a camera
follow, written in a language
that computers understand sign language Way of
talking using your hands.
Different shapes are used
for different letters and
words

programming language Set social robot Robot you can Buddy is a
of words and rules used to interact with. They can often social robot.
give computers instructions talk and play

61

Index

A chemical reactions 42 environmental protection
circuits, liquid 42, 43 57
actuators 29, 43 clockwork 6
agricultural robots 10, 11 Clocky 12, 17 Eric 7
Aiko Chihira 26 cobots 15 exoskeletons 51
al-Jazari 6 coding 30–31 explorer robots 36–37
Alpha1 Pro 47 companions, robot 52–53, 55
androids 46, 47 Compressorhead 22–23 F
animal robots 32, 38–39 computers 9, 30, 45
animatronics 40–41 Crabster CR200 36 firefighting robots 58
Argus II glasses 50 CRAM 59 FlexShapeGripper 43
artificial intelligence (AI) Curiosity rover 4, 24, 25 FoldiMate 17
friendship 52–53, 55
48–49, 58 D future robotics 56–57
Asimov, Isaac 53
Atlas 10 da Vinci Surgical System 13, G
automata 6, 7 18–19
gas 42, 45
B dangerous tasks 5, 36–37, 55 GhostSwimmer 21
Dash and Dot 56 Gita 27
Bajcsy, Ruzena 9 delicate tasks 5, 42, 51 GROVER 36
balance 10, 45 delivery robots 27 Guardian LF1 57
batteries 4 desert robots 37 Guardrobo D1 20
Baxter 8, 12, 15 Devol, George 9
BeamPro telepresence robot 26 dinosaurs, animatronic 40–41 H
BigDog 20 domestic robots 12, 16–17
biomimetic robots 32 drones 16, 34–35 HAL-5 exoskeleton 51
BionicANTs 32 hearing 44, 45
BionicKangaroo 39 E HRP-3 Promet MK-II 4
Braava 380t 17 HRP-4C (Miim) 47
brains 5, 7, 28, 29, 45 electricity 4, 7 humanoids 8, 13, 28–29,
Breazeal, Cynthia 9 elephant clock 6
Brooks, Rodney 8 Elmer and Elsie 7 46–47, 53
Buddy 16 eMotionButterflies 39
builders, robot 56 emotions, recognizing 53, 55, I

C 57 iCub 5, 47
energy 4 industrial robots 9, 10, 11, 12,
cameras 4, 7, 21, 34, 35, 44, Engelberger, Joseph F. 9
45, 50 engineers 8–9, 55 14–15, 28
entertainment robots 12, intelligence 5, 48–49, 58
cars, robotic 9, 26, 48 International Space Station
Cassini 24, 25 22–23
(ISS) 25
Internet 48
Ishiguro, Hiroshi 8

62

K P social robots 9, 52–53
soft robots 42–43
karakuri puppets 6 PARO 52 solar panels 36
kilobots 33 parts 28–29 space robots 4, 13, 24–25
Knightscope K3 21 Pepper 46, 53 Spider Mite 13, 21
Kuri 45, 52 pets, robotic 23 Spirit rover 25
Pleurobot 38 sport, robotic 59
L polar robots 36 Spritebot 54, 55
Poppy 28–29 Stickybot 39
L30 Elite 17 porter robots 27 superhumans 50–51
lasers 45 PowerFoot BiOM 50 SwagBot 11
Laws of Robotics 53 PR2 45 swarm robots 32–33
Leonardo da Vinci 8 programming languages
limbs, prosthetic 50–51 T
LUKE arm 51 30–31
prosthetics 50–51 Tactile Hand 45
M Pyramid Rover 37 Talon 20
taste 44
Maki 54 R telepresence robots 26, 53
Mars rovers 4, 24, 25 Thermite 3.0 58
Marty 27 remote control 20, 21, 35 Thrun, Sebastian 9
Matarić, Maja 54–55 rescue robots 10, 59 TOPIO 59
medical robots 10, 11, 13, ROBEAR 11 touch 44, 45
RoboBees 39 traffic robots 11
18–19, 57 RoboGasInspector 45 Turing, Alan 49
memory 49 Robonaut 2 13, 25 Turing test 49
Method V2 58–59 RoboThespian 47
microchips 28 robotic arms 14–15, 19 UV
MiP 45 Robotic Fish 38
MiRo 12, 23 rock bands, robot 22–23 underwater robots 36, 57
motors 28, 29 Romeo 5, 46 Valkyrie 13
movement 5, 9 Roomba 8, 16 VolcanoBot 1 37
Roombots 57 Voyager I 24
N Rosetta 25
WY
nanorobots 57, 59 S
NAO 46, 53 Wakamaru 27
nearness 45 SAM100 56 Walking Assist 50
Nexi 57 security robots 13, 20–21 Walter, William Grey 7
NEXTAGE 45 self-assembling robots 57 Waymo 26
Nomad 37 senses 44–45 wheelchairs 10
nursing robots 10, 11, 52 sensors 4, 7, 44–45 WildCat 59
Shakey 7 YuMi 11
O sight 44, 45
smell 44, 45 63
OceanOne 36 soccer 59
Octobot 42–43
Opportunity rover 25

Acknowledgments

The publisher would like to thank the following people for their assistance in the preparation of
this book: Fiona Macdonald and Rhea Gaughan for design assistance, and Garima Sharma for editorial
assistance. Dan Crisp for illustrations; Polly Goodman for proofreading; Hilary Bird for compiling the
index; and Dr. Maja Matarić for her “Interview with...” interview.

The publisher would like to thank the following for by C.Carreau (cr); Rosetta / NAVCAM (bl). NASA: (tc); Berkeley (cr). 60 Wonder Workshop: (tl). 61 Blue Frog
their kind permission to reproduce their NASA Johnson (tr); JPL / Cornell University (clb); Robotics: (br). 62 Mayfield Robotics: (tl). 64 Robotical
photographs: JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute (bc). 26 Alamy Ltd.: (tl). 42-43 Harvard University: Lori Sanders (c).
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; Stock Photo: Piero Cruciatti / Alamy Live News (br).
r-right; t-top) Getty Images: Chris McGrath / Staff (bl). Waymo: (c). 27 Endpaper images: Front: Courtesy Stanford Special
1 UBTECH Inc.. 2 HANKOOK MIRAE TECHNOLOGY, Getty Images: YOSHIKAZU TSUNO / AFP (bl); John Collections and University Archives: cra (John
www.k-technology.co.kr: (br). Harvard University: Phillips / Stringer (c). Piaggio Fast Forward: (tl, cra). McCarthy); Getty Images: Bettmann clb, Time Life
Lori Sanders (bc). 3 EPFL (Ecole polytechnique Robotical Ltd.: (br). 28 Depositphotos Inc: prescott10 Pictures / Mansell / The LIFE Picture Collection bl, DEA
fédérale de Lausanne): Konstantinos Karakasiliotis & (clb). 28-29 www.poppy-project.org: (c). 29 www. PICTURE LIBRARY cla (Sketch), Science & Society
Robin Thandiackal, BioRob, EPFL, 2013 (bc). Festo AG & poppy-project.org: (br). 30 UBTECH Inc.. 31 UBTECH Picture Library cra (Unimate), crb (Cybernetic tortoise);
Co. KG: (tr). Getty Images: YOSHIKAZU TSUNO / AFP Inc.: (cl, clb, bc). 32 Festo AG & Co. KG: (bl). Image courtesy of SRI International: br; Back: Getty
(br). Robotical Ltd.: (crb). University of Sydney and iStockphoto.com: sirastock (fbl). 32-33 Wyss Institute Images: VCG tr (Right); Harvard University: Lori
Australian Centre for Field Robotics: (clb). Wonder at Harvard University: (c). 33 Harvard John A. Paulson Sanders fcrb; ©IIT – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia: cra;
Workshop: (bl). 4 Getty Images: TOSHIFUMI School of Engineering and Applied Sciences: (r). iRobot Corporation: crb; Rethink Robotics: br (Right);
KITAMURA / AFP (ca, cr). NASA: JPL-Caltech / MSSS (c, 34-35 Getty Images: Barcroft Media. 35 Alamy Stock Rex Shutterstock: clb (Zeus); Science Photo Library:
cb). 4-5 Getty Images: PHILIPPE DESMAZES / AFP (ca). Photo: Sergio Azenha (br). Depositphotos Inc: Peter Menzel fclb, Sam Ogden bl; ©Sony Corporation:
5 From/by Softbank Robotics: (c, cb). Getty Images: pilipenkoD (cr). Getty Images: Barcroft Media (crb). 36 cla (ERS);
PHILIPPE DESMAZES / AFP (ca). 6 Dorling Kindersley: Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean
Dave King / Science Museum, London (b). Rex Engineering: (c). NASA: Lora Koenig / NASA Goddard Cover images: Front: 123RF.com: Audrius Merfeldas
Shutterstock: Everett Kennedy Brown / EPA (crb). The (cla). Teddy Seguin: Osada / Seguin / DRASSM (bc). 37 bc; Depositphotos Inc: iLexx cla, pilipenkoD tr; Festo
Metropolitan Museum of Art: Bequest of Cora Timken Alamy Stock Photo: Danita Delimont (br); REUTERS (c). AG & Co. KG: crb; Getty Images: Peter Macdiarmid cra;
Burnett, 1956 (l). 7 Dorling Kindersley: Dave King / NASA: NASA / JPL-CalTech (cra). 38 EPFL (Ecole ©IIT – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia: cr; Intuitive
Rotring UK Ltd (br). Getty Images: Keystone-France polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne): Konstantinos Surgical, Inc.: © 2009 Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Used with
(cl); Science & Society Picture Library (cra). Image Karakasiliotis & Robin Thandiackal, BioRob, EPFL, 2013 permission. fcr; NASA: l; Piaggio Fast Forward: crb/
courtesy of SRI International: (bc). 8 Geminoid™ HI-4: (l). University of Essex: Prof Huosheng HU (crb). 39 (Gita); Blue Frog Robotics: br; University of Sydney
Osaka University: (c, clb). Getty Images: Noam Galai / Festo AG & Co. KG: (tr, cra, bc). National Science and Australian Centre for Field Robotics: cl; Wonder
Stringer (crb). Science Photo Library: Peter Menzel Foundation, USA: Mark R. Cutkosky, Stanford Workshop: c; Back: Alamy Stock Photo: Agencja
(br). 9 Alamy Stock Photo: ZUMA Press, Inc. (cra). Getty University; Sangbae Kim, MIT (cla). Wyss Institute at Fotograficzna Caro crb; ESA: tr; Festo AG & Co. KG: cla;
Images: Neilson Barnard (tc); Bloomberg (tr); Science & Harvard University: (br, crb). 40-41 Dinomotion. 40 NASA: bl; Spine: Wonder Workshop; Front Flap: Alamy
Society Picture Library (bl). Science Photo Library: Dinomotion: (clb). 42-43 Harvard University: Leah Stock Photo: ZUMA Press, Inc. cl; (c)RIKEN: cr/ (Quiz
Peter Menzel (clb); Sam Ogden (cla). UC Berkeley Burrows (All Octobot Screengrabs). 43 Festo AG & Co. Answers); EPFL (Ecole polytechnique fédérale de
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Applications of Computer Vision, pp. 53 - 60, 2013 (br). YOSHIKAZU TSUNO / AFP (bc); Tomohiro Ohsumi (cb/ Getty Images: YOSHIKAZU TSUNO / AFP fcl, Sean
10 Boston Dynamics: Atlas Robot image courtesy of Nextage). Luke Cramphorn and Nathan Lepora, Gallup bc; ©IIT – Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia: br/
Boston Dynamics (cla). HOOBOX Robotics: (cra, crb). Tactile Robotics Group, Bristol Robotics Laboratory, (Quiz Answers); Knightscope, Inc.: cla/ (Quiz Answers);
10-11 Dorling Kindersley: Merritt Cartographic: Ed University of Bristol: (cb). Mayfield Robotics: (cr). The Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean
Merritt. 11 Alamy Stock Photo: Rodrigo Reyes Marin / University of Kassel: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Kroll (ca/ Engineering: cb; Nanda Home Inc.: crb/ (Clocky);
AFLO (cla); CTK Photo / Radek Petrasek (cl). (c)RIKEN: RoboGasInspector). Willow Garage: (cla). 46 From/by NASA: tr/ (Quiz Answers), STS-129 Crew, Expedition 21
(ca, cr). Panos Pictures: Tim Dirven (fcl). University of Softbank Robotics: (cl, c, r). 47 © Engineered Arts Crew, NASA cra; Pal N Paul Inc.: cla; Rethink Robotics:
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(cla). Knightscope, Inc.: (cra). NASA: (cr, bl, br). 14-15 Softbank Robotics: (bc). Mayfield Robotics: (bl). 50 All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Alamy Stock Photo: Agencja Fotograficzna Caro. 15 Getty Images: Bloomberg (cl). Rex Shutterstock: Eric For further information see:
Alamy Stock Photo: Kristoffer Tripplaar / Rethink Gay / AP (cra); Martin Cleaver / AP (cr). 51 Getty www.dkimages.com
Robotics (cb). 16 iRobot Corporation: (cb). Parrot SA: Images: John B. Carnett / Bonnier Corporation (cr);
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Dan Crisp. 17 Moley Robotics: (cr). Nanda Home Inc.: NOGI / AFP (cl). Mayfield Robotics: (cr). 53 Getty
(ca). Pal N Paul Inc.: (clb). 18-19 Intuitive Surgical, Inc.: Images: MARK RALSTON / AFP (cr); BSIP / UIG (cl). 54
© 2009 Intuitive Surgical, Inc. Used with permission.. Florence Hui. 55 Florence Hui: (clb, cra). 56
20 Alamy Stock Photo: WENN Ltd / BigDog robot Construction Robotics: (bl). EPFL (Ecole
image courtesy of Boston Dynamics (br); ZUMA Press, polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne): Biorobotics
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Images: VCG (br). TOSY Robotics Company: (tr). UC
Berkeley Engineering: Courtesy of PolyPEDAL Lab, UC

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