DK Findout! Solar System - Sarah Cruddas

o isr on Uran

us is84
is
Ay Earth
A yeayears

A yeon Saturn
ear on Jupiter ar on Plut
29
12 248
Earth
Earth years Earth
years years

ar on Ma Pluto

687 Pluto is so far from the Sun that
you would wait a long time for
Earth your first birthday. It
days would take 2,480 Earth
A ye years to turn 10!
A year
A year on Neptu

165

Earth
years
ne is
is

rs is

! WOW! Neptune

A 90-year-old A year on Neptune
on Earth is 373 takes 165 Earth years.
This means that it is
years old on impossible to turn one
Mercury! on Neptune in a
human lifetime.

49

Alien hunters

Are we alone in the Universe? It is one of the great
unanswered questions. Some scientists think it is likely
that the Universe is full of life. Their motto is “follow the
water,” since they believe the best place to find life will be
where there is liquid water. Within our own Solar System
there are several places of interest to these scientists.

Candidates for life Earth

Although finding intelligent life, like us, in our own Sun
Solar System is unlikely, there are worlds that may be
home to simple forms of life. Scientists are interested
in these places because they have conditions that
might be suitable for life to exist.

Venus

Jupiter

Mars

Europa Euroapna’sicoecceraunstissethvoeruaglhmtitloesbtehbicekn. eath Mars
Mars is of interest to
Scientists believe that there is a liquid water ocean scientists because of the
recent discovery of flowing
under the thick frozen surface of Jupiter’s moon, water on its surface. It is
possible that life may have
Europa. Life has been found at the deepest, darkest existed on the planet in the
past, or that some form of
parts of Earth’s oceans, and scientists think the same life may still exist today.

thing might be possible on Europa.

50

Enceladus Photo of Titan
Enceladus is a moon that orbits taken by the
around Saturn. It has a frozen Huygens probe.
surface and scientists think there
is liquid water underneath. The Sunlight reflecting off
Cassini spacecraft has been flying Titan’s seas.
through geysers of frozen water
Titan
that erupt from the surface, Titan is Saturn’s largest moon. It has a thick
and analyzing it to see if it atmosphere and seas made of liquid gas. Titan
could harbor life. is very interesting to scientists because its
atmosphere may be similar to that of the early
Enceladus photographed Earth—before life emerged on our planet.
by Cassini.

Mercury Saturn

Uranus SETI Institute
SciMenatritsitasnhsaoviel fboer esingsntsuodfyliinfeg.
SETI stands for “Search for Extra Terrestrial
Intelligence”. The SETI Institute, based in
California, USA, is looking for evidence of life in
the Solar System and the wider Universe. SETI
scientists try to find places that may have the
ingredients needed for life and also listen out
for possible signals that may have come from
aliens. SETI believe our first contact with
intelligent life in the Universe may even be
with robots built by alien civilizations!

SETI use
powerful dishes
to listen for
alien signals.

Could there
be robot
aliens out
there?

51

Postcards from probes

Voyager 1 and 2 are twin spacecrafts that were launched in
the 1970s. Since then they have been on an incredible journey
across our Solar System, visiting the planets Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune. The mission was far more successful than
scientists had imagined it would be, and the spacecrafts are still
sending back information to Earth.

START 5 September 1977 Voyager 1 launches

Jupiter

Voyager 1 and 2 took pictures
of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and
saw that one of its moons, called
Io, has active volcanoes.

Saturn 1981

1979 Both spacecrafts
photographed
Saturn’s rings and
moons. Scientists
learned about what
Saturn was made
of and what its
weather was like.

START 20 August 1977 Voyager 2 launches

Uranus 1986

Voyager 2 was the first
spacecraft to visit Uranus.
It discovered ten new
moons around the planet!

52

Leaving the 2012

Solar System Pioneer 10

On 25 August 2012,
Voyager 1 became the

first human-made
object to leave the

Solar System!

Voreyaacgheers1ohfetahdesStoolwaraSrdysttheemfar Family Anyone
out there?
Pioneer portrait
missions In case they are found by
The Pioneer project aliens, the Pioneer probes
Launched just before also sent probes to carry plaques showing the
the Voyager missions, visit the inner position of Earth in the
Pioneer 10 and 11 were planets and to orbit Solar System and what
the first spacecrafts the Earth, some of humans look like!
to cross the asteroid which launched in
belt and visit Jupiter the 1950s. The Pioneer family
and Saturn.

Voyager 2 explores the outer planets

1989

Neptune

In the late 1980s Voyager 2
reached Neptune, the final planet on
its tour. It passed close to Neptune's
largest moon, called Triton.

53

The future

The Sun won’t last forever. Just like other
stars in the Universe, the Sun was born and
it will die. At 4.6 billion years old, the Sun
is almost halfway through its life. In about
5 billion years time it will start to change,
as it burns up the fuel that kept it shining
bright for so long. It will expand to become
a type of star called a red giant, before
shrinking to become a white dwarf.

Billion years

Life of the Sun Birth 1 2 3 4 5

The Sun is a medium- Nebula Now
sized star. This diagram The Sun was born The Sun is currently
shows the life cycle of in a nebula—a middle-aged. It is about
the Sun—from its birth giant cloud of halfway through its life.
to when it starts to run gas and dust.
out of fuel.

54

Expanding Sun The view from the Earth

The Sun will slowly expand This is how the Sun might look from the Earth
over billions of years to as it starts to expand. The Earth may even get
become a red giant star. engulfed by the Sun toward the end of its life.
But don’t worry—this won’t happen for
billions of years!

Eating Mercury

The red giant Sun will
become so enormous
that it will gobble up
the planet Mercury!

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Warming up Red giant Planetary nebula White dwarf
As it runs out of fuel, The outer The Sun throws The Sun will spend its final
the Sun starts to collapse, layers of the Sun off its outer days as a white dwarf, a star
but this causes it to expand to turn it layer of gas about the same size as Earth.
into a red giant. and dust.
heat up again. 55

Beyond the

Solar System

Our Sun is one of many stars in our galaxy

and our galaxy, the Milky Way, is one of many

galaxies in the Universe. It is not yet possible

for humans to travel beyond our Solar System,

but by using telescopes scientists are able Hubble
to take pictures of galaxies trillions and FUiletlrda-imDeaegpe
trillions of miles away.
sgmsahTlaloHaohllxouawissiknebesipsdbncsiatelgcoteisvhotmaueStnethrrpeegaoesao,rafecetUflteaeahtnnnkxhTeiee.ieveeIanneltsefrirabilgsyssyrcyeohtjaouhuttispthsessatoeekser,altyeldf!
Looking into
Section of the night sky
deep space

Using space telescopes,
scientists have seen stars
being born and dying,
and observed very distant
galaxies. They have been
able to figure out that
the Universe is nearly
14 billion years old.

3 AMAZING FACTS

Hubble Deep space

Telescope 1 Scientists estimate that there
are at least 100 billion galaxies
Orbiting above the in the Universe.
Earth is the Hubble
Space Telescope. 2 A typical galaxy, like our home
The size of a large galaxy, the Milky Way, contains
hundreds of billions of stars.
school bus, it faces
out toward space 3 It would take light 13.2 billion
and takes pictures years to reach the farthest galaxy
of distant stars we have detected from Earth.
and galaxies.

56

Each of these
specks is a
separate galaxy
containing
billions of stars!

Exoplanets Kepler-22b Earthlike
This Earthlike planet
Our Sun is not the only was found orbiting
star that has planets around a star nearly
orbiting around it. Lots 600 light years away
of other stars have from Earth. A light year
planets, too, and is the distance light can
scientists call these travel in a year.
“exoplanets.”
57

Space facts IT WOULD TAKE
and figures MORE THAN 700

Space is constantly surprising scientists, YEARS TO FLY
even to this day. Here are some weird A PLANE
and wonderful facts you might not
know about it! TO PLUTO.*

*If it were
possible!

All of the other planets in the Solar System could fit
in the space between the Earth and the Moon!

in (5 cm) is how 275 million
much taller you
could be in The number of new stars formed every day.
space due to a
lack of gravity.

58

The avera ge temperature on the surface of Venus is a The Sun weighs

C). 2,00That’s0 taboutrilli300,000on,timestmor
sizzling 860°F (460°

The first e rillionthan the Earth.metric tons!

DINOSAUR
in orbit was Maiasaura
peeblesorum. Its bones were

carried to space in 1985!

Ve THE LARGEST ASTEROID

in the Solar System, Vesta, is 326 miles (525 km)
wide and has a mountain twice the size
sta of Mount Everest!

26 1 million
miles (42 kilometers) The number of people
per second is the top who have been into space Earths can
speed meteoroids can since Yuri Gagarin fit inside
travel through space. in 1961. the Sun.

59

Glossary eclipse When an object in
space passes into the shadow
Here are the meanings of some words of another object
that might be useful for you to know
when learning about space. equator Imaginary line
around the middle of a planet,
halfway between the north
and south poles

asteroid Small, rocky object capsule Small spacecraft, or exoplanet Planet that orbits
that orbits the Sun part of a larger one, which a star other than the Sun
usually carries crew or
asteroid belt Area of the scientific instruments galaxy Huge group of stars,
Solar System between Mars gas, and dust held together
and Jupiter containing a cargo Goods carried on a by gravity
large number of asteroids spacecraft
gravity Force that pulls
astronaut Person trained to comet Object made of dust objects toward each other
travel and live in space and ice that orbits around
the Sun, developing a tail as habitable Suitable for living
atmosphere Layer of gas it gets nearer to the Sun in or on
that surrounds a planet
core Central part of a star, hemisphere One half of a
axis Imaginary line that planet, or moon planet or moon
passes through the center
of a planet or star, around crater Bowl-shaped dent laboratory Place where
which the planet or on the surface of a planet science experiments
star rotates or other body in space, are done
caused by the collision with
black hole Object in space a space rock launch Send something
with such a strong force into space
of gravity that nothing crew Group of people who
can escape it, not even light work on a spacecraft launch vehicle Rocket-
powered vehicle used to
Black hole crust Outer layer of a send spacecraft or satellites
rocky planet into space

debris Broken pieces of rock light year Distance traveled
and other materials by light in a year
in space
lunar Word used to relate
to the Moon

magnetic field Force field probe Unmanned spacecraft Probe
surrounding a planet, star, designed to study objects in
or galaxy space and send information telescope Instrument used
back to the Earth to look at distant objects
mantle Thick layer of hot
rock between the core and red giant Large star with a Universe All space and
the crust of a planet or moon reddish color that is nearing everything in it
the final stages of its life
meteor When a meteoroid white dwarf Shrunken star
burns up as it enters Earth’s rover Vehicle that is driven at the end of its life
atmosphere, appearing as a on the surface of a planet
streak of light or moon

meteorite Meteoroid that satellite Object that orbits
lands on a planet or moon’s another larger object
surface
solar Word used to relate to
meteoroid Particle of rock, the Sun
metal, or ice traveling
through space Solar System The Sun and
the planets and other objects
Milky Way Galaxy we live in that orbit it

module Unit of a spacecraft space Place beyond Earth’s
atmosphere
moon Object made of rock
or rock and ice that orbits a spacecraft Vehicle that
planet or asteroid travels in space

nebula Cloud of gas and spacesuit Sealed protective Spacesuit
dust in space where stars clothing item worn by
are born astronauts outside a
spacecraft in space
orbit Path an object takes
around another when pulled spacewalk When an
by its gravity astronaut in space is outside
a spacecraft, usually to repair
particle Extremely small or test equipment
part of a solid, liquid, or gas
star Huge glowing sphere
planet Large spherical of gas that creates energy
object that orbits a star in its core

61

Index

A D I

Aldrin, Buzz 19 Deimos 26 ice geysers 34
aliens 50–51, 53 dinosaurs 45, 59 ice giants 38–39
Apollo 11 19 dust devils 27 International Space Station
Armstrong, Neil 16, 19 dwarf planets 5, 31, 40, 41, 43
asteroid belt 4, 30–31, 53 dying stars 15 (ISS) 20–21, 24
asteroids 4, 26, 30–31, 32, Io 34, 52

40, 44 E J
astronauts 18–19, 24–25, 59
Earth 5, 9, 13, 14–15, 17, 21, jetpacks 23
exercise, in space 20 37, 48, 58, 59 Juno spacecraft 33
experiments, in space 20 Jupiter 4, 11, 32–33, 34–35,
living in space 20–21 Earthrise 17
Moon landings 16 Enceladus 51 49, 52, 53
spacesuits 21, 22–23 energy 8, 14, 15
atmosphere 12, 13, 26, Europa 34, 50 K
32, 33, 40 exoplanets 57
auroras 9 Kennedy, John F. 19
axial tilt 27, 38 F Kepler-22b 57
Kuiper Belt 5, 41, 42
B flybys 41, 43
L
black holes 6, 7 G
boots, space 23 Laika 18
Burney, Venetia 41 Gagarin, Yuri 19, 59 Leonov, Alexei 19
galaxies 6, 56, 57 life
C Galilean moons 35
Galilei, Galileo 35 extraterrestrial 50–51, 53
Callisto 35 Ganymede 35 on Earth 13, 14
canyons 27 gas planets 4 on Mars 28, 50–51
carbon 14, 15 gloves, space 22 life support systems 22
Cassini-Huygens spacecraft gravity 7, 8, 24, 25, 55, 58 light years 6, 57
Great Dark Spot (Neptune) 39 Lunar rovers 16
37, 51 Great Red Spot (Jupiter) 33, 52
Ceres 31 M
Charon 41 H
comets 4, 40, 44, 45, magnetic field 8, 9
Hale–Bopp comet 45 Maiasaura peeblesorum 59
46–47 helium 8, 32 Manned Maneuvering Units 23
Coprates Chasma (Mars) 27 helmets, space 22 Mars 5, 11, 26–27
craters 11, 28, 30, 40, 45 Higginbotham, Joan 25
Curiosity Rover 28–29 Hubble Space Telescope 56 exploring 28–29
hydrogen 8, 32 life on 28, 50–51
orbit 49
Mercury 5, 10–11, 48, 55

62

the Mercury Seven 18 Pluto 5, 40–41, 42–43, 48, stardust 15
meteorites 44, 45 49, 58 stars 8–9, 15, 58
meteoroids 44, 59 Stern, Dr. Alan 42–43
meteors 44–45 Puck 38 storms
Milky Way 6–7, 56
mining, on the Moon 17 R Jupiter 33
Miranda 38 Mars 27
The Moon 10, 16–17, 19, 58 raw materials 14, 15 Neptune 39
moons red giants 54, 55 sulphuric acid 12
rings 30, 33, 36–37, 52 Sun 4–5, 8–9, 15, 48–49,
asteroids 30 Robonaut 2 20 54, 55, 59
Jupiter 34–35, 50, 52 rocks, space 44–45 sunspots 9
Mars 26 rocky planets 5
Neptune 53 Rosetta spacecraft 46, 47 T
Pluto 41
Saturn 36, 51 S tails, comets 45
Uranus 38, 52 telescopes 35, 56–57
Saturn 4, 9, 11, 36–37, 49, temperatures 10, 12, 13, 59
N 51, 52, 53 Tereshkova, Valentina 19
Titan 36, 51
Near Earth Objects 31 seasons, Mars 27 toilets, in space 25
nebulas 54 Sellers, Dr. Piers 24–25 Triton 53
Neptune 4, 38–39, 49, 53 SETI Institute 51 Trojans 31
New Horizons probe 33, 41, shooting stars 44
soil 14 U
42–43 solar eclipses 17
Newton Crater (Mars) 28 solar flares 8 Uranus 4, 38, 49, 52
night sky 6, 11, 35 solar prominences 8 USA, Space Race 18–19
nitrogen 14 Solar System 4–5
V
O age of 5
beyond the 56–57 Valles Marineris (Mars) 27
Olympus Mons (Mars) 26 future of 54–55 Venus 5, 11, 12–13, 48, 59
orbits size of 5 Vesta 30
space probes beyond 53 volcanoes 12, 26, 34, 40, 43, 52
asteroid 31 solar wind 9 Voyager 1 52–53
comets 45 Soviet Union, Space Race Voyager 2 38, 39, 52–53
dwarf planets 40 18–19
Jupiter’s moons 35 space ages 48–49 W
planetary 48–49 space probes 52–53
oxygen 14, 15 Space Race 18–19 water 13, 14, 15, 28, 50
space rocks 44–45 white dwarfs 54, 55
P Space Shuttle 24–25 Williams, Sunita 25
spacesuits 21, 22–23 Worden, Al 23
Philae lander 46, 47 spacewalks 21, 23, 25
Phobos 26 spiral galaxies 6, 7 Z
Pioneer probes 53 Sputnik 1 18
planetary nebulas 55 zero gravity 24, 25, 55

63

Acknowledgments

DORLING KINDERSLEY would like to thank: Emma Chafer for editorial assistance, Hoa Luc
for design assistance, Alexandra Beeden for proofreading, Helen Peters for the index, and Daniel
Long for his illustrations. The publishers would also like to thank Dr. Piers Sellers for his help on
"What’s it like to be an astronaut?", Dr. Alan Stern for the “Meet the expert” interview, and Bill
Diamond of the SETI Institute for his help with “Life on Earth” and “Alien Hunters.”

The publisher would like to thank the Reconnaissance Orbiter (cb); JPL-Caltech / Univ. of Cover images: Front Endpapers: NASA: 0cra, 0fcra,
following for their kind permission to Arizona (bc); JPL-Caltech / UCLA / MPS / DLR / IDA 0cra (Neptune), JPL-Caltech / MIT 0fcla, Goddard /
reproduce their photographs: (br). 32-33 NASA: JPL-Caltech / MIT (b/Jupiter). Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 0 (Earth moon),
33 NASA: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics JHUAPL / SwRI 0fcra (Pluto), 0 (All Plutos moons),
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; Laboratory / Southwest Research Institute (cl); Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics 0cla, JPL
c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) JPL-Caltech (tc); JPL (crb). 34 NASA: JPL-Caltech / MIT 0ca, 0 (All Uranus Moons), JPL / Space Science
(tl); Voyager Project, Calvin J. Hamilton (bl); ESA / K. Institute 0cla (Saturn), JPL-Caltech 0ca (Uranus),
2 NASA: (fcrb); JHUAPL / SwRI (bl); JPL / Space Retherford / SWRI (br); JPL / DLR (cb); JPL (cl). 35 JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute 0 (All Saturns
Science Institute (bc); Goddard / Lunar Corbis: Jim Sugar (cra). NASA: JPL-Caltech / MIT (br); moons), JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona 0 (All
Reconnaissance Orbiter (cb). 3 ESA: ESA 2010 MPS JPL / DLR (cr, cl, bc, br/Europa, fbr); JPL (bc/Lo). 36-37 Mars moons), Voyager2 / JPL / USGS 0 (All Neptunes
for OSIRIS Team / MPS / UPD / LAM / IAA / RSSD / NASA: JPL / Space Science Institute. 36 NASA: moons); Back Endpapers: Alamy Images: ITAR-TASS
INTA / UPM / DASP / IDA (cb). NASA: (bc); SDO (br); Caltech / Space Science Institute (tr). 37 NASA: JPL Photo Agency 0, SPUTNIK 0 (Laika), 0tc; Corbis:
JPL (clb). 4 NASA: JPL-Caltech / MIT (cb); (crb, crb/ (ca); JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute (cr). 38 Imaginechina 0bc (Yang Liwwyi); ESA: NASA 0
Mars); JPL (fcrb). 4-5 NASA: (cb). 5 NASA: JHUAPL / Alamy Images: North Wind Picture Archives (crb). (Samantha Terry); NASA: 0 (Apollo 8 launch), 0 (Ham
SwRI (c); Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics NASA: JPL-Caltech (t); NASA, ESA, and M. Showalter the chimpanzee), 0bc, 0 (Neil Armstrong on the
(clb). 6 Corbis: Nicholas Buer (bl). 6-7 NASA. 7 (SETI Institute) (bl). 39 NASA: (t); JPL (clb); JPL / USGS moon), 0cl, 0crb (Chris Hadfield), 0bl (Moon rover ),
NASA: JPL-Caltech (tc). 8-9 NASA: SDO / Amari. (br). 40-41 NASA: JHUAPL / SwRI. 40 NASA: JHU APL / 0cb (Sally Rider), 0bc (STS 7 patch)
8 NASA: AIA (clb). 9 Alamy Images: WILDLIFE GmbH SwRI (crb, cra). 41 NASA: (tc); JHUAPL / SwRI (c).
(crb). NASA: (cl, br). 10 NASA: Goddard / Lunar 42 Alamy Images: NG Images (tr). NASA: ESA, and All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Reconnaissance Orbiter (clb); Johns Hopkins M. Buie (Southwest Research Institute) (clb) Alan For further information see: www.dkimages.com
University Applied Physics Laboratory / Carnegie Stern as child courtesy of the Stern family. 43 NASA:
Institution of Washington (cb). Science Photo Library: Bill Ingalls (tr); JHUAPL / SwRI (bl). 44-45 ESA: Rosetta About the author
Dr. Ian Robson (br). 10-11 NASA: Johns Hopkins / NAVCAM (b). 44 ESA: (cr). NASA: JPL Caltech / UCAL
University Applied Physics Laboratory / Carnegie / MPS / DLR / IDA (cla, c, crb). 45 Alamy Images: Sarah Cruddas is a space
Institution of Washington. 11 NASA: JPL-Caltech / Galaxy Picture Library (cra); Stocktrek Images, Inc. journalist and broadcaster with
MIT (bc, crb/Jupiter); Johns Hopkins University (cla). NASA: (b, br). Science Photo Library: David a background in astrophysics.
Applied Physics Laboratory / Carnegie Institution of Parker (cb). 49 NASA: JHUAPL / SwRI (fcra). 50-51 She is frequently seen talking
Washington (tr); JPL (cb); JPL-Caltech (cb/Mars). NASA: JPL / GSFC / SWRI / SSI (t); JPL-Caltech / about space on British television,
12 ESA: (c). NASA: (r, ca); JPL (cra). 13 Corbis: Warren Cornell Univ. / Arizona State Univ. (b). 50 NASA: and appears on channels in the
Faidley (ca). Fotolia: Strezhnev Pavel (cb). NASA: (l); JPL-Caltech (clb). 51 Alamy Images: M2 US such as National Geographic
James Yungel (bc). 14 NASA: (tr). 14-15 Photography (br). Dreamstime.com: Julien Tromeur and Discovery Channel. Sarah
Dreamstime.com: Vibhision K Soni. 15 NASA: (cr); (bc). NASA: JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona / specializes in space exploration
JPL-Caltech / STScI / CXC / SAO (br). 16 NASA: University of Idaho (fcra). 52 NASA: JPL-Caltech (ca); and has reported on the subject
Goddard / Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter; (bl, cra). JPL (cr, br); NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center / from across the world. Her
17 NASA: (tl, cra); SDO (cl); Pat Rawlings (SAIC) (br). NASA / JPL (clb). 53 NASA: (bl, crb, tr); NASA Ames passion is to inspire the next
18 Alamy Images: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (ca). 54-55 NASA: JPL. 55 Science Photo Library: generation of space explorers.
(br); Sputnik (cr, bc); Michael Seleznev (fcr). NASA: (cl, Detlev Van Ravenswaay (cra). 56 NASA: ESA, and Z.
bl). 19 Alamy Images: SPUTNIK (tc). Corbis: Rykoff Levay (STScI) (bl, c). 56-57 NASA: ESA; G. Illingworth,
Collection (cra). NASA: (cla, clb, b). 21 NASA: (cr). 22 D. Magee, and P. Oesch, University of California, Santa
NASA: (tl, tr, br). 23 NASA: (cb, bl, br). 24 NASA: ESA Cruz; R. Bouwens, Leiden University; and the HUDF09
(br). 24-25 NASA: (all NASA). 26 NASA: JPL-Caltech / Team (t). 57 NASA: Ames / JPL-Caltech (bc).
University of Arizona (cl, c). 26-27 NASA: JPL-Caltech. 58 NASA: (br, fcl, cl, fcr); Johns Hopkins University
27 NASA: HiRISE, MRO, LPL (U. Arizona) (crb); Applied Physics (fclb); JPL-Caltech / MIT (cl/jupiter);
JPL-Caltech / Univ. of Arizona (bl). 28-29 NASA: JPL-Caltech (cr); JHUAPL / SwRI (fcra); Goddard /
JPL-Caltech / MSSS (t). 28 Getty Images: Photodisc / Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (cl/moon). 59 Alamy
StockTrek (cl). NASA: ESA 2010 MPS for OSIRIS Team / Images: ITAR-TASS Photo Agency (bc). Dorling
MPS / UPD / LAM / IAA / RSSD / INTA / UPM / DASP / Kindersley: Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology,
IDA (cla, cb); Pat Rawlings, SAIC (br); JPL / JHUAPL (cl/ Alberta, Canada (ca). NASA: JPL-Caltech / UCAL / MPS
Asteroid 253 Mathilde); JPL-Caltech / UCLA / MPS / / DLR / IDA (cl); SDO (tr); JPL (tl); Johns Hopkins
DLR / IDA (crb, fcl, bc, bl). 29 Getty Images: University Applied Physics (crb). 60 NASA:
Photodisc / StockTrek (bl). NASA: Goddard / Lunar JPL-Caltech (bl). 61 NASA: (tr, br)

64