DK Findout! Universe - DK

Primary mirror Amazing images

A curving mirror, 2.4 metres The HST has taken thousands of
(7.9 ft) wide, collects light amazing space photos, capturing
from distant objects, and everything from storms on the
directs it to cameras to record outer planets to colliding galaxies
images and information. and the birth of new stars.

V838 Monocerotis
Dying star
After this dying giant star suddenly grew
600 times brighter than normal in 2002,
Hubble captured light from its outburst
reflecting off nearby gas clouds.

Radio dish Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
Galaxies
The HST sends pictures By staring at the same patch of sky for a
and other data back to million seconds, the HST captured faint
Earth through a special light from some of the most distant
network of satellites. galaxies in the Universe.

49

Exploring space First artificial satellite
Sputnik 1 was launched by
Humans have been exploring space since Russia on October 4, 1957.
1957, when the first artificial satellite was It beamed radio signals
launched. Since then, astronauts have reached down to Earth.
the moon, while robot space probes have
explored most of the solar system.

Discovery Space Shuttle
Between 1981 and 2011,
NASA’s Space Shuttle
carried 355 different
people into space.

“Buzz” Aldrin
Telescopes
The 1990s saw the use of new
and more powerful telescopes
that can see objects at the
edge of the universe.

Keck Observatory

Mission to Saturn New Horizons
From 2004 to 2017, NASA’s
Cassini probe sent back
pictures of the ringed planet
Saturn and its moons.

Cassini-Huygens near Saturn

50

First animal in space
Sputnik 2 carried a dog
named Laika into space, but
she did not survive the trip.

Sputnik 1 Yuri Gagarin
This battery-powered
satellite was very basic, First man in space Laika
with four antennae and In 1961, Russian astronaut
a radio transmitter. Yuri Gagarin spent 108 minutes
Man on the moon orbiting Earth on his Vostok 1
In 1969, NASA’s Apollo 11 spacecraft.
mission landed on the moon
carrying astronauts Neil
Armstrong, “Buzz” Aldrin,
and Michael Collins.

Opportunity International Space Station
This 5 ft (1.5 m) tall Between 1998 and 2011,
rover has explored space agencies worked
Mars since 2004. together to build a huge
space station in Earth’s orbit.
Mars rover
In 2004, NASA landed
a pair of wheeled robot
explorers, Spirit and
Opportunity, on Mars.

Rosetta Comet 67P
This space probe started

its mission in 2004
and ended in 2016.

Pluto explorer Rosetta (Philae lander)
In 2015, NASA’s New Horizons The European space probe
space probe collected data Rosetta entered orbit around
and took amazing images comet 67P in 2014. It put a lander
of Pluto and its moons. called Philae on its surface.

51

Exoplanets

Planets orbiting around other
stars (not our sun) are called
exoplanets. Several thousand
have been discovered since the
1990s. Most are very different
from Earth, but a few seem to
be very much like our planet.
They might even be home
to living things.

Alien star Another Earth?
The star Kepler-186 is Kepler-186f is a planet
a cool red dwarf much orbiting in the habitable
fainter than our sun. zone around its star. It
could have water on its
surface and perhaps
even oceans, clouds,
and ice caps, like Earth.

Discovering First exoplanet
exoplanets The first exoplanets
to be discovered
Most exoplanets are too were huge gas
faint to see directly—their giants even bigger
dim light is easily drowned than Jupiter. These
out. So astronomers find
them by looking for the are big enough to
ways they affect their stars. make their stars
“wobble” as they
52 go around them.

51 Pegasi b

Habitable zones

A star’s habitable zone is the area that
is not too hot or too cold for oceans
to survive on an exoplanet’s surface.
Water is necessary for human life to exist,
which is why we continue to search for
planets that might have water.

Sun-like
star

62c 62b

62e 62d
Habitable zone

62f
Kepler-62 System

Distant neighbor ! WOW!
It would take around 500 years
to reach Kepler-186f, even if we Astronomers
could travel at the speed of light, think there could
the fastest speed there is.
be 60 billion
habitable planets

in our galaxy!

New exoplanets
Space telescopes, such as
Kepler, find exoplanets by
looking for signs that some
of a star’s light is being blocked
by a planet passing in front of it.

Kepler space telescope 53

Pioneer 10

Robot space probes such as Pioneer
10 will take thousands of years to
reach nearby stars, but they will
keep traveling forever. They carry

messages from humanity for
anyone who eventually
finds them.

Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico

Arecibo Observatory Is there
life out there?
This 1,000-ft (305-m)
diameter dish collects radio Some of the biggest questions we have
are whether life exists elsewhere in the
signals from the distant universe, and whether we might one day
universe. Volunteers use
make contact with intelligent aliens.
computers to look for Here are a few attempts astronomers
patterns that might hint
at other life being present have made to find them.

in the universe.

Voyager 1 space probe Voyager 1

54 The most distant space probe
from Earth, Voyager 1 has
now left our solar system. It

carries a golden disk that can
recreate sounds and pictures

from Earth.

Messages

The search for intelligent aliens
mostly involves looking for signs of
their activity, such as radio signals,
but humans have also sent
messages to the stars.

Pioneer 10 space probe Arecibo message
In 1974, radio signals
Allen Telescope Array were sent from the

Forty-two radio dishes scanning the Arecibo radio
sky in northern California form part telescope to a distant
cluster of stars called
of the Search for Extra-Terrestrial
Intelligence (SETI) program. As well as M13. The message
looking for alien signals, they measure included the
numbers one
radio waves coming from natural to ten, what a
cosmic sources.
human looks
like, the Earth’s
population, and
where the Earth
sits in the
solar system.

Radio receivers in the Allen Telescope Array Pioneer plaque
A plaque fixed to Pioneers 10 and 11
shows two humans and the location
of our solar system.

55

James Webb 3
Space Telescope

In 2020, NASA’s JWST will be launched into
space. It will be the biggest telescope in space,
and it will see the universe in more detail
than ever before, revealing the secrets of
planets, the most distant galaxies, and
the very first stars.

Massive mirror 1

Taft1taebhh8rloaeehoutsJfectuWfxo2ntap1ShfgeoTeofslt’d.nbsI(aiaht6glfu.igst5sgeeemesrmgtmlma)aEduewiarennrirdttocoshhefr-—.ibsansoetd

An average Hubble space JWST mirror 7
adult person telescope mirror is is about 21 ft
is 6 ft (1.8 m) tall. 7.8 ft (2.4 m) wide. (6.5 m) wide. » 5 Science instrument module

WHAT’S IN THE PICTURE? » 3 Secondary mirror This mirror Cameras and other devices
collect and study the visible
» 1 Sun-facing side The JWST collects light from the primary and infrared light.
mirror and bounces it to the
keeps its underside facing the sun tertiary mirror. » 6 Solar panels These panels,
so the telescope itself is always in
the cold and dark. » 4 Tertiary mirror This box-like in permanent sunlight, make
electricity from sunlight to
» 2 Primary mirror Segments mirror system directs light to one power the telescope.
of several different instruments.
of gold-coated beryllium reflect
visible light and infrared rays to
the secondary mirror.

56

Sun shield Future missions

A high-tech parasol the size of a New space telescope and robot
tennis court protects the telescope probes are being launched all the
in space. It is made from five layers time to help us discover more about
of lightweight material that reflects different parts of our universe.
the sun’s heat and light.

2
4

5
OSIRIS-REx
Launched in 2016, this space probe is on its way
to an asteroid called Bennu. It will study Bennu
from orbit for 500 days before returning to
Earth, hopefully with a sample of material
from the asteroid’s surface, in 2023.

6 8

» 7 Communications antenna PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars
PLATO is planned for launch in 2026. This space
JWST receives instructions from telescope will look for signs of exoplanets
NASA and sends images and around yellow dwarf stars, such as our sun,
data back to the Earth. red dwarf stars, and subgiant stars.

» 8 Trim flaps The flaps help to 57

keep the telescope stable in the
"solar wind" of particles blowing
out from the sun.

Universe facts
and figures

Our universe is an amazing place. The
facts on these pages may give you some
idea of just how amazing it really is.

SPACEWALKS
USUALLY

LAST BETWEEN
5 AND 8 HOURS.

Astronauts learn
what it feels like in
space by training

40 ft (12 m)
underwater for
8 hours at a time!

Jupiter is so large, 97,000 lb
it can fit more
than 1,300 Earths Scientists estimate that around 97,000 lb
inside it. (44,000 km) of meteorites and space debris
lands on Earth every day.

58

On cJoamnupalertye1d9a, 2r0ecordtravel without air.

Space is silent bec
ause sound cannot

Ptolemy’s theory 71,08,0th0e dInateyrsnaotriobnitainl SgptahceeESatratthio. n
that the Earth was the
center of the universe was
beli1ev6edthto be true until the

century.

In 2007, tiny oSvteurrde4biv.ye5esta1holeebfdilAultlpnhiooaalnrtlotryhomeceakimsrsssobiooornonldsui!ghshatve
creatures called
tardigrades lived for
10 days in space
outside a Russian
unmanned spacecraft.

100 BILLION It took the Space
TRILLION Shuttle only 81⁄2
minutes to travel
is the estimated number of stars in from the launchpad
the part of the universe we can observe. to low-Earth orbit.

59

Looking at the night sky is a wonderful way to learn about the Universe.
Take notes on what you see and read the information in this book to help
you become a successful astronomer.

TFgooefoltoloptbhwseettrmihvpeionsssegtsfaouonugdtrgosebtfsuytediooyugnirnsiegnaxntpnhdeeeryiUoerunns’cilvleerse. What you’ll need

LSnbotiiagnorhokttcjuuuskplsaytrbswyoitlrhoaootukeitnleagspcuaopipraeot.fWthreite Binoculars
down what you see. Binoculars collect much more
light than a human eye. They
CLissothnaoo’rtksotaaosrteoettchnhleooestsbetoaetvrossetrFwwtuihmhlleeMenlmothoeend,Mbayos otthhnee reveal details of the night sky.
Moon’s brightness.
Compass
LAlaloiosgsckchiataatt’stifogidroonranomrowkuebntrus,uibidlpdeeictnooagfutsaasekateonthwdyeonrueotiroscnaitoy Use a compass to help you look
street-lights. in the right direction to see
different groups of stars.
SUtnhtisageerhcagtoadsozkilaiyntrhyaginntdodgimaswryhayokeuensntphooetteyioanpftaphleel ar.
Torch
NIyBytooeitguauphrk’laetletssyvieeeaienssriotmotuoanonnardddejs2tuth0asitymstiwoninadtuyhat.eerksdnfaoersrks,. Put red cellophane on the end
of a torch. At night, red light is
Planetarium to learn more easier on your eyes than white.
Visit a planetarium
about the night sky. Snack
You might be outside for a long
time, so bring a snack with you.

Notepad and pen
Always carry a pen and notepad
to write down or draw what you
have seen.

Chair and blanket
Take a chair and blanket with
you to keep comfortable as
you stargaze.

What is a star chart?

A star chart is also called
a planisphere. It shows
what stars are visible
at different times
and dates.

FJoinindootthheerrsstatargrgazaezresrtshrough
local astronomy clubs.

Stargazing

What to spot

There are lots of exciting things to see in the night sky. Become
a stargazer and look for constellations, meteor showers, planets,
and our Moon. They’re easier to spot than you might first think.

Meteor showers Stars and planets

Watch out for meteors when the Look for star constellations at night
Earth is passing through meteoroids and try to spot planets that are easy
and a meteor shower is expected. to see from the Earth, such as Venus.

ISS The Moon

The International Space Station can During one month, draw the shape
be seen from the Earth. Check out of the Moon you see each night.
NASA’s website for timings. You’ll soon notice the changes.

61

Careers in Space

ASTRONAUT PROGRAMMER/ENGINEER

Job description: Astronauts are the people who get Job description: This role helps to design and make
to visit space. They work in teams on space missions, spacecraft, spacesuits, robots, and equipment that is
they collect data, and conduct experiments in space. used in space and on the Earth to help with the study
They also pilot spacecraft and live on space stations. of the Universe.

TECHNICIAN ASTROGEOLOGIST

Job description: Technicians test products to be used Job description: Astrogeologists help us to
in the study of space. They also look after and repair understand what makes up planets, moons, and
spacecraft, including important equipment for space comets. They look at samples and study the surface
navigation and communication. of a planet to find out about a planet's history.

62

We know about the Universe because of the different jobs people do to explore
our Solar System and beyond. Here are just some of the main jobs that help our
learning. Each one requires a set of skills and lots of training.

ASTROPHYSICIST ASTRONOMER

Job description: Astrophysicists use science Job description: Astronomers are scientists who study
to understand and explain all about planets, all of the objects in the sky, including the Sun, planets,
galaxies, and other space objects. They also find out stars, our Moon, galaxies, black holes, and any other
information about the birth, life, and death of stars. matter found in the Universe.

TELESCOPE OPERATOR MISSION CONTROL

Job description: People who do this job look Job description: Mission control is a group of people
after telescopes. They carry out routine checks who help astronauts by monitoring conditions, looking
on telescopes, and position them correctly to view at data, and watching over a space mission. They also
the right part of the sky. They help to gather data. help astronauts with spacewalks and experiments.

63

Glossary Jupiter Fifth main planet
from the sun, and the
Here are the meanings of some words largest of all the planets
that are useful for you to know when in our solar system
learning about the universe. light-year Distance light
travels in one year; a unit
asteroid Small, rocky crust Hard outer layer of used to measure distances
object that orbits between a rocky planet in astronomy
the planets debris Material that is left lunar Word meaning
asteroid belt Area between behind after a star or planet “belonging to the moon”
Mars and Jupiter where most has formed mass The amount of matter
asteroids orbit dwarf planet Five objects, that an object contains
astronaut Any person that including Pluto, known as Mars Reddish-colored fourth
goes into space dwarf planets are smaller planet from the sun
atmosphere Layer of gases than the main eight planets Mercury Smallest main
around a planet or moon Earth, the Our planet, planet in our solar system,
binary star Pair of stars that the third main planet and also the closest to the sun
orbit around each other from the sun meteor Shooting star
black hole Object with such exoplanet Planet that caused by dust entering
strong gravity that light orbits a star outside our Earth’s atmosphere
cannot escape it solar system meteorite Rock from space
comet Small, icy object galaxy Huge cloud of stars, that hits a planet’s surface
in orbit around a star gas, and dust in space
condense Decrease in size gravity Force that pulls New Horizons space probe
or volume things toward objects
with mass

constellation Area of the hemisphere Astronomers
sky containing a pattern have divided the night
of stars sky into two halves, or
core Hot center of a planet hemispheres: the stars seen
or star over the northern half of
crater Bowl-shaped hollow in Earth, and those seen over
an object’s crust, often created the southern half
by an impact from space of Earth.

64

Milky Way Spiral galaxy that Astronaut on
contains our solar system a spacewalk
moon Natural satellite mission
orbiting around a planet
or other object rover Wheeled robot
nebula Cloud of gas and that explores the surface
dust in space of a planet or a moon

NEO (Near Earth Object) satellite Any object in orbit supernova Brilliant
Asteroid or comet whose around another one explosion that marks
orbit brings it close to Earth’s Saturn Sixth main planet in the death of some stars
Neptune Eighth and the solar system, famous for telescope Device that
outermost main planet in its rings creates bright, magnified
our solar system solar Word meaning images of distant,
nova Star that suddenly “belonging to the sun” faint objects
increases in brightness solar system Region of universe Whole of space
orbit Path that one object space dominated by the sun, and all the objects within it
takes around another thanks and all the objects within it Uranus Seventh main planet
to the pull of gravity space Mostly empty region from the sun, smaller than
parabolic flight Flight between objects such as Jupiter or Saturn but much
simulation that makes planets, stars, and galaxies bigger than the Earth
someone feel weightless spacecraft Vehicle (with or Venus Second planet
planet Large object in its without a crew) that travels from the sun
own orbit around a star through space volcano Gap in a planet’s
crust that erupts hot, molten
Pluto Icy dwarf planet spacesuit Clothes that rock from below
orbiting beyond Neptune protect an astronaut from white dwarf Tiny but still
protostar Star in the early exposure to space hot and glowing core of
stages of formation spacewalk Any activity that a dead star
red dwarf Small, very faint an astronaut does outside
but common type of star of their spacecraft
red giant Dying star that space probe Robot that
is very big and bright explores space and sends
information back to Earth

red supergiant Dying star Huge ball of gas
monster star generating heat and light

65

Index

A clusters 13, 17 gas giants 13, 32–33, 52
colliding galaxies 21, 49 gravity 12, 18, 19
Aldrin, Buzz 35, 50, 51 Collins, Michael 51 Great Canary Telescope 45
aliens 54–55 comets 27, 28, 38–39, 51
Allen Telescope Array 55 constellations 40, 42–43 H
Alpha Centauri 5 core 10, 11, 15, 30, 31, 32
Andromeda Galaxy 41 craters 34 habitable zone 52, 53
Apollo missions 35, 50, 51, 59 crust 31 helium 24
Arecibo Observatory 54, 55 Crux 43 hemispheres 42–43
Armstrong, Neil 51 Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
asteroid belt 39 D
asteroids 9, 35, 36, 39, 57 48–49, 56
astronauts 34, 35, 50–51, 58 Dactyl 36, 39 hydrogen 24
astronomers 46–47, 52, 54 Deimos 37
astronomy 44–57 dwarf planets 28 I
Atacama Large Millimeter Array dwarf stars 15
Ida 36, 39
45, 46 E impact craters 34
atmosphere 15, 25, 27, 30, 31, International Space Station
Earth 4, 27, 31, 34–35, 40–41,
33, 36, 38, 39, 45, 48 59 (ISS) 46, 51, 59
atoms 7 interstellar clouds 9, 12
elliptical galaxies 21 Io 37
B ergosphere 18 irregular galaxies 21
European Southern
barred spiral galaxies 20, 23 Observatory (ESO) 46–47 J
Bennu 57 event horizons 18
Big Bang 6–7 exoplanets 52–53, 57 James Webb Space Telescope
binary stars 16 expanding universe 7 (JWST) 56–57
black dwarfs 11 extraterrestrial life 54–55
black holes 11, 18–19, 23 Jupiter 27, 32, 36–37, 58
blue giants 14, 15 F
blue supergiants 14 K
FAST (Five-hundred-meter
C Aperture Spherical Telescope) Keck Observatory 50
Kepler space telescope 53
Cassini-Huygens mission 50 45 Kepler-186 52
Cassiopeia 43 Kepler-186f 52–53
Centaurus 43 G Kuiper Belt 28, 29
Cepheus 42
Ceres 39 Gagarin, Yuri 51 L
Charon 37 galaxies 5, 7, 8, 19, 20–23, 40,
cities 4 Laika 51
41, 49 lenticular galaxies 21
Galilei, Galileo 23 life 31, 53, 54–55
light-years 5

66

Local Galactic Group 5 OSIRIS-REx 57 solar flares 24
lunar rocks 35, 59 solar panels 48, 56
lunar rovers 35 P solar system 4, 22, 24, 26–27,
lunar seas 35
Parkes Observatory 44 28–39
M Pavo 42 South Pole Telescope 44–45
people 4 southern hemisphere 42–43
main-sequence stars 10 Philae lander 51 space debris 58
Mars 27, 31, 37, 51 photography, space 48–49 space exploration 50–51
matter 7 Pioneer 10 54–55 space probes 9, 25, 29, 50–51,
matter transfer 16 planetary nebulae 11
Mercury 27, 30 planets 7, 8, 13, 26–27, 30–33, 54, 57
messages to the stars 55 Space Shuttle 48, 50, 59
meteorites 38, 58 52–53 space telescopes 48–49, 53,
meteors 38 PLATO (PLAnetary Transits
microwaves 45 56–57
Milky Way 5, 15, 19, 22–23, 40 and Oscillations of stars) 57 spacewalks 58
moon 34–35, 41, 59 Pleiades 17
moon landings 34, 35, 51 Pluto 27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 51 T
moons 9, 26, 32, 36–37 protons 7
mountains, lunar 34 protostars 10, 12–13 tardigrades 59
multiple stars 16–17 Ptolemy 59 telescopes 23, 44–45, 46,

N R 48–49, 50, 54–57
Titan 36
NASA 50, 51, 56, 57 radio signals 54, 55 Triton 37
natural satellites 9 radio telescopes 44, 45, 46
Near Earth Asteroid Tracking Randall, Suzanna 46–47 U
red dwarfs 15, 52, 57
(NEAT) 39 red giants 10, 15, 16 Uranus 27, 33
Near-Earth Objects (NEO) 39 red supergiants 10, 15 Ursa Major 43
nebulae 12, 13 reflecting telescopes 44
Neptune 27, 28, 33, 37 rings 33 V
neutron stars 11 robot probes 54, 57
New Horizons space probe rocky planets 13, 30–31 Venus 27, 30, 41
Rosetta space probe 51 volcanoes 35, 37
50–51 Voyager 1 54
Newton, Isaac 44 S
night sky 40–43 W
northern hemisphere 42–43 satellites 9, 50, 51
Saturn 27, 33, 36, 50 water 31, 52, 53
O Sea of Serenity 35 white dwarfs 11, 15, 16
Sea of Tranquility 35
observatories 44–47, 50 Search for Extra-Terrestrial Y
Oort Cloud 28–29
Opportunity rover 51 Intelligence (SETI) 55 yellow dwarfs 57
orange giants 15 seas, lunar 35
singularity 18

67

Acknowledgments

The publisher would like to thank the following people for their assistance: Shalini Agrawal and
Desiree Johnson for editorial assistance, Polly Goodman for proofreading, Helen Peters for compiling the
index, Anne Damerell for legal assistance, Dan Crisp for illustrations, and Seepiya Sahni for design
assistance. The publishers would also like to thank Suzanna Randall for the “Meet the expert” interview.

The publisher would like to thank the (clb). NASA: ESA / Hubble (tl). 22-23 NASA: Sebastian Kaulitzki / Eraxion (c). 59 NASA.
following for their kind permission to JPL-Caltech (t). 23 Alamy Stock Photo: 60 Alamy Stock Photo: Newscom (tl). Getty
reproduce their photographs: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd (cb). Getty Images: Photo 12 / UIG (br). 65 NASA.
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; Images: SSPL (b). NASA and The Hubble 66 ESO: I. Appenzeller, W. Seifert, O. Stahl (tl).
f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Heritage Team (AURA/STScl): NASA, ESA, 68 Dreamstime.com: Tedsstudio (tl)
2 Getty Images: SSPL (bc). 3 ESA / Hubble: SSC, CXC, and STScI (cr). Science Photo Cover images: Dreamstime.com: Levgenii
NASA (bl). NASA. 4 Dreamstime.com: Cao Library: Chris Butler (tr). Tryfonov / Trifff crb; ESA / Hubble: NASA, M.
Hai (bl). NASA. 5 NASA and The Hubble 24-25 Dreamstime.com: Levgenii Tryfonov / Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute /
Heritage Team (AURA/STScl): NASA, ESA, H. Trifff. 24 NASA: SDO / AIA / Goddard Space ESA) and the Hubble Space Telescope Orion
Teplitz and M. Rafelski (IPAC / Caltech), A. Flight Center (clb). 25 NASA: Johns Hopkins Treasury Project Team tl; Getty Images: Elena
Koekemoer (STScI), R. Windhorst (Arizona State APL / Steve Gribben (tr); SDO / HMI (tl). 26 Duvernay / Stocktrek Images tr, Alberto Ghizzi
University), and Z. Levay (STScI) (tr). NASA: Dreamstime.com: Levgenii Tryfonov / Trifff Panizza / Science Photo Library bl; NASA: JPL /
JPL-Caltech (cl). Science Photo Library: Mark (c). 27 NASA: JHUAPL / SwRI (tc). 34 NASA. Cornell University br, X-ray: CXC / SAO; Optical:
Garlick (c). 8-9 NASA: Hubble Heritage Team 34-35 Dreamstime.com: Astrofireball (c). Detlef Hartmann; Infrared: JPL-Caltech cr;
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Decin et al (br); JPL-Caltech / ESA, the Hubble SwRI (cr); JPL (tr, tl). 38 Dreamstime.com: Richard Wainscoat cb; Dreamstime.com:
Heritage Team (STScI / AURA) and IPHAS (c). Eraxion (cr). 38-39 NASA. 39 123RF.com: Astrofireball cr, Eraxion cla/ (2), Sebastian
10-11 NASA and The Hubble Heritage Mopic (crb). NASA: JPL (tr). 40 Dreamstime. Kaulitzki / Eraxion cla; Getty Images: Photo 12
Team (AURA/STScl): NASA, ESA, and the com: Zhasmina Ivanova. 41 ESO: Y. Beletsky / UIG cla/ (Space probe); NASA: ESA / Rosetta
Hubble Heritage Team (STScI / AURA)-ESA / (l); Babak Tafreshi (r). 42-43 Dreamstime.com: / MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS / UPD / LAM / IAA /
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/ NCSU / S.Reynolds et al (bl); X-ray: NASA / 45 Alamy Stock Photo: Blickwinkel (bl); dkimages.com
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Argentina) (tl); NASA, ESA, J. Muzerolle (STScI), Duvernay / Elenaphoto21 (bl). Getty Images:
E. Furlan (NOAO and Caltech), K. Flaherty Photo 12 / UIG (br). NASA. 51 123RF.com:
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NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI) (tl). NASA: JPL / Cornell University (cl).
14 Dreamstime.com: Levgenii Tryfonov / 52-53 NASA: Ames / JPL-Caltech / T. Pyle (t).
Trifff (crb). 15 Dreamstime.com: Levgenii 52 NASA: JPL-Caltech (br). 53 NASA: Ames /
Tryfonov / Trifff (clb). 16 NASA: JPL-Caltech / JPL-Caltech (bl). 54 Alamy Stock Photo:
UCLA (cl). 17 Dreamstime.com: Tragoolchitr LOOK Die Bildagentur der Fotografen GmbH
Jittasaiyapan. 19 NASA: JPL-CalTech (cb). (tl). NASA. 55 Alamy Stock Photo: World
20 NASA: Hubble Heritage Team, ESA (bl); History Archive (crb). Getty Images: Mark
X-ray: CXC / SAO; Optical: Detlef Hartmann; Thiessen (clb). NASA. Science Photo Library:
Infrared: JPL-Caltech (cr). 21 ESA / Hubble: (cr). 56-57 NASA: Northrop Grumman
NASA (cra). Getty Images: Robert Gendler / Corporation. 57 Alamy Stock Photo: NASA
Visuals Unlimited, Inc. (br); Stocktrek Images Image Collection (ca). ESA: (crb). NASA: GSFC
(cra). 58 NASA. Science Photo Library: Mark
Garlick (bl). 58-59 Dreamstime.com:

68

Test your knowledge about the Universe

Quiz 1and find out even more fun facts!
Which is the
biggest gas giant?

2 3Which galaxy does the
Earth belong to?
True or false: Blue stars
4 are hotter than red ones.

The Sun is mainly 5
made up of which

two gases?

6 Which moon is
Neptune’s largest?

What type of galaxy 7 8
is oval-shaped?
Which telescope
Which 1969 will be launched
mission first put men
in 2020?
on the Moon?
10
9
Where would you find
How long ago did the the Sea of Tranquility?
Big Bang take place?

Turn over to discover the answers 69

Quiz answers

Jupiter. Find out just how big this massive
planet is on page 32.

The Milky Way. Find out about more about
our home galaxy on pages 22–23.

True. Find out about the different types of star
on pages 14–15.

Hydrogen and helium. Find out how hot the surface
of the Sun is on page 25.

Triton. Discover more about this
moon on page 37.

Elliptical galaxy. Find out what other
shapes galaxies can have on pages 20–21.

Apollo 11. Find out more space exploration milestones
on pages 50–51.

James Webb Space Telescope. Find out how it is different
from the Hubble telescope on page 56.

13.8 billion years. Find out more about how
the Universe was born on page 7.

On the Moon. Find out about the other
features on the Moon on pages 34–35.

70

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