The Human City

118 Nijman and Shin, 2014, p. 151; and Wendell Cox, “Evolving Urban Form: Dhaka.”
119 Interview with author and Mira Advani.
120 Interview with author.
121 Bosker, 2014. For a response see Cox, “Paving over Hunan?” 2014; and Praendl-Zika, 2007.
122 Glaeser, 2009.
123 Basulto, 2014.
124 Fackler, 2008.
125 See, for example, http://www.siemens.com/industryjournal/pool/3478_IJ_HMI_201_Komplet‐

t_E.pdf; http://www.economist.com/news/business/21565244-chinese-firms-are-new-chal‐
lengers-global-construction-business-great-wall-builders; and http://www.triplepun‐
dit.com/2011/05/megacities-economic-growth-ecological-crisis/.
126 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/in_praise_of_slums. See Kenny, 2014.
127 Sharma, Khan, and Warwick., 2000, p. 3.
128 Draper, 2013.
129 Tortajada, 2008.
130 Brand, “Urban squatters save the world.”
131 Engelke and Nordenman, 2014.
132 Lida, 2008, p. 326.
133 http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/publications/urban_world/index.asp
134 Dobbs et al., 2011.
135 Eldridge, 1975, p. 19.
136 “Reshaping Economic Geography,” p. 94; and Luhnow, 2010.
137 Cox, “Dispersion.”
138 Calculated from data in the “World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision.” See Heilig,
2012.
139 Calculations based on UN data, analyzed by Wendell Cox.
140 Based on the end of 2013 municipal population estimates. Shanghai grew 3.5 percent annually
from 2000 to 2010, but it only grew 1.9 percent from 2010 to 2014. Beijing’s growth rates
were 4 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively.
141 Anderlini, 2015.
142 http://www.newgeography.com/content/005074-rural-industrialization-asia-s-21st-century-
growth-frontier
143 See Mehta, 2004; Luce, 2007; Zhong and Dutta, 2014.
144 Ministry of Heavy Industries, 2006.
145 See Dobbs, et al., 2012; and Bellman, 2010.
146 See Bradsher, 2002; Orillion Source, 2000; Eischen, 2000; Rapaport, 1996; Purokayastha,
1998; http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/jobs/5-Indian-cities-score-high-in-global-IT-tal‐
ent-survey/articleshow/37190952.cms; http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6583203.stm; and
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/world/asia/24india.html.
147 Data from Cox, “Demographia World Urban Areas.” Below 500,000 urban population esti‐
mated (scaled) from 2000 data in Angel, 2012.
148 Interview with author.
149 Sharma and Shaban, 2006.
150 World Bank, 2009, p. 68.
151 Bajpai, 2012; Wilkinson, 1965, p. 66.
152 The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is reputed to have reduced rural-to-urban
migration by 28 percent (between 1999 and 2008). See Sharma and Shaban, 2006; Ravi,
Kapoor, and Ahluwalia, 2012.
153 Pradhan, 2013; Bhaumik, Gangopadhyay, and Krishnan, 2009; and Bhagat, 2011.
154 Interview with author.

250

155 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2789398/modi-rolls-model-village-
programme-transform-indian-infrastructure.html; and http://defence.pk/threads/welcome-to-
the-billion-man-slum.330688/

156 Obudho, 1994, p. 62.
157 World Bank, 2009, pp. 9, 62.
158 Ibid., p. 74.
159 Ibid., pp. 81, 85.
160 Branigan, 2011.
161 Interview with author.

CHAPTER 4

1 Ng, 2014.
2 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012.
3 Mahtani, 2013.
4 http://www.askmelah.com/when-wages-fail-to-grow-along-with-economy/. See Kwang, 2013.
5 Ibid.; and Kennedy, 2011.
6 Teo, 2013.
7 Hooi, 2012.
8 The term “global cities” refers to entire metropolitan areas (labor market areas), which repre‐

sent the functional economic definition of cities. Thus, New York refers not only to the well-
known core of Manhattan, but also economically connected areas, such as nearby Westchester
County or more distant Pike County, Pennsylvania. London includes not only the city, but also
outside-the-greenbelt exurban communities such as Milton Keynes and Crawley. Hong Kong
extends well beyond central areas to include new towns like Sha Tin, Yuen Long, and Sheung
Shui. Metropolitan areas cross international or administrative boundaries (such as Hong Kong–
Shenzhen) only where border controls permit free movement of labor, such as within the Euro‐
pean Union.
9 Hall, 1995.
10 Taylor, 2013; and Wilson, 2004, p. 81.
11 Tertius and Fox, 1974, pp. 320, 482; and Curtin, 1984, pp. 128–129.
12 Wade, 2009, p. 221; Dunn, 1987, 258.
13 Charrier, 1988, pp. 20–21.
14 Los Angeles and Orange Counties.
15 Tokyo refers to the metropolitan area that stretches across the four prefectures of Tokyo, Kana‐
gawa, Saitama, and Chiba (not to be confused with the Tokyo “metropolis,” which refers to
only the prefecture of Tokyo).
16 The San Francisco Bay Area (combined statistical area) includes the adjacent metropolitan ar‐
eas of San Francisco and San Jose as well as adjacent smaller metropolitan areas (Santa Rosa,
Napa, Vallejo, Santa Cruz, and Stockton).
17 Beaverstock, Taylor, and Smith, 1999; and O’Connor, 2010.
18 Sassen, 2001; and Globalization and World Cities Research Network, 2012.
19 Sassen, 2001.
20 Pages, 2011.
21 Emry, 1990, p. 11.
22 The term “region” is used as a synonym for “metropolitan area” (the functional definition of a
city).
23 Knox, 1995, p. 6.
24 Schwab, 2013.
25 Hannan, 2010; and Morozov, 2011.

251

26 Florida, “America’s Top 25 High-Tech Spots.”
27 Cox, “Demographia World Urban Areas.”
28 Knox, 1995, pp. 20–21, 24–32; and Ma, 1971, pp. 15, 29.
29 Ibid.
30 Braudel, 1979, p. 583.
31 World Shipping Council, “Top 50 World Container Ports.”
32 Ng, 2013.
33 Kasarda, 2008, p. 4.
34 Stanley, 2003.
35 Curtin, 1984, pp. 11–12, 105; and Ma, 1971, p. 39.
36 van Kessel and Schulte, 1997, p. 81.
37 Braudel, 1979, p. 30.
38 Cooper, 2002, pp. 146–147.
39 Wilson, 2004, pp. 129, 177; http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-mus‐

lim-population-regional-europe/; and http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-3223828/PE‐
TER-HITCHENS-won-t-save-refugees-destroying-country.html.
40 Statistics from Wendell Cox, the Demographia website, Sam Badger, Giorgio Cafiero, and
Foreign Policy in Focus. Also see The Nation, 2014.
41 Batalova, 2015.
42 Braudel, 1992, p. 561.
43 Abbey, 2005.
44 McClain and Merriman, 1997, p. 12.
45 Hales, et al., 2015; and Kotkin, 2014; Florida, “World’s Most Economically Powerful City”;
and http://www.globalsherpa.org/cities-world-city.
46 Lees, 1985, p. 103.
47 Gottmann, 1983, pp. 23, 41.
48 Knowles, 1924, pp. 328–329.
49 McWhorter, 2011.
50 Z/Yen Group, 2014, “GFCI.”
51 Yeandle, 2015.
52 Florida and Johnson, 2012; FashionUnited, 2013.
53 Scott, 2013.
54 Fehrenbacher, 2013.
55 Google Careers.
56 World Federation of Exchanges, “Domestic Market Capitalization.”
57 Hedrick-Wong, 2013.
58 Kotkin, “Size is not the Answer.”
59 See Furry Brown Dog Blog, 2010; and History Stock Exchange, 2014.
60 Seng, 2011.
61 Turnbull, 2009, p. 375.
62 Josey, 1971, p. 48.
63 See Lipik, “The Big Achievement of a Small Country”; and http://www.ncee.org/programs-af‐
filiates/center-on-international-education-benchmarking/.
64 Yew, 2000, p. 603.
65 GDP-PPP, calculated from World Bank Data.
66 See European Chamber, 2011.
67 Wang, 2013.
68 Schama, 1987, pp. 15, 253, 294, 311; and Zijderveld, 1998, p. 34.
69 Hobsbawm, 1962, p. 207; and Israel, 1995, pp. 113, 330, 999, 1012–1013.
70 Beckert, 2001, p. 7.

252

71 Hall, 1998, p. 7.
72 Gunther, 1997, p. 549.
73 Castells, 1999, pp. 30–31; Ip, 2008; Mandel, 2007; Greenhouse, 2006; and Blanchflower,

2010.
74 Bell, 1973, p. 344.
75 Nir, 2013.
76 Hall, 1998, p. 961.
77 Heartfield, 2006, p. 182.
78 See Child Poverty Action Group, “Child poverty in London.”
79 Hills, 2007, p. 6; Gaffney, et al., 2002, pp. 1–9; BBC News, 2013; The Independent, 2014; and

Ramesh, 2011.
80 Barber, 2007.
81 Rhodes and Mayo, 2006; and Associated Press, 2006.
82 The Economist, “The incredible shrinking country.”
83 Woronoff, 1984, p. 312.
84 Ibid.; see also Tabuchi, 2010; and Obstfeld, 2009.
85 Longworth, 2013; Braudel, 1979, p. 629; and Smith, 2001, pp. 82–84.
86 Moses, 2005.
87 De Lacey, 2012.
88 Gonzalez-Rivera, 2013; and McGeehan, 2012.
89 Piketty, 2014, p. 26.
90 Alter, 2014; McGeehan, 2012; and Hudson, 2012.
91 McGeehan, 2012; Roberts, 2012; and Morris, 2013.
92 http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/20/nyregion/new-yorks-rise-in-homelessness-went-against-

national-trend-us-report-finds.html
93 Barta and Hannon, 2009.
94 This is a higher figure than often quoted. It includes not only foreign non-residents, but also

foreign-born citizens.
95 Ford, 1995, p. 12.
96 Llana, 2014.
97 Euractiv.com, 2011.
98 Horowitz, 2015.
99 Farage, 2014; and Savage, 2009.
100 Scrutton and Ahlander, 2014; and Darroch, 2014.
101 http://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2013/01/29/singapore-likes-a-crowd/; http://www.dai‐

lymail.co.uk/news/article-2562866/Romanians-Bulgarians-working-Britain-soars-40-year-BE‐
FORE-work-curbs-lifted.html
102 Chia, 2013.
103 Wong, 2013.
104 Gough, 2013.
105 http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2013/12/riot-singapore
106 Jakarta Globe, 2011; Jianyue, 2014; and Yang, 2013.
107 See The Nation, 2013; Mahtani, 2012; and Rabinovitch, 2013.
108 The Nation, 2013.
109 Brown, 2013.
110 Harris, 2013; and Campo-Flores and Dougherty, 2013.
111 See Batt, 2013; and Warren, 2013.
112 Except as described below, all data is from the 10th Annual Demographia International Hous‐
ing Affordability Survey (http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf). Beijing and Shanghai data is
broadly estimated from new house price-to-income data published by E-House China

253

(http://src.fangchan.com/zhongfangwang/zhongfangwang/data/2013/09/yiju10.pdf). Since new
houses tend to be more costly than existing houses, the median multiples for Beijing and
Shanghai could be lower (Beijing and Shanghai could be more affordable than shown). Seoul
data is from KB Kookmin Bank.
113 Reported housing price-to-income multiple is converted from disposable to gross income for
Shanghai and Beijing by Wendell Cox, the Demographia website, and Candy Chan. Also see
South China Morning Post, 2013.
114 Warner, 2013; and Brown, 2013.
115 Werdigier, 2011.
116 McBride, 2013.
117 See ABC7 News, 2013
118 Edsall, 2013.
119 See Wong, 2009; vom Hove, 2008; Dean, 2006; and Johnson, 2009.
120 Foley, 2009.
121 See Lee, 2009; Maidment, 2009; and Dean, 2006.
122 Weise, 2014; and Brook, 2013, p. 313.
123 Newman and Thornley, 2005, p. 13.
124 Dougherty, 1986, p. 105.
125 Howe, “LeCorbusier—Villa Savoye.”
126 Chesterton, 2013.
127 Bell and de-Shalit, 2011, p. 5
128 Ibid., p. 88.
129 Newman and Thornley, 2005, p. 1.
130 Koolhaus and Castells, 1966, p. 4.
131 Lewis, 2002.
132 Ibid.
133 See Williams, 2013; Chen, “Retail Rents Lose Their Shine”; and Hajela and Peltz, 2015.
134 Cha, 2008.
135 Zukin,2009, p. 3–4
136 Zukin, 2009, p. 4.
137 Zukin, 2009, p. 7.
138 Campanella, 2013.
139 Zukin, 2009; and Cho, 2010.
140 Kendzior, 2013.
141 Micallef, 2013; and Badger, 2015.
142 Alter, 2014.
143 Thakur, 2012; Marr, 2013; Alter, 2014; Kenyon, 2012; Foxman and Ferdman, 2013; Thomas,
2013; and http://www.treehugger.com/author/lloyd-alter/.
144 Tobin, 2013.
145 See Syed, 2012; http://www.thethinkingatheist.com/forum/Thread-Singapore-s-Little-India-
Riot-A-Shock-But-Not-A-Total-Surprise; and Mahtani, 2012.
146 Dougherty, 1986, p. 105.
147 Lau, 1981.

CHAPTER 5

1 Based on American Community Survey, 2013, one year data.
2 See National Association of Realtors, 2011; and Brown, 2012.
3 Lynch, 2003, pp. 42–43.
4 Fustgel de Coulanges, 1980, pp. 77–85.

254

5 See Cohen, 1975, pp. 170–1; and Baucham, 2012. “Intentional childlessness was denounced as
a serious sin,” noted Cohen. “Children,” he added, “were thought of as a precious loan from
God to be guarded with loving and fateful care.”

6 Hourani, 1991, p. 105.
7 http://www.familybuddhism.com/buddha_on_family.php. Noted the 13th-century Zen master

Dogen, “Those who see worldly life as an obstacle to Dharma see no Dharma in everyday ac‐
tions; they have not yet discovered that there are no everyday actions outside of Dharma.”
8 Analysis by Anuhardra Schroft.
9 Barbier, 2011, p. 118.
10 See Aries, 1962, p. 128; Ozment, 2001, p. 54; and Lynch, 2003, pp. 44–47, 69.
11 Schama, 1987, pp. 481–561.
12 Lynch, 2003, pp. 46–47, 138–139; and Schama, 1987, pp. 260, 404–407.
13 Heers, 1976, pp. 217–222.
14 Ozment, 1983, pp. 1–2, 49.
15 Aries, 1962, p. 133; Ozment, 2001, pp. 54–55.
16 de Bary, et al., 1960, pp. 4–5, 28.
17 Hucker, 1975, pp. 10, 33, 57, 84.
18 Lau, 1981, p. 206.
19 Weidenbaum and Hughes, 1996, p. 30; and Gu and Yong, 2009.
20 Lynch, 2003, pp. 42–43.
21 De Vries, 1984, p. 193.
22 Braudel, 1992, p. 71.
23 Bock, 1955, pp. 17–21, 159; Burke, 1994, p. 129; Mommsen, 1958, p. 549; Mango, 1980, pp.
226–227; Spezzaferro, 1997, p. 52; and Nusteling, 1997, p. 73.
24 Barbier, 2011, pp. 84–85.
25 Braudel, 1992, pp. 71–73, 90, 194–195; Barbier, 2011, pp. 190–191; and Braudel, 1979, pp.
564–565.
26 Mumford, 1961, p. 475; and Carmona, 2002, p. 391.
27 Teaford, 1993, pp. 137–141.
28 Based upon an analysis of 2010 American Community Survey data for 422 counties compris‐
ing the largest metropolitan areas in the United States (over 1,000,000 population).
29 Calculated from 2012 American Community Survey.
30 Cox, “California declares war.”
31 Calculated from American Community Survey, 2013, one year data.
32 San Francisco is the core municipality of the San Francisco Bay Area and is home to slightly
more than 10 percent of its population, with 800,000 residents.
33 Onishi, 2012.
34 Calculated from American Community Survey, 2013, one year data.
35 City-Data.com, “San Francisco, California”; Sabatini, 2011; and Gordon, 2005; Huffington
Post, 2012; Eskenazi, 2012; and Kotkin, “Aging America.”
36 Clark, 2012.
37 Analysis of Statistics Canada data. Urban cores include the Toronto Central Health Region,
ville de Montreal, and city of Vancouver.
38 Klinenberg, 2012, p. 5; analysis of census data by Ali Modarres.
39 Myrskyla, et al., 2013.
40 Eberstadt, 2015.
41 Kulu, et al., 2009.
42 Bidoux, et al., 2010.
43 Lichtner, 2008.
44 Pearce, 2010, p. 100.

255

45 Mencarini and Tanturri, 2006; and Chamie and Mirkin, 2012.
46 Joviet, 1997.
47 Interview with author and Mika Toyota.
48 English.News.CN, 2014; Kotkin, et al, 2012.
49 Jones, 2009; and the China Statistical Yearbook 2014,

http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2014/indexeh.htm.
50 Levin, 2014.
51 Cox, “Demographia World Urban Areas.”
52 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/Seoul-of-a-New-Machine-174966501.html. See

Downey, 2012.
53 http://www.worlddesigncapital.com/world-design-capitals/past-capital-seoul/. See “Past Capi‐

tal: Seoul.”
54 Calculated from United Nations and Korea census data.
55 Calculated from census data. Also see Cox, “Evolving Urban Form: Seoul”; and Kim and

Choe, 1970, pp. 191, 199.
56 Jones, 2009; and Bowring, 2012.
57 Smil, 2007.
58 The United Nations’s Population Prospects defines the “more developed world” as Europe (in‐

cluding Russia and Eastern Europe, Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and
Japan). All other parts of the world are classified as the “less developed world.” This inexplica‐
ble definition leaves out Singapore, which had the fourth highest GDP per capita in the world
in 2010, according to the International Monetary Fund. It also excludes Hong Kong, South Ko‐
rea, and a number of other regions. This report has reclassified the UN data into “higher in‐
come” and “medium and lower income” regions, with those above a 2010 GDP per capita
$20,000 being “higher income.”
59 Cox, “Evolving Urban Form: Seoul”; Tatsuo, 2008; and Shin and Timberlake, 2006.
60 Japan Times, 2012.
61 Calculated from Taiwan census data.
62 UN Population Prospects, 2010.
63 Pearce, 2010, p. xvi.
64 Mozur, 2011.
65 UN Population Prospects, 2010.
66 Ibid.
67 Pearce, 2010, pp. 228–230.
68 See Woods, 2004; Tabuchi, 2012; and Nobel, 2010.
69 Sang-Hun, 2012.
70 Lam, 2009.
71 UN Population Prospects, 2010.
72 Richardson, 2012.
73 Calculated from data in UN World Population Prospects, 2012,
http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/p2k0data.asp.
74 Eberstadt, 2005.
75 Waterfield, 2012; and Eberstadt, 2010.
76 Basu, 2012; Soble, 2015; and Auslin, 2015.
77 Gorney, 2011; and Kotkin, et. al, 2012.
78 Carlson, 2006.
79 Zuckerman, 2009; and Kaufmann, 2010, p. 260.
80 Nisbet, 1952, p. 203.
81 Pew Research Center, 2015.
82 Master Blaster, 2012.

256

83 Kaufmann, 2010, pp. 9–10.
84 Murray, 2010, p. 154.
85 Wertheimer, 2005; and Kurtzleben, 2011.
86 Kaufmann, 2010, p. 65–67.
87 Olmstead, 2011; and Erdbrink, 2012.
88 De Paulo, 2006, p. 259.
89 Terry Nichols Clark, et al., “Amenities Drive Urban Growth.”
90 See Klinenberg, 2012, pp.18–19; and Marche, 2012.
91 DePaulo, 2011, p. 259.
92 Plotnick, 2009: pp. 767–776.
93 Howard, 2012.
94 Klinenberg, 2012.
95 Ibid.
96 Janssens, 2003, p. 93.
97 Klineberg, 2012, p.14.
98 Bolick, 2011.
99 See Fackler, 2010; Simonitch, 2012; Morgan, 2012; and Harden, 2010.
100 Wang, 2015.
101 Cherlin, 2013.
102 Englen, 2003, p. 304.
103 Eberstadt, 2015.
104 Analysis by Mika Toyota, National University of Singapore, based on Japanese government

statistics.
105 Frejka, et al., 2010.
106 Lutz, Skirbekk, and Testa, 2006.
107 Based on analysis by Eurostat (London) and Japanese statistics bureau (Tokyo) data.
108 Klineberg, 2012, pp. 37–38.
109 Murray, 2012; Hymowitz, 2009.
110 Ganesh, 2014.
111 Clark and Inglehart, 1998, pp. 9–65.
112 Interview with author.
113 Herbig and Borstorff, 1995, pp. 49–65.
114 Interview with author and Anuradha Shroff.
115 Klineberg, 2012, p. 207.
116 Jacobs, 2013.
117 Itoh, 2011; and Cox, “Evolving Urban Form: Tokyo.”
118 Jones, Tay-Straughan, and Chan, 2008.
119 See Englen, 2003, op. cit., pp.286–290.
120 Kostelecky and Vobecka, 2009.
121 Cox and Pavletich, 2014.
122 Ibid.
123 Ibid.
124 Hui and Ho, 2000.
125 Interview with author.
126 Toffler, 1980, pp. 117, 437.
127 Ibid., p. 210.
128 Coontz, 1992, pp. 155–165.
129 Frejka, Jones and Sardon, 2010, pp. 579–606.
130 Putnam, 2000, p. 189.
131 Lasch, 1991, p. 138.

257

132 Interview with author.
133 Hymowitz, 2006, p. 145.
134 Grant, 2005.
135 Soon, 2010.
136 Pearce, 2010, p. 134.
137 Lutz, Skirbekk and Testa, 2006.
138 Ibid.
139 Statistics Canada, 2013.
140 http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/migration/migrationre‐

port2013/Full_Document_final.pdf
141 Cox, “Evolving Urban Form: Milan”; and Rosenthal, 2006.
142 Longman, 2004, p. 67.
143 http://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/making-it/aktuelles/press-release/
144 http://www.alternet.org/world/labor-shortage-germany-needs-more-immigrants
145 http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-eu‐

rope/
146 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-3223828/PETER-HITCHENS-won-t-save-refugees-

destroying-country.html
147 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/17/angela-merkel-german-multiculturalism-failed
148 Fesus, et al., 2008.
149 http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/02/world/europe/despite-shrinking-populations-eastern-eu‐

rope-resists-accepting-migrants.html
150 Walker, 2006.
151 Treanor, 2007; Heineman, 2011; Chelala, 2012; and Kumo, 2010.
152 Kotkin, et al., 2012.
153 Stevenson, 2011.
154 Lida, 2008, p. 133.
155 Huxley, 1969, p. 41.
156 Ibid., pp. 5, 23–24.
157 Earnshaw, 2008, p. 149.
158 Pollet, Kuppens, and Dunbar, 2006, pp. 83–93.
159 Research has shown that the child-unfriendly policies that would force higher densities pro‐

duce little or no reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and that less expensive (and less intru‐
sive) alternatives are generally available. See, for example, McKinsey & Company and The
Conference Board (2007), Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: How Much at What
Cost?, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (2009), Driving and the Built Environ‐
ment: The Effects of Compact Development on Motorized Travel, Energy Use, and CO2 Emis‐
sions, Transportation Research Board and Cox, W. (2011), “Reducing Greenhouse Gases from
Personal Mobility: Opportunities and Possibilities,” Reason Foundation.
160 Guelphmercury.com, 2010.

CHAPTER 6

1 See Cinco Ranch Life.
2 City-Data.com, “Cinco Ranch, Texas.”
3 Snyder, 2005.
4 Crossley, 2009.
5 Lerup, 2011, p. 263.
6 http://www.cincoranch.com/
7 Binkovitz, 2015.

258

8 City-Data.com, “Cinco Ranch, Texas.”
9 Har.com, 2014.
10 Calculated for urban areas within the 15 largest metropolitan areas, using University of Mis‐

souri radius data for the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The land area of each urban area is idealized
into a circle. The inner-third ring would be, for example, within a five-mile radius from city
hall in an urban area with a total radius of 15 miles (an urban land area of approximately 707
square miles).
11 Braudel, 1992, p. 281.
12 Mumford, 1961, p. 511; and Braudel, 1992, p. 281.
13 Reeder, 1968, p. 253.
14 Wagenaar, 1992, pp. 60–83; and The University of Sunderland, 1999.
15 Calculated from INSEE 2014 and INSEE, 2011; see also Berger, 1996.
16 Wells, 1999, pp. 75–76.
17 City-Data.com, “Cinco Ranch, Texas.”
18 City-Data.com, “New York, New York.”
19 City-Data.com, “San Francisco, California”; Sabatini, “San Francisco becoming a child-free
zone as youth population declines”; and Gordon, 2005.
20 Wells, 1999, p. 32.
21 Campanella, 2013.
22 Girouard, 1985, p. 254.
23 Bogart, 2006, p. 108.
24 Durkin, 2012.
25 The Economist, 2005.
26 Schulz, 2012.
27 The Economist, 2005.
28 Blake, 1979, p. 34.
29 Nicolaides, 2006, p. 87.
30 Ibid., pp. 91–97.
31 Oliver, Davis, and Bentley, 1994, p. 40.
32 New York Times, 1955.
33 Fox, 2014.
34 Knox, 2005, pp. 33–46.
35 Dobriner, 1963, pp. 127–137; Brown, 2004; and Kirby, 2004, p. 369.
36 http://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/368
37 See Davies, 2012; and Flew, 2011.
38 http://blogs.crikey.com.au/theurbanist/author/davipoll/
39 Davies, 2012.
40 The Economist, 1998.
41 Sellers, 2012, pp. 288, 294–295.
42 Sharro, 2008, pp. 68–77; and Heathcote, 2006.
43 See Sharro, 2008, p. 67; Mark Clapson gathered surveys of people’s living aspirations in Sub‐
urban Century (2003), pp. 55–7; Ben Kochan, in research for the Town and Country Planning
Association and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, collected more resent research on people’s
living aspirations and satisfaction, published in Achieving a Suburban Renaissance—the Policy
Challenge (2007), pp. 4, 23.
44 Wilson, 2004, p. 119.
45 Gardiner, 2010.
46 Webb, 1971, pp. 576–577; and Freidman, 2005, pp. 20, 63.
47 Clapson, 1998, pp. 101–106.
48 Heartfield, 2006, p. 65; Sharro, 2008, p. 67.

259

49 Baltzell, 1950, pp. 196–209; and Modell, 1980, pp. 397–417.
50 Jackson, 1985, p. 176; and Clark, et al., 1977, p. 280.
51 Teaford, 1993, pp. 238–242.
52 Bruegmann, 2005, p. 65.
53 Galyean, 2015.
54 Coontz, 1991, p. 77; Abrahamson, 2013, p. 5; and Randall, 2010, p. 2.
55 Ross, 2014.
56 See, for example, National Association of Realtors, 2011; Abrahamson, 2013, p. 5; and

Coontz, 1991, p. 77.
57 Calculated from Census Bureau data.
58 This actually understates the suburban growth, since many core cities have annexed areas that

were formerly suburban.
59 Coontz, 1992, pp. 29, 61.
60 Senior, 1958, p. 11.
61 Glaeser and Shapiro, 2001.
62 Rogers, 2006; and Cox, “Flocking Elsewhere.”
63 Abrahamson, 2013, p. 48.
64 Krugman, 2008.
65 Florida, “Crash Will Reshape America.”
66 See, for example, Freeman, 2008; Timiraos, 2009; Bula, 2009; and The Vancouver Sun, 2008.
67 Bookman, 2009.
68 Daily Mail Reporter, 2012
69 Arieff, 2009.
70 Hardy, 2003.
71 See, for example, Dougherty, 2009; Leinberger, 2011; Kolko, “Suburbs Aren’t All the Same”;

and Badger, 2015.
72 Kolko, “How Suburban.”
73 Calculated from US Census Bureau building permit data.
74 “Second Highest Homeownership”; and Cox, “Home Ownership.”
75 Drew and Herbert, 2012.
76 Breen, “UConneticut/Hartford Courant Poll.”
77 Analysis of Statistics Bureau of Japan data.
78 See Hirayama, 2013, p. 173; Sorensen, 2001, pp. 9–32; and Japanese Statistics Bureau, 2015.
79 See O’Connor and Healy, 2004, pp. 27–40; Wulff, Healy, and Reynolds, 2004, pp. 57–70;

Tavares and Carr, 2013, pp. 283–302.
80 Cox, “Australia”; and Lawless, 2012.
81 http://www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/download/ahuri_10016; and Gordon and Shirokoff, 2014.
82 Statistics Canada, 2014.
83 Cox, “Special Report: Census 2011.”
84 Keesmaat, 2014; and Gordon and Shirokoff, 2014.
85 European Environment Agency Report, 2006, p. 5.
86 Richardson and Gordon, 1999.
87 http://www.newgeography.com/content/003075-the-evolving-urban-form-z-rich
88 Derived from United Nations data and data from national statistics bureaus and Wendell Cox.

See New Geography, 2015.
89 http://www.newgeography.com/content/002970-the-evolving-urban-form-london
90 New Geography, 2015.
91 Gordon and Richardson, 2001.
92 Cox, “Evolving Urban Form: Beijing.”

260

93 Ibid.; Cox, “Evolving Urban Form: Shanghai.” Based on end-of-2013 municipal population es‐
timates. Shanghai grew 3.5 percent annually from 2000 to 2010, but only 1.9 percent from
2010 to 2014. Beijing’s growth rates were 4.0 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively. Also see
Cox, “China’s Top Growth Cities.”

94 See, for example, Angel, 2012, pp. 171–173; El Nasser, 2008; and Elsea, 2005.
95 Cox, “Densities Fall.”
96 Angel, 2012, pp. 177–179.
97 Clark, et al., 1982, p. 469.
98 Galyean, 2015.
99 Jackson, 1985, p. 21. Also see Garnett, 2007.
100 Garnett, 2007.
101 Frey, 2011; and Duell, 2011.
102 Glaeser and Khan, 2003.
103 Frey, 2011.
104 Kotkin, 2012.
105 Kotkin and Cox, 2015; and Teaford, 2008, pp. 82–83.
106 Wilkinson, 2014.
107 Renn, 2009; Also see Kantor, 2012.
108 See, for example, Knight, 2013; Hannah-Jones, 2011; and Morrill, 2011.
109 Jackson, 1985, p. 70.
110 Rosenthal, 1974, p. 269.
111 Wilson and Svaljenka, 2014.
112 Calculated from the Census Bureau Current Population Survey for 2013 to 2014. The number

is actually higher because this report uses the “principal cities” to identify non-suburban immi‐
gration. Principal cities include the core cities as well as municipalities that are suburban em‐
ployment centers, which are overwhelmingly suburban in their built form. Also see Cox, “Ur‐
ban Cores.”
113 Binkovitz, 2015; and Pfeiffer, 2014.
114 Czekalinski, 2012.
115 http://www1.law.umn.edu/uploads/e0/65/e065d82a1c1da0bfef7d86172ec5391e/Diverse_Sub‐
urbs_FINAL.pdf
116 Wells, 2014.
117 The Economist, 2006.
118 Muir, 2013.
119 The Economist, “Into the Melting Pot.”
120 Boland and Simpson, 2010.
121 Clark, 2013; Melanson, 2013; and Gee, 2013.
122 Capuano, 2015.
123 See DPCD Spatial Analysis, 2009; City of Melbourne, “Multicultural communities; and Schulz
and Clark, 2014.
124 Monaghan, 2013.
125 Whyte, 1965, p. 69.
126 See, for example, The Economist, 2013; Kimmelman, 2015; and Szirmai, 2011, p. 144.
127 Farrar, 2008; and Leinberger, 2011.
128 http://www.demographia.com/db-hcm.pdf
129 See, for example, Cox, 2013; DeParle, Gebeloff, and Tavernise, 2011.
130 Morrill, 2013.
131 The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, con‐
sumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a
perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income

261

received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or
household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line
of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus, a
Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
Also see http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI.
132 Kotkin, “Where Inequality is Worst.”
133 Hamel and Keil, 2015, p. 125.
134 Wolff, 2012.
135 See, for example, Gittelsom, 2011; Dewan, 2013; and Dougherty, 2009.
136 Traub, 2015.
137 Rognile, 2014.
138 Mumford, 1961, p. 512.
139 Norquist, 1998, p. 189.
140 Indeed, Phoenix is among the most dense US urban areas. Among the 51 metropolitan areas
with more than 1,000,000 population in 2010, the principal urban area of Phoenix ranked 16th
in density, and it was nearly as dense as Portland, Oregon, which is renowned for its densifica‐
tion policies.
141 See, for example, Duany, Plater-Zyberk, and Speck, 2000, pp. 5–9, 137; and Schneider, 1992.
142 Kunstler, 2004, p. 19.
143 Conn, 2004.
144 Ireton, 2005.
145 Williams, 2008, p. 57; and Gordon and Richardson, 2000, p. 5.
146 Kushner, 2006.
147 Gordon and Richardson, 2000.
148 Gratz, 1995; and Ministry of Regional Development, 2013.
149 Gordon and Shirokoff, 2014.
150 Brueckner and Largey, 2006.
151 Miller, et al., 2012.
152 Knox, 2005.
153 See Knox and Pinch, 2013 p.190.
154 Williams, 2008, p. 47–49.
155 See, for example, DiPasquale and Glaeser, 1998, pp. 354–384; and Manturuk, 2010, pp. 471–
488.
156 National Association of Realtors, 2012.
157 CBC News, 2014.
158 Preville, 2011.
159 Bruegmann, 2005, p. 126.
160 Kushner, 2006.
161 New Urbanism, “Principles of Urbanism.”
162 Porter, 2002, p. 68.
163 Nathan and Urwin, 2006.
164 Kotkin, “The Geography of Aging.”
165 Siegel, 2011.
166 Shaw and Ronald Utt, 2000, p. 89.
167 Dillon, 2009.
168 Davidson, 2014.
169 Dillon, 2009.
170 Robson and Butler, 2001, p. 70–86.
171 Katz, 2000.
172 Shaw and Utt, 2000, p. 89.

262

173 National Center for Education Statistics, 2013; Dillon, 2009; Graham and Provost, 2012; Em‐
rath and Siniavskaia, 2009; and National Center for Education Statistics, 1996.

174 Analysis of 2010 ACS data by Ali Modarres.
175 Anton, 2012.
176 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011.
177 Boland and Simpson, 2010.
178 Bruegmann, 2005, p. 111.
179 Maugh, 2007; Aristotle, 1984, p. 36–37; and Wilford, 2000.
180 Bruegmann, 2005, p. 126.

CHAPTER 7

1 Lutz, Testa, and Penn, 2007, pp. 69–81.
2 German and Pyne, 2010.
3 Mehta, 2004, p. 16.
4 Fishman, 1997, pp. 14–15.
5 Roark, et. al., 2011; and Pace, 1994.
6 Braudel, 1979, p. 503.
7 Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation, “Land Usage”; and Jacquemin, 1999, pp. 272–273.
8 Ferguson and Peake, 2013, p. 2.
9 Searcey, 2014.
10 Demand Institute, 2013.
11 Hardy, 2003.
12 Katz, 2000; and Speck, 2000.
13 Barragan, 2014.
14 Hobson and Gallagher, 2014; and Gallagher, 2013, p. 19.
15 Zip codes (zip code tabulation areas) with population densities 7,500 per square mile and

above and transit/walk/bicycle commute shares of 20 percent and above. See City Sector
Model, at http://www.demographia.com/csmcriteria.png and http://www.newgeogra‐
phy.com/category/story-topics/city-sector-model.
16 Cox, “Dispersing.”
17 Baker, 1981; and Thompson, 2014.
18 Cox, “Urban Core Millenials?” Analysis of rings by Wendell Cox.
19 Winograd and Hais, 2010.
20 Burbank and Keely, 2014.
21 Lachman and Brett, 2015.
22 Hudson, 2015; Quint, 2015.
23 Schimel and Marchetti, 2012.
24 The Conference Board, 2014.
25 Drew and Herbert, 2012.
26 Chevreau, 2015.
27 See, for example, Forrest and Yip, 2013, p. 42; Martin and Lehren, 2012; and Jones, 2014.
28 Pearce, 2012.
29 Thomas, 2008, pp. 111–119; Girouard, 1985, p. 362.
30 Thomas, 2008, pp. 111–119; Jackson, 2015.
31 Patty, 2014.
32 Li, 2013, p. 89.
33 Lieberg, 2013, p. 109.
34 Zhu, 2013, p. 156.
35 FlorCruz, 2015.

263

36 Jung-Youn, 2015; and Szikla, 2014.
37 Fischel, 1995.
38 Shaver, 2015; and McArdle, 2015.
39 Zillow, “Zillow Real Estate Research”; and Bivins, 2014.
40 Rao, 2014.
41 Kirkham, 2015.
42 Piiparinen and Russell, 2014.
43 Abley, 2009.
44 Moore, 2015.
45 Chu, 2014.
46 de Castella, 2011.
47 Ibid.
48 Woudhuysen, 2007.
49 van Onselen, 2014.
50 Elliot, 2013; and van Onselen, 2013.
51 Cox, “Australia’s Housing Affordability ‘Outrage’.”
52 Dobbs, 2010; and http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/04/focus-4.
53 FlorCruz, 2015.
54 Winograd and Hais, 2010.
55 Clapson, 2000, pp. 151–174.
56 Hayden, 2003, pp. 45–67.
57 Hise and Deverell, 2000, pp. 12–15; and Bartlett, 1907, p. 17.
58 Hise and Deverell, 2000, pp. 1–11.
59 Hadden and Barton, 1977, p. 50.
60 Calculated from UN urban agglomeration data.
61 Donaldson, 1977, pp. 95–97.
62 See, for example, The Washington Post, 2004; Rickett and Rickett, “Columbia, MD”; and

Forsyth, 2005.
63 Mathis, 2014.
64 Fischler, 2011; and Hurley, 2014.
65 Hershatter, 2010, pp. 211–223.
66 Williams, 2013.
67 Velsey, 2013.
68 See, for example, Florida, “Fading Differentiation”; Taves, 2015; and Jacobs, 2004, pp. 216–

217.
69 Bruegmann, 2005, p. 61.
70 Efrati, 2006.
71 Lang and LeFurgy, 2007, pp. 533–552.
72 Teaford, 2008, p. 209; and Halter, 2014.
73 Rushton, 2014.
74 Donaldson, 1977, p. 16–17.
75 Garnett, 2007, p. 10.
76 See Hirsch, 1976, pp. 1–4, 33–38; Walker and Hurley, 2011, p. 180; Saint and Farrell, 2009, p.

13.
77 Breen, “Gayest Cities in America.” Calculated from Williams Institute data.
78 See, for example, Khazan, 2015; Severino, 2015; and Astone, Martin, and Peters, 2015.
79 See Farrar, 2008; Morrill, 2009; interview with author; Leinberger, 2011.
80 Bruegmann, 2005, pp. 61, 81; and Coy, 2012.
81 Cox, “U.S. Sets New House Record.”
82 Wulff, Healy, and Reynolds, 2004, pp. 57–70.

264

83 Green, 2015.
84 Pew Research Center, 2014.
85 Howe, 2014; Wang and Taylor, 2011; and University of Michigan, 2015.
86 Lutz, Testa, and Penn, 2006; and Lehrer, 2007.
87 National Youth Council of Singapore, “Youths today.”
88 Swidy, 2006.
89 Wade, 2010.
90 Yoder, 2013.
91 Heavens, 2004; and Engelhart, 2006.
92 Res, 2012; and Merrill Lynch, 2014.
93 Ducker and Gardner, 2011; Engelhardt, “Study on Housing”; and National Association of

Home Builders, 2006.
94 Howe, 2003.
95 Chevreau, 2015.
96 Scommenga, 2014.
97 Colebatch, 2012.
98 MacEwen, 2012.
99 Fries, 2012; and Lipman, Lubell, and Salomon, 2012. Also see http://www.housing‐

wire.com/news/2008/11/26/3-4-boomers-arent-looking-move-report and
https://mlaem.fs.ml.com/content/dam/ML/Articles/pdf/AR6SX48F.pdf.
100 Cannuscio, Block, and Kawachi, 2003, p. 395.
101 Ruffenach, 2009.
102 Span, 2011.
103 Jacobsen, Mather, and Dupuis, 2012.
104 Coontz, 1992, p. 183.
105 Sullivan, 2015.
106 Levin, 2008.
107 Gross, 2008.
108 Taylor, et al., 2010.
109 National Association of Realtors, 2015.
110 Alcantra, 2012.
111 Christie, 2012.
112 Thurlow, 2015.
113 Luo, 2014, p. 3; Lehrer, 2009.
114 Glaeser, 2011; and Cox, “Density is not the issue.”
115 Cox, “10 most affluent cities.”
116 See, for example, Kelly and Warren, 2014; Kotkin, “Where a paycheck stretches”; and Le-
Claire, 2014.
117 Cox, “Dispersion and Concentration.”
118 Cox, “Beyond polycentricity.”
119 Donaldson, 1977, p. 101.
120 Calculated from American Community Survey, 2013, one year data.
121 Forsyth, 2005. Also see Dreier, Mollenkopf, and Swanstrom, 2002, p. 59.
122 Calculated from Census Bureau County Business Pattern data at the ZIP code (ZCTA) level.
123 Frey, 2015.
124 Tiefensee and Pfister, 2006.
125 Geiger, 2014.
126 David, et al., 2013, pp. 237–254.
127 See Hickman, Hall, and Banister, 2013, pp. 210–219; and Kocak, 2014, pp. 327–346.
128 World Bank, 2009.

265

129 Brown, 2015.
130 Basulto, 2014.
131 Cox, “2010 Major Metropolitan Area.”
132 Kotkin and Schill, 2015.
133 Hope, 2014; Mozingo, 2014, p. 208–214.
134 Lida, 2008, pp. 49–53; Sheinbaum, 2007; and Angel, 2012, p. 174.
135 Sethi, 2014; and The Economic Times, 2014.
136 John G. Clark, et al., 1982, p. 499.
137 Bruegmann, 2005, p. 37.
138 Ibid., p. 53.
139 Cox, “Dispersion and Concentration.”
140 Basulto, 2014.
141 Renn, 2014.
142 Kotkin and Shires, 2014; and Fainstein, 1994, p. 25.
143 Cox, “New York, Legacy Cities.”
144 Hoge, 2006; Barbour, 2006; and Gordon and Richardson, 2000.
145 Gordon and Richardson, 2001.
146 Federal Highway Administration, 2012; and Balaker and Staley, 2006, p. 45.
147 Bogart, 2006, p. 191.
148 Davies, 2015.
149 von Hoffman and Felkner, 2002.
150 Pelton, 2015.
151 Horan, 2000, p. 52.
152 http://www.newgeography.com/content/001798-decade-telecommute
153 Hess, 2014.
154 Yi, 2003.
155 Leland, 2007.
156 Pilot, 2015, pp. 4–15.
157 Global Workplace Analytics.
158 Fuhr and Pociask, 2007.
159 Toffler, 1980, pp. 42–45, 119–145, 195.
160 Ridley, 2014; Kunstler, 2005, p. 3; Kunstler, 2004; and Goodman, 2009.
161 Fisher, 2012.
162 See, for example, Dreiling, 2007; Stone, 2009, pp. 9052–9056; and Utt, 2009.
163 Calthorpe, 2011.
164 Wilson, 2013; Shellenberger and Nordhaus, 2012; and Volcovici and Lewis, 2014.
165 McKenna, 2009.
166 Ibid.; Rybczyniski, 2010, p. 186.
167 Cox, “California Declares War”; and The Customer Board, 2007.
168 Byrd, et al., 2013, pp. 944–952.
169 Boone and Modarres, 2006, p. 105.
170 Terjunb and Laurie, 1973, pp. 181–207.
171 Akbari, 2005; and Adachi, et al., 2014, p. 1886–1900.
172 Zhang, et al., 2010.
173 Transport Canada, 2006.
174 Alter, 2007; and Bernstein and Vara-Orta, 2007.
175 Friedman and Hernandez, 2015.
176 Donaldson, 1977, p. 57; Adam Rome, 2001, pp. 266–271; Teaford, 2008, p. 21.
177 See Sellers, 2012, pp. 16–17, 290–292; Donaldson, 1977, p. 57; and Rome, 2001, pp. 266–271.
178 Arendt, 1996, pp. 13, 121.

266

179 Luck, 2007, pp. 607–645; and Katti, 2014.
180 Gehrt, 2014; and Newman, 2006.
181 Shaw, 2004; and Heartfield, 2008, p. 11.
182 Dosick, 2012.
183 Ulrich, 1984; Gale Cengage Learning, 2014; and Paddock, 2013.
184 Ingersoll, 2003.
185 O’Neill, 2009.
186 Barbier, 2011, p. 89.
187 O’Neill, 2009; and Pearce, 2010, p. 6.
188 Bruegmann, 2005, p. 135.
189 Cox, “Declining Human Footprint.” Based on data from the US Department of Agriculture.
190 Data from 2010 US census.
191 Cox, “Urban Policy”; and Cox, “Housing Affordability.” Calculated from Statistics Canada

data.
192 Australian Government Department of the Environment, 2011
193 Cox, “Declining Human Footprint” and Cox, “Melbourne.”
194 Angel, 2012.
195 Barbier, 2011, p. 681.
196 Longman, 2004, pp. 7–13, 133; and Ehrlich, 1968, pp. 15–454, 66–7, 136–7.
197 Callenbach, 1975, pp. 61–67.
198 Collins, 2014; and Peterson, 1999, p. 13.
199 Kunzig, 2014; and The Economist, “Don’t Panic.”
200 Ponnuru, 2012.
201 See Kato, 2010; Diversity Officer Magazine, 2008; and Child Policy International, 2009. Also

see Chen, 2012; and http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/sep/22/france.jonhenley1
202 Chen, 2012.
203 Kotkin, et al., 2012.
204 Yap, 2003, pp. 643–58.
205 Hegewisch, Lowell, and Hartmann, 2007.
206 Cox and Pavletich, 2015.
207 Osborn, 2011.
208 RT, 2012.
209 Downs, 1994.
210 Jacobs and Century, 2012.
211 Mumford, 1961, p. 57.
212 Glaeser and Kahn, 2003.
213 Tarr and Zimring, 1997, pp. 199–220; and Mumford, 1961, p. 459.
214 Kersten, 2014.
215 Barkham, 2014; ITV, 2015; and Dominiczak, 2014.
216 Williams, 2008, p. 8.
217 Heartfield, 2006, pp. 21, 30–31.
218 Grindrod, 2003; and http://www.newgeography.com/content/003432-britains-housing-crisis-

the-places-people-live.
219 http://www.newgeography.com/content/003432-britains-housing-crisis-the-places-people-live
220 Bajpai, 2012.
221 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13105/757340PUB‐

0EPI0001300pubdate02021013.pdf
222 Booth, 2009.
223 Rybczynski, 2013; Hayes, 2011; and Donald, 2011.
224 Daley and Wood, 2014.

267

225 Isaacs, 2009.
226 Plumridge, 2012.
227 Dr. Housing Bubble, 2012; and Kolko, 2014.
228 Gross, 2012.
229 Wright, 1958, pp. 83, 231.
230 Tait, 2003, pp. 37–52.
231 Kaliski, 2008.
232 Howe, “LeCorbusier—Villa Savoye.”
233 Mogilevich, 2003.
234 Mumford, 1961, p. 544.
235 Mumford, 1956, p. 18.
236 Braudel, 1992, p. 562.
237 Lerup, 2011, p. 194.

268

INDEX

A
A. T. Kearney, 55
Addis Ababa, 55
Adventures of a Suburban Boy (Boorman), 149
Affluence, sprawl and, 2
Affordability

of east Asian cities, 16
of housing (See Housing affordability)
Afghanistan, 126
Africa
colonialism in, 60
economic growth in, 55
European immigrants from, 98
infrastructure lack in, 69
living conditions in, 66
population growth in, 50
welfare of non-city people in, 76
Aging in place, 182
Aging population, 15, 122–125, 170, 180–182, 194
Agricultural productivity, 73, 115, 193, 194
Ahmedabad (Amadabad), 54, 74
Air pollution, 66–67, 196
Albany, 9
Alter, Lloyd, 108
Amsterdam, 26
diverse population of, 86
early modern birth rate in, 115
influence of, 81
middle class in, 92
population of, 155
as transactional city, 32

269

Angel, Shlomo, 14, 193–194
Antwerp, 81, 154
Applebaum, Anne, 34, 35
Architecture, 105, 107–108, 120, 200
Argentina, 53
Ariès, Philippe, 114
Aristotle, 2, 5, 167
Arrendondo, Adolfo, 63
Asia. See also Eastern Asia

densification in, 45
emergence of “generic cities” in, 105–106
glamour zones in, 81
global cities in, 81, 90
immigrants to, 87
infrastructure lack in, 69
population growth in, 50
shift of business to rural areas in, 74
vertical cities in, 70–71
Athens, 187
Athens, ancient, 23, 56, 85
Atlanta, 152, 156
Australia
agricultural land in, 193
city parks in, 23
dispersion in, 154
house size in, 179
housing shortage in, 175
job growth in suburban areas, 184
middle class move to periphery in, 116
migration to, 137
millennial living preferences in, 173
minorities in suburbs of, 158–159
multigenerational households in, 183
seniors in workforce in, 181
seniors’ living preferences in, 181
suburban inequality in, 150
war against suburbia in, 147–148
Australian Conservation Foundation, 11

B
Babylon, 22
Baghdad, 85
Bajpai, Kanti, 75
Balk, Deborah, 61
Baltimore, 9, 32
Bangalore, 54, 74
Bangkok, 53
Bangladesh, 124
Bankstown, Australia, 158
Barbier, Edward, 193

270

Bartlett, Dana, 176
Bazzy, Doug, 143
Beijing

air pollution in, 66
appeal of, 22
Beihar Park, 23
dispersion in, 155
as global city, 90, 92
housing prices in, 175
and immigration, 87
as imperial city, 24
as political power center, 25
population of, 51, 74
post-familialism in, 120
as walled city, 57–58
Beirut, 126
Bell, Daniel A., 104
Bellevue, Washington, 184
Berger, Peter, 114
Berlin
conditions in 19th century, 59
global influence of, 82
as imperial city, 24
population of, 115
post-familialism in, 118
socialist planning in, 35–36
Birth tourism, 16
Blake, Peter, 146
Bloomberg, Michael, 13, 39
Bogart, William, 187
Bogotá, 54
Bolick, Kate, 128
Bombay, 28, 60. See also Mumbai
Bookman, Jay, 152
Boorman, John, 149
Boston
children in, 16
decreased diversity in, 42
density of, 183
financial jobs in, 186
as luxury-oriented city, 40
post-familialism in, 128
reinvention of city center in, 31
as transactional city, 32
Boston Globe, 40
Brand, Stewart, 9–10, 72
Brasília, 163
Braudel, Fernand, 2
on Amsterdam’s population, 86
on everyday life, 19

271

on history, 201
on inertia, 87
on New York City, 37–38
on separate demography for the rich, 57
on suburbs, 170
Brave New world (Huxley), 139
Brazil
aging population in, 124–125
declining growth rate in, 55
megacity growth in, 73
protests against development priorities in, 13
urbanization in, 53
Bridgeport, 183
Britain. See Great Britain
Broadacre City, 45
Bronx, 96–97
Brookhaven, New York, 177
Brooklyn, 97, 100, 111, 165, 177
Brueckner, Jan, 162
Bruegmann, Robert, 150, 186
Brussels, 41
Buenos Aires, 53, 65
Buffalo, 32
Built-up urban areas, 6, 269n5
Bulgaria, 138
Byrd, Hugh, 190
Byzantium, 24, 57

C
Cabramatta (Australia), 158
Cairo, 24, 58, 60, 63–65, 69
California

climate change policies in, 191
commuting times in, 187
dispersion in, 176
land-use regulations in, 173–174
opposition to densification in, 178
Callenbach, Ernest, 194
Calthorpe, Peter, 190
Cambay, India, 81
Cambridge, 40
Cambridge Science Park (UK), 185
Campanella, Richard, 107, 145
Campbell, Alana, 68
Campbell, Tim, 68
Canada
agricultural land in, 193
dispersion in, 154
house size in, 179
housing shortage in, 175

272

immigrants to, 98
migration to, 137
millennial housing preferences in, 172
minorities in suburbs of, 158
seniors in workforce in, 181
seniors’ living preferences in, 181
Canley Vale, Australia, 158
Carcopino, Jérôme, 57
Carney, Mark, 175
Castells, Manuel, 93
CBS, 130
Celebration, Florida, 161
Chan, Angelique, 133
Chandler, Raymond, 145
Charles, Prince, 10
Charleston, 9
Chennai, 54, 68, 74
Cherlin, Andrew, 129
Chesterton, G. K., 103–104
Chicago
financial jobs in, 186
foreign-born population of, 98
homogenization of, 106
and housing bubble, 152
inequality in, 95–96
as luxury-oriented city, 40
migration to, 173
in 19th century, 28, 116
population loss in, 32, 117
racial income inequality in, 156–157
social classes in, 41–42
suburban poverty around, 159
Childlessness, 16, 116, 128, 278n5. See also Post-familialism
Children. See also Familialism
in cities, 15–17, 166
desired number of, 180
living in poverty, 32
in newer developments and exurbs, 166
sleeping in shelters, 97
in suburbs, 166
Chile, 53
China
aging population in, 123–124, 194
carbon emissions in, 190
city parks in, 23
declining growth rate in, 55
dispersion in, 155
emigration from, 103
familialism in, 114
foreign contact during ascendancy of, 85

273

global cities in, 91–92, 102–103
health conditions in, 66
housing affordability in, 133, 196
housing investors from, 100
housing shortage in, 175
inequality in, 102–103
infrastructure lack in, 69
megacities in, 51, 53, 54
megacity growth in, 73–74
migration in, 62–63, 76, 77
millennial living preferences in, 173
multigenerational households in, 183
post-familialism in, 119–120
quality of life protests in, 67
secularism in, 126
Singaporean immigrants from, 99
slowing of megacity growth in, 73
tech employment in, 185
telecommuters in, 188
walled cities in, 57–58
Choices, respecting, 167
Cincinnati, 28, 144
Cinco Ranch, 141–143, 166
Citizens. See also Everyday life
basic issues concerning, 169
desires of planners and consultants vs., 6–7, 12–13, 20, 155, 170, 201
City ratings, 1
Civic identity, 21, 163
Clapson, Mark, 149
Clark, Terry Nichols, 16, 38, 43, 131
Cleveland, 32, 116, 173
Climate change, 10–11, 45, 189–191, 196
Cohen, Steven, 10
Coimbatore, India, 74
Colombia, 53
Colorado Springs, 9
Columbia, Maryland, 177
Comcast, 130
Commuting patterns, 186–187
The Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels), 27–28
Congress for the New Urbanism, 161
“Connected” cities, 84–85
Connectivity
human, 85–87
physical, among global cities, 84–85
Connolly, Cyril, 146
Construction costs, 11–12
Consultants, desires of citizens vs., 6–7, 12–13
Consumer cities, 24, 36–38, 89
Contini, Edgardo, 157

274

Conurbations, 155
Coontz, Stephanie, 135, 151, 182
Cooper, James Fenimore, 86
Copenhagen, 118, 154
Core cities, 17

Americans living in, 15
education in, 165–166
environmental impact of, 190–191
executive headquarters in, 186
future economic role of, 185–186
life stages and, 16–18
millennials living in, 171
poverty rate in, 159
reinventing, 31
reversal of loss patterns in, 155
safety of, 166–167
tech employment in, 185
young people living in, 171
Cortright, Joe, 42
Cosmopolitanism, 103, 105
Cox, Pamela, 96
Cox, Wendell, 117, 133–134, 159–160, 165
“Cramming,” 148, 190
Crosland, T. W. H., 145
Culture(s)
in ancient cities, 21–22
flattening of, 104
migration and, 137–138
in new consumer cities, 37
in peripheral developments, 142
post-familial society’s influence on, 130–132
of Singapore, 1, 80

D
Dallas, 46
Dallas-Fort Worth, 82–83, 85, 185
Damascus, 24
Dang Giang, 77
Datar, Ashok, 49–50
Davies, Alan, 148
De Blasio, Bill, 102
Delhi, 54, 55, 66, 68
Deng Xiaoping, 91
Denmark, 98, 118
Densification, 12–13, 44–45

aging and decline in childbearing as drivers of, 179
enforced, 169–170
environmental concerns with, 189–191
opposition to, 199
suburban resistance to, 178–179

275

Density, 6
affordability and, 11–12
attractiveness of, 164–165, 168
climate change and, 10–11
cult of, 6–8
in megacities, limits of, 76–78
moral justification for, 10
population growth and, 9–10
prosperity and, 54–56

Denver, 9
DePaulo, Bella, 127
Desai, Rajiv, 65
Descartes, René, 1
De-Shalit, Avner, 22, 104
Des Moines, 9
Detached housing, 152–153, 160
Detroit, 9, 32
Developers

desires of citizens vs., 201
of multigenerational homes, 183
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 53, 65, 68–69
Dharavi, 198
Disney, 130
Dispersion, 141–168. See also Suburbs
in Britain, 148–149
and changes in US suburbs, 156–158
and class warfare in suburbs, 147–148
as common reality, 6
economics of, 183–185
evolution of, 143–145
globalization of, 153–155
and homeownership, 151–153
human city approach to, 167–168
of jobs, 9
as model for future urban growth, 76–77
and multiracial suburbs in other countries, 158–159
and social stability/cohesion, 160–164
and suburbs as “new slums,” 159–160
and suburbs as place for families, 164–167
trend toward, 14–15
in United States, 149–151
and war against suburbia, 145–147
Duany, Andrés, 10, 161
Dubai, 81, 82, 85, 97, 100
Dubai-Sharjah, 87–88
Durham, 9
Düsseldorf, 196

E
Earnshaw, Martin, 139

276

Easterbrook, Gregg, 2
Eastern Asia

birth rates in, 15
fertility rate in, 16
middle class move to periphery, 116
post-familialism in, 119–122, 130, 133
secularism in, 126
women in workforce in, 135
in world economy, 8
Eastern Europe, 35, 138
Ebbsfleet, 197
Eberstadt, Nicholas, 123–124
Eco-cities, 10
Economic growth, 1, 51, 76–77
Economy
“connected” cities in, 84–85
employment locations, 8–9
future role of central city in, 185–186
home-based, 187–189
in new consumer cities, 37–38
“third wave,” 135
Ectopia (Callenbach), 194
Ecuador, 53
Education, 165–166
Ehrlich, Paul, 194
Emerging Cities Outlook (A. T. Kearney), 55
Employment
dispersion of, 184–185
in global cities, 82
and immigration of skilled workers, 99
in innovative firms, 8–9
in Mumbai, 64
in new consumer cities, 36–39
plutonomy structure for, 39–40
shifted to rural areas, 74
STEM jobs, 8–9
in technology, 185
in transactional cities, 32
Enclosure Act of 1801 (Britain), 27
EnergyAustralia, 10–11
Engelen, Theo, 129
Engels, Friedrich, 27–28, 58
England, garden cities in, 29
English language, 83
Entertainment, 38
Environmental issues, 9–11
adjusting to environmental change, 196
air pollution, 66–67
greener suburbs, 189–191
greenhouse gas emissions, 10–11, 190

277

urban heat island effect, 190–191
Erdoǧan, Recep Tayyip, 13
Estonia, 138
Ethnicity(-ies)

in Dutch cities, 26
and homeownership, 160
in suburbs, 156–159
in US cities, 156–157
Europe
carbon emissions in, 190
city squares in, 22–23
colonialism by, 60–61
connecting regions in, 185
desire for children in, 180
dispersion in, 154–155
emigration from, 86
glamour zones in, 81
housing affordability in, 133, 160
immigrants to, 98
improved sanitation in, 116
inequality in cities of, 95
infrastructure of, 67
megacities in, 52
middle class move to periphery, 116
migration to, 137–138
millennial living preferences in, 172
post-familialism in, 117–119, 133
renovation of cities in, 59, 60
secularism in, 125–126
Singaporean immigrants from, 99
suburbs as “new slums” in, 159
women in workforce in, 135
workforce in, 138
Everyday life, 2, 19–47
and geography of inequality, 39–42
in the human city, 45–47
in imperial cities, 23–25
in industrial cities, 26–28
and move to suburbs, 28–31, 162
in new consumer cities, 36–38
in producer cities, 25–26
religion and culture in ancient cities, 21–22
sacred space in, 21–23
in socialist cities, 32–36
and sustainability, 20, 43–45
in transactional cities, 31–32, 42–43
Expanding city, 6, 193. See also Dispersion
Exurbs
children in, 166
employment in, 9

278

millennials living in, 171
new jobs in, 184
recent growth in, 152
schools in, 166
in urban pluralism, 170

F
Familialism

history of, 112–116
persistence of, 179–180
restoration of, 139–140
Families
with children in the home, 182
contact with nature for, 46
current challenge for, 111–112 (See also Post-familialism)
dissolution of, 134–136
as focus of sustainability, 5
history of families and cities, 112–116
living preferences of, 170
national policies friendly to, 195
needs and preferences of, 15–17
suburbs as place for, 164–167
Fannie Mae, 150
Farrelly, Elizabeth, 147
Fayetteville, 9
Federal Housing Administration, 150
Federal National Mortgage Administration, 150
Finance, globalization of, 106
Financial centers, 88
Finland, 98, 118
Fischel, William, 173
Fishman, Robert, 170, 187
Flew, Terry, 147
Florida, Richard, 8, 13, 151
Fogelson, Robert, 28
Food supply, 193–194
Ford, Ford Madox, 37, 98
France
family-friendly policies in, 195
immigrants to, 98
infrastructure of, 67
tech employment in, 185
telecommuters in, 188
Frankfurt, 85

G
Gainsborough, Thomas, 81
Ganesh, Janan, 131
Gans, Herbert, 2, 145, 164, 167–168, 199
Garden cities, 29, 30, 153, 176
Garnett, Nicole Stelle, 178

279

Geddes, Patrick, 81
Gehry, Frank, 105
“Generic cities,” 105–106
Germania, 29
Germany

aging population in, 124
attitude toward immigrants in, 98
churches in, 37
family-friendly policies in, 195
job locations in, 184–185
migration to, 85, 137
post-familialism in, 118
telecommuters in, 188
GI Bill of rights, 150
Gigantism, 12–13
Gini index, 287n131
Glaeser, Ed, 151
Glamour zones, 80–81
in China, 102–103
and housing inflation, 100–102
identity in, 103–106
“luxurious extinction” in, 144
monotonic quality in, 106
shaped by the wealthy, 96–97
social costs of, 106–108
Global cities, 79–110, 274n8
Chinese, 91–92, 102–103
“connected” cities, 84–85
emergence of, 80–81
glamour zones in, 80–81
housing inflation in, 100–102
and human connectivity, 85–87
identity of, 103–106, 108–110
immigrants and, 86–87, 97–100
inequality in, 102–103
inertia and, 87–89
and middle class, 92–97
“necessary” cities, 83–84
new social order in, 127
saving distinctiveness of, 108–110
Singapore as, 89–91
social costs in, 106–108
and urban hierarchy, 82–83
Global Financial Centres Index, 88
God’s Own Junkyard (Blake), 146
Goebbels, Joseph, 35
Going Solo (Klinenberg), 128
Google, 101–102
Gordon, David, 154
Gordon, Peter, 187

280

Gottmann, Jean, 32, 88
Gratz, Roberta Brandes, 162
Great Britain. See also United Kingdom

attitude toward immigrants in, 98
crime rates in, 167
dispersion in, 148–149
future growth in, 197
housing shortage in, 174–175
industrial-era population of, 115
millennial living preferences in, 172
movement of city center populations in, 165
secularism in, 126
urban growth in, 26–27
war against suburbia in, 145–146
Great Depression, 150
Great Recession, 151, 152
Greece, 106, 113, 119
Greek city-states, 23, 56
Greenbelt, Maryland, 30
Green belt towns, 176–177
Greendale, Wisconsin, 30
Greene, Jeff, 45
Greenhills, Ohio, 30
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 10–11, 190, 283n159
Green Metropolis (Owen), 10
Greenwich Village, 15–16
Gruen, Victor, 20
Gunther, John, 93
Gutnov, Alexei, 34–35

H
Hais, Michael, 175
Hall, Peter, 2, 81, 92, 94
Hamburg, 118, 154
Hangzhou, 54
Hanoi, 77
Harris, Richard, 162
Hartford, 183
Hartley, Kris, 74
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 59, 116
Health conditions, 57–59, 65–67, 192
Heartfield, James, 94, 170, 197
Heat island effect, 190–191
High-income metropolitan areas, 183
High-rise cities, 7–8
Hirsch, Fred, 178
Hitchens, Peter, 137–138
Hitler, Adolf, 8, 29, 35
Ho, Peter, 108
Ho Chi Minh City, 54

281

Home-based economy, 187–189
“Home,” notion of, 47
Homeownership, 153, 154

among millennials, 172, 173
in industrial cities, 28
and net worth, 198
as reason for dispersion, 149–153
“rentership society” vs., 160
and social cohesion, 163
Hong Kong
aging population in, 122
childlessness in, 16
colonial influence in, 87
emigration from, 16
family-friendly policies in, 195
family ties in, 114
foreign-born population of, 97
foreign housing investments in, 101
as global city, 84, 90, 91–92, 274n8
global influence of, 81, 82
housing prices in, 41, 134
inequality in, 102
as “necessary” city, 83
post-familialism in, 119
SARS epidemic in, 66
Horan, Thomas, 188
House sizes, 179
Housing affordability
density and, 11–12
for families, 18
for millennials, 172, 173
and move to suburbs, 153–154
for next generation, 198–199
in post-familial cities, 133–134
and rise in fertility rates, 195
and shortage of housing, 173–174
Housing bubble, 151, 152
Housing inflation, 100–102
Housing options, future, 196–198
Housing production, 173, 174
Housing shortage, 173–175
Houston
advantages in suburbs of, 157
bayou park system in, 46
density of, 183
family households in, 144
foreign-born population of, 98
global influence of, 82
housing production in, 174
as “necessary” city, 83

282

suburban growth around, 141–143
Howard, Ebenezer, 153, 176, 200
Howard, Sir Edward, 29
Human city, 5, 45–47

as approach to dispersion, 167–168
focus on choices in, 167–168
global cities as, 83
Human connectivity, 85–87
Human scale, 7, 12–14, 112, 200
Huxley, Aldous, 139
Hyderabad, 54, 68, 74

I
Identity, 103–106, 108–110
Immigrants

to global cities, 86–87, 97–100
to maintain workforce, 169
to post-familial cities, 136–139
in suburbs, 157–159
Imperial cities, 23–25
India, 49–50
carbon emissions in, 190
colonial domination in, 61
declining growth rate in, 55
growth of spaces in, 197–198
housing investors from, 100
housing shortage in, 175
infrastructure lack in, 68
megacities in, 54, 73–75
poverty in, 65
shift of business to rural areas in, 74
Singaporean immigrants from, 99
tech employment in, 185
telecommuters in, 188
villages in, 75
Individualism, 131–132
Indonesia, 90, 124
Industrial cities, 26–28, 58–59
Inequality
geography of, 39–42
Gini index, 287n131
in global cities, 95–96, 102–103
income, 156–157 (See also Poverty)
in suburbs, 159–160
Information economy, 38, 42
Infrastructure, 67–70, 84–85
Inherited wealth, 96–97
Innovative businesses, 8–9
“In Praise of Slums,” 71
International Congresses of Modern Architecture, 146

283

Iran, 126
Irvine, California, 166, 177, 184
Irving, Texas, 184
Islam, Nazrul, 62
Islip, New York, 177
Istanbul (Constantinople), 12–13, 52, 85, 199
Italian Renaissance, 114
Italy, 98, 119, 133, 137
Iwasawa, Miho, 129

J
Jackson, Kenneth, 156
Jackson Hole, 188
Jacobs, Jane, 2, 15, 21, 31, 112, 146, 178
Jakarta (Batavia), 53, 55, 60, 63–64, 69
Japan, 52

aging population in, 122–124
colonialism by, 61
dispersion in, 153–154
family-friendly policies in, 195
housing affordability in, 133
inequality in, 95
infrastructure of, 67
post-familialism in, 119, 121, 128–129, 131
renovation of cities in, 60
secularism in, 126
women in workforce in, 135
Japan (Jolivet), 119
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 87
Jerusalem, 21–22
Job decentralization, 186–187
Johannesburg-East Rand, 54
Jolivet, Muriel, 119
Jones, Emrys, 25, 76, 82
Jones, Gavin, 120, 130, 133, 135
Josey, Alex, 90, 91

K
Kaliski, John, 20, 199
Kandell, Jonathan, 55
Kaneko, Ryuichi, 129
Karachi, Pakistan, 52, 53, 55, 270n18
Kasarda, John, 85
Katz, Peter, 166, 171
Kaufmann, Eric, 125
Khaldūn, Ibn, 58
Khrushchev, Nikita, 34
Kinshasa (Leopoldville), 60, 71
Kirby, Andrew, 147
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 20
Klinenberg, Eric, 128, 131, 132

284

Knox, Paul, 83, 147, 163
Kolkata (Calcutta), 54, 60, 64, 69
Kolko, Jed, 152, 172
Kolson, Kenneth, 44
Koolhaas, Rem, 103, 105
Korea, 123, 172, 185
Kothari, Priya, 142–143
Krier, Léon, 161
Krugman, Paul, 151
Kumar, R. Suresh, 75
Kunstler, James Howard, 161, 189
Kyoto, 22

L
Ladera Ranch, California, 188
Lagos, Nigeria, 52–53, 63–64, 69, 270n18
Lakewood, 46–47
Land-use regulations, 173–174
Largey, Ann, 162
Last Rush Hour (Pilot), 188
Latin America

aging population in, 124–125
slowing of megacity growth in, 73
urbanization in, 53
Latvia, 138
Lau Siu-Kai, 109
Lebanon, 126
Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris), 7–8, 103
Lee Kuan Yew, 90–91
Leinberger, Christopher, 159
Leipzig, 118
Lennar, 183
Lerup, Lars, 201
Less developed world, 280n58
Letchworth, 29
Levittown, 30, 156
Lewis, Roger K., 105
Lida, David, 55–56
Life expectancy, 65, 122
Life stages, 16–18, 170
attractiveness of density in, 168
impact of changes in, 165
living options for, 6, 180–182
millennial generation, 170–176
Lifestyle, 10, 44. See also Everyday life
Lifestyle centers, 177
Liotta, Peter, 53
Lithuania, 138
Liu, Eveleen, 166
Living well, 5, 6

285

Llewellyn Park, New Jersey, 176
Locational preferences, 38
Logan, John, 39
London

aging population in, 130
as “connected” city, 85
dispersion from, 28–29
educational gap in, 166
foreign-born population of, 97
foreign housing investments in, 100, 101
as global city, 87–89, 97, 274n8
global influence of, 82
growth of, 51
homogenization of, 106
housing prices in, 41
as new consumer city, 37
in 19th century, 28
objection to densification in, 13, 199
population of, 51, 52, 115, 155
post-familialism in, 117–118
slums in, 58
suburbs of, 143, 155
as wealthy city, 52
working classes in, 27
Longman, Phillip, 137
Los Angeles
black children living in, 156
commuting time in, 68
as “connected” city, 85
environmental wastefulness of, 11
as federation of communities, 176
foreign-born population of, 98
foreign housing investments in, 101
global influence of, 82
growth of, 176
and housing bubble, 134, 152
income spent on rent in, 174
inequality in, 95–96
as luxury-oriented city, 40
migration to, 173
as “necessary” city, 83
opposition to increased density in, 13
pollution in, 196
population of, 52
post-familialism in, 128
suburban inequality around, 159
as wealthy city, 52
Louv, Richard, 192
Luanda, 54
Lutz, Wolfgang, 130, 136, 195

286

“Luxurious extinction,” 144–145
Luxury-oriented cities, 39–40, 43–44
Lynd, Robert, 151

M
Macau, 183
Madison, 9
Madrid, 154–155
Mahmoudi, Dillon, 42
Making Smart Growth work (Porter), 165
Malaysia, 85, 90
Malthusian urbanism, 192–194
Manchester, 27, 115
Manhattan

asset-backed wealth in, 96
children living in, 15, 16
and densification proposal, 13
high-density development in, 146–147
inequality in, 97
information economy in, 38
as Le Corbusier’s inspiration, 7
move to Brooklyn from, 177
neighborhoods of, 142
single households in, 117, 139
Manila, 55, 63–64, 66, 69
Marin County, California, 178
Markham (Canada), 158
Marriage, 129–130, 180
Martelle, Scott, 32
Marx, Karl, 25, 51
Master-planned communities, 30–31, 176–177
Maya, 167
Megacities, 6, 49–78
alternatives to, 72–74
ancient, 56–58
colonial legacy in, 60–61
density decline in, 14
dispersion in, 155
early industrial cities, 58–59
health conditions in, 65–67
and humanization of urbanization, 74–76
infrastructure problems in, 67–70
in late 19th century Europe, 59–60
life expectancy in, 65
limits of density in, 76–78
negative conditions in, 61–65
and prosperity, 54–56
quality of life in, 65–67
rise of, 50–54
slums in, 69–72

287

Mehta, Suketu, 55, 56, 68
Melaka, Malaysia, 81
Melbourne, 98, 158–159
Merkel, Angela, 138
Metropolitan areas, 263n5, 269n5, 274n8
Mexico, 53, 73, 139
Mexico City

appeal of, 22
colonialism in, 60
commuting time in, 68
employment in, 64
as megacity, 51
middle class in, 63
organic growth of, 73
pattern of building in, 55–56
share of national GDP, 55
tech employment in, 185
urbanization in, 53
water system in, 68–69
Miami, 97–98, 100, 134, 152
Michigan, 188
Micro-units/micro-apartments, 12, 132–133
Middle class, 64
detached housing of, 160
encouraging growth of, 194
forces undermining, 93–97
global cities and, 92–97
homeownership and, 153
in Mexico City, 63
move to periphery by, 116
and shift to suburbs, 150
smart growth vs. interests of, 44
Middle East, 98, 100, 138
Migration, 62–63, 76, 77, 85, 99, 136–139
Milan, 115, 137, 154
Milch, Michael, 111
Mildner, Gerard, 11
Millennials, 170–176, 179–180, 189
Mills, Edwin, 59–60
Milton Keynes, 149, 163, 197
Minneapolis, 156–157
Miskel, James, 53
Mississauga (Canada), 158
Modarres, Ali, 2, 62, 64–65
Modi, Narendra, 76
Molotch, Harvey, 39
Montreal, 117
Moral order, 22
More developed world, 280n58
Mori, Minoru, 70

288

Morocco, 139
Morrill, Richard, 159
Morrison, Herbert, 148
Moscow, 33, 34, 52, 82, 194–195
Multigenerational households, 182–183
Multiracial suburbs, 156–159
Mumbai, 49–50

colonial influence in, 87
colonialism in, 60
employment in, 64
housing conditions in, 69–70
infrastructure lack in, 68, 69
life expectancy in, 65
living conditions in, 62, 64, 75
population of, 54, 170
tech employment in, 185
Mumford, Lewis, 2
on ancient Rome, 57
on civic identity, 21
on Radburn, 30
on small units, 200–201
on suburbia, 160
on technical prowess, 200
Munich, 118
Murray, Charles, 131
Myanmar, 124

N
Nagoya, 52, 153, 176
Nantucket, 188
Naperville, Illinois, 177
Napoleon III, 8, 29, 59
Nature, connecting with, 46, 191–192
Navi Mumbai, 185
Nazis, 35
“Necessary” cities, 83–84
Nelson, Ted, 141
Netherlands

attitude toward immigrants in, 98
dispersion of economic activities in, 185
focus on family in, 113–114
immigrants to, 98
producer cities in, 25–26
New consumer cities, 36–42
New Deal, 30, 150, 176
New Jersey, 178
New Orleans, 32, 107, 144–145
News Corp, 130
New social environment, 132
New Urbanism, 7, 151, 161, 164

289

New urban paradigm, 19, 42–43. See also Human city
New York City

black children living in, 156
childlessness in, 117
children in, 15–16
commuting time in, 68
as consumer city, 89
cost of space in, 111–112
diverse society of, 86
educational gap in, 166
environmental wastefulness of, 11
family households in, 144
financial jobs in, 186
foreign-born population of, 98
foreign housing investments in, 100–102
as global city, 84, 87–89, 107, 274n8
global influence of, 82
growth of, 51
Gunther on, 93
homogenization of, 106
housing bubble in, 134
and impact of life stages, 165
income spent on rent in, 174
inequality in, 40, 95–97
Le Corbusier on density of, 7
as megacity, 51
micro-units in, 12, 132–133
middle class in, 92
migration to, 173
as new consumer city, 37–38
in 19th century, 28
objection to densification in, 199
opposition to development priorities in, 13
population of, 52, 115
post-familialism in, 128
reinvention of city center in, 31
safety of, 166–167
subsidized housing in, 12
as transactional city, 32
as wealthy city, 52
Ng Sai-leung, 101
Nicolaides, Becky, 146
Nijman, Jan, 64
Nisbet, Robert, 125
Norquist, John, 161
North Africa, 138
North America
birth rates in, 15
glamour zones in, 81
infrastructure of, 67

290

living conditions in industrial cities in, 28
middle class move to periphery, 116
renovation of cities in, 60
Singaporean immigrants from, 99
North Hempstead, New York, 177
Norway, 118

O
Oakland, 156
Obudho, Robert, 76
Obudho, Rose, 76
Ogden, Utah, 126
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 29, 46, 176
Ong, Andrew, 131
Orange, California, 177
Orange County, 46, 185
Organic growth, 73, 199–200
Orwell, George, 146
Osaka, 51, 196
Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, 52, 153
Owen, David, 10
Ozment, Steven, 114

P
Pakistan, 126
Panama, 53
Pant, Vatsala, 70
Paris

appeal of, 22
dispersion in, 28–29, 154, 155
foreign-born population of, 97
global influence of, 82
homogenization of, 106
housing prices in, 41
as imperial city, 24
of Napoleon III, 29
in 19th century, 28
population of, 52, 155
post-familialism in, 118
renovation of, 59, 116
suburbs of, 143, 159
traffic in, 187
as wealthy city, 52
Park, Robert, 21
Parks, 46
Patavinus, Titus Livius (Livy), 23
Pearce, Fred, 122–123
Pearce, Nick, 172
Pelton, Joseph, 187–188
Perth, 159
Peru, 53

291

“Peter Pan” effect, 131
Peter the Great, 23
Petrograd, 33
Pfeiffer, Deirdre, 157
Philadelphia, 149
Phoenix, 152, 287n140
Piiparinen, Richey, 173
Pilot, Frederick, 188
Pittsburgh, 173, 196
Planet of Cities (Angel), 14
Planned communities, 30–31, 176–177
Please Look After Mom (Shin), 123
Plutonomy, 39–40
Polycentricity, 9
Population, estimating, 270n18
The Population Bomb (Ehrlich), 194
Population centres, 269n5
Population growth

among seniors, 181
as cause of sprawl, 2
in cities, 51 (See also individual cities)
density as natural contraceptive against, 9–10
in developing countries, 50
at end of 19th century, 115
slowdown of, 194–196
in suburbs, 154
Porter, Douglas, 165
Portland, 42, 134, 157, 173, 184
Post-familialism, 116–140
and aging population, 122–125
and changing sexual mores, 128–130
cultural influence of, 130–132
and dissolution of family ties, 134–136
eastern Asian, 119–122
emergence of, 116–117
European, 117–119
housing affordability in, 133–134
Japanese, 121–122
need for migrants to, 136–139
new value system in, 125–126
and restoration of familialism, 139–140
Seoul, 120–121
and urban form, 132–133
“urban tribes” in, 127–128
Poverty
children living in, 32
in core cities, 159
in developing world, 169–170
growing concentration of, 42
in India, 65

292

in industrial cities, 27
in London, 94
and modern megacities, 61–62
in New York city, 97
in suburbs, 159–160
in Tokyo, 95
Prague, 162
Producer cities, 25–26
Productivity
agricultural, 73, 115, 193, 194
of large cities, 8
Prosperity, density and, 54–56
Providence, 12
Provo, 9, 126
Public spaces, 163
Public transit, 187
Pulte, 183
Pune, India, 74
Purpose of cities, 2, 5–18
affordability and density, 11–12
and childlessness, 15–16
core cities, 17
cult of density, 6–8
economic, 8–9
environmental advantages, 9–11
and human scale, 12–14
and life stages, 16–18
and trend toward dispersion, 14–15
Putin, Vladimir, 139
Putnam, Robert, 135

Q
Quality of life, 65–67

R
Race, 42, 156–160
Radburn, New Jersey, 30
Rajaratnam, S., 104
Raleigh, 9, 46
Raleigh-Durham, 185
The Randstad, 81
Raymond, André, 60
Redefining cities, 2
Rees, Philip, 158
Religion

in ancient cities, 21–22
in Dutch cities, 26
and familialism, 113, 114
in imperial cities, 23
spread by Chinese, 85
and trend toward secularism, 125–126

293

Renn, Aaron, 22, 186
Rents, 174
Reston, Virginia, 177
Retro-urbanism, 7

on climate change, 189–190
on cost of city living, 11–12
on decline of suburbia, 152
on economic purpose of cities, 8–9
on environmental advantages, 9–11
and impact of life stages, 165
as moral imperative, 10
on suburbanism, 162, 163
Richardson, Harry, 187
Richmond, 186
Richmond Hill (Canada), 158
Riedl, Marc, 65–66
Rio de Janeiro, 53, 73
Riverside, Illinois, 176
Riverside-San Bernardino, 159
Rogers, Richard, 148
Romania, 138
Rome, 22, 187
Rome, ancient, 23–24, 56–57, 85, 113
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 150
Rosenfeld, Michael, 128
Rotterdam, 154
Rural economies, 50
Rurbanization, 76
Russia, 55, 98, 139, 194–195
Rust Belt cities, 173
Rybczynski, Witold, 41

S
Sa’at, Alfian, 99
Sacramento, 159
Sacred space, 21–23
Safety, 166–167
Saint Petersburg, 23, 33, 59
Salt Lake City, 126, 186
San Antonio, 152
San Diego, 152
San Francisco

childlessness in, 117
children in, 16
decreased diversity in, 42
family households in, 144
financial jobs in, 186
as global city, 84
high-tech-related businesses in, 8
housing market in, 101–102

294

income spent on rent in, 174
loss of racial/ethnic diversity in, 157
as luxury-oriented city, 40
micro-apartments in, 132–133
post-familialism in, 128
racial income inequality in, 156–157
reinvention of city center in, 31
same-sex couple households in, 179
scenery of, 38
suburban inequality around, 159
as transactional city, 32
San Francisco Bay Area, 274n16
construction costs in, 11–12
foreign housing investments in, 101
global influence of, 81–83
housing bubble in, 134
as “necessary” region, 83–84
Sanitation, 68–69, 116
San Mateo County, 8
Santa Clara, California, 184
Santa Monica, 166
São Paulo, 13, 68, 69, 73
Sassen, Saskia, 80
Saunders, Pete, 41–42
Scandinavia, 136
Schama, Simon, 27
Schill, Mark, 96–97
Scruton, Roger, 146
Seaside, Florida, 161
Seattle
children in, 16
decreased diversity in, 42
density of, 183
housing bubble in, 134
loss of racial/ethnic diversity in, 157
micro-apartments in, 132–133
micro-units in, 12
as “necessary” city, 84
scenery of, 38
Secularism, 125
Segregation, 156
Self, Will, 13
Sellers, Charles, 148
Sellers, Christopher, 191
Seneca, 109
Seoul
colonialism in, 60
cultural district in, 107
fertility rate in, 16
growth of, 51, 176

295

and immigration, 87
as political power center, 25
post-familialism in, 119–121
traffic in, 187
Seoul-Incheon, 52
Sexual mores, 128–130
Shanghai, 25, 87
dispersion in, 155
foreign housing investments in, 100
as global city, 90–92
housing prices in, 175
and immigration, 87
micro-apartments in, 132–133
population of, 74
post-familialism in, 119–120
Sharma, R. N., 70, 74–75
Shenzhen, 53, 102, 175
Shin, Kyung-sook, 123
Sierra Club, 11
Silicon Valley, 185
Singapore, 79–80
aging population in, 122, 124
anxiety and cultural breakdown in, 1
colonial influence in, 87
desire for marriage and children in, 180
emigration from, 16
family-friendly policies in, 195
fertility rate in, 16
foreign-born population of, 97–100
foreign housing investments in, 100
as generic city, 105, 106
as global city, 83, 89–91, 108–109
global influence of, 81, 82
housing prices in, 41, 134
immigrants to, 87
infrastructure in, 84–85
micro-apartments in, 132–133
migration to, 137
as “necessary” city, 84
patriotism and civic engagement in, 104
per capita GDP of, 80
post-familialism in, 119, 134
women in workforce in, 135, 136
Slums, 58, 69–72, 159–160, 198
Small cities, 76
Small towns, 6, 77
Small units, focus on, 200–201
Smart growth, 11, 14, 44, 161
Smil, Vaclav, 121
Smith, Patti, 107

296

Social classes, 27, 41–44, 109–110, 147–148
Socialist cities, 32–36
Social stability/cohesion, 160–164
Social sustainability, 44–45
Socrates, 23
Soh, Calvin, 79, 80, 109
Soon, Debbie, 136
South Africa, 55
South-end-on-Sea (UK), 158
South Korea, 122, 135
“Soviet Man,” 34
Soviet Union, 33–36
Spain, 98, 119
Spinoza, Baruch, 26
Spiritual power, 21–23
Sprawl, 2, 44, 197. See also Dispersion
Sri Lanka, 99
St. Louis, 159, 186, 196
Stalin, Joseph, 33
Steamboat Springs, 188
Stein, Gertrude, 131
STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), 8–9
Stern, Robert, 13
Stockholm, 155
Stranger (Seattle), 6
Straughan, Paulin Tay, 133
Suburbanites, 14, 191, 199
The Suburbans (Crosland), 156
Suburbs, 6. See also Dispersion

Americans living in, 14–15
changes in US suburbs, 156–158
class warfare in, 147–148
education in, 165–166
employment in, 9, 184
environmental impact of, 189–192
greenhouse gas emissions and, 11
as millennials’ “ideal place to live,” 171, 172
multiracial, 156–159
neo-Malthusian view of, 193
as “new slums,” 159–160
as place for families, 164–167
resistance to densification in, 178–179
reviving, 177
rise of, 28–31
safety of, 167
seniors’ preference for, 181, 182
in urban pluralism, 170
war against, 145–147
Successful cities, 20–21
Sunshine, Australia, 158–159

297

Suriname, 53
Sustainability

affordability of, 148
embracing both geographies for, 168
and everyday life in cities, 20, 43–45
for future generations, 5
as health of entire society, 43
and locational preferences, 38
restoration of familialism for, 140
Sweden
attitude toward immigrants in, 98
family-friendly policies in, 195
millennial living preferences in, 172
post-familialism in, 118
preference for single-family homes in, 155
Sydney, 23, 98, 100, 158

T
Taipei, 122
Taiwan, 122, 130, 172, 185
Tao Ran, 77
Teaford, John C., 30, 32
Tehran, 65
Tel Aviv, 84
Telework, 187–188
Tenochtitlan, 22
Tianjin, 120
Time Warner Cable, 130
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 29
Toffler, Alvin, 26, 134, 189
Tokyo, 87

aging population in, 130
commuting times in, 187
dispersion in, 153
as global city, 90
global influence of, 82
growth of, 51, 176
as imperial city, 24
inequality in, 95
as metropolitan area, 274n15
micro-units in, 12, 132–133
as political power center, 25
population of, 51, 52, 121
post-familialism in, 119, 121
rapid ascendancy of, 61
traffic in, 187
as wealthy city, 52
Toledo, 32
Toll Brothers, 183
Tolstoy, Aleksey, 33

298

Tönnies, Ferdinand, 33
Toronto

children per woman in, 117
foreign-born population of, 98
high-rise architecture in, 108
middle class in, 94–95
objection to densification in, 199
suburbs of, 158, 163–164
Tortajada, Cecilia, 68–69
Toulmin, Stephen, 23
Toulouse, 155
Toyota, Mika, 119, 132
Traffic congestion, 67–68, 187
Transactional cities, 31–32, 42–43, 88
Travers, Tony, 97
Tugwell, Rexford, 176–177
Tunisia, 139
Turkey, 73, 98, 126, 139
Turnbull, C. M., 90

U
United Kingdom. See also Great Britain

foreigners in workforce of, 97
housing shortage in, 175
infrastructure of, 67
migration to, 85, 137
minorities in suburbs of, 158
tech employment in, 185
telecommuters in, 188
war against suburbia in, 147
United States
affordable housing in, 195
aging population of, 180
birth tourism in, 16
changes in suburbs of, 156–158
childlessness and density in, 116
desire for marriage and children in, 180
dispersion in, 149–151, 162
dispersion in early 20th century, 30
early industrial cities in, 58
farmland losses in, 193
forms of housing in, 117
gay households in, 179
high-income metropolitan areas in, 183
house size in, 179
housing affordability in, 133–134, 160
immigrants to, 98
improved sanitation in, 116
megacities in, 52
Mexican immigration to, 139

299