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Bridge

REVOLUTION

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The Bridge Newsroom at Shotton

2

REVOLUTION

Breaking News

The tumult has spread far France in Flames
and wide, but it is clear Panic in Paris
that the popular party
have complete control of
the country, it is thought
that the French crown will
be removed and the
country will declare itself
a republic.

Yesterday messages came
from despatch riders from
Paris describing that 300
000 armed men now
roamed Paris threatening
anyone who declared
allegiance to King Louis.

Bastille Burns

News has just come in that various acts of random violence in the streets of Paris have
culminated in the party attacking the Bastille which has been broken open. In the rioting
that followed all the prisoners there have been set free.

Parisian revolutionaries and mutinous troops storm and dismantle the Bastille, a royal
fortress that had come to symbolize the tyranny of the Bourbon monarchs. This dramatic
action signaled the beginning of the French Revolution, a decade of political turmoil and
terror in which King Louis XVI was overthrown and tens of thousands of people, including
the king and his wife Marie Antoinette, were executed.
The Bastille was originally constructed in 1370 as a bastide, or “fortification,” to protect
the walled city of Paris from English attack. It was later made into an independent
stronghold, and its name–bastide–was corrupted to Bastille. The Bastille was first used as
a state prison in the 17th century, and its cells were reserved for upper-class felons,
political troublemakers, and spies. Most prisoners there were imprisoned without a trial
under direct orders of the king. Standing 100 feet tall and surrounded by a moat more
than 80 feet wide, the Bastille was an imposing structure in the Parisian landscape.

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By the summer of 1789,

France was moving quickly

toward revolution. There

were severe food shortages in

France that year, and popular

resentment against the rule

of King Louis XVI was turning

to fury. In June, the Third

Estate, which represented

commoners and the lower

clergy, declared itself the

National Assembly and called

for the drafting of a

constitution. Initially seeming

to yield, Louis legalized the

National Assembly but then

surrounded Paris with troops

and dismissed Jacques

Necker, a popular minister of

state who had supported

reforms. In response, mobs

began rioting in Paris at the

instigation of revolutionary

leaders. Instead of calming the

agitated crowd, news of the
On July 13, revolutionaries with unloaded cannons
Panic in Prison muskets began firing at soldiers emboldened a group of men
standing guard on the Bastille’s to climb over the outer wall
Bernard-René Jordan de towers and then took cover in of the courtyard and lower a
Launay, the military governor the Bastille’s courtyard when drawbridge. Three hundred
of the Bastille, feared that his Launay’s men fired back. That revolutionaries rushed in, and
fortress would be a target for evening, mobs stormed the Paris Launay’s men took up a
the revolutionaries and so Arsenal and another armory and defensive position. When the
requested reinforcements. A acquired thousands of muskets. mob outside began trying to
company of Swiss mercenary At dawn on July 14, a great
soldiers arrived on July 7 to lower the second drawbridge,
bolster his garrison of 82 crowd armed with muskets,
soldiers. The Marquis de Sade, Launay ordered his men to
one of the few prisoners in swords, and various makeshift open fire. One hundred
the Bastille at the time, was weapons began to gather around rioters were killed or
transferred to an insane the Bastille.
wounded.

asylum after he attempted to Launay received a delegation of ADVERTISEMENT
incite a crowd outside his revolutionary leaders but
window by yelling: “They are refused to surrender the fortress
massacring the prisoners; you and its munitions as they
must come and free them.” requested. He later received a
On July 12, royal authorities second delegation and promised
transferred 250 barrels of he would not open fire on the
gunpowder to the Bastille crowd. To convince the
from the Paris Arsenal, which revolutionaries, he showed them
was more vulnerable to that his cannons were not
attack. Launay brought his loaded.
men into the Bastille and
raised its two drawbridges.

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Launay’s men were able to hold
the mob back, but more and
more Parisians were converging
on the Bastille. Around 3 p.m., a
company of deserters from the
French army arrived. The
soldiers, hidden by smoke from
fires set by the mob, dragged five
cannons into the courtyard and
aimed them at the Bastille.
Launay raised a white flag of
surrender over the fortress.
Launay and his men were taken
into custody, the gunpowder and
cannons were seized, and the

seven prisoners of the Bastille were freed. Upon arriving at the Hotel de Ville, where Launay was to
be arrested by a revolutionary council, the governor was pulled away from his escort by a mob and
murdered.

Analysis

How could it Happen that in a modern autocracy that a rabble of peasents
can defy the judgement of God and topple a modern monarch

The three main causes of
French revolution are as
follows: 1. Political Cause 2.
Social Cause 3. Economic
Cause.. The Bridge will now
look at each cause indiviually,
starting with the political
causes. For surely the
tensions that led to the
overthrow of the Bourbons
could happen elsewhere

1. Political Cause: But the ‘butterfly monarch’ weakened
the economic condition of France.
Modern France is the centre of Seven Years War against England
autocratic monarchy. The French brought nothing for France except
Monarchs have unlimited power and bankruptcy due to over expenditure in
have declared themselves as the wars and luxury.
“Representative of God”. France was weak and the king Louis XVI
Since Louis XIV, The French Monarchs was an innocent and simple man
engaged in luxurious extravagance at strongly influenced by his queen Marie
the royal court of Versailles. They Antoinette who always interfered in the
enjoyed unlimited power. By the Letter
de Catchet, they arrested any person at state affairs. Marie Antoinette
any time and imprisoned them. was the daughter of Marie
They showed nothing but Theresa, the Austrian Empress.
indifference towards their subjects, She enjoyed the luxurious and
the attitude of the monarch is extravagant life. She sowed
seed of the French Revolution.
revealed by his son’s famous

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Analysis

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Comment

Will the revolution change France in the long term or has the revolution simply
interrupted long term changes? The revolution has produced a new, and self conscious
France drawing nothing from the history which preceded the events.
The king and queen executed, and new forms of government will be tried in an attempt
to find stability. And we can see attempts to build a new France, with a complete wiping
away of seigniorial dues, aristocratic titles, a mass of taxation and tithes and a whole
host of other hangovers from the supposedly ‘feudal’ government of old regime France.
The idea of three ‘estates’ was abolished, as were noble and church privileges; nobility
was completely ended, and church lands were nationalized and sold, causing a full
tenth of all land in Franc to change hands, a massive redistribution. The clergy will
become salaried officials of the state.
THE QUESTION OF CONTINUITY AND RETURN
But many changes were already in motion, the seigniorial dues were already replaced
with rents, a situation ardent supporters of the revolution like to claim as being the
result of events after 1789.
The claims about standardisation of weights and measures across all of France were
already evolving under the ancien regime.
The church and state split will be marked with bitterness continued for decades over
how priests dealt with the revolutionary laws. The end to their aid for the poor and sick
meant that today there are 40% fewer hospitals in France than before the revolution.
But nobles are less persecuted than previously believed and were able to either hang
onto, or later reclaim, a large percentage of their land and wealth.
War has changed, for the first time a nation is mobilised en masse, here at the Bridge
we shudder about what that could mean for Tomorrow’s Europe, could entire nations be
at war with each other, can the birth of the nation state lead to new and terrible wars in
the future.
The French economy had been growing under Louis XVI, but the growth was reduced
greatly by the revolution.
THE VILLAGE
How much would a standard village have been affected by it? There is no longer a class
of aristocrats at the top level, but this doesn’t mean the leading landholders would
necessarily have been ejected, executed or humbled: in many regions, there was simply
a social transformation from nobility to citizen, and the chance to acquire even more
land in the church sales.

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Slavery? an Economic neccessity
or a barbarous crime?

Imperial Parliament

Slavery to be Abolished?

Lord Grenville moved the order of the day for

implementing the Abolition of Slavery Bill. The Bishop of

Landtaff described the African slave trade as to be so

barbaric and inhuman that the abolition would be

applauded by the angels and saints in heaven and could

save the country from the wrath of God.

What is the Slave Trade?

The triangular route takes British-made goods to Africa to

buy slaves and then transports the enslaved to the West

Indies. African slaves then grow products such as sugar,

tobacco, and cotton and take them to Britain, This trade

represents about 80 percent of Great Britain's foreign

income.

Today Britain dominates the trade, supplying French,

Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese and British colonies, and

currently carries forty thousand enslaved men, women

and children across the Atlantic.

It is estimated by Lord Wilberforce that the horrific British vessels carried 3.4
conditions of the middle passage result in one in 10 million or more enslaved
slaves dying during the voyage. This amounts to almost Africans to the Americas. The
1.4 million Africans dying during the passage. industry went from strength to
The Campaign to abolish the slave trade is began last strength, with profits from the
year with the establishment of the Quakers' antislavery slave trade pouring into British
committees, and their presentation to Parliament of the pockets.
first slave trade petition in 1780.

Lord Wilberforce witnessed the conditions endured by Widespread opposition to the
the slaves, both at sea and on the plantations and has slave trade was initially scarce.
horrified him. Why indeed would British
Interested in promoting Christianity and moral people object to a profitable
improvement in Britain and overseas, they were appalled trade that provided luxury
by Ramsay's reports of the depraved lifestyles of slave commodities, employment and
owners, the cruel treatment meted out to the enslaved, money? An ‘out of sight, out of
and the lack of Christian instruction provided to the mind’ mentality kept the subject
slaves. of abolition from the political
With their encouragement and help, Ramsay spent three limelight. However, the
years writing An essay on the treatment and conversion presence of freed slaves in
of African slaves in the British sugar colonies, which was Britain during the early 1780s
highly critical of slavery in the West Indies. The book, following the American War of
published in 1770, was to have an important impact in Independence focused public
raising public awareness and interest, and it excited the and political attention on the
ire of West Indian planters who in the coming years wider issue of slavery and
attacked both Ramsay and his ideas in a series of pro- helped kick-start the abolition
slavery tracts. movement. Many black

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Do We Need Slaves

why Slavery MUST
stay

By Lord Norris
African Expert

•The trade was necessary to Africa was already Renwick Sergant, a
the success and wealth of involved in slavery. They merchant from Liverpool
Britain. The merchants and stated that Africans claimed: ‘We ought to
planters warned that abolition enslaved each other. consider whether the
would mean ruin for Britain, Indeed, Britain was negroes in a well regulated
as the whole economy would engaged in a moral trade plantation, under the
collapse. This argument was because they were protection of a kind master,
put forward many times, for helping people, captured do not enjoy as great, nay,
example, in 1749, when a in African wars, who may even greater advantages
pamphlet was written otherwise be executed. than when under their own
outlining these agruments. Taking Africans from their despotic governments'.
• If Britain did not engage in homeland actually The enslaved people were
the trade then others would. If benefited them. They unfit for other work. Many
Britain ceased to trade in argued that African people were very
slaves with Africa, our societies and cultures prejudiced in their beliefs.
commercial rivals, the French were unskilled, Many ordinary people in
and the Dutch, would soon fill uneducated and savage. Britain were uneducated
the gap and the Africans For example, Michael and travelled little further
would be in a much worse than their own village,
situation. This was an making it easier for those
argument used in a speech to involved in the trade to
parliament in 1777. influence public opinion.
• The enslaved people
were not ill-treated unless
rebellious. Conditions on
the slave ships were
acceptable. Several of
those involved in the trade,
merchants, ships' captains
and plantation owners,
provided evidence to
parliament regarding this.

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Advert

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Opinion

THIS SHAME MUST GO

There were alternatives to the trade. Much of the evidence that Thomas Clarkson collected
during his travels illustrated the potential for practical alternatives. The seeds, minerals and
crafts that he carried in 'the Clarkson box' were used to demonstrate this.
If something is wrong, it is wrong whether others do it or not. The anti-slavery supporters
argued that just because other countries engaged in the trade this did not provide a valid
reason for Britain to also participate, even if it was profitable. This argument was used by
Baron Grenville in his speech to the House of Lords when he said, "...Can there be a question
that the character of the country ought to be cleared from the stain impressed by the guilt of
such traffic,..." The argument was also cleverly countered in William Cowper's Poem 'A Pity
for Poor Africans'.
The slavery that existed in Africa was very different from the Transatlantic Slave Trade.
Those enslaved in Africa were usually prisoners of war or victims of political or judicial
punishment. The enslaved people could keep their name and identity and slavery did not
extend to future generations.
The African people were in no way inferior and should be treated as equals. The Quaker
teacher, Anthony Benezet, was always horrified at the suggestion that the Africans were in
anyway inferior. His claimed his experiences, gained during 20 years teaching black pupils,
proved this was not the case. However, it was the books and speeches of African writers of
the time, such as Olaudah Equiano, that had the greatest impact in dispelling such
misconceptions. Even some of those involved in the slave trade were willing to admit that
raciest views were wrong, as illustrated by the writings of Captain Thomas Philips
The trade was damaging to Africa. William Wilberforce summed this up in his speech of
1789: "...Does anyone suppose a slave trade would help their civilization? Is it not plain, that
she must suffer from it? ....Does not everyone see that a slave trade, carried on around her
coasts, must carry violence and desolation to her very centre?... Does the king of Barbess
want brandy? He has only to send his troops in the night time, to burn and desolate a village;
the captives will serve as commodities that may be bartered with the British trader."
The Africans suffered greatly from being removed from their homeland. They collected
evidence to show that many resisted or preferred death to transportation. Many more died
on the voyage to the Caribbean. Conditions on the ships were terrible, as illustrated and the
speech made by William Wilberforce to parliament in 1789 and by testimony from people
like ship's doctor James Ramsay . The replacement rate statistics also showed the
appallingly low life expectancy of slaves on the plantations (7-9 years on some large
plantations).
It was morally wrong and, as a Christian country, Britain should not be involved. The anti-
slavery society also used the bible to back up their arguments. They pointed to biblical text
like Luke 16:13: "No man can serve two masters" . In answer to the claims of the pro-slavery
lobby, Granville Sharp, for example, wrote in his pamphlet 'The just limitation of slavery in
the Laws of God': "...If we carefully examine the scriptures we shall find that slavery and
oppression were ever abominable in the sight of God..."

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News from England

MUTINY!!

Regency Bill P assed the Regent was obliged Reports are coming in to The
to keep the king's present Bridge Newsroom of a mutiny
The Regency Bill of 1789 government on HMS Bounty.
was passed yesterday, it
was an Act of Parliament to • the Regent had no The exact cause of the mutiny
provide that King George powers to create new is unclear, but the eye
III's eldest son George, peers: he had no right of witnesses claim that Captain
Prince of Wales who would patronage Bligh’s harsh and brutal
act as regent due to the treatment of his men is a
King's incapacity through • the Regent had no possible explanation
mental illness. powers to grant pensions
• the royal household was What do we know about
George III has gone mad at the Queen's disposal Captain William Bligh.
again. Doctors have tried
purging, bleeding, • the Regent had no share William Bligh was born in
blistering and given him in managing the king's real Plymouth on September 9th
copius supplies laudanum or personal estate 1754, and joined the Navy as
and quinine proved • the Queen had charge of young man aged 15.
useless.. It seems likely the king's person He has had a ‘colourful’
that Prince George will take The need for Royal Assent career, and was personally
over and Pitt be dismissed to the legislation was by- selected by Captain James
passed by invoking the Cook to be the sailing master
Both Pitt and the Whigs authority held to reside in of the Resolution on his
wanted a Regency, but for the Great Seal as the second voyage around the
different reasons. instrument of authority. world between 1772-74.
Last month the Regency
Bill was passed by the BREAKING NEWS the Bligh has seen service in many
Commons and clearly was Regency Bill’s passage naval battles and last year was
intended to deprive the through the • Lords has chosen by Sir Joseph Banks to
Prince of Wales of power: been suspended because command HMS Bounty.
the Bill said that George III had recovered
. Analyst at the admiralty have
commented on allegations
from the crew of the Bounty
that Bligh was a harsh and
cruel taskmaster, and chief
mate Fletcher Christian
became, as did other members
of the crew, increasingly
mutinous over the course of
their journey.

What do we know about the

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3

STOP THE MASSACRES By Concetta Mauro

3 B SIA

End of the witch hunt

Today, after 500 years, we can say “stop” to the witch hunt. The massacres in recent years have
been many, women were persecuted because they were suspected of carrying out acts of
witchcraft and magic or maintaining relationships with the dark forces from which they received
the power to harm the man.

Thousands of women have been tortured until they have confessed things they were not guilty

of. Many of them were burned alive. They were accused of witchcraft and

heresy against religious dogmas and

judged without trial.

If they "confessed", they were
declared guilty of witchcraft; if they
"did not confess" they were
considered heretics and burned at
the stake. There was no escape for
anyone.
Some were subjected to the horrible
test of the stone around the neck: the
alleged offender was thrown into the
water, tied to a stone. The test had to
prove the person’s innocence: if she
drowned, that meant she was
innocent, if she remained afloat that
meant she was a witch and was killed.
In any case, she died.

Women were raped and
tortured and their goods were
confiscated.

The whole family was
dispossessed of all their
goods; they even burned the
bones of people who had died.

Today, after so many crimes
and so much suffering, the
terrible “witch hunt” has
finished!!!!!

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Architecture

The Royal Palace of Caserta

ifaTwwTittwIcb2tAFc2ToFtnnihehoouiqrhhhfr08rseaaizcewreeismnClrueeetttnzrtnlsltathhhaNtueaiiepoohgbmtpRst.lisresRrdedlnaeo'JAoeteotrTswfeoaoodleusaouirwranuhyasernyussmyarpdcnolsgtaecehyntuluartaaooueoaselusoee,ocrslabglolsufiPtseralhr"widlsrnheayhfetteraPrBynota1eascariae1e,ol1atuadcvndcus1enta2suh7li7onhcAaoitaeccsat70altegptec5myl5eiec,qmrinch5r0"tnifidlre10becugstasaupeioo2ptlshwv,b.uanechleenf,uslceceTridreiydoedeirittapoColsdnwtdhoedseeduxulehtmao(atreRolns..chancirhiidlesVmnnoitcnntiatptekgeenhdeehgLyoacwClsianrwCgerbuenraeebftrMasofaaxaliegdsahdpyaargSifvatsoPaosorilhestaCaiienitllwouuahnleofVlrssahnaridwrelmtnewn.kSlitasaeterpyEetsatei'loanschiasAblruom,aPsdunflR,veo,legTVroenaltdraivonvoLyawtehotarudlitihyieepabotncasfndopraBaaamclaueuitvVetaltodltemmci.rnerdwiardce.rePetnttikrYdesgaboHohbehraams’oebtsi'sknuoleeiiselntfa,latGsgyeaoihrrniirgbaftpgiPontcoiontialeoebarynuauceralemeutytr,renoeaemilirdidndw,sla)sevgrjbinttt.:eeasdcn.eheohhbaacotycwessdiednneooyneatft,.,,

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7th May 1762

An amazing bridge in “Valley di Maddaloni”

Inaugurated today in Valle di Maddaloni one of the most beautiful
works of the area. Today, 7th May 1762, the Caroline aqueduct, renown
as the “Bridges of the valley”, has been inaugurated.
The aqueduct connects Mount Longano to Mount Garzano, but it has
been built mainly to transport water from the Fizzo sources, in
Bucciano, to the Royal Palace of Caserta and feed its fountains. The
building works have required sixteen years of hectic activity and the
support of the most esteemed mathematicians and academics of the
kingdom of Naples, including the well-known architect Luigi
Vanvitelli.
A few years ago, in 1753, the architect Luigi Vanvitelli on commission
of King Charles of Bourbon, called “Carolino”, designed the aqueduct. It
consists of a tuff structure with three orders of arches resting on forty-
four square-shaped pillars for a length of 529 m. and a height of 55.8 m.,
on the model of Roman aqueducts. Surely, for its majesty and its
usefulness, over the years, it will certainly become one of the best know
and important in Italy

IIS “DE’ LIGUORI” Class 3 B S.I.A.

Class IIIa Cat Today we are interviewing Situated in the Taburno
the Italian students of the Regional Park, Sant'Agata
AN INTERVIEW : 3rd year attending the de' Goti has got an amazing
SANT'AGATA DE' GOTI school for surveyors in historic centre together
AND RURAL Sant'Agata de' Goti. My with rural territories
ARCHITECTURE TODAY first questions is about crossed by the river Isclero.
your town. How would you
describe it?

What was the What activities were
landscape typical of the period?
characterized by in
the XVIII century? The cultivation of fields
was typical of the century
In the XVIII century this as it is witnessed by the
presence of the Reullo
landscape was stone washtub whose
water flew into the river
characterized by stone washtubs and Isclero, and by one of its
aqueducts since the most famous aqueducts,
constructions connected territory was destined to the Carmignano, built with
agricultural activities. the aim of bringing water to
with the use of water such the town.

as fountains,

1

The XVIII century was also What is the 'Ferriera? production of weapons
characterized by the and was, later on,
presence of the 'Ferriera'. Today it is a monument transformed into a mill
but in the past it was used that used the waters of
as a factory for the the stream Riello.

Can you describe The mills 'Ferriera' and symbolic value since they
the Mills of the 'Falco' are made up of tuff
XVIII century? and wood. They have a are the evidence of the
very simple structure. The
canals connecting the traditional building
mills, constitute a
techniques.

Are there any And what about Thank you for this
problems with this solutions? interview. I hope
territory today? to come and visit
Washtubs, fountains, your town as soon
Yes, there are. Pollution of Mills and the 'Ferriera' are as possible.
being restored and
rivers first of all and also recovered by the
government. Moreover
the presence of a lot of the aim is to create a
sustainable economy to
concrete structures promote landscape and
tourism.
ruining the landscape.

The XVIII century was also Monday 6th August 1787 (but at the same time he
characterized by the presence would comfort the Pope
of the 'Ferriera'. The dearly beloved former who was in agony.
bishop of Sant’Agata de’ Goti He left his position as a
What is the 'Ferriera? passed away last Wednesday, bishop for health
Today it is a monument but in 1st August, after a long period problems.
the past it was used as a of retirement in the
factory for the production of Redemptorist community of Alfonso was also an
weapons and was, later on, Pagani. important Italian
transformed into a mill that composer. He composed
used the waters of the stream Alfonso Maria De’ Liguori was two famous religious
Riello. born in Naples on the 27th songs: ‘Quanno nascette
September 1696. He can be ninno’ and “Tu scendi
Can you describe the Mills of considered a child prodigy! At dalle stele”.
the XVIII century? the age of twelve he enrolled at “Quanno nascette ninno”
The mills 'Ferriera' and 'Falco' the University of Naples, where (https://youtu.be/
are made up of tuff and wood. he achieved his doctorate in MjRPCujPM9Y )
They have a very simple civil and canon law four years tells the birth of Jesus
structure. The canals later; then he began to practice and how this event
connecting the mills, as a lawyer at only sixteen. changed the world. It is
constitute a symbolic value Following a crushing defeat written in Neapolitan
since they are the evidence of achieved in his professional dialect and witnesses
the traditional building career he decided to devote the great faith of the
techniques. himself to God. He was Neapolitan people.
ordained a priest and soon he The song ‘Tu scendi dalle
Are there any problems with showed to be special! Following stelle’ (https://youtu.
this territory today? the earthquake that struck the be/68mCdwb4A3k ) was
Yes, there are. Pollution of city of Foggia, he travelled to written during a mission
rivers first of all and also the Capitania where, while he was in Nola and has become
presence of a lot of concrete preaching in the Church of St. very popular and will
structures ruining the Giovanni Battista, he was seen probably be long
landscape. wrapped in a beam of light and famous.
And what about solutions? he was seen to levitate from the
Washtubs, fountains, Mills ground. Later, he retired in (class 3 B SIA)
and the 'Ferriera' are being Liberi (near Caserta), where he
restored and recovered by the founded the Congregation of
government. Moreover the the Most Holy Redeemer. In
aim is to create a sustainable 1762, the Pope Clemente XIII
economy to promote wanted him as a bishop in the
landscape and tourism. diocese of Sant’Agata De’ Goti.
Thank you for this interview. I He had the gift of ubiquity: it is
hope to come and visit your said that, after being appointed
town as soon as possible. as a bishop
he went to Rome to assist the
IIS “DE’ LIGUORI” Pope Clemente XIV but his
confreres in Sant’Agata would
see him, for two consecutive
days resting on a chair while in
ome/ It was Probably a miracle
he had to stay in this position

SLOVENIA BECOMES AWARE THAT IT
IS A NATION

Maria Theresa's reforms have ended centralized power and absolutism and modernized the
culture and economy of her lands including Slovenia.

What a remarkable accomplishment So now we have two secondary schools in
for Slovenia! Slovenia – one in Ljubljana and one in Celovec.
Here are just a few new reforms: We've become a cultural nation and we have our
She has re-organized the own language. Now we would really like to have
administrative system by creating our own university. But I suppose that will have
provincial departments and district to wait a bit longer.....But it's nice to dream, isn't
offices that supervize the land it?
owners and the city administation.
She's established supervision over Collected and prepared by students from the
taxes to make sure the aristocrats English Circle at Osnovna šola
pay up as well.
She's introduced the land register or Pivka, Slovenia
'cataster'.
She's imported potatoes from Peru to
help
children live longer...and I must say
they're quite good.

AND her school reforms are
remarkable. Primary school is
obligatory for all, even for my girls.

She's modernized the Catholic
Church and granted Protestants
almost equal status with Catholics as
well as lifting restrictions on Jews.
They all have the right to an
education.

Literature today

Literature of the 18th century in Croatia

Enlightenment, classicism and rationalism
In 18th century called and useful enlightenment
and rationalism, formed in Croatia a new
attitude toward literature, due to the liberation
of a greater part of Dalmatia and Slavonia from
the Turkish authorities, the encroachment of the
Enlightenment and rationalist ideas that are
circulating in Western Europe, and social
reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II. in the
northern part of the Croatian.
The theatre is in the 18th century acted in
various forms in almost all coastal cities of
Dubrovnik, Hvar and Korčula to Zadar, Senj and
Rijeka, northern Croatia from Zagreb and
Varaždin to Požega and Osijek.

our editors

pick of the

age

The literary works of the 18th century 4. Matija Antun Relković
- Croatian enlightenment prose
1. Pavao Ritter Vitezović: - As a prisoner in Dresden,
- Croatian writer, historian, linguist and comparing Slavonia with
publisher Germany, he wrote a poem
- He is the holder of the noble title of Baron
- He proposed that each voice has its own, "Satyr or the Wild Man"
always the same letter

2. Antun Kanižlić
- Jesuit, theologian and Croatian
poet
- He wrote religious books,
prayer books and translated
from German
- He is the first northern
Croatian writer who directly saw
the Dubrovnik poets

Croatian authentic gastronomy in the 18th century eorgia Today
was a poor and simple. They ate žganci (something
like mush), beans and prežgana soup (which is Georgian cuisine as not only
basically water with toasted flour and salt). Pura z unique because of the ingredients
mlinci is a meal that can be singled out form this tused but because the food is
poverty. It is a dish that consists of roasted turkey cooked in the Russian Stove
and mlinci (a kind of pasta) as a side dish. The dish ( ). We baked bread in
was prepared among the nobles of Northern them, brewed kvass and beer, and
Croatia. Today it is considered a classic of the on stoves we dry food. And
Zagreb cuisine. It is traditionally prepared for generally usedto heat houses in
Christmas. The ingredients have remained winter and many people slept on
unchanged for centuries and they are all locally them.
produced.
Ingredients: 1 turkey The food cooked in stoves is
delicious because it was heated
2 apples evenly from all sides.
1 tablespoon of honey
1 dl of chicken stock The sizes of dishes has increased,
mlinci and the duration of the banquet.
They normally started at lunch
Preparation: the day before you leave the turkey in time and continued eating till late
salted water. The next day, we take it out of the night.
water, wipe it down and put some salt on it. We
stuff it with apples. We put some honey on the skin This new new era sees the
and put it in the oven. development of Russian society.
Mlinci should be put in boiling chicken stock, left Piter I not only transferred the
for a few minutes and then drained. Then we add capital to St. Petersburg closer to
them to the roasted turkey, so they can soak up the Western Europe and changed
some of the grease and get flavour. Finally, we the calendar, he changed many
serve the turkey and mlinci on the same tray. traditions. Russia was becoming
Leonarda Ričko 7.r more and more influenced by
western European cuisine, first
German and then Dutch and
French.

The Russian aristocracy was hiring
foreign chefs that totally replaced
lady-cooks. The Russian cuisine
got dishes like sandwiches
( ), salads ( ) and bouillon
( ), and a choice of pan fried
dishes (beefsteaks, entrecote,
meat patties ( ), as well as
sauces ( ), (jellies), creams
etc. Russian tratirs ( ) were
replaced by restaurants with
waiters and hosts. Most of this did
not affect the common people.

CROSSWORD PRIMOŽ TRUBAR

QWE R T Z U I O P Š A S D G H
J K L Č Ž Y X C V B NMA G D A
S P R I MO Ž G F HK N B Y N V
MR J K L Č O Y D VMD E CML
AOTRANS L ATORC LGR
Y T S G C D O ĆMO PWE K S X
N E OD R Č S A A S EMD RME
A SGK AX AUTHORA E Y F
MTMO Š R Č F P N CWR K SW
R A C N ČMK L DG S A I A X A
E NOC I GR Y J KMY U Y O Š
G T T A C A T E C H I SMU S L
B S MO A S C D G F B F AM F M

WORDS TRANSLATOR
PRIMOŽ GERMANY
RAŠČICA AUTHOR
CATECHISMUS PROTESTANT
ABECEDARIUM

by: Anže Kovač 7.A

SLOVENIAN LACE-MAKING
Lace-making in the Slovenian town of Idirja has put Slovenia on the map.
With Janez Vajkard Valvasor talking about it in his famous book, 'The
Glory of the Duchy of Carniola' (1689), the handicraft is quickly spreading
to other Slovenian regions.

**Information and photos collected by students from the English Circle 2016

The Enlightenement respectful towards food and other
goods that they received. It wasn't
brings changes to until the end of the 17th and
beginning of the 18th century that
Slovenian society people started using cutlery and
napkins at meal time.
Collected and prepared by Aleša Česnik
and Nina Petrc, 8.B

The lower classes of society lived in The famous beehive boardends
bad living conditions. Families had to became very popular in Slovenia in
send their chidren to families that the 18th century. They depicted
were well-off, where they worked as animals with human-like
servants to make money. Because of characteristics and/or people with
the bad hygene in the cities there animal-like characteristics. They
were a lot of flies everywhere and usually showed scenes from
everything was very dirty. Boys had everyday
to leave their homes by the age of six
and were forced to do heavy chores
to make money for their families
back home. When fully grown they
had to join the military service. If
they didn't abide by the rules, they
were punished, sometimes even put
into jail. Girls learned to sing and
dance and did housework. Poorer
people revolted against paying taxes,
which were always too high, but
their complaints were always
supressed.

People's attitudes towards food
changed. They became more
life.

‘BIZARRE’ MOTIFS IN
EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY
CROATIA

‘BIZARRE’ On the brocaded yellow satin background we can
see branches, leaves, flowers, and vases in pink,
MOTIFS green and blue. Among these are meandering
decorative motifs made from metal thread.
Croatia had a modest level of The skirt is made up of seven panels of silk. Its
textile production during the overall width is 3.5 meters and the length is 1
eighteenth-century. Other than meter.
limited, it was also very expensive. The port of Split grew in the sixteenth-century,
In the late seventeenth-and early becoming one of the most important trading points
eighteenth-century Europe, fabrics between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian
with˝Bizarre˝motifs were very Republic, particularly in the trading of fabrics.
popular. Fashionable eighteenth-century clothes were
˝Bizzare˝style was described as a expensive. They were made from imported silk,
flowery decor filled with abstract velvet, brocade, fine cloth, and lace.
elements. The style was not far behind Italian fashion.
Luxurious ˝Bizzare˝motifs were Rich women would go to Ancona or Venice where
emphasized with gold and silver they would order dresses and other decorative
threads. items like fans, gloves, scarves, handbags and other
Floral decoration was made out of items.
coloured threads. By Tina Njegovec, Osnovna škola˝Podrute˝

The Museum of Arts and Crafts in
Zagreb acquired a skirt made from
silk fabric in gold and yellow
with˝Bizzare˝motifs.

Obituaries

The day the century died

The 30th March is a sad day for all fans of Next to go was the most divinely charming
eighteenth century history as not one but dandy and least awful Old Etonian of them
THREE of the greatest and most glamorous all, Mr George Bryan ‘Beau’ Brummel, who
luminaries of that exquisite age were to died in France (he’d retrenched there
pass away on this day. several years later to escape his heinous
mountain of debts) in 1840 at the age of
First to pop their pretty silk clogs was sixty one (note that he also shared his
Georgiana Spencer, Duchess of Devonshire, birthday with The Divine Georgiana). If you
who passed away in 1806 at the age of love Austen heroes and the novels of
forty eight, which is no age at all really is it? Georgette Heyer then you owe Mr
Poor Georgiana. She was one of those Brummel a HUGE and heartfelt thank you
incredibly comely and charismatic women for his stirling work in guiding the Prince
who appeared to have perfect lives full of Regent and other fashionable upper crust
fashion, fun and frivolity, but were actually gentlemen not only towards daily washing
miserable as hell in private with indifferent and cleaning their boots with champagne
husbands, faithless lovers, illegitimate but also a more refined and elegant style
children, bossy parents and hideous debts of masculine dress, which featured well
(at the time of her death, she owed the fitting dark jackets to show off those
equivalent of £3,720,000 in modern BROAD HEROIC SHOULDERS, long white
money). Georgiana had all of this and more. trousers that accentuated the wearer’s
She even had one of the worst frenemies in MUSCULAR THIGHS and a well shaped
history in the person of Lady Bess Foster. cravat to give them something other than
the heroine to chat about with their chums
Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, and valet.
Francesco Bartolozzi, after Lady Diana
Beauclerk, 1779. Photo: National Portrait
Gallery, London.

Unlike most famous beauties, it isn’t hard to
see from her many portraits why Georgiana
was considered so divinely alluring – she
was a charming, sweet faced auburn haired
lovely with wide candid eyes and a smile
that played in the corners of a pouting little
mouth. I often wish that she had been
painted by Madame Vigée Lebrun – what a
masterpiece that would have been! I wonder
why it never happened?
There’s something so lovable about
Georgiana – her charm was so enormous, so
huge that it can still be felt today. One may
feel impatience when reading about her
debts and disorderly lifestyle but
nonetheless it is impossible not to feel
sympathy for her. It’s no wonder that she is
often linked to other tragic fashion icons
Princess Marie Antoinette (who was one of







































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