Chapter 19—Carbon and Organic Compounds

Chapter 19—Carbon and Organic Compounds

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Carbon shows a very strong tendency to form

a. ionic bonds. c. hydrogen bonds.

b. covalent bonds. d. highly polar bonds.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

2. How many outermost electrons does a carbon atom have?

a. 3 c. 5

b. 4 d. 6

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

3. How many single covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

a. 2 c. 4

b. 3 d. 5

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

4. When a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds, the bonds are directed toward the corners of a

a. triangle. c. square.

b. pyramid. d. tetrahedron.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

5. Carbon atoms readily join with atoms of c. both other elements and carbon.
a. metals. d. nonmetals.
b. carbon only.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

6. What are two allotropic forms of carbon? c. solid carbon and liquid carbon
a. carbon-12 and carbon-14 d. diamond and graphite
b. alkanes and alkenes

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2

7. Which of the following is an allotropic form of carbon?

a. carbon-12 c. solid carbon

b. alkanes d. diamond

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2

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8. Which statement about the hardness of diamond and graphite is correct?
a. Diamond is very soft, and graphite is very hard.
b. Diamond is very hard, and graphite is very soft.
c. Both diamond and graphite are very hard.
d. Both diamond and graphite are very soft.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2

9. What do all organic compounds contain? c. oxygen
a. hydrogen d. carbon
b. water
REF: 1
ANS: D DIF: 1 OBJ: 2

10. Which of the following is an atom or a group of atoms responsible for the specific properties of an

organic compound?

a. isomer c. substituted hydrocarbon

b. hydrocarbon d. functional group

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

11. What is a functional group?
a. a group of organic compounds with similar structural formulas
b. a group of organic compounds that undergo similar chemical reactions
c. a group of atoms that help determine the properties of an organic compound
d. Both (a) and (b)

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

12. What does a functional group determine?
a. the properties of an organic compound
b. how a compound is classified
c. the molecular mass of a compound
d. Both (a) and (b)

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

13. Why are functional groups important?
a. The properties of functional groups help to systematically classify compounds.
b. Reactions of a compound involve the bonds within a functional group.
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. Neither (a) nor (b)

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

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14. All organic compounds containing the same functional group

a. have the same name. c. undergo different chemical reactions.

b. are classified together. d. behave differently.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

15. Which of the following is the functional group in alcohols?

a. –COOH c. –CO

b. –OH d. –O–

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

16. The name of a compound with the functional group –OH has the suffix

a. –ol. c. oic acid.

b. –al. d. one.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

17. What are alkanes called when atoms of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine are substituted for

hydrogen atoms?

a. aldehydes c. alkyl halides

b. ketones d. carboxylic acids

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 3

18. How is the functional group in alkyl halides often written?

a. –OX c. –X

b. –XO d. –O–

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 3

19. In the figure above, to what class does the organic compound belong?

a. alcohols c. ethers

b. alkyl halides d. aldehydes

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 3

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20. Name the compound in the figure above. c. ethanol
a. 1,2,3-propanetriol d. 2-butanol
b. 1,2-ethanediol
REF: 2
ANS: A DIF: 2 OBJ: 3

21. In the figure above, name the compound in diagram D.

a. 2-bromopropyne c. 2-bromopropane

b. 2-bromopropene d. 2,2-bromopropene

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 1

22. In the figure above, name the compound in diagram B.

a. 1,3-butadiene c. 2,3-butadiene

b. 1,4-butadiene d. 1,3-butene

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 1

23. In the figure above, name the compound in diagram A.

a. ethane c. ethyne

b. ethene d. ethadiene

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 1

24. Name the polymer(s) in the process used to make vulcanized rubber by heating rubber and sulfur.

a. sulfur c. both rubber and sulfur

b. rubber d. neither rubber nor sulfur

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

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25. Which are large molecules made of many small units joined by organic reactions?

a. monomers c. polymers

b. copolymers d. linear polymers

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

26. Two different monomers joined to each other form

a. a polymer. c. a polygon.

b. an isomer. d. an allotrope.

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

27. Macromolecules found in living things are which of the following?

a. synthetic polymers c. Both (a) and (b)

b. natural polymers d. Neither (a) nor (b)

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

28. What polymer is formed by a chain addition reaction between monomers that have a double bond?

a. addition polymer c. branched polymer

b. condensation polymer d. cross-linked polymer

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

COMPLETION

1. All organic compounds contain ____________________.

ANS: carbon

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

2. Carbon atoms usually form ____________________ bonds.

ANS: covalent

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

3. Carbon can form up to ____________________ single covalent bonds.

ANS: four

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

5

4. The atoms in a diamond form a ____________________ network.

ANS: tetrahedral

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2

5. An allotrope of carbon made of hexagons that form a hollow tube is a(n) ____________________.

ANS: nanotube

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2

6. The carbon atoms in the allotrope ____________________ are bonded in a hexagonal pattern.

ANS: graphite

DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 2

7. A(n) ____________________ is a hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds.

ANS: alkane

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 3

8. An alkene is a hydrocarbon that contains one or more ____________________ bonds.

ANS: double

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 3

9. Benzene is an example of a(n) ____________________ compound.

ANS: aromatic

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 3

10. An atom or group of atoms that gives characteristic properties to organic compounds is known as a
____________________.

ANS: functional group

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

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11. An organic compound that is a common ingredient in soft drinks is ____________________.

ANS: amine

DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

12. Two compounds with the same chemical formula but different chemical and physical properties are
____________________.

ANS: isomers

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 5

13. The simplest alkane is methane, the main component of ____________________.

ANS: natural gas

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 1

14. An alkane with the prefix hept- has ____________________ carbon atoms.

ANS: seven

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 1

15. A hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms is a
____________________ hydrocarbon.

ANS: saturated

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 1

16. To name a branched hydrocarbon, determine the number of carbon atoms in the
____________________ chain.

ANS: longest

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 2

17. The systematic names of ____________________ end in -ol.

ANS: alcohols

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 3

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18. The systematic names of ____________________ end in -one.

ANS: ketones

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 3

19. Structural formulas are sometimes represented by ____________________.

ANS: skeletal structures

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

20. The type of molecular model that shows the number of atoms but not the size or shape of the atoms is
the ____________________.

ANS: chemical formula

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

21. The element ____________________ is usually not shown in a skeletal structure.

ANS: hydrogen

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

22. A(n) _________________________ is a reaction in which one or more atoms replace another atom
or group of atoms.

ANS: substitution reaction

DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

23. A(n) ____________________ is a reaction in which an atom is added to an unsaturated molecule,
increasing the saturation of the molecule.

ANS: addition reaction

DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

24. A large molecule that is made by an addition reaction is a ____________________.

ANS: polymer

DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

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25. A reaction in which two smaller molecules combine, usually with the formation of water, is a(n)
_________________________.

ANS: condensation reaction

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2

26. A reaction in which a simple molecule is removed from adjacent carbon atoms of a larger molecule is
a(n) ____________________.

ANS: elimination reaction

DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 2

27. The mixing of sucrose and concentrated sulfuric acid is a(n) ____________________ reaction that
removes water from the sucrose.

ANS: elimination

DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 2

28. Nylon 66 is produced though a(n) ____________________ reaction.

ANS: condensation

DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 2

SHORT ANSWER

1. What are the three characteristics of carbon bonds that make them unique?

ANS:
The bonds are very strong, they are not extremely reactive under ordinary conditions, and carbon can
form up to four single covalent bonds.

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

2. What is unique about a nanotube, the newly discovered allotrope of carbon?

ANS:
Nanotubes are made of hexagons of carbon atoms that form a hollow tube. They are very small and
thin (about 10,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair), but they are very strong, up to 10
to 1000 times stronger than steel.

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 2

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3. How are hydrocarbons classified?

ANS:
They are classified based on the bonding between carbon atoms. Alkanes have single bonds, alkenes
have one or more double bonds, and alkynes have at least one triple bond.

DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 3

4. What role do functional groups play in the behavior of organic compounds?

ANS:
Functional groups are involved in chemical reactions. They are responsible for how an organic
compound reacts and help determine its properties.

DIF: 1 REF: 1 OBJ: 4

5. How are 1-butanol and isobutyl alcohol similar? How are they different?

ANS:
They are similar in that they are both alcohols and they both have the same molecular formula. But
their atoms are arranged differently, giving them different chemical and physical properties. These two
molecules are isomers.

DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 5

6. Compare saturated hydrocarbons to unsaturated hydrocarbons.

ANS:
The carbon atoms in a saturated hydrocarbon form four single covalent bonds with other atoms. Not all
of the carbon atoms in an unsaturated hydrocarbon have four single covalent bonds.

DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 1

7. What are the four ways to represent an organic molecule?

ANS:
The four ways include a chemical formula, a structural formula, a skeletal structure, and a space-filling
model.

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

8. When is hydrogen shown in a skeletal structure?

ANS:
Hydrogen is shown only when it is part of the functional group.

DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

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9. How is a substitution reaction different from an addition reaction?

ANS:
A substitution reaction is a reaction where one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms.
An addition reaction is a reaction in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule,
increasing the saturation of the molecule.

DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

10. How is vegetable oil converted into solid margarine?

ANS:
Vegetable oil is converted to a solid form through the process of hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is a
simple addition reaction where hydrogen gas is passed through the oil, adding hydrogen atoms to the
unsaturated molecule.

DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

11. How is polyethylene made?

ANS:
Polyethylene is made from the monomer ethene. The ethene monomers are joined together to form
larger molecules through addition reactions.

DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 1

12. How is a condensation reaction different from an elimination reaction?

ANS:
Two molecules combine in a condensation reaction, usually resulting in the formation of a water
molecule. An elimination reaction occurs when a simple molecule is removed from adjacent carbon
atoms on the same organic molecule.

DIF: 1 REF: 3 OBJ: 2

13. How is nylon produced?

ANS:
Nylon is produced from a condensation reaction between an amine group on hexanediamine and a
carboxyl group on adipic acid.

DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 2

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14. Describe the formation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

ANS:
PET is formed from a condensation reaction. It is formed from an alcohol and an organic acid. Water
forms from between the alcohol and the acid. The two monomers bond, forming the polyester, PET.

DIF: 2 REF: 3 OBJ: 2

PROBLEM
1. Draw the structural formula for diethyl ether.
ANS:

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

2. Name the compound in the figure below:

ANS:
1,2-ethanediol

DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

3. Name the compound below:

ANS:
tricholorfluoromethane

DIF: 1 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

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4. Draw the structural formula for propene.
ANS:

DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 4

ESSAY

1. Describe the difference between diamonds and graphite.

ANS:
A diamond contains an enormous number of carbon atoms that form a very strong tetrahedral network.
Graphite is very soft and has carbon atoms that are bonded in a hexagonal, planer pattern. Weak bonds
hold the planes together, causing the graphite to “peel” apart.

DIF: 2 REF: 1 OBJ: 1

2. What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?

ANS:
A saturated fat is one in which all of the carbon atoms form four single covalent bonds. An unsaturated
fat is one in which not all of the carbon atoms form four single covalent bonds. Margarine and
vegetable shortening are saturated fats, while vegetable oil is an example of an unsaturated fat.

DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 1

3. What are some examples of natural organic compounds? Of synthetic organic compounds?

ANS:
Your hair is a natural organic compound made from proteins. Paper is made from cellulose, an organic
acid. Citrus fruits contain the organic acid, citric acid. Plastics such as PET, nylon, rubber, and some
pharmaceutical drugs are synthetic organic compounds.

DIF: 2 REF: 2 OBJ: 2

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