BIOLOGY SB015 ASSIGNMENT (final)

BIOLOGY SB015 ASSIGNMENT
2022/2023

BIO FLIPBOOK
Molecules of Life

&
Cell Structures and Functions

NAME : PUTRI NAJATI BT ISMAIL
MATRIC NUMBER : MS2113172882
PRACTICUM : H3T02B
LECTURER’S NAME : MADAM LAILI SYAHIDAH
BINTI MOHAMED ASIN

– carbohydrates

+ water + • Monosaccharides (glucose)
ring structure : α-glucose & β-glucose
• Water is a polar molecule due to its
• Disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, lactose)
partially positive/negative charge double sugar molecule linked by glycosidic bond
• Held together by hydrogen bond • Polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, glucose)
Polymers of hundreds monomer joined by glycosidic

• Able to form hydrogen bonds with max

4 other water molecules linkages through condensation

α-glucose

Types of


Molecules proteins

of Life • Also known as polypeptides

• monomer : amino acids

• Peptide bond (covalent bond that

join the protein together)
• Levels of protein : Primary structure (1º),
Secondary structure (2º), Tertiary structure (3º)

& Quarternary structure (4º)

lipids nucleic
amino acid
acids
• Consist of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
• Insoluble in water (due to long H-C chain) but
• Monomer : nucleotide
• Nucleotide component : pentose sugar

soluble in organic solvents (deoxyribose/ribose), nitrogenous base,

• Types of fatty acid: saturated fatty acid (no

double bond between C) & unsaturated fatty acid


(1 or more double bond between C)

phosphate group

• Nucleotides are linked through phosphodiester


bond forming backbone (pentose sugar +


triglyceride phosphate group) nucleotide

MAIN CLASSES

OF PROTEIN

Fibrous
Globular
Conjugated

protein protein protein

Fibrous Protein

1. Fibrous protein is polypeptide chains organised as

strands that lie parallel to each other forming a fibre

2. A stable structure - due to absence of tertiary

structure to denature, this stabilise the fibrous

protein structure

3. Insoluble in water - non-polar residues on the

surface of the fibrous protein makes them less

soluble than globular protein

4. Role in mechanical and structural function
5. Eg: collagen & keratin

Globular Protein

1. Globular protein is polypeptides that are
folded into spherical shape, globe-like

protein

2.Nearly all globular proteins consist of α-

helix and β-pleated sheets folded into a

compact structure that is stabilized by

polar and nonpolar interactions

3. Relatively an unstable structure and

colloids may form in water

4. Generally used in metabolic & chemical
processes such as binding, catalysis,

regulation, transport and immunity

5. Eg: enzymes, haemoglobin &

myoglobin

Conjugated Protein

different types of conjugated proteins 1.Conjugated protein is a

type of protein consists of
non-protein material

(prosthetic group) within

its own structure

2.eg: glycoprotein,

lipoprotei, Hb,

nucleoprotein &

flavoprotein

How does a curly hair

straightened?

Do you know that?

In our hair, there is a protein called the keratin. Keratin is a type of

protein with a secondary structure that is biologically active. When


straightening a curly hair, the keratin structure loses its original

confirmation. This requires protein denaturation that disrupt the

hydrogen bonds found in the hair protein keratin and unfolding of it’s

polypeptide chain that holds together the 3D structure. Once they lose

it’s original structure, they become functionally inactive. Denaturation of
protein may be caused by several factors such as extreme pH and

extremely high temperature. This explains the ability of curly hair to

straight hair. When straightening a curly hair using a straightener, we

will apply a certain amount of heat that is very high. The amount of heat

received by the keratin makes the bond that holds the keratin structure

loses its ability and causes the keratin structure loses its original


confirmation

Muscle Cells

Types of
Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle
muscle/characterist

Cylindrical-shaped Elongated and

ic No branching cylindrical-shaped

Shape Elongated spindle-shaped
Branched
with pointed ends
Striated
Branched Grouped in branching

bundles

Striated Unstriated Striated

Number of
One central nucleus More than one A single nucleus
nucleus
At the centre of the cell At the periphery of the
At the centre of the cell
Position of
cell
nucleus

REFERENCE

1.Samanthi, Dr. (2020, September 4). Difference Between

Denaturation and Renaturation of Protein.
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-

denaturation-and-renaturation-of-

protein/#:~:text=Renaturation%20of%20a%20protein%20is,Re

naturation%20is%20sometimes%20reversible

2. Ophardt, C.E. (2003). Denaturation of Proteins.
http://chemistry.elmhurs
t.edu/vchembook/568denaturation.html

3. Vaidya, A. (2009, Nov 9). How Things Work: Hair-straightening.
https://thetartan.org/2009/11/9/scitech/howthingswork

4. Baxter, R., Druggan, F. (2022, June 30). Types of muscle cells.
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/types-of-muscle-cells

5. Vitz, E., Moore, J.W., Shorb, J. Resina, X.P., Wendorff, T., Hahn, A.
(2021,May 14). Classification of Proteins.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Brevard_College/CHE_301_Bioche

mistry/04%3A_Amino_Acids_and_Proteins/4.05%3A_Classification_o
f_Proteins