textbook

Project 1: Textbook

Peeraya Sukkeewan

6481019527

1

The Sentence

A Sentence usually has two basic parts: Subject and predicate

1) Subject

The subject can be one of the five forms: noun/noun phrase, pronoun

Gerund, infinitive or noun clause. noun
1. noun

concrete noun abstarct noun
Feeling, Idea, Concept, emotion
Thing, People, Place, Animal, flower
student, cat, etc.

common noun proper noun
road, cat, day, etc. Jan, sunday, Ladpraw road etc.

countable noun uncountable noun
book, table, pen, etc. rice, water, milk, etc.

singular noun
plural noun

1. noun

A noun is a word that is used to identify or classify a person (Peeraya Sukkeewan),
place (factory), object (trains), animal (cat), or idea (kindnfeesasr),. loItvei,sbtehleiesfsu,bjfercietndosfhaip, etc.

verb (action). A noun can be singular (one) or plural (many).

2. noun phrase 2

A noun phrase consists of a noun and other related words (usually modifiers and
determiners) which modify the noun. It functions like a noun in a sentence.
example:

- She buys on old wooden chair. (noun phrase)
- A man in the window shouted for help. (noun phrase)

3. pronoun
A pronoun is a word which is used in the place of a noun or another pronoun. The word

which a personal pronoun refers to is called the antecedent.

pronoun

Subject Object
I, You, We, They, He, She, It me, you, us, them, him, her, it

4. Gerund

The gerund is a verb that acts like a noun in a sentence. The subject in which the names are used
in the sentence is used in the case of the object. The gerund is obtained by adding the "-ing" tag
to a verb root.

example:
- Smoking is not good.

- Exercising is good for your heart.

- I love drinking Coke.
- I hate doing housework.

5. Clauses 3

A clause is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb.

1) Independent Clauses

A independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a
complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence.

Subject + Verb (+Complement)
- I walk.
- She run.

2) dependent Clauses

A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a
complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked
by a dependent marker word.

Subject + Verb (+Complement)
- .......what you said.
- .......when she is in Japan.

example: dependent cl.
independent cl.

- I don't understand what you said.
- I will call her when she is in Japan.

2) A predicate 4

A predicate is the part of a sentence that gives information about the subject. helping verb
- In the sentence "We went to the airport," "went to the airport" is the predicate.

verb

main verb

action verb linking verb

Transitive verb Intransitive verb

1.main verb

Main verbs have meaning on their own (unlike helping verbs).
There are thousands of main verbs, and we can classify them in several ways:
Transitive and intransitive verbs

A transitive verb takes a direct object: Somebody killed the President.

An intransitive verb does not have a direct object: He died. Many verbs,

like speak, can be transitive or intransitive. Look at these examples:

Transitive: Intransitive:

- I'm eatting mango. - She speaks fast.

- She buys new shirt. - We walk to the school.

- He speaks English. - She smiles a lot.

linking verb

A linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the subject

to what is said about the subject. Usually, a linking verb shows equality (=)

→or a change to a different state or place ( ). Linking verbs are always intransitive

(but not all intransitive verbs are linking verbs).

Example: 5

- The flower grows old.
- The flower smell good.
- She look happy.

2. Helping verb helping verb

v. to be v. to have v. to do modals

- be - has - do - can could
- may might
- is, am, are - have - does - should ought to
- must have to
- was, were - had - did - will shall
- be going to
- been, being - used to dere

Helping verbs /auxiliary verb help the main verb to describe action. That
action happened in the past or is happening in the present or will happen
in the future.

Example:
- He is dancing.
- She has worked for an hour.
- Did you like it ?
- John doesn't like pizza.

3. Finite and Non-finite verb

finite verb
Finite verb are also called the limited verb or the actual verb,

which is the background of the sentence responsible for the tense formation.
They have a definite relation with a subject or a noun of a sentence

and are also changed accordingly to the noun.

Example: 6

- She ran in the tournament and took first place.
- He wakes up early in the morning.
- The Shop opens sharply at 9:00 AM.
Non-finite verb

A nonfinite verb (also know as verbal) is the term used to describe
a verb that does not show tension. In other words, it is a form of verb that
does not act like a verb, or it is know as the verb type needed to form at

least one sentence.
Therefore, a non-finite verb is never the main verb of a sentence.

On the contrary, this is a finite verb. There are three different non-finite fillings.
Participles
Healthy food is an important for diet.
Infinitives

Hallen needed to find a lot of Dollars slowly.
Gerunds

I try to avoid meeting him.

4. Tense

"มองเป็นภาพ" V.pure "กาลเวลา" V. เติม s, es
Simple
be + V.ing Present V.2, ed
Continuous have + V.3 Past will
Perfect have + been + V.ing Future

Perfact Continuous

"Simple Tense" "Perfact Tense" 7

Present V. s, es Present has,have + V.3

Past V.2, ed Past had + V.3
Future will + V.pure Future will have + V.3

"Continuous Tense" "Perfect Continuous Tense"

Present is,am,are + V.ing Present has,have been + V.ing
Past was, were + V.ing Past had been + V.ing

Future will + be+ V.ing Future will have been + V.ing

A sentence is a group of word that expresses a complete

Types of Sentences thought; it is an independent clause that contains a subject

1. Simple Sentences and a verb.

Contains a subject and a predicate.

Expresses a complete thought.

Example:
The boys went to the park.

We like pizza.
Tip:

A simple sentence is also called an independent clause.
2. Compound Sentences

Contains two or more independent clauses.
Clauses are joined by a coordinating conjuction.
Example:

The boys went to the park, but they did not go to the zoo.

We like pizza, and we like spaghetti.
Tip:

Look for these conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
Look for these conjunctive adverbs: accordingly, likewise, therefore, thus, otherwise, etc.

3. Complex Sentences 8
Contains an independent clause and a dependent clause.
Dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction.

Example:
Because the boys went to the park, they did not go to the zoo.
The boys did not go to the zoo because they went to the park.

Tip:

Look for these subordinating conjunctions:
after, before, because, although, when since, if, whenever, unless
while, so, that, even though, wherever.

4. Compound-Complex Sentences
Compound-complex sentences contain two or more
independent clauses, and one or more dependent clause that is

linked with a coordinating conjunction.
Example:

I woke up in the morning and I brushed my teeth even though
everyone else was sleeping.

Run-on sentences Complete sentences
Definition: a complete thought with a
Definition: a group of words with two or subject, predicate, and punctuation
more complete thoughts and incorrect
punctuation Example:

Example: 1.He was hungry. He ate lunch.
He was hungry He ate lunch. 2.He was hungry; he ate lunch.
3.He was hungry, so he ate lunch.
There are two subject, two predicates, and
on period. Each sentence has one subject, predicate,
and end mark.

comma splice 9
To correct the comma splice in this sentence.

Example:
The cat walked across the fence, the dog barked at the cat.
The cat walked across the fence. The dog barked at the cat.

Tip:How to Use Commas

Use commas to separate items in series of three or more thing.
Remember that an "item" may refer to a noun, verb, or adjective phrase.
Note: Usage of a comma to separate the second-to-last item is optional.
Example:

I bought cheese and bread. (no comma needed)
I bought ham, cheese, and bread.
We went running, swimming, and biking on the weekend.
She wore a red hat , green scarf, and black pants to the party.

Use a comma to separate independent clauses (Complete thoughts) when
they are joined by the following conjunctions:

FANBOYS : For And Nor But Or Yet So
Note: The comma comes BEFORE the conjunction
Example:

Incorrect : I want to quit my job but I need the money.
correct : I want to quit my job, but I need the money.

Use a comma to separate a dependent clause (incomplete thought) from an
independent clause (Complete thought.)

Example:
When I move to Spain, you can come visit me.

Use a comma to separate any word or phrase form the rest of the sentence 10

that isn't essential to the sentence's meaning.
Example:

Incorrect : Jane my girlfriend is coming to the party tonight.
correct : Jane, my girlfriend, is coming to the party tonight.

Use a comma to separate a quotation from the rest of a sentence.
In American English, commas always go before closing quotation marks.
Example:

"I am exhausted," he said.
"When you leave the room," my mother yelled, "turn off the lights!"
"Where are you?" he asked. NOT "Where are you?," he asked.

Use a comma to separate an introductory element form the rest of a sentence
Example:

Hey, how are you today?
Wait, what time does the meeting start?

Use a comma to separate the name of a city from a country or state.
Example:

I lived in Madrid, Spain for nearly a decade.
He is offering me a position in Toronto, Ontario.

Use a comma to separate the day of the week, the day of the month, and the year.
Example:

Today is Wednesday, March 11, 2021.

Lauren was born on Sunday, June 16, 1985.
Please join us on Saturday, April 4, 2020, for the wedding of Sawyer and Jennifer

Sentence Fragments 11

A sentence fragment is usually missing one or more of three components:
a subject, a predicate, and a complete thought.

Missing Subject
Under the bed. (sentence fragment)
The toy was under the bed. (complete sentence)

Missing Predicate
The man in that house. (sentence fragment)
The man in that house lives alone. (complete sentence)

Incomplete Thought
After they finished dinner. (sentence fragment)
After they finished dinner, they went to the movies. (complete sentence)

Parallelism

Parallelism means that similar parts of a sentence have the same structure:

nouns are with nouns, verbs with verbs, and phrases with phrases.

Example:

Not parallelism I like singing, kayaking, and to dance.

parallelism I like singing, kayaking, and dancing.

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1. Using parallelism for elements linked by coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS ( for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Example:

Incorrect : My mother likes cooking and to read.

correct : My mother likes cooking and reading.
Incorrect : At my wedding, I don't want to dance the waltz but saisa.
correct : At my wedding, I don't want to dance the waltz but to dance the saisa.

2. Using parallelism for elements linked by correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions come in pairs: either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also
both...and, whether...or, between...and.

Example:
Incorrect : The teacher not only wants her students to keep quiet but also to do the task.

correct : The teacher wants her students not only to keep quiet but also to do the task.

Incorrect : I will meet you either at the movie or see you later at the party.
correct : I will meet you either at the movie or at the party.

3. Using parallelism for elements being compared or contrasted

Example:
Incorrect : I love singing more than to draw.
correct : I love singing more than drawing.

4. Using parallelism for items in lists or outlines

Example:
Play computer games
Read the book
Practice yoga

Grammar 13

Grammar is a set of rules for forming the words and arranging the words in a sentence in the
correct order to convey the complete and correct meaning.

1. Verbs

A verb is a word which describes the action in a sentence. In English grammar, verbs have five
properties: voice, mood, tense, person, and number; here, it is concerned with voice. The two
grammatical voices are active and passive.

Active voice

When the subject of a sentence performs the verb’s action, it say that the sentence is in the
active voice. Sentences in the active voice have a strong, direct, and clear tone. Here are
some short and straightforward examples of active voice.

Example:
My mother bought that car.
Jane cooked dinner yesterday.

Passive voice
A sentence is in the passive voice, on the other hand, when the subject is acted on by the
verb. The passive voice is always constructed with a conjugated form of to be plus the
verb’s past participle.

to be + past participle
Example:

That car was bought by my mother.
Dinner was cooked by Jane yesterday.

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use the subjunctive
The subjunctive is a verb form or mood used to express things that could or should happen.
It is used to express wishes, hopes, commands, demands or suggestions.
1.indicative mood

It is telling and asking questions or telling sentences, question sentences.
example:

You’re not very tall.
Are you from Thailnd?
2. imperative mood
It is a request and issuing an order, or a request sentence, an order sentence.
example:
Please stand up.
Get out!
3. subjunctive mood
It is an expression of desire, imagination, advice, and instruction.
example:
I advice that he come tomorrow.

Types of Subjunctive Mood 15

1. Present subjunctive - use infinitive (v.1)

The present subjunctive is a subjunctive in the present simple tense and is the base form,
meaning you don't need to add "s" or "es" even if it is the singular subject.

2. past subjunctive - use past simple tense (v.2)

The past subjunctive is a subjunctive in the past tense.
** except "verb to be" use "were"

example:

If it were to rain, the field trip would be conceled.

Agreement of Subject and Verb
Subject and verb agreement refers to how the words in your sentence match.
Remember : your subject and verb must agree in number.
Singular subject take singular verbs; plural subjects take plural verbs.

1.If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too.
Example: She writes every day.

2. If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural
Example: They write every day.

3. When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns
connected by and, use a plural verb.

Example: The doctoral student and the committee members write every day.
4. When a phrase comes between the subject and the verb, remember that the verb still
agrees with the subject, not the noun or pronoun in the phrase following the subject of the
sentence.

Example: The focus of the interviews was nine purposively selected participants.