BONSAI

Troubleshooting 49

1 2

Wire scars This mechanical damage is caused when wire Spent flowers should be removed: left
has been left on a branch for too long before removal. The on a tree they can cause fungal problems
shoots thicken around the wire, which causes the wire to to develop. Also, remove flowers on trees
dig into the bark. The only solution is to remove the branch like azaleas to keep them from using
or wait for it to grow out. energy to form fruit or set seed.

3 45

Green spruce aphids cause Picea foliage Gall mites Abnormal growths appear on Spider mites affect several species
to mottle and fall in winter or spring. the leaves caused by infection or, in this and will cause foliage to change color
Trees can take several years to recover. case, insects feeding and laying eggs. as mites suck their sap. Spray with
Preventive spraying in the fall reduces The damage is unattractive but rarely pesticide twice—a week apart—to kill
the risk of damage from these pests. causes serious problems for the tree. hatched eggs before they reach maturity.

678

Powdery mildew A superficial fungal Woolly aphids Sap-feeding insects that Winter moth damage is easy to spot.
disease that grows on the surface of cause fluffy white patches on branches, It is caused by caterpillars feeding
deciduous tree leaves, especially English especially on pruning cuts. Swellings on on the leaves, which can be quickly
oak. It is unattractive rather than fatal, young shoots show where aphids have destroyed. Pick off the caterpillars
and easily treated with fungicide. been feeding. Can be difficult to control. and spray with insecticide.



Top trees

for

Bonsai

Advice on choosing trees: what to look
for and where to buy them. Browse the
galleries of dynamic living sculptures—

and be inspired to create your own.

52 Top trees for bonsai

Choosing suitable trees

When choosing material, always keep in mind the climate and conditions in
your yard as well as the amount of time you have to care for your trees,
and the level of skill required. Some species are fairly undemanding, but
others need constant attention or specific work at particular times of year.

What to look for in a good tree species: some trident maples will be coarser than
others, but all have the same name.
If you are buying your first tree, look for material
that already has a strong framework and use it to ∙Look at the relative position, angle, and thickness
hone your skills. Make sure you choose a healthy
specimen: check the roots and foliage for signs of of all the major branches. The amount and health of
pests or disease, and also ensure that it is firmly the secondary shoots on each branch can indicate
anchored in its pot—a sign of a good root system. how viable it will be. It is unwise to build a design
around a weak branch; better to
∙Start by looking for plants with compact foliage, remove it and come up
especially if you want to grow a small tree. Bear in with a new idea based
mind that there’s a degree of variation within most on strong, healthy
branches.
Healthy
foliage

Weak, spindly Very obvious
foliage indicates wire scars
lack of vigor,
and a possible Exaggerated, unnatural-
root problem looking movement
in the lower trunk
Compact branches Leggy growth
with foliage close with very little
to the trunk foliage close to
the trunk

Strongly
growing
trunk

MIYAJIMA WHITE PINE

Choosing suitable trees 53

Assessing trees for bonsai nebari, and the lower trunk movement: these factors
take a long time—or major surgery—to change. The
Always examine a tree from every angle. There are end of a branch can be manipulated with wire, but
several things that you can correct on a bonsai, but the point it comes out of the trunk cannot be altered.
a number of elements that are more difficult to fix.
When selecting a tree, focus on branch position, the

BAD GOOD

Good separation
between major
branches

Lower trunk No problems Lower trunk
movement is a with nebari movement
little too angular appears less
Strong root that contrived
has grown out
of the surface

BAD GOOD Only one small
branch coming
Large scars on All branches from inside curve
lower trunk have started
to ramify

Majority of
branches come
from one node;
this could cause
undesirable
inverse taper—
when the trunk
widens at a node
where multiple
branches have
developed

54 Top trees for bonsai

Features to consider Visit a bonsai nursery. It is in your interest to select trees
of a suitable species that have been prepared for bonsai.
Certain factors are very difficult to change without Specialty bonsai nurseries supply a wide range of material
serious amounts of effort or advanced techniques. for all budgets—and if you have questions, you’ll often
Use these as a starting point for evaluating the tree. discover they are mines of information about their trees.

∙Nebari The surface roots and root buttress can be out; this type of heavy pruning may leave large,
problematic for trees that have not had detailed work unattractive scars, but it is sometimes possible to
done. Trees do not naturally develop a balanced conceal them with deadwood features. Avoid trees
surface root system in a pot; often one-sided roots with inverse taper, where branches have sections
develop. Other problems include crossing roots, thicker than the trunk that supports them. It tends
roots that circle around the trunk, or aerial roots. to occur when several branches are left to grow out
Some issues are easier to solve than others, but all from one node and can be very difficult to correct.
can be addressed over time.
Mature material
∙Trunk movement The trunk line should follow can be pricey;
on from the root base, defining the direction and be aware that a
character of the tree. Avoid trunks where movement high price will
looks unnatural or man-made, and very straight not guarantee
sections—unless you intend to create a very formal, success. The
upright tree. projects in this
book were each
∙Taper and thickness In most bonsai styles a good created for less
sense of taper in the trunk enhances the effect. than $250 and
It can be introduced by encouraging selective all will improve
thickening, but it does take time to develop. Taper over time.
and thickness are often created by making a severe
cutback to a new leader and allowing it to grow

Practical considerations Choosing suitable trees 55

One of the biggest factors to consider is whether Trees growing in harsh conditions such as rugged
a tree will grow naturally in your yard. Native trees mountainsides can be a great source of inspiration
are most likely to suit local conditions, but many when designing your bonsai.
imported Japanese species grow well in temperate
climates too. Consider not only temperature but also
rainfall, sunlight levels, water, soil pH, and air
quality. If you provide ideal conditions for tropical
trees in subarctic countries, then some level of
success will follow. After a few years of bonsai
cultivation you will soon learn which trees do well
in your garden and which do not. Try to work out
why, then if those factors are beyond your control,
focus on species that thrive.

Bonsai is a subjective art form: there is no such as
thing as right or wrong. Conventional ideas exist, but
there is also great scope for variation and personal
preference. When looking at bonsai, some will interest
you more than others. Stop, look hard, and question
why and what it is about a certain tree that draws
you to it. This will help you to develop your personal
taste and identify styles and species that fit with it,
even if they are unconventional.

Species with small
foliage are more
pleasing as bonsai

Buy collected material
from a specialty nursery
to ensure it was
collected legally
and given a good
start in a pot.

This collected olive has been styled as a literati bonsai.
Despite the highly stylized form, the tree retains a sense
of how olive trees grow naturally on Mediterranean hillsides.

56 Top trees for bonsai

Easy to grow

There is no such thing as a maintenance-free bonsai, but the
trees introduced here are less picky than most, and can be excellent

choices for beginners. They may be easier to style and look after,
but that does not detract from their beauty, nor prevent them
from developing into incredible specimen trees.

Resilient, responsive, and forgiving, the trees to wiring and transplanting. Bear in
featured on these pages will give new bonsai mind that they are not indestructible, and
enthusiasts the best, quickest, and easiest certainly won’t thank you for neglect or
results. Often the species used for bonsai can rough treatment—even the toughest tree
be very particular about their environment, has a breaking point—but for trees that
or require specialized techniques to ensure offer plenty of year-round enjoyment and
success, but these easygoing trees have an a chance to get a handle on the basics of
altogether more relaxed attitude toward life— bonsai, look no further.
ideal for beginners who want to hone their
skills and practice basic techniques, from
directional pruning (“clip and grow”),

Compact, tight foliage ideal
for small to medium trees

Bright red fruit in
fall and winter

Cascading branch gives the
tree dramatic movement

57

Cotoneaster Deadwood features
are unusual, but not
Cotoneaster horizontalis unnatural: this old
root was exposed
Grown for their spreading habit and colorful fruit, when the planting
cotoneasters are popular garden shrubs widely used for angle was changed
cover in harsh urban environments. These vigorous
plants will send out shoots on old wood, and flower
and fruit with ease. They also tolerate drought, but
thrive given water and fertilizer. Wire the main
branches and prune to shape. For more shoots and
increased branching, remove the internal leaves.

Key features Looking closer
Top: Branches bend easily when
∙ Flowers pollinate easily young, but become more brittle
without additional with age.
help; provide Center: The fruit remains on the
tree over winter, but should be
food and water, and protected from birds.
fruit will be plentiful. Below: Soft deadwood features
will need regular cleaning
∙ Prune selectively and protection.
throughout the year to
create the basic structure. The
branches will fill out using the
clip-and-grow technique.

Fine root 14in / 35cm tall
system ideally
suited to life Courtesy of John
in a container Brocklehurst

Outwardly curving
pot with a small
base complements
the semi-cascade;
strong lines give a
sense of masculinity

58 Top trees: Easy to grow

Looking closer Trident maple Key features
Above: This maple’s common
name—Trident Maple—comes Acer buergerianum ∙ Defoliate this maple
from its small, three-lobed several times a year but
leaves. When buying, look A must for every bonsai enthusiast, even be careful not to overdo
for naturally small leaves. beginners will be able to style this tree into it. If you do, you may
Below: As it grows, the almost any size and shape. You can enjoy it weaken the tree or make
trunk clings to its rock in year-round, too: in winter, without its leaves, it grow too coarsely.
a convincingly natural, it reveals its fine ramification; in spring, it has
organic manner. eye-catching breaking buds; and in fall, its ∙ The Achilles’ heel of this
color display is unbeatable. tree is its fleshy roots.
If you subject the pot to
Removing some Fall color is a highlight a long, hard freeze, they
external leaves allows can be fatally damaged.
the sun to reach the
internal leaves and A superb example
helps them thrive of the style of
planting a maple
against a rock

Regular defoliation The shape of the pot
keeps the leaves accentuates the tree’s
small and increases movement and supports
ramification the weight of the rock
and the trunk

14in / 35cm tall
Courtesy of John Pitt

59

Chinese elm Key features

Ulmus parvifolia ∙ Tolerant of a wide range of
climates, this elm can even
Readily available from garden centers and other withstand drought.
outlets, this is the bonsai that many make their first
buy. It is sometimes considered somewhat ordinary, ∙ If grown indoors, give plenty of
but if you are patient and plan carefully, you can sun but keep away from direct
grow it into a stunning specimen, with very fine, heat, especially radiators.
well-ramified branches and attractively aged bark.
∙ Regular, directional pruning—
Grow this very tough Use defoliation to make “clip and grow”—encourages
deciduous bonsai the naturally small growth in the desired direction.
indoors or out leaves even smaller

Cork bark adds
character and
will develop on
some cultivars

The oval pot Looking closer
complements the Above: You can prune the roots
elm’s well-rounded back fairly hard initially to create
branching a fine root system. After that,
structure aim to prune the root growth to
create a well-rounded nebari.
Below: Small leaves mean small,
delicate branches. Give them
warm conditions and they will
grow almost all year round.

9in / 22cm tall
Courtesy of John
Brocklehurst

60 Top trees: Easy to grow

Potentilla

Potentilla fruticosa

The highlight of this beautiful shrub is its mass of dainty 16in / 40 cm tall
yellow and orange flowers. Thanks to its resilience, the Courtesy of Peter Warren
potentilla is also an excellent choice for bonsai. You can prune
it back hard and it will send out buds from the old wood. Fine Rounded silhouette
branches readily develop from pruning alone, and if you want in the apex created
to make a feature of attractive deadwood and interesting by pruning longer
trunk lines, removing lots of branches is the way shoots
to go. A great choice for
year-round
interest.

Looking closer Shoot tips may die off Dieback has created
Top: New buds form readily on in frost, but new buds an interesting hollow
old wood in the wake of frost emerge all over the and a shari effect on
damage or after pruning. branches and trunk the trunk
Center: Flowers vary depending
on the cultivar. Remove dead Develop and thicken This Ron Lang pot is
flowers before they turn to seed the cascading branch deliberately placed on
and sap the tree’s energy. by leaving it unpruned an angle to provide an
Below: Collected specimens may angular counterpoint to
feature sinuous live veins and Key features the sinuous movement
hollowed-out trunks; visit
reputable bonsai nurseries to ∙ Flowers develop at the end of new
find interesting material. shoots. If you want to focus on the
flowers, do not prune the new
growth, and fertilize after flowering.
If you want vegetative growth,
fertilize early and prune to shape.

∙ Branches soon become brittle and
cannot be bent, so set the basic
skeleton, then use scissors and
directed growth for further shaping.

61

Chinese juniper Key features

Juniperus chinensis ∙ This lovely tree responds
well to wiring and you can
Junipers are one of the most frequently used trees carry out wiring at any
for bonsai, and the Chinese juniper is their poster child. time of year.
Part of the attraction is its distinctly Asian look, but its
popularity must also lie in the fact that its trunk and ∙ Never remove too much
branches are both extremely flexible and respond well foliage at one time.
to shaping. Rounded foliage pads complement the Junipers are particularly
tree’s sinuous lines and deadwood features. sensitive to losing their
leaves and will respond by
Image is of a dragon producing a mass
twisting through the clouds of undesirable
juvenile growth.

8in / 20cm tall

Courtesy of
John Armitage

Carved deadwood is a great Looking closer
offset for the shaggy Top: The shari trunk has been
red-brown bark carved by hand to re-create
natural deadwood.
Contrast between Center: Dense compact foliage
the live vein and is characteristic of this popular
the deadwood ‘Itoigawa’ variant.
shows the severity Below: Deadwood is carefully
of the natural world created by reading the flow of
the live vein from root to branch
and removing sections that are
not necessary.

Foliage pads on this side
balance the deadwood
features on the other

62 Top trees for bonsai

Evergreen stars

Evergreen trees retain their foliage all year round—but despite
these well and truly green credentials, they are far from dull. There

are plenty to choose from, including many that will flower and
fruit as well, but the conifers showcased here are full of

character, offering a subtle change of tone across the seasons.

The evergreen foliage that distinguishes let that put you off. Pine trees, for
this group is far more than just a decorative example, are initially quite imposing
feature: it is a powerhouse that runs all but if you understand a few basic
year round to generate the energy that the ideas, they can be transformed in
plant needs to grow. This explains why most a very short period of time. The
evergreens, particularly junipers, will react majority of conifers, particularly
very badly if too much foliage is removed pines, benefit from less frequent
at one time—essentially, you are expecting transplanting. Allow them to
them to operate in a power shortage. Many settle in the pot and develop
of the evergreen species used in bonsai are a strong root system.
conifers. They often require extensive wiring
in order to maintain their shape, but do not

Dense, compact, and
slightly shaggy foliage

Long, cascading branch
defines the movement,
with foliage pads that are
deliberately less refined

63

Ezo spruce Key features

Picea glehnii ∙ Spruce enjoy the snow
and generally endure
Rough-and-ready spruce trees are from colder climates the cold, but dislike
where their branches sag under the weight of snow. Their freezing winds. Position
short needles are ideal for bonsai cultivation, and the Ezo them in partial shade in
summer, provide shelter
spruce is one of the most compact. Foliage for winter, and do not
pads are slightly rugged, in keeping allow a deep, hard freeze
with the wild nature of the species. to affect the pot.

∙ Wire the main branches
to set the structure. Allow
new growth to extend and
then pinch off the tips to
encourage more shoots
to develop farther back
inside the tree.

The rock balances this
dynamic tree, allowing
for a smaller pot size

Balancing branch Moss and compact Looking closer
close to the trunk accent plants growing Top: Young extensions give the
helps stop the tree over the root base foliage a subtle two-tone color.
from appearing to add character Center and below: Accent plants
fall over growing on the rock and roots
Warped pot are naturally compact alpine
reflects the species that would be found in
rough-and- that environment. They can be
ready character used to add character, or even
of the tree to conceal faults.

18in / 45cm tall
Courtesy of John Pitt

64 Top trees: Evergreen stars

Natal fig Key features

Ficus natalensis ∙ The leathery leaves will
withstand drought conditions
The Natal fig has its origins in South Africa, so very well but the tree thrives
it thrives best in a subtropical climate. In fact, better if you water it regularly.
given enough warmth and sunlight, it is very
vigorous. With the right conditions, it will grow ∙ The slightly larger-than-
a magnificent set of buttressed trunks and will average leaves are best suited
throw out a mass of striking aerial roots, banyan to a slightly larger-than-average
style. But if you live in a more temperate climate, specimen tree.
do not despair; you will still be able to grow
a happy specimen indoors or in a greenhouse. ∙ Aerial roots and a multiple
trunk can be developed with
humid growing conditions
and pruning.

Encourage branching
by defoliation and by
pruning new growth

The leathery leaves
make for a lush,
dense canopy

Looking closer
Top: The pointed, leathery, oval
leaves have reddish, very
attractive undersides.
Center and below: Encourage a
multiple buttressed trunk effect
to create a sense of age and the
impression of a massive old tree.
Aerial roots should develop
naturally, but any that become
too thick should be removed or
they will spoil the overall look.

Aerial roots
are a desirable
feature

20in / 50cm tall
Courtesy of Mangala Rao

Planted on a piece of
rough slate and with slightly
exposed roots, this specimen
looks striking yet natural

65

Scots pine Pruning encourages the
tree to produce a mass
Pinus sylvestris of secondary and
tertiary branches
If you are looking for a tree that lends itself to the literati
style, then this species of pine is one of the star candidates.
Nature provides it with a tall, slender trunk with
only upper branches, so you are halfway
there already. In addition, the Scots pine
is a vigorous grower and responds
well to bonsai styling techniques.
You will need patience to achieve
mochikomi, but the
rewards are great. It
is no wonder that
this tree is a star.

Compact needles 28in / 71cm tall Looking closer
are achieved by Courtesy of Mike Rose Top: The bark is very delicate so
restricting root handle it with great care. Do not
growth and giving A subdued, refined pot ever hold the tree by the trunk,
minimal fertilizer is the ideal match for or years of growth will be
a literati style tree, and destroyed in a second.
A yamadori tree produces Center and below: Remove some
a naturally elegant trunk the small pot also of the older needles each year to
movement that is difficult helps restrict improve the look of the tree, but
to re-create with wire growth as it matures, try to leave older
needles on—they help to give
Impressively aged a more mature appearance.
bark comes from
many years of
cultivation in
a small pot

Key features

∙ Aged bark, dense, compact foliage,
and subtle trunk movement are the
hallmarks of a well-cultivated Scots
pine that has achieved a high level
of mochikomi.

∙ Hard pruning on top forces the tree
to produce buds high up. These, in
turn, produce high branches. This
tree responds well to pruning.

∙ Restricting the root growth helps
to encourage compact needles,
which adds to the sense of age.

66 Top trees: Evergreen stars

Japanese black pine

Pinus thunbergii

Powerful, compact, and full of character, this Key features
pine is the king of the Japanese bonsai world.
It lends itself to a wide range of styles, from ∙ New shoots can be pruned
formal upright to cascade, and to all sizes. Its in summer to force a second
strong, sharp needles and vigorous growth seem flush of growth. This will double
at odds with the sense of age of its flaky bark, the number of branches and
but these opposites actually add to the tree’s half the length of the needles.
enormous dramatic impact.
∙ Make sure the plant’s energies
Uncut candles lead to are evenly spread or internal
normal-sized growth and lower branches will soon
and dense, lush foliage die. To achieve this balance,
remove needles from strongly
growing areas to restrict energy
production there and to allow
sunlight—and energy—into the
weakly growing shaded areas.

28 in / 70cm tall

Courtesy of
Mike Rose

A sense of dramatic
tension exists between
areas of dense foliage
and the aged trunk

Looking closer Choose a pot that
Top: You can reduce the length of accentuates the
the needles so they suit the size masculinity of
of tree you want to grow. the tree and the
Center: Removal of needles has
created vigor and brought light dynamic nature
to shaded areas. of the style
Below: Grasping roots give a
sense of stability that balances
the tree’s cascading style.

Sharp crank-style
bends add even
more character
to this powerful,
compact tree

European yew 67

Taxus baccata 17in / 42cm tall
Courtesy of John Pitt
The dramatic contrast between live and dead wood is
what makes the European yew so eye-catching. You can Looking closer
even enhance the effect by whitening the deadwood. Top and center: A swollen live
It is a perfect tree for bonsai cultivation, especially vein growing around deadwood
if you start with a collected specimen like and the live trunk alongside the
this one. Careful pruning and pinching dead one give a sense of the
off the new growth encourages tree’s powers of endurance.
the back budding you need to Below: The leaves are small and
create the tree’s fabulously the foliage is compact but you
dense pads of foliage. should control excessively dense
areas with careful pruning.
A foliage pad on this
side helps to stop
the tree from
appearing to
fall over in
its pot

Whitened deadwood The live vein splits and Directional clip and grow
adds texture, and leads the eye upward techniques keep foliage
gives a sense of toward the canopy at the optimal density
nature at work

A thin live Key features
vein runs up
the side of the ∙ Taxus grow throughout the US
dead trunk and can withstand a wide range
of environments, but they prefer
a little shade in midsummer.

∙ The fleshy roots are vulnerable,
so be sure to protect them from
freezing in winter.

∙ Start by wiring to achieve the
basic shape, then pinch off new
growth to promote adventitious
buds. Afterward, use directional
pruning to direct new growth.

68 Top trees for bonsai

Seasonal beauties

One of the great joys of bonsai is the ability to follow the progress
of the seasons through your sculpture—from the first optimistic
buds bursting in spring, to the last splash of vibrant fall foliage.
The trees in this section almost reinvent themselves, revealing
dramatically different characteristics throughout the year.

The most dramatic seasonal change occurs Some trees may be outstandingly beautiful
in the fall when deciduous trees turn vivid for just two weeks but still have aesthetic
shades of yellow, orange, and red as their value as bonsai. Other trees offer flowers
leaves start to shut down for the year before and fruit over all four seasons, providing
the tree goes into dormancy. Maples, zelkova, a real sense of the time of year
and sumac are some particular highlights and the cyclical nature of life.
for fall color, but they also look very vibrant
and youthful during spring when their buds
start to swell and the new shoots open.

Colorful bracts are a
highlight throughout the year

Cascading branch is
just at the right length
compared to the
thickness of the trunk

69

Bougainvillea Key features

Bougainvillea ‘Blondie’ ∙ Withstands heavy pruning. If
growing bougainvillea in a hot
These flowering vines prefer tropical conditions climate, it is possible to prune
but will grow in more temperate climates if winter back to a very raw state.
protection is provided, and will positively thrive in
warmth. The showy flowers are actually bracts— ∙ Flexible young shoots soon
modified leaves—designed to attract insects to the become brittle branches, so
actual flowers, which are very small. They are very it is wise to style them when
versatile trees and ideal bonsai specimens for young. Use advanced bending
those in warmer areas. techniques to style older trees.

Textured trunk improves
with age and exposure
to sunlight

Deep pot helps balance Looking closer
the cascading nature of Top: Tiny, tubular flowers are
tree; a slightly smaller surrounded by petal-like bracts.
pot could be used to Center: Evergreen foliage may
introduce more drama sometimes conceal thorny stems.
Below: The gnarled silver trunk
creates drama and interest at
the top of the cascade.

Lower trunk movement
adds visual weight to
the base, balancing the
cascading movement

36in / 90cm tall
Courtesy of Mangala Rao

70 Top trees: Seasonal beauties

Japanese larch Key features

Larix kaempferi ∙ Delicate foliage can burn in
intense sunlight, so it is
Tiny cones, a straight, slender trunk, and important to protect the foliage
alternating branches. These are the jewels the from the sun after you have
larch has to offer, whether grown naturally or pruned the new growth.
cultivated as a bonsai. This deciduous conifer
offers a feast of year-round enjoyment. Golden, ∙ Allow some length to develop
swelling spring buds turn into vibrant, along the branches between
fresh new growth, followed by the nodes, otherwise the
bright yellow fall foliage. In alternating shoots will be
winter, the effect of its stark, too close together and the
naked silhouette is result will be growth that
softened by the is overly dense and
rounded cones. crowded.

Bright green foliage
follows gold-colored
spring buds

Looking closer Cones form on Multiple tall,
Cones start out green, then turn the very tips elegantly slim
brown, open up, and remain on of the branches trunks create
the tree for several years. Thin and add interest a beautiful
them out and do not allow too forest group
many to form in one area—this
will look unbalanced. Thinning Aged bark is
the cones also helps conserve roughly textured
the tree’s energy since they and attractively
can be a great drain. multicolored

One or two strong
roots often develop
but must not be
allowed to dominate;
be careful since the
tree does not tolerate
heavy root-pruning

35in / 88cm tall
Courtesy of Peter Chan

71

Satsuki azalea Do not prune the apex
back too hard to ensure
Rhododendron indicum its strength is maintained

A myriad of beautiful summer flowers immediately
catches the eye, making this wonderful evergreen
instantly attractive. What is more, there
are thousands of cultivars, so you have
a massive variety of differently
shaped and colored flowers,
as well as different leaf sizes,
to choose from. And when the
flowers have faded, you can
still enjoy the tree’s lovely
shape, foliage, and attractively
aged bark right through
fall and winter.

Flower buds on the
verge of bursting
promise several
weeks of beauty

Remove new shoots Avoid a weak apex by not Looking closer
in spring if they are allowing the fine roots to Top and below: Over time, the
going to get in the become too compacted trunk will gently age, giving the
way of the flowers tree a subtle, calm appearance

Key features when not in flower.
Center: This is one of many
∙ Even the old wood buds available flower types. The
prolifically, which makes flowers need protection from
these trees easy to style. And water, including rain. Remove
because they are styled flowers when they start to fade.
against their natural
growth habit, you 22in / 54cm tall
can choose almost Courtesy of Ian Cuppleditch
any style you like.

∙ These slightly
temperamental
trees prefer moist
conditions, acidic soil,
and acidic water.

72 Top trees: Seasonal beauties

Looking closer Sageretia 25in / 63cm tall
Top and bottom: The Courtesy of Hoka-en
multicolored branching trunk Sageretia thea
is a key attribute. The trunk of
this specimen has attractive With its clusters of white flowers followed by small blue
hollows and calluses. fruit, this lovely evergreen tree is a frequent choice for
Center: The dainty oval leaves indoor bonsai in places with a more temperate climate. It is
are shiny and attractively a vigorously growing tree, so do not be afraid to prune it to
veined. They are carried on the shape all through the year using directional pruning. It will
tree’s mass of fine branches. reward you by producing a large number of fine side
branches and will even send out buds from the old wood.

The tiny leaves are Pruning to shape
almost bronze when will give a mature,
they first appear flattish canopy

Clean and preserve Branches tend to be
the soft deadwood rather thin with many
to keep it from rotting fine secondary and
tertiary branches
The mature
trunk is Key features
multicolored
∙ It may be slow to thicken
up but regular pruning
readily encourages plenty
of fine branching.

∙ Keep it out of frost and, if
you are growing it indoors,
away from direct heat. This
is a tree that likes it not too
hot and not too cold, but
thrives in plenty of sunlight
and humidity.

73

Japanese elm Key features

Zelkova serrata ∙ You can defoliate at least twice
a year in most climates to
If you are looking for a tough tree that you can encourage very small leaves
quickly grow into a small- or medium-sized and dense branching. Remove
specimen with a mass of fine branches, then zelkova any larger leaves as soon
is for you. Its fall foliage is a bonus; it turns a deep as possible.
yellow and is a wonderful sight. Zelkova is almost
exclusively grown in the broom style, with its ∙ Check regularly for multiple
branches radiating out from roughly the same point branches growing from a single
on the trunk, like a broom. node and thin to no more than
This mimics the shape of two branches.
the tree when it grows
in the wild.

Carry out directional
pruning after the
leaves have dropped
off or been removed

Perfectly In the broom style, all branches Looking closer
straight trunk start from a similar point on the Top and center: Fine branching is
trunk and fan out a feature of this tree. Prune the
Planting the tree very new growth back to a bud that is
slightly off-center Root-prune with growing in the correct direction
allows negative space care to develop a to encourage secondary and
to enhance the shape well-rounded nebari tertiary branches to develop.
Below: The mass of fine branches
is more obvious when the tree
has shed its leaves in winter.

10in / 25cm tall
Courtesy of Ian Cuppleditch

74 Top trees: Seasonal beauties

Japanese maple Key features

Acer palmatum ‘Deshojo’ ∙ Young shoots and foliage
can be sensitive, so protect
Think deciduous bonsai and chances are you will them from wind and frost
picture a maple. There are several cultivars, each in spring until the leaves
with a different growth habit and leaf type. The have hardened off.
popular, elegant ‘Deshojo’ offers particularly fine
red fall foliage but is lovely at other times ∙ To refine the branching,
of year, too. Enjoy its spring bud create less length between
break, its cooling green the nodes. That means
summer foliage, and its pinching off the central
stark winter image— shoot between the opening
as well as its leaves as soon as possible.
fall colors. Not fertilizing early in
the year helps, too.

Looking closer Avoid over-dense
Five-lobed leaves are especially branching by thinning
vulnerable to damage caused out nodes with
by intense heat and wind. multiple branches
Defoliation reduces the size of
the leaves and causes another Bark turns
burst of growth, but it also brown or
weakens the tree. You must light gray
be careful how much and with age
how often you defoliate.
36in / 90cm tall
Aim to develop Courtesy of Peter Chan
a shallow
root system

75

Flowering quince Key features

Chaenomeles japonica ∙ Fertilize, give plenty
of water, and provide
Normally in bloom from late winter to early a nutrient- and moisture-
spring, in some climates Japanese flowering quinces retentive soil to get the
manage to produce their red, orangey-red, or white best results.
blooms (depending on the variety) almost all year
round. In fact, this quince is known in Japanese as ∙ Add a little lava rock
Chojubai, which translates as “long-living plum.” But when you transplant
the flowering quince usually comes into its own in to improve aeration.
winter, when it presents a very striking image. This
is the ideal choice if you are looking for a small- to ∙ Always transplant in fall
medium-sized flowering tree with winter interest. to reduce the risk of
crown gall infection.
Defoliation encourages
branching, but do not ∙ The bark turns flaky with
defoliate more than age but the trunk thickens
once a year slowly, so you will need to
be patient with it.

10in / 25cm tall Looking closer
Courtesy of John Top: The quince’s small leaves
Brocklehurst make it ideal for growing as
a miniature shohin tree.
Beware of Center: Remove the flowers
sharp little as soon as they start to fade
thorns or they will form fruit and
use all the plant’s energy.
Wire the main branches into Below: Remove suckers from the
shape as soon as the leaves base to keep the root ball neat.
have hardened off
Poor health and excessive or strong
fertilizer will make the leaves drop

76 Top trees: Seasonal beauties

Looking closer European hornbeam
Top and below: Reduce the size
of the leaves by giving less Carpinus betulus
fertilizer in spring and by
transplanting less often. Shade Hornbeams are deciduous woodland trees that Key features
the leaves from strong sun. respond well to directional pruning and gentle
Center: The attractive corrective wiring, so you will easily be able to ∙ Encourage fine, delicate
twin-trunk style was develop a natural-looking tree. They have lovely branching by pruning the new
achieved by planting two fall coloring too, ranging from yellow in the spring growth back hard after
trees close together. European hornbeam to the showy orange of the the leaves have hardened off.
Korean variety. This color, combined with an You can do this year after year.
attractive trunk—especially on older trees—
makes for beautiful fall and winter images. ∙ Strong, straight roots that
develop at the base of the trunk
The fall Fine branching is should be pruned back hard.
foliage is a achieved by careful They stunt the development
vibrant yellow spring pruning of the finer branching roots
that the tree needs for health.

The elegant,
cascading style
creates the
impression of a
windswept tree

Trunk texture and
color improve with
age, giving added
winter interest

The compact square
pot restricts growth
and gives a sense
of stability

10in / 25cm tall
Courtesy of Gavin Allen

77

Winged spindle Key features

Euonymus alatus ∙ Shaping is best achieved by
pruning because wiring
The winged spindle or burning bush gets its common risks damaging the wings
names from the wings that develop on its branches on the branches.
and from its remarkable purplish-red leaves in fall.
In fact, there are other Euonymus species that are ∙ Do not allow the soil to dry
useful for bonsai, and all have beautiful fall colors out and make sure the
as well as flowers and fruit. A relatively easy tree leaves do not scorch in
to grow, the winged spindle responds well to direct sunlight. It will also
pruning and will quickly develop into need protection from frost
a lovely natural shape. during winter.

The foliage of this
burning bush is
just turning red

Natural branching Lower parts of the Looking closer
habit makes this an branches do not develop Above: If you want to use spindle
easy-to-shape tree wings, but gradually as a shohin specimen, you can
become corky reduce the size of the foliage
Still in its training pot, this tree can be by defoliation.
moved to a smaller pot when you are Center and below: The difference
happy with the way it has developed between the bark of the stem
and the winged bark is obvious.
12in / 30cm It is easier to bend the branches
Courtesy of Peter Warren before they develop wings.

78 Top trees: Seasonal beauties

Japanese holly Key features

Ilex serrata ∙ New growth tends to grow
vertically, which spoils the
This deciduous tree really comes to life from late shape of the tree. Remove it
fall to spring, when you will see it laden with in favor of lower growth and
fruit. The combination of a thick trunk, well- gently wire upward growth
proportioned branches, and tiny fruit is hard to downward to flatten it out.
beat. To get it to fruit you must have a large male
tree to pollinate the female. That means only ∙ This thirsty tree likes a wet
styling the female and leaving the male alone so climate. Do not allow it to dry
it produces plenty of branches with lots of out when the fruit is setting.
flowers. The Japanese holly’s attractive summer
foliage is an added bonus. ∙ Protect the fruit from birds
when the leaves drop or the
Do not defoliate if you birds will have a feast.
want to have fruit
As the tree grows bigger, leaf size
increases; limit this by pinching
off new growth and restricting
the amount of fertilizer in spring

Looking closer
Top: The small oval leaves are
mid-green with a slightly rough
texture and serrated edges.
Center: If the tree dries out when
it is setting fruit, the fruit will
all drop off.
Below: The heavy base reveals
scars where other trunks have
been grown to develop thickness.

To achieve a tapered upper trunk,
first develop the thickness at the
bottom, then encourage branching

A heavy base formed
by a triple trunk is
a typical style of
growth for this tree

21in / 52cm tall

Courtesy of John
Brocklehurst

79

Amur maple Key features

Acer ginnala ∙ Excelling for just two or three
weeks a year with lovely fall
Some trees are outstanding in one aspect of foliage, in time the Amur maple
bonsai but not so good in others, and this is also develops a full-of-character
one of them. The undoubted star feature is its trunk to admire year-round.
incredible fall color but it has slightly larger
leaves and a less attractive growth habit than ∙ It has no special growing
its more popular relatives, A. palmatum and requirements. Cultivate it the
A. buergerianum. It is much more difficult to same way as you would A.
encourage it to grow into a dense, well-branched palmatum (see p.74).
tree, so it will always look less attractive in winter
than its cousins. But that does not mean that we ∙ The lack of adventitious buds is
cannot appreciate it for what it does offer. what makes it hard to grow this
maple into an interesting shape.

Trunk develops Slightly large Looking closer
character with age leaves and Top: The tips of the
coarse tertiary branches tend to be slightly
The nebari spreads branches leggy and coarse.
widely across the Center: After many years of
surface Intense yellow, orange, cultivation in a pot, the trunk
and red foliage in the develops a subtle gray color
16in / 40cm tall fall is the highlight of with attractive striations.
Courtesy of Mike Rose this species Below: Its fall foliage is what
makes this tree special.

Move it out of
its training pot
when a dense,
compact root
system has
developed

80 Top trees: Seasonal beauties Key features

Looking closer Blackthorn ∙ Shape to achieve angular
Above: The leaves have growth using minimal wiring
imperfections that add a very Prunus spinosa that pushes the branches in
natural look to the tree. the desired direction. Then
Center and below: Every bonsai enthusiast should grow a Prunus. gently manipulate the
Distinctive cracked It is a huge genus that includes plums, cherries, secondary branches, ensuring
bark gives a sense peaches, and almonds. This species, which that there is a straight line
of age and is commonly known as blackthorn or sloe, is between each node.
character that is native to Europe and is particularly widespread
impressive in winter. in the UK. It has delicate, fragrant flowers, fruit ∙ These are fairly thirsty plants,
(sloes), fall color, textured aged bark, and so make sure they do not dry
a naturally angular branch growth that is a wonder out, especially during flowering
to behold and impossible to re-create with wire. if you want to have fruit. It is,
however, best to remove fruit
The delicate foliage turns because they wear out the tree.
red in fall, then drops
rather quickly Regular pruning and defoliation will
encourage branching but might
241/2in / 62cm tall reduce next year’s flowers

Courtesy of John Old wood and
Pitt lignified branches
are very hard but
can be bent in
midsummer

Strong surface roots
are typical

The shallow pot accentuates the tree’s
size and proportions but means that
the tree needs frequent watering

81

Dwarf crabapple Key features

Malus ∙ Growth is fast but the branches
will always be slightly rounded
If you want an easy-care fruiting tree that is and coarse, and it is hard to get
interesting in several seasons, then look no further them to taper nicely.
than the Malus or crabapple genus. It will reward
you with beautiful spring flowers followed by ∙ Prune off any strong suckerlike
abundant fruit in fall. The leaves can be a bit on the growth from old wood or the
large side and the branch growth is very coarse, but tree will suffer.
those stunning flowers and fruit more than make up
for the crabapple’s defects. ∙ Fertilize heavily once the fruit
has set but do not fertilize
during and just after flowering
or the tree will focus on growing
leaves rather than setting fruit.

Some of the fruit
will stay on the
tree in winter

11in / 28cm tall
Courtesy of John Pitt

Leaves are smaller Looking closer
on dwarf varieties Top and center: Usually the
flowers are pollinated naturally,
The trunk is cut back but to be sure of successful
heavily when young fruiting, it is best to grow two
to thicken it or three different species of
Malus close together.
Below: To achieve a thick,
interesting trunk, heavy cutting
back over many years is needed.

Light-colored pot
accentuates the
fruit and balances
the heavy trunk

82 Top trees: Seasonal beauties

Japanese white beech

Fagus crenata

The remarkable feature of this deciduous tree Key features
is the way its brown leaves stay on through
winter and drop in spring. This is how it protects ∙ Strong growth at the tips of
its buds during the coldest part of the year. The the branches and at the apex
Japanese white beech also boasts a beautiful, can block sunlight from the
smooth, silvery trunk. This combination of brown lower and internal branches.
and silver provides a stunning winter image for Regular pruning back to a
bonsai enthusiasts to enjoy. weaker bud is the cure.

Brown winter ∙ Unpruned roots become
foliage drops in overly strong and unbalanced.
spring when buds Root prune and transplant
start to swell regularly to balance the
growth of the roots.

Prune strong tips
regularly to
encourage
tertiary
branching

Looking closer White trunk is a
Above and below: The tree has highlight if foliage is
attractive wavy-edged leaves removed in the winter
that are pale green in spring,
glossy green in summer, and
brown in fall and winter.
Center: The tree’s natural habit
is to send out two very strong
roots. Regular root-pruning will
create a well-balanced nebari.

37in / 94cm tall Allow sunlight to
reach the lower
Courtesy of Ian branches by regular
Cuppleditch pruning of the apex

Shallow oval pot
accentuates the
tree’s height and
rounded silhouette

English elm Key features 83

Ulmus procera ∙ Do not allow this tree to dry Looking closer
out but do not let it become Above and center: The fissured,
Elms make excellent bonsai and the English elm is waterlogged, either. gray-brown trunk shows signs of
especially good since its branches tend to be a little mochikomi, the character that
more lignified and less random than other elms. This ∙ Being a native of northern, develops after many years’
tree’s thick trunk and mass of fine growth at the tips of temperate climates, this tree cultivation in a confined
the branches make for a wonderful winter image. It is can withstand the cold, but environment. Moss on the trunk
lovely in spring, too, when the vibrant green its long, flexible roots adds to the tree’s sense of age.
new leaves with their serrated edges appreciate protection from Below: This old tree has a mass
make a striking contrast with the hard frosts. of tertiary branches.
interesting, ancient-looking
trunk. A long-lived tree
for all seasons.

The tertiary
branches are
delicate but
well defined

Regularly thin dense areas
and prune new shoots to
create compactness

11in / 27cm tall Trunk shows signs of
Courtesy of John Pitt age and mochikomi

The solid nebari
suits this mature
bonsai

Color and rounded
shape of the pot
complement the
winter image

84 Top trees for bonsai

Local heroes

As bonsai has become more global, it has gained a strong following
in countries with very different climates. Not only has this introduced
a variety of styles, species, and techniques, but the aesthetic is also
very different, moving away from traditional Japanese conventions and
styling and injecting the art form with fresh ideas and a new dynamism.

Bonsai has always promoted the use of native It would be contrary to those ideas to take
a South African tree and style it in a classical
trees: how abstract or visually refined that Japanese way, so this section showcases some
native tree becomes is down to the aesthetic stars of the bonsai world that are very much
taste of the artist who creates it—and contrary more geographically specific.
to popular belief, bonsai masters actively
welcome the broadening of their art and
practices. Any tree may be used for bonsai
provided the fundamental principles are
applied: an appreciation of nature, basic
artistic design, and an understanding of the
tree’s underlying character and growth habit.

Branches can
become brittle
within a few
years so early
wiring of young
shoots is ideal

Branching shape
created by wiring
a basic skeleton
structure

85

Australian pine Key features

Casuarina equisetifolia ∙ Although very drought
resistant, keep moist for
With its needlelike evergreen foliage and seeds similar best results. Due to a
to coniferous cones, this look-alike pine is found in India, symbiotic bacteria, some
Australasia, and Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia. species enjoy being
They can grow very fast and are nitrogen-fixing trees, sprayed with salt water
from time to time.
so be cautious of excessive
fertilizing. Shape with ∙ Feed with a low-nitrogen
the clip-and-grow fertilizer and regularly
method and basic pinch off and remove old,
structural wiring. dirty needles, but never
defoliate the tree.

With dedication,
delicate foliage
can be pruned
into compact
foliage pads

Very well- Looking closer
tapered trunk Top: Compact the needlelike
foliage through regular pinching
Spreading surface roots give and pruning.
a sense of stability, important Center and below: The nebari
for a dynamic tree can be cultivated very easily,
and bark will start to show
signs of age after a number of
years of cultivation in a pot.

22in / 55cm tall Pot provides good
Courtesy of Mangala Rao balance and is the
ideal size for hot,
dry environments

86 Top trees: Local heroes Key features

Hawthorn ∙ Deadwood features, including
hollow trunks, are possible with
Crataegus monogyna hawthorn, but when working on
a stump collected from the wild,
Although native across North America, the avoid leaving carving marks.
hawthorn is a tree that grows best in
temperate regions. Choose it for its year- ∙ Vigorous branches can create
round interest—pretty foliage, lovely dense, congested nodes.
scented flowers, and attractive Regularly thin out nodes that
fruit. As you might expect, have multiple branches
it looks best when trained growing from them.
into a natural style.
Foliage is
From late fall, protect generally small,
fruit from bird damage making it good
for bonsai
Looking closer
Above: The attractive fruit
can last well into winter.
Center: Leaves divided into
between three and seven lobes
are a dainty feature for bonsai.
Below: The hawthorn tends to
flower when it is well settled in
its pot, so you should avoid
regular transplanting.

The trunk’s uro Remove branches that grow
feature adds up, down, or backward to
character maintain a simple shape

The unglazed pot adds
a sense of stability and
strength that is ideal for
this large, imposing tree

40in / 104cm tall
Courtesy of Ian Cuppleditch

87

English oak Key features

Quercus robur ∙ Deadwood features such as
staghornlike jins and hollow
The most stately of trees, the oak conjures up trunks are viable options.
images of strength, longevity, and the rolling
countryside. This deep connection gives it ∙ Best in a spreading upright style
meaning beyond its attractive shape. The but others are possible too.
oak’s slightly large leaf size and the
coarseness of its branches mean it is ∙ You can decrease leaf size
not as delicate a deciduous bonsai as, by restricting root growth
say, a maple, but it will reward you and giving less
with startling, bright fall color. fertilizer in spring.

Work on ramification
and to reduce leaf size
requires patience

Good ventilation Typical thick trunk Looking closer
prevents mildew from for an oak Above: The oak leaf shape is
attacking the leaves unmistakable and the leaves
can take on a wide range of
Surface roots have colors throughout the year.
developed into Center: The trunk’s uro feature
nebari as the tree is an interesting character point.
has matured Below: Keep bark free of algae
to avoid discoloration through
lack of sunlight.

28in / 70cm tall The slightly
masculine pot
Courtesy of Harry balances the
Tomlinson strong tree
perfectly

88 Top trees: Local heroes

Manila tamarind Key features

Pithecellobium dulce ∙ This fast-growing plant
tolerates severe pruning
In some parts of the world this prickly evergreen and can be pruned at any
is regarded as invasive, but you can easily keep it time of year. Mistakes
under control as a bonsai. With its fast growth, long quickly grow out. Pinching
flowering period, edible fruit, and attractive spiral- off stimulates branching.
shaped pods, it is a very rewarding plant. These
examples have been cultivated as a group planting, ∙ Small white flowers
creating the effect of a tropical forest in Mexico or appear from November to
Central America, the plant’s region of origin. May, followed by spiral,
pinkish pods. The seeds
This forest planting are used in curries.
has an attractive
rounded shape

20in / 50cm tall Also known as
Madras thorn, this
Courtesy of plant can develop
Mangala Rao tiny spines

Looking closer Marble slab
Top and center: Small, leathery
evergreen leaves and compact
branches are quick to develop
in response to pruning.
Below: The gray-brown
trunks have a natural
diminishing taper.

Exposed
root balls, moss,
and tiny plants
enhance the
forest effect

89

Lipstick ficus Key features

Ficus virens var. glabella ∙ This tropical tree is a
fast grower, so it needs
If you name a plant after a type of cosmetic, it will have constant work to develop
a lot to live up to, and the lipstick fig does not disappoint. it effectively. You can
Its soft new leaves are a spectacular bright pink with grow it into any style
cream-colored veins. They change to lime-green then except broom style.
become stiffer, darker green leaves in just a few days.
This is a bold, large-leaf plant, so do not expect to ∙ Frequent pruning will lead
cultivate a small, delicate bonsai. to slightly more compact
growth and slightly
Handsome, stiff, smaller leaves. It buds
mature leaves readily from older wood.

Like all figs, this Looking closer
variety has a Top: The stunning new leaves
well-defined trunk appear after a very brief
period of leaf fall.
28in / 70cm tall Center: Trunk and branches
Courtesy of Mangala Rao will quickly develop an
aged appearance.
Below: The fruit are small,
smooth, and greenish, with
tiny red dots when ripe.

Root restriction prevents the
growth of aerial roots that
characterize the tree in the wild

The shallow
rounded pot
balances the tall,
rounded growth

90 Top trees: Local heroes Key features

Looking closer California juniper ∙ California junipers are
Top and below: Sinuous, aged, often found to have very
and weathered wood is a Juniperus californica small live veins compared
desirable feature, sometimes to the amount of
found on yamadori. As its name suggests, this juniper is native to deadwood—testament to
Center: California junipers have California, where it tolerates extreme drought and their powers of survival.
coarse foliage to combat the heat. This particular example was collected in the
arid conditions, but it can be Mojave Desert. Yamadori of this quality are rare ∙ Deadwood is hard and
compacted over time. these days. Although they durable but ensure it
grow slowly in arid does not start to rot when
conditions, they will it is in daily contact
thrive with proper with water.
fertilizer and water.
Create large,
Use wire to guide voluminous pads
the growing rather than small
branches gently ones; this is
in the desired more suitable
direction for coarser
foliage types

Hard, durable
deadwood

Recently styled
foliage pads are
yet to bulk up to
their full density

Strong yet
feminine pot
complements
the elegant
and not overly
dramatic nature
of the tree

36in / 90cm tall
Courtesy of Ryan Neil

91

Coastal redwood Key features

Sequoia sempervirens ∙ The deadwood features are
entirely natural, and stunted
A species renowned for its height and straightness as second growth trees are created
well as its ability to regenerate and regrow, collected by natural forces as well as
material from second and third growth forests along commercial forestry.
the California coast make ideal bonsai specimens.
They prefer moist climates and enjoy semi-shade in ∙ The delicate leaves will burn in
summer and protection in winter. Their growth habit hot sun and also drop in very
means that many adventitious shoots cold winters, so protect from
sprout from the trunk: with extreme conditions.
care and effort, foliage
pads can be created.

Now the basic Foliage is fine,
skeleton structure compact, and similar
has been created; in appearance to Taxus
in a few years
dense foliage pads
will form with
careful pruning

21in / 52cm tall Looking closer
Courtesy of Ryan Neil Top and below: One of the
beauties of yamadori trees is
the natural character that exists.
Avoid carving for the sake of it
and try to leave the feature as
natural as possible unless the
design requires it.
Center: Dense foliage pads are
created by selective pruning.

Redwood trunks offer
great possibilities
for carving

Strong masculine
pot, ideal for the
visually heavy
tree it contains

92 Top trees: Local heroes

Rocky Mountain juniper

Juniperus scopulorum

Found mainly along the Rocky Mountains, this Key features
juniper is renowned for its ability to grow and
survive in extreme conditions that give rise to its ∙ As with all junipers, the
incredible deadwood features. The foliage is delicate trick is to prune it back
and fine in comparison to the California juniper and frequently while it
will soon turn juvenile if pruned excessively. continues to grow, which
stops juvenile foliage
from being produced.

∙ Fine foliage varieties are
susceptible to damage.
Keep an eye out for tip
blight during the
growing season.

36in / 90cm tall
Courtesy of Ryan Neil

Looking closer Naturally Prune the new
Top and below: The natural formed growth while
deadwood has outstanding deadwood is a leaving strong
character that cannot be contrast to the growing tips
replicated by the hand of man. fine foliage to continue on
Hard and durable, it speaks a regular basis
volumes about the struggles Deadwood
the tree has endured. features are just
Center: Dense branching is as they were
achieved by ramification. found in the wild

Subtle color and texture
of the wood-fired pot
complements the tree

93

Ponderosa pine Key features

Pinus ponderosa ∙ Work on ramification and
give plenty of sun to
Found on mountain slopes, high mesas, and dry encourage branching and
valleys, the ponderosa pine tolerates wind, drought, shorten needle growth.
poor soil, and low winter temperatures. The contorted
natural shapes are a testament to this pine’s ability to ∙ Reducing the number of
endure and be flexible yet strong—and the combination needles on strong areas
of pliable branches and adventitious budding make it and leaving weaker areas
an ideal candidate for bonsai. untouched will help to
redistribute energy. Do
Pruning the strong A natural formed not candle cut this pine:
terminal buds encourages jin, where a remove strong terminal
adventious buds to form branch has buds from vigorous areas
and strengthen snapped off where adventitious buds
already exist.

The natural The trunk Looking closer
movement of has a good Top and below: Craggy,
the trunk is all natural taper contorted bark is a
but impossible key feature.
to re-create For optimal Center: Clusters of buds
with a non- health, repot form at the tip of last
collected tree with a little of year’s growth. They will
the original, develop into candles and then
native soil into whorls of shoots.

32in / 80cm tall
Courtesy of Ryan Neil

94 Top trees for bonsai

Dramatic effects

Many varieties used in bonsai occur naturally in the harshest
environments and some of the finest specimens have been collected

from the wild to exploit the age and characteristics imbued by a
tough existence. Successfully combining the great character found

in an established trunk with man-made styling of branches
and foliage pads is the bonsai artist’s ultimate challenge.

Material collected from the wild is known where it grows. Excessive, illegal
as yamadori, and it is the source of a vast collection combined with poor
number of masterpiece bonsai across the survival rates due to lack
world. The ethics of collecting are left of aftercare are a huge
to the individual but it should never be seen problem, so if you long to
as an unlimited source of free material and own one of these very
trees must only be taken at the correct time special trees, it is
of year to ensure success. It goes without recommended that you
saying that in most countries you cannot just buy collected material
go out and dig up material: trees must be from a reputable
legal to collect, and permission must always bonsai nursery.
be obtained first; there may be powerful
environmental reasons for leaving a tree

This tree has only
been wired once since
collection; foliage pads
and branches are yet
to be refined

Cascading nature of tree starts
with the roots and finishes in
the well-balanced foliage pad

95

Deadwood Mountain pine
feature left
as nature Pinus mugo
intended
This tough, rugged European pine is a great species for
bonsai with flexible branches that withstand dramatic
transformations and textured bark that develops with
age. It readily sends out adventitious buds; with increased
ramification and prolonged cultivation, the length of its
needles can be reduced. Compact the foliage pads by
regular pruning to create a very mature-looking tree.

Key features Looking closer
Top: With careful management
∙ Needles can be thick and the needle size may be reduced.
fleshy, so take care to Center: Thick, strong roots hold
avoid congested buds. the cascade in position.
Thin out strong terminal Below: The deadwood feature
growth to promote is left as it was found: natural
adventitious buds. character often tops anything
man-made so think twice before
∙ Thin out needles only you work on such features.
where definition between
branches is required, or if
they are dirty. New buds
are likely to form at the
base of old needles.

Deep-textured pot is
on the large side to
accommodate the root
system—often a factor
with collected trees

14in / 35cm tall
Courtesy of John Pitt

96 Top trees: Dramatic effects

Looking closer A tenjin at the European larch
Top: Natural, grasping roots top suggests
made this an ideal candidate a tree that has Larix decidua
for a semi-cascade tree. survived a harsh
Center: The delicate foliage is environment This European yamadori larch is nothing if not dramatic.
arranged in whorls. Pale green It was collected from the Italian Alps. Larches do not
in spring and summer, it turns
golden yellow in fall. appreciate root-pruning, so this specimen, with its
Below: The textured pot well-established root system, presented quite a
complements the gnarled trunk. challenge. Clearly a traditional pot would not do.
The owner, who also created the pot and the
stand, came up with this inventive and
artistic solution. You sometimes have
to think out of the box—or pot!

24in / 60cm tall Slightly less coarse growth
Courtesy of John Pitt than Japanese larch

The unique spherical A dramatic, cascading
rock-textured pot was branch adds movement
created specially for and direction to
this tree by John Pitt the composition

Key features

∙ As the tree ages, it can develop
interesting bark, distinguished
by deep ridges and cracks.

∙ Growth is less coarse than in
Japanese larch, but you can
minimize coarseness by regular
thinning. In general, this species
has delicate branches.

∙ The larch is a vigorous grower.
It can replace pruned growth
extremely quickly.

97

The deadwood tenjin Olive
provides a counterpoint
to the compact foliage Olea europea var. sylvestris

Shari on the Living hundreds of years in the wild, olives
trunk adds are tough, resilient trees and respond well to
age, drama, training. This small-leaf variant, like its
and character larger-leaf cousin, is often used for
bonsai, and to dramatic effect.
Collected specimens such as this
often have very interesting
deadwood features. Add aged
flaky bark, tiny leaves, and
compact branching, and this
example packs a punch.

Tight foliage pads
created by regular
pruning to shape

Take care not to A solid base is 20in / 50cm tall Looking closer
damage the old, essential for a thin, Courtesy of Mike Rose Top: This tiny-leaf variety
flaky bark comes from parts of Spain, and
elegant literati especially from Majorca. The
Key features leaves persist in winter.
Center and below: The deadwood
∙ The color of the live wood and is exactly as it was found; it has
the deadwood is similar, so, only been cleaned. Using tools
unlike junipers or Taxus, the on it would introduce a sense
contrast is not as stark. Work to of the artificial.
ensure that the subtle difference
is maintained and the line The tiny pot
between the two is defined. suggests a harsh
environment, yet the
∙ The leaves are naturally small viewer does not fear
but they can be reduced further the tree will fall over
by defoliation and by restricting
the amount of fertilizer.

98 Top trees: Dramatic effects Deadwood
features are
Sabina juniper a result of
the harsh
Juniperus sabina mountainous
conditions
This juniper is yet another example from the ever-
popular juniper family. Common to many parts of North
America, they are occasionally collected from the wild,
which is where this example started its bonsai life.
It gives a wonderfully
aged and dramatic
impression.

Foliage can
become straggly
if not managed
correctly

Looking closer Key features Branches need to
Top and center: The branches be wired to point
have been carefully manipulated ∙ Foliage management the foliage toward
to continue the appearance is essential: ensure it the sun for success
of age. points upward for full
Below: The foliage will become strength, and remove Live vein twists around
dense with correct management any that has flowered the lower trunk in
but has a tendency to become to stimulate new typical juniper fashion
flat or downward pointing. growth.

∙ Deadwood is soft; 22in / 55cm tall
clean out rotten wood Courtesy of Peter Chan
and use a hardening
product on areas in
contact with the soil.