PHYSICS Form 4
6.1:
Refraction
of Light
0
6.1 Refraction of Light
Learning Standard:
Pupils are able to:
describe refraction of light.
explain refractive index, n.
conceptualize Snell’s Law.
experiment to determine the refractive index, n for glass block or perspex.
explain real depth and apparent depth.
experiment to determine refractive index of a medium using real depth and
apparent depth.
solve problems related to refraction of light.
1
6.1 Note
1. Refraction of light occurs due to the change in light velocity when traveling
through mediums of different optical density such as Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1 Refraction of light
i
r
. Figure 6.2 (a) Refraction of light from air to water ( i > r )
2. Diagram 6.2 (a) shows the beam of light bending toward the normal line when light
propagates from a low optical density (air) to a high‐density medium (water). This is
because the speed of light decreases as light travels from less dense medium to
denser medium
Angle of refraction, r < Angle of incident, i
2
Incident ray
Normal
Glass block
Air
refracted ray
Figure 6.2 (b) Refraction of light from glass block to air ( i < r )
3. The refractive index, n determines the degree of bending of the flow of light when
light travels from vacuum to a medium.
Refractive index, n = ratio of speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in
medium
= speed of light in vacuum = c
speed of light in medium v
That is, c = 3.0 x 108 m s‐1
4. According to the law of refraction, when light travels between two mediums:
The incident ray , refracted ray and normal meet at one point and are in the
same plane.
Snell’s Law
Figure 6.3 Law of refraction of light
3
5. Relationship between the refractive index of a medium, n, real depth, H and
apparent depth, h is:
n = real depth = H
apparent depth h
Air
Water Position of
image of fish
Actual Position
of fish
Figure 6.4 Effect of refraction of light
The situation in Figure 6.4 occurs when light rays from the fish travel from water to air,
light is refracted away from normal.
The effect of refraction of light causes the image of be closer to the surface as seen by
an observer.
Figure 6.5 (a) Position of image of diver from Figure 6.5 (b) Position of image of
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6. Example:
When a coin is observed in a beaker containing a solution, the image of the coin
appears at a height equal to 2/7 in depth.
What is the refractive index of the solution?
Solution
Image of coin
Coin
Figure 6.6
Solution :
Based on Figure 6.6,
Apparent depth, h = H ‐ 2/7 H
= 5/7 H
Refractive index of solution ,n = H
h
= H
5/7 H
= 7
5
= 1.4 ( note: answer must in decimal)
5
6.1 MIND MAP
6
6.1 FAQ
Questions and Answers
What is the cause of refraction of light?
No Refraction is the phenomenon of bending of light at the boundary of two
1Q mediums. Refraction occur due to the change in velocity of light when
travelling through mediums of different optical densities.
A
What are the laws of refraction of light?
2Q
Laws of refraction state that:
A 1. The incident ray, refracted ray and normal meet at one point and are in
3Q the same plane.
A 2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and sine of the angle of
4Q refraction is constant.
A
Where is Snell's law used?
5Q
A In optics, the law is used in ray tracing to compute the angles of incidence or
refraction, and in experimental optics to find the refractive index of a
6Q material.
A
What is the formula of refractive index?
Refractive index is also equal to the velocity of light in vacuum (c) is divided
by its velocity (v) in a substance, or n = c/v.
What are effects of refraction?
Pool of water appears less deep than it actually is. If a lemon is kept in a glass
of water it appears to be bigger when viewed from the sides of glass.
What are the applications of refraction of light?
Refraction has many applications in optics and technology. A lens uses
refraction to form an image of an object for many different purposes, such
as magnification. A prism uses refraction to form a spectrum of colors from
an incident beam of light.
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6.1 EXERCISE
SECTION A
1. Diagram 1 shows the pencil as seen through a glass.
Diagram 1
Which light phenomenon is applied?
[MENGETAHUI]
A Reflection
B Refraction
C Interference
D Diffraction
2. Diagram 2 shows a light ray propagating from air to medium X.
Diagram 2
Calculate the refractive index of medium X.
[MENGAPLIKASI KUANTITATIF]
A 1.25 C 1.49
B 1.31 D 1.56
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3. Diagram 3 shows a ray of light travelling from medium P to medium Q.
Diagram 3
Which statement is correct?
[MEMAHAMI]
A The light refracts towards normal as it enters medium Q
B Medium Q is denser than medium P
C The light travels faster as it enters medium Q
D The incident angle is greater than the refracted angle
4. Diagram 4 shows a beam of light entering a rectangular glass block.
420
690
Diagram 4
What is the refractive index of the glass block?
[MENGAPLIKASI KUANTITATIF]
A 0.69 C 1.40
B 0.72 D 1.52
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5. The diagram 5 shows a light ray directed into a glass block.
Diagram 5
[MENGETAHUI]
Which is the angle of refraction?
Water
SECTION B
6 a) Diagram 6.1 shows a ruler appeared bend in water.
ruler
Diagram 6.1
(i) Name the light phenomenon involved.
[MENGETAHUI]
…………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain how the light phenomenon in 6 (a) (i) happened.
[MEMAHAMI]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
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(b) Diagram 6.2 shows a fish as seen by him in water. His shooting does not hit the
fish.
Image of a fish
Diagram 6.2
(i) Give one reason why his shooting fails to hit the fish.
[MEMAHAMI]
…………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
On Diagram 6.2
(ii) Draw two light rays to determine the actual position of the fish.
[MEMAHAMI]
[2 marks]
(iii) mark with X the actual position of the fish.
[MEMAHAMI]
[1 mark]
(d) The speed of light in air and in water are 3.0 x 108 m s – 1 and 2.25 x 108 m s – 1
respectively.
Calculate:
[MENGAPLIKASI KUANTITATIF]
(i) the refractive index of water .
[1 mark]
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(ii) the real depth of fish in water when the apparent depth is 1.8 m.
[2 marks]
7 Diagram 7.1 shows a ray of light, PQ, incident on the air‐glass boundary of a glass
block. QR is the path of the ray in the glass block.
.
Diagram 7.1
(i) The light ray is bent after entering the glass block.
What is the name of this phenomenon?
[MENGETAHUI]
…………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………...
[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the refractive index of the glass block.
[MENGAPLIKASI KUANTITATIF]
[2 marks]
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(iii) Draw, in Diagram 7.1, the light ray that emerges from the glass block
[MEMAHAMI]
[1 marks]
(b) Diagram 7.2 shows a man sitting on the bank of a pond.
In the pond, a large rock lies between a fish and a can.
Diagram 7.2
On Diagram 7.2;
(i) Draw a light ray to show how light from the can reaches the man’s eyes.
Mark the apparent position of the can as seen by the man.
What is the phenomenon that enables the man to see the can?
[MEMAHAMI]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(ii) Draw a light ray to show how light from the can reaches the fish’s eyes.
Mark the apparent position of the can as seen by the fish.
What is the phenomenon that enables the fish to see the can?
[MEMAHAMI]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
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6.1 QR CODE
6.1 Refraction of light
Title link QR CODE
Refraction of Light 1 https://youtu.be/gC2kxXhnfGk
Refraction of Light 2 https://youtu.be/sBb5WUw2_2I
Refraction of Light in https://youtu.be/TLy_1Q53YLo
Glass Slab using
Laser Light
REINFORCEMENT https://drive.google.com/file/d/14y4jdSb_p
TEST OsINWIEup5tMgtOUu27x0P9/view?usp=sh
aring
ANSWER https://drive.google.com/file/d/15KNRu36k
REINFORCEMENT eYbKrw2uodqP_CUXS4Dx‐
TEST qGb/view?usp=sharing
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6.1 ANSWER
SECTION A
No ANSWER
1 B
2 D
3 C
4 C
5 B
SECTION B
6 a) i) Refraction
ii) The velocity of light changes
b) i) Because he shoots at the image of the fish
ii)
iii)
c) Shoot perpendicular to the top of the image
d) i) (3 x 108) / 2.25 x 108) = 1.33
ii) 1.33 = D/1.8
7. a) D = 2.394 m
(i) Refraction of light
(ii) Angle of incidence, i = 45°
Angle of refraction, r = 90° ‐ 62° = 28°
Refractive index,
n = sin i / sin r
= sin 45°/ sin 28°
= 1.51
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