Local Becoming Value Eastern Lanna Community Thai Peafowl Conservation Through Local Cuisine LOCAL TOURISM Moderate Simplicity Designing Lifestyle And the Story of Peafowl Conservation Community For Sustainable Happiness PHAYAO SUSTAINABLE KARB STUDIO Design by SUSTAINABLE PHAYAO
GREEN PEA FOWL
Contributors - University of Phayao - The Office of Strategy Managerment Upper Northern Provincial Cluster 2 Advisors - Associate Professor Dr. Supakorn Pongbangpho - Associate Professor Dr. Thitirat Chiaosuwan - Assistant Professor Dr. Santiwat Phithakphol - Dr. luethaiphat Pimolsri Focal Price Committee, Terms of Reference, and procurement detail - Dr. luethaiphat Pimolsri - Assistant Professor Dr. Piyapong Sangkaew - Dr. Jirabhorn Chaiwongsai Committee in charge of electronic bidding consideration - Assistant Professor Dr. Pornthep Rojanavasu - Assistant Professor Dr. Wimonrekha Sirichairawan - Dr. Sawarin Lerk-u-suke - Dr. Wanida Saejung - Mr. Thosaphon Khumsuphan Inspection committee for acceptance - Associate Professor Dr. Montra Pongnil - Assistant Professor Dr. Piyapong Sangkaew - Dr. luethaiphat Pimolsri - Dr. Jirabhorn Chaiwongsai - Mr. Suthee Mekboonsonglap Green Peafowl Learning and Conservation Center, University of Phayao
CONTENS Green Peafowl 16 Peafowl Species 20 Green Peafowl and habitat 31 Green Peafowls in Eastern Lanna 37 Green Peafowls, their behavior and finding food sources 41 Crisis of Green Peafowls in Eastern Lanna 44 Peafowls and Threats 47 Peafowl and Tradition, Culture and Community 51 Spatial information and history of Phayao 54 Thai Lanna Community Network for Conserving Peafowl 60 “Tai Lue” Thai Peafowl Conservation Community in the Cultural Dimension 122 Belief that the peafowl is a national symbol of the tribe and is sacred. Huan Tai Lue Mae Saengda 125 Tai Lue Way of Life : Tai Lue Chiang Kham Cultural Tourism Community 132 Food of Lue Chiang Kham Ethnic Community 135 (Chiang Kham district, Phayao province) House of the Lue Chiang Kham Ethnic Community 143 (Chiang Kham district, Phayao province) Lue Chiang Kham lifestyle 145 The identity of Lue Chiang Kham community 148 Eat Main Dish Like a Local 155 Enjoy a Dessert Like a Local 219
8 9 This book is created to convey the value of the peafowl community, which is linked to a way of life, traditions, and beliefs that serve as cultural groundwork for the co-conservation of many sectors. The main reason for this is that peafowls are considered not only animals in the Eastern Lanna region, but also animals of national and regional significance. Because peafowls are extremely sensitive when it comes to food, they are also an indicator of supreme abundance. The ecological safety of the area is also reflected in the peafowl. With the beauty and charm of Eastern Lanna provinces, including Chiang Rai, Phayao, Phrae, and Nan, all of which are surrounded by true nature, the thick food chain and abundant nature remain. As a result, the forest is home to a variety of wild animals, including the peafowl. With its gratefully rhythmical roaming gesture, the peafowl is widely accepted as a beautiful animal. Some people even think of the peafowl as a precious woman hiding in the middle of a vast wilderness. These green spaces are also teeming with fascinating stories of life, ethnicity, culture, and beliefs, all of which are linked to valuable local wisdom and must be preserved so that they would not be lost to time. More importantly, people have now become more disconnected from traditional local values in this digital age. A growing number of children in the community are being raised in a modern manner. As a result, it is critical to find a way for modern and traditional beliefs to coexist in this modern era. Looking at the old value from a different angle means adding even more value to what it was. It is critical to create value without completely removing the community’s aura, which is a beauty that brings out the simplicity of the peafowl community.
10 11 The more you get to know different communities, the more warm welcome smiles you’ll see in the middle of refreshing green areas like the communities along the basin, in the mountain ranges, and in the forest, which are all naturally beautiful. The more you experience the authentic taste of delicately prepared local food, the higher your aesthetics of life will be.To broaden valuable spaces, the old and distinct local identity must be communicated to the public via social media. Furthermore, tourists can support community products through a local brand called Rampan, which has a distinctive logo of a black and white peafowl. Suthipong Suriya, the Gourmand World Cookbook Award winning designer, created the exclusive lively package, which ensures an international standard for the community, including local products, materials, and design. As a community brand designer, I want to promote this uniqueness and make it sustainable, as outlined in the United Nations’ SDGs for food security. People nowadays place a high value on technology, particularly social media. It is true that many people consider food photography to be an important aspect of the online community. People can post photos and react to other people’s photos with ‘Likes,’ or they can share them. Each region’s authentic local Thai food has its own distinct flavor, and Eastern Lanna’s local food is no exception. Healthy savory dishes are loaded with vegetables and fish, and a delicious local dessert menu has been passed down for generations. But how do you transfer it to the digital age and impress the next generation? This is something that must be considered in order to communicate and create an impressive image for people all over the world.
12 13 The image of the peafowl flitting around like a precious woman in the midst of a simple and beautiful green community will be transferred to the food menu. This idea evolved into decorating the dish, sometimes with just pretty local flowers. When this book is published, it will increase people’s knowledge of local cuisine and entice them to try it. Furthermore, tourists from all over Thailand will leave their homes to sample different foods from various regions. Simply seeing images of sweets arranged in an easy but appealing manner will pique people’s interest and make them want to learn more. They may decide to dine out at a restaurant or a hotel that promotes the local menu. Tourists may then want to experience the local community’s way of life, eat a full set meal, and see the peafowl. These are activities that promote community tourism by attracting tourists to the area. It will generate income for people in the community and, in time, will become a sustainable community for peafowl conservation. Eastern Lanna tradition and culture are already beautiful without much addition because heaven gave the area the precious beauty that had already flown in. Suthipong Suriya Community Brand Designer The winner of Gourmand World Cookbook Award, France
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17 1. Green Peafowl The Green Peafowl is a large, beautiful pheasant found in tropical forests of Southeast Asia. In the past, they were found along the main rivers such as Khwae Noi River, Ping River Basin and Yom River Basin. Nowadays, Green Peafowls are now endangered in Thailand. In 1979, The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) declared the peafowl as an endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Currently in Thailand, there are many places where these peafowls can be found in nature, especially in the north of the country, such as Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Ban Hong Non-Hunting Area, Huai Hong Krai, Mae Ta Krai National Park and in the area of Phayao province.
18 19 When using the word Phayao province in this text, it should be understood that the meaning is only applicable to wildlife sanctuaries and all national parks in Phayao province as they do not habituate all areas of the province on a whole. Green Peafowls can even be found in the forest behind the university of Phayao, especially during the winter season, from November to February, in which time the Green Peafowls come out to live on the edge of the forest at the junction of the community with the forest area in the upper northern provinces, namely Phayao, Phrae, Nan, Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun. which is considered the last stronghold of green peafowl in the world. Green Peafowls are therefore considered a valuable natural resource for conservation and can be restored for economic benefits such as the development of the Green Peafowls eco-tourism in residential areas resulting in sustainable coexistence between people, communities and wildlife.
20 21 2. Peafowl Species Nowadays, there are 2 species of peafowls, namely the Indian Peafowl or Blue Peafowl - the scientific name is Pavo Cristatus, and the Green Peafowl - the scientific name is Pavo Muticus, each species has characteristics and differences as follows: 1. Indian Peafowls are smaller than the green peafowls. They have a crest shape like a Chinese fan. Males have prominent blue hair from the neck down to the chest and the wing feathers have black and white stripes. Females have green hair on the neck and fades to white on the chest with light brown wing feathers. Their habitat is distributed across the areas of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 2. Green Peafowls are slightly bigger than the Indian peafowls. The crest erected together in a large tuft. Males and females are similar, with feathers from the neck down to the golden green chest stacked like fish scales and blue and black wing feathers. The green peafowls are distributed separately from the Indian peafowls. There are habitats in areas of Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand.
22 Green Peafowls can be divided into 3 subspecies according to their characteristics and geographical distribution as follows: 1. The Java Peafowl (Pavo Muticus Muticus) is the smallest green peafowl among 3 subspecies. They are brighter in colour and have blue-green feathers covering the wings. The feathers on the back are green with a golden iridescence. The body has a coppercoloured fur. The chest and side hairs are light and bright in colour. It can be seen in the areas of Java, Malaysia and southern Thailand; from the isthmus of Prachuap Khiri Khan province downward. According to current surveys, it is estimated that the Java peafowl species in southern Thailand and Malaysia are all extinct. 2. The Burmese Peafowl (Pavo Muticus Spicifer) is similar in size to the Green Peafowls. The body colour is duller. The wing feathers are gray-black with blue borders and a narrow bluish-green color. The skin on the face is not as bright as other subspecies. The neck feathers are a dull gold, like fish scales. It can be seen in the region of Assam in India and western Burma to the eastern part of the Irrawaddy River. According to current surveys, it is estimated that the Burmese peafowl species in India and Bangladesh are all extinct.
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26 27 3. The Indo Chinese Peafowl or Thai Peafowl (Pavo Muticus Imperator) does not have a body colour as bright as the Javanese peafowl. The wing feathers are dark black with wider blue or greenish blue. The body color is also darker. It can be seen in areas distributed in the central to southern region of Yunnan province in China, The Salween River in Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand. It can be seen in the west and the north and is also slightly scattered in the conservation area in the northeast. The Green Peafowl is a large bird. Its body length can range from 100-250 cm, with a small head, long tibia, and hairs on its head called a “crest”, which can be found in both males and females. The skin around the eyes is blue with a black band across the center of the eye. The cheek skin and the ears are yellow. There are small bluishgreen hairs on the crown. The neck has stacked feathers giving an appearance akin to fish scales, and the primary is green and gold. The back area is green and purple. The wing feathers are black, turquoise and blue while the primary feathers are brown.
28 29 The feathers at the base of the wings are black. The tail-covering feathers are brown and green while the train is grayish brown with wavy brown stripes across the length. The Green Peafowl is a protected wildlife species in many countries such as China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Indonesia. In Thailand, it is classified as a protected wildlife species according to the Ministerial Regulation No. 4, B.E. 2537, Reservation Act. It has been classified as an endangered species in Thailand by the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning since 2020. Male Green Peafowls will have a long train which will extend to the end of the tail. The primary of the feather is shaped like an eye. The feathers are called Vaw Mayura feathers to attract female peafowls. Such an action is called a “tail dance”. The female peafowl’s train do not protrude and do not have a pattern of Vaw Mayura. Male peafowls will have full feathers at the age of 2 years, but the train would have yet to extend. There is no sign of Vaw Mayura until entering the 3rd year, becoming a fully adult bird. The female peafowl is fully grown and can reproduce at the age of 2.
30 31 3. Green Peafowl and habitat In the past, the green peafowl propagated and was commonly seen in Southeast Asia, some parts of South Asia, in the southeastern part of Bangladesh, Indian border with Burma, Southern Yunnan province in China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Northern Cambodia, in the Malay Peninsula in Malaysia and Java in Indonesia. In Thailand, there are reports of peafowls found in the west, north and northeast. They were found mainly in the west in the conservation area of Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. The group found in the northeastern region in a small conservation forest spread along the border and the group found in the north were found scattered in forest patches along 4 major river basins, namely the Ping River, Ing River, Yom River and Nan River. Nowadays, green peafowls can be seen in the protected forest areas in Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, northern Thailand, Southern Yunnan province in China and Java Island in Indonesia.
32 33 Distribution areas of peafowls are in the north and the west of Thailand. In the western region, the peafowl can be found in the Huai Kha Khaeng basin and Uthai Thani province to the mouth of the Huai Kha Khaeng river that flows into the north of the Srinakarin Dam. They can also be found along the northern islands of the Srinakarin Dam, along the Mae Klong river basin and Huai Branch, from near Huai Kot, Huai Ong Thang, down to the northern part of Srinakarin Dam. While in the northern area Green Peafowls are distributed in various watershed areas, including the Ping River basin, Huai Hong Krai area, Doi Saket district, Chiang Mai province and distributed in the area of Li district and Ban Hong district, Lamphun province, occupying the area to Amphoe Hot and Chom Thong district, Chiang Mai province. While in the Ing River basin forest, Green Peafowls are found in Huai Pong, Chun district and Ban Mai Na Sa, Chiang Kham district, Phayao province, the Yom River basin, Ban Huai Sing district, Pong district, Tad Pu Keng district, Chiang Muan district, Phayao province down to Pha Lat district, Song district, Phrae province. In the East, the peafowls can be found in Ban Nam Pee, Na Luang district, Nan province and the Nan River basin. They can be found intermittently from Ban Huai Sai Mun, Mae Rim district, Huai Kaeng Pong, Na Noi district, Na Muen district, Nan province, and continues down to Ban Denchat, Ban Khok district and Uttaradit province.
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36 37 4. Green Peafowls in Eastern Lanna The Green Peafowl is a large bird in the same family of pheasant, wild fowl and quail. They have colourful feathers. The males have a train that extends beyond the tail with a characteristic eye spot called Vaw Mayura for the tail dance to attract females during the mating season. Green Peafowls feed on mostly seeds and agricultural crops adjacent to the forest edge. Green Peafowls also eat invertebrates as food. Adult male Green Peafowls have a large body, less hair (alular) and the wing tip (primary) is golden brown. The skin on the face is bright yellow. The eye area is blue with black stripes with yellow skin that sags slightly, especially during breeding season. The wing feathers on the shoulders are triangular with golden fish scale-like stripes. They have a large spur. During the reproductive season, the protruding train will be clearly visible from December to April every year. After that, it begins to shed its fur from May to June each year. Adult female Green Peafowls are smaller than males. The train is greenish-brown with light brown transverse stripes. The length of the train is shorter than the tail. The alular and primary feathers are brown with black stripes across the length. The skin on the cheeks is not bright yellow and the does not hang down like the males. The shins are black. The females do not have spurs but there may be small blisters. In addition, the feathers on the wings and dorsal feathers are green with visible wide wavy light brown stripes. The train is brown with black dots with wavy brown stripes across the sides.
38 39 Many surveys and research have been conducted on the habitats of various types of peafowls. A study on the habitat area of Green Peafowls found that; they are mostly found in deciduous forests, sparse forests, and relatively dense grasses. There are sporadic perennials such as in deciduous dipterocarp forests and mixed deciduous forests. They can also be found in dry evergreen forests, pine forests, bamboo forests, riverside beaches, grasslands, and agricultural areas. The results of a survey of green peafowl populations in conservation areas in 4 provinces in the eastern Lanna areas of Phayao, Nan, Phrae and Chiang Rai provinces, has found that there are more than 1,000 green peafowls in total, which is an increase in the number of peafowls from the past. The area suitable for conservation management planning and considered as a large stronghold with potential for peafowl conservation consists of 3 conservation areas: Thap Phaya Lo Non-Hunting Area, Wiang Lo Wildlife Sanctuary, Doi Phu Nang National Park with contiguous conservation areas, including the area of Mae Yom National Park which has the largest density of peafowl populations in Eastern Lanna. After surveying, suitable areas for the habitat of Green Peafowls should be an area with a distance of more than 1.5-2 meters from the community and transportation routes, with a distance from the river and the creek less than 100 meters, is an area with an average height of 400-500 meters above sea level, with slopes in the range of 2.77-6.81 degrees, and is a deciduous forest area, including the deciduous dipterocarp forest area, and mixed forest. The area suitable for habitation of green peafowls is 5,777.13 square kilometers. The area can accommodate a population of at least 3,000 green peafowls and a maximum of 23,000.
40 41 5. Green Peafowls, their behavior and finding food sources Generally, Green Peafowls find food sources in the sandy beaches and sandbars along the streams. In the early morning until the afternoon, they feed on seeds and small insects and then fly back to the island lying on the top of a high tree. They usually stay in small parties of 2 - 6, except in some areas such as Wiang Lo Wildlife Sanctuary and Phayao province, peafowls are found in parties of 200 - 300 and descend into the rice fields of Ban Rong Hat community or Lan Rak Khuang Nok Thai 69. Nowadays, this resident forest has an expected population of about a thousand peafowls and peafowl sightings have been reported in northern areas such as Chiang Rai, Phrae province, Nan province, Lamphun province and Chiang Mai province. In the Wiang Lo wildlife sanctuary, Phayao province, peafowls can be seen in late winter or around November to February every year. Many Green Peafowls were also found in the forest floor of Lamphun and Chiang Mai provinces, under the supervision of the Ban Hong Forest Non-Hunting Area.
42 43 Peafowl personality and food source behavior Peafowls generally live in the forest with an altitude of more than 1000 meters above sea level and often live together in small herds. The average number per herd is 1 male per 3-5 females during the breeding season. After that, the male peafowl will be alone while the female peafowls will stay alone to take care of the young. The peafowl is active during the morning hours in the forest area and along the beach and river. At night, they sleep on high branches. A peafowls feed on seeds, grains, and ripe fruit that fall on the ground, young shoots of grass, insects, worms, earthworms, snakes and small animals. For caged peafowls, they can be fed on pellet food for different ages alone or mixed with whole grains and supplemented such as bird worms, fruit and vitamins. An adult peafowl eats about 110 grams of pellet food per bird per day. Green Peafowl is classified as a bird in the Granivorous group. Most of the food is grains such as grass seeds, reeds, feather grasses, sharp grasses, hay, as well as agricultural crops adjacent to the forest edge such as rice, corn, mung beans, red beans, etc. It was also found that Peafowls feed on a variety of other foods such as wah, muzzle, olives, as well as parts of plants such as young leaves, shoots, sprouts, flowers, dried seeds, and other soft parts of plants such as bamboo sprouts, parts of the tiger sage, gecko’s feet, and undersides. It also eats invertebrates such as insects, ants, termites and small vertebrates.
44 45 6. Crisis of Green Peafowls in Eastern Lanna Surveys and research found that the green peafowl is classified as an endangered species nationally and globally. The International Organization for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has declared the green peafowl a threatened and endangered species since 1979, but in the northern forests especially in the forest area in the Eastern Lanna area, it was found that the number of Green Peafowl has increased. Therefore, it seems that the northern forest area of Eastern Lanna, will be the last stronghold of the green peafowls in the world. At present, the forest in eastern Lanna area is a vast territory and has the highest peafowl population density of 17-20 per square kilometer. The current population of peafowls in the four provinces surveyed has found that approximately 3,000 birds are found in large numbers in the Wiang Lo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thap Phaya Lo Non-Hunting Area and Doi Phu Nang National Park. Factors that positively affect the size of the green peafowl population include the expansion of agricultural areas around conservation areas, and the beliefs of communities in the area shared with peafowls, including supporting ecotourism from the government. This results in an increase in the size of the green peafowl population. However, peafowls in eastern Lanna, especially in the late rainy season and early winter to the end of March, tend to descend to feed on community’s agricultural crops and destroy the crops of the farmers’ fields. Especially in the community in Phayao province, causing the farmers to suffer and lead to more killing, hunting and injuring of peafowls.
46 47 7. Peafowls and Threats The natural threat to the peafowl consists of a variety of predators ranging from large snakes to foxes, as well as smaller, threatened predators to the peafowls and their eggs, such as the weevil, the musk chit, the mane musk, however, the threat of mass population decline comes from habitat loss from forest encroachment and the conversion to agricultural land. The decline of the forest made the peafowls move closer to humans. As a consequence, there is an increasing threat from agricultural activities, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, which are heavily used and prevalent in forested farmland. In addition, the decreasing forest cover makes it easier to get into the wild and hunters often bring in dogs that are bred and trained for herding. These dogs, including strays, are another major threat to peafowl and other wildlife populations. Another threat to peafowls occurs in the dry season that causes forest fire smog. Every year, many wild animals are found slaughtered by fires, including Green Peafowls in their incubation period. Mother Peafowls refused to escape the raging forest fire which caused their deaths, along with their burnt eggs. This led to the loss and reduction of the peafowl population and indeed created an image that caused a lot of pity for the general audience.
48 49 Changes in human and community development also affect species and population characteristics of peafowls : 1. The development of human water resources affects the habitat and breeding of peafowls. 2. Decrease in numbers due to lack of food, such as small reptiles due to the use of agricultural chemicals in farmland causing a scarcity of animals and insects in the area. 3. Reduction of numbers in some areas where environmental and climatic conditions have changed and increasing numbers in a more complete neighborhood in which the environment and climate is more suitable for the survival of the species. 4. The rapid multiplication of peafowls, which affects the reduction of biodiversity of snakes, reptiles. amphibians and some insects. 5. The rapid proliferation of peafowls leads to competition for food sources and the invasion of agricultural areas, resulting in destroyed crops. 6. Poultry plague from wild birds or in poultry farms which affects the livelihood of peafowls and birds in nature. Birds also carry disease to humans. 7. Mutation due to breeding experiments with different types of peafowl farms and domestic chickens or pheasants that may have escaped into the wild. 8. Consumption of peafowl meat and wildlife in areas at risk of contracting the coronavirus-19 and affects the transmission of diseases to humans. 9. An increase in the natural peafowl population and a lack of support areas, forcing the peafowl to spread into human communities and causing problems and property damage.
50 51 8. Peafowl and Tradition, Culture and Community The natural beauty of peafowls has had a relationship with culture, beliefs, and faith for a long time, for example; in ancient India, there was a story that the peafowl’s tail was similar to the halo of the sun. Some Indian dynasties also considered the peafowl as their emblem, such as the Moriya dynasty. In Buddhism, there are many stories that highlight the importance of peafowls such including two Jataka tales about peafowls, the Morjataka and the Maha Morjataka. In Lanna culture, it is believed that peafowls are gods and are used as auspicious symbols, which is a highlight of tourism in terms of visiting Green Peafowls all year round which is promoted as an
52 53 international eco-tourism destination, linking to the development of ‘Thai Peafowl’ products and are used to show the biodiversity of the area in many aspects. Whether it is vegetables, fruits, herbs, agricultural products, wild honey, as well as heritage and wisdom. Peafowls are also used as a community identity, connected to their beliefs in conservation. It has a harmonious relationship with a city that proclaims itself as a peafowl city in foreign countries, especially Lan Xang, Tai Lue, Tai Kong in southern China, on the BRI or One Belt and One Road in the Mekong River Basin (GMS), and Salween An which use peafowls as an ambassador of relations, to create cultural cooperation to the development of innovation, trade and tourism.
54 55 9. Spatial information and history of Phayao Phayao (Kham Muang: P(r)a-Yao) is one of the provinces in the north of Thailand. The area in which the city of Phayao is located is adjacent to Phayao Kwan, formerly the site of the city of Phu Kam Yao or Phayao, which was founded in the 16th Buddhist century by the first king, Phaya Chom Tham, one of the royal sons from the city of Hiran Nakhon Ngoen Yang Chiang Saen and was the ancestor of many Phayao kings such as Phaya Truong, a hero of the Tai-Laos tribe in the Mekong River Basin and Phaya Ngam Muang, who made an oath of goodwill to King Mangrai of Nakhon Ping, Chiang Mai and Phaya Ruang Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai. After a change in power, it fell under the influence of the Lanna Kingdom in the era of Phaya Kham Fu, corresponding to the reign of King Rama 3. Phayao was re-established with Chiang Rai and Muang Ngao to be a frontier city to attack the Burmese army located in Chiang Saen by allowing Phayao City to direct to Lampang (some areas of the present Phayao province, including Amphoe Chiang Muan, Amphoe Pong, Amphoe Chiang Kham and Amphoe Phu Sang, going directly to Nan) Phayao is under the administration of Chiang Rai province as Phayao district, and on August 28, 1977, Phayao district was upgraded to Phayao province, becoming the 72nd province of Thailand.
56 57 Phayao topography The general topography of Phayao is surrounded by mountains in the east, west, south and central parts of the province. These mountains extend from north to south. There are arable plains on both sides of the mountain range and between the river. The high mountain areas take up about 47% of the province’s total area. About 35% of the area are hills mixed with plains and about 18% plains. The elevation of Phayao province is between 300 - 1,550 meters above sea level. Agricultural products In 2014, Phayao province had an area of agricultural holdings of 1,452,378 rai. According to the survey, there were about 652,805 rai of rice farming, about 510,657 rai of vegetable farmland, and about 258,916 of perennial fruit trees. The rest of the land was residential, vegetables and flowers gardens, deserted pastures and other agricultural areas. Farming is the main occupation of the people in Phayao province. The main economic crops are rice, especially jasmine rice which is the most famous and highest quality in the north, Corn, cassava, shallot, garlic, ginger, para rubber, lychee and longan.
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60 61 Thai Lanna Community Network for Conserving Peafowl Forests in the upper northern provinces of Thailand such as Phayao, Phrae, Nan, Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Lampang and Lamphun are considered to be the last stronghold of Green Peafowl in the world, especially given the relationship between peafowls and people in thousands of communities that are located near the forests. Large parties of Green Peafowls often came down to feed on the produce in the fields and cause extreme damage to products. There are some communities that turned crisis into opportunity using the term of “Peafowls can live, people can live” and created a Tourism opportunity and a learning space, including the development of community products strongly influenced by the abundance of nature and local culture, attracting domestic and international tourism. There are many such models in these communities, especially in Phayao province, including the Huai Khao Kam Community, Mae Na Ruea Community, Ban Tham Community, Huai Yang Kham Community and the Ban Xia Community which are united as “Thai Lanna Peafowl Conservation Community Network”. There are many also communities conserving Green Peafowls in Phrae, Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang, Lamphun, etc. Green Peafowls are therefore considered as a valuable natural resource for conservation and can be restored for economic benefit. The development of Thai Peafowl eco-tourism in residential areas results in sustainable coexistence between people, communities and wildlife.
62 63 Huai Khao Kam Community Originally Huai Khao Kam sanitation, Chiang Kham district, Chiang Rai province, Huai Khao Kam earned the status of a municipality on April 1, 1965. With an insignia of an elephant holding an ear of rice, the elephant represents Chiang Rai while ear of rice represent Ban Huai Khao Kam. On August 28, 1977, a decision was made to raise the status of Phayao province. Therefore, it was upgraded to sanitation in Huai Khao Kam Subdistrict, Phayao province and was later announced the Ministry of Interior as sanitary with an adequate fiscal status to be able to perform routine tasks on its own on from March 17, 1993, later it was upgraded according to the Change of Sanitary Status to Municipality Act, 1999, published in the Government Gazette, No.116 Part 9a dated 24 February 1999, effective from 25 May 1999. Huai Khao Kam Subdistrict Municipality, Chun district, Phayao province is the most densely populated urban area of Chun district. It is the center of trade, economy and government administration in the district as the Chun District Office is located there and is the site of Wat Huai Khao Kam Temple. There is a large high school,
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66 67 namely Chun Wittayakhom School which is the largest school in the district. The sub-district focuses on providing people with a good quality of life and safety. There is good infrastructure with standards to provide public services for the benefit of the local population to promote and support sustainable strength in the community. The area is convenient for traffic and transportation, including good management of natural resources and the environment.
68 69 Ban Kiew Kaew Community Conservation Area The Thai Peafowl Biology Learning Center, which was developed in 2014 as a model for the development of peafowl conservation was founded by a youth gathering and the people of Kiew Kaew, Village No. 8, Huai Khao Kam Subdistrict, Chun district. Together they established a Thai Peafowl Conservation Club for two reasons: for people and wildlife to live happily together and to preserve the authentic Thai Peafowl. Together with Wiang Lo Wildlife Sanctuary (Wieng Lo), it provides an area of food source for
70 71 peafowls behind Wat Srisudaram and is an area for nature conser- vation and a learning center for studying the peafowls. Government agencies in Chun district have adopted a driven approach to build “Lan Rak Khuang Nok Yoong” as a tourist attraction with the “One Tambon, One district, One Tourist” project. There is also the Pu Cha Phaya Lo event which is held in April every year. Each year, there is a meeting among various agencies including Wiang Lo Wildlife Sanctuary, Huai Khao Kam Subdistrict Municipality, Chun Provincial Police Station, The Office of Tourism and Sports, Board of the Peafowl Conservation Club, Ban Kiew Kaew and the Abbot of Wat Kiew Kaew to develop and support “Khuang Nok Yoong Puea Mae” as a source of conservation for nature, wildlife, and further study peafowls.
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76 77 Lan Ran Khuang Nok Yoong 69 “Peafowls can live, people can live” Khuang Nok Yoong 69 is located among the community of Moo 6 and Moo 9 in Huai Khao Kam Subdistrict. It is a community where Green Peafowls are preserved in the Wiang Lo forest. The area of Khuang Nok Yoong69 has beautiful, open spaces and surrounded by forests and mountains. It is a field, plantation and garden of 15 community farmers, covering an area of approximately 40-50 rai on the edge of a fertile forest which has been affected by the large number of wild peafowls that came down to eat and destroy the agricultural crops of the villagers. The sacrificial farmers come up with a solution by developing Khuang Nok Yoong. As it will set a boundary, limiting the area for peafowls to come down
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80 81 to only 50 rai, preventing Green Peafowls from invading the fields of other farmers. Since 2016, it was found that peafowls have come down more and more every year. In the latest year (2020), more than three hundred Green Peafowls have invaded this area. Therefore, turning the crisis into an opportunity for Khuang Nok Yooong will heal and bring more income to the community and create Ecotourism in unity with peafowls and human known as “Peafowls can live, people can live”. Wiang Lo Wildlife Sanctuary and Phayao University have always been in consultation and have given advice on the development of the construction of Khuang Nok Yoong 69. The community has many strengths in ragrards to tourism, in both natural and cultural aspects. Especially the beauty of hundreds of Green Peafowls, collaborating with the community in making weirs, growing peafowl food crops, camping, homestays, tasting local, natural food from community chefs, worshiping the sacred relics of Ku Pha Lang, etc.
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86 87 Huai Yang Kham Thai Peafowl Conservation Community, Chun district, Phayao province. Lan Rak Khuang Noak Yoong Huai Yang Kham “Mon Hin Keaw Peafowls in Sacred Land” Ban Huai Yang Kham Thai Peafowl Conservation Community is located at the edge of the forest near the Wiang Lo wildlife sanctuary. Ban Huai Yang Kham Thai Peafowl Conservation Community Or Huai Yang Kham Subdistrict, Chun district, Phayao province, has an advantagous environment for burrowing beekeeping in the forest near the longan garden around the Wiang Lo Wildlife Conservation Area. Pheromones are used to attract wild bees to the nests in wooden boxes and harvest seasonal produce in order to obtain honey that is concentrated, clean, free from sediment, fragrant, sweet tasting and unique to this community.
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90 Tourists can see peafowls at Huai Yang Kham in the area of Huai Yang Kham Reservoir. There are rafting activities along the beautiful emerald waters of the reservoir. The area where the peafowl descends is the foothills of Mon Hin Keaw which is in the Wiang Lo wildlife sanctuary. The area has been excavated a lot for emerald stones.
92 93 If traveling up the ridge, you will find the “Pha Kak Sak” viewpoint that fully shows the beautiful scenery of Huai Yang Kham Subdistrict. Apart from witnessing the beauty of Green Peafowls, Huai Yang Kham Reservoir area offers a variety of tourist activities such as camping, picnics, experiencing the fog on the water surface in the morning, Boat trips, fishing, trekking, stargazing, tasting local food, etc. These experiences leave tourists and visitors delighted and impressed.
94 95 Ban Xia—Thai Peafowl Conservation Community, Peafowl Rice Located in the area of Moo 4, Chun sub-district, Chun district, Phayao province, it is considered to be the first community in which Wiang Lo Wildlife Sanctuary has promoted the conservation of Green Peafowls in the form of “Khuang Nok Yoong”, with the community adjacent to forest areas and is the boundary between the forest area of Wiang Lo Wildlife Sanctuary and the agricultural area of the villagers which has been affected by the large number of wild peafowls coming down to eat agricultural crops.
97 An area of approximately 50-60 rai has been allocated for the area prepared as Khuang Nok Yoong. The villagers have worked together to make sure the land stays fertile. Khuang Nok Yoong’s natural state is highly impressive for the visitors, especially those who love nature and adventure. In addition, Ban Xia community is also a village that has many interesting community products such as pickled garlic, honey, Peafowl rice, tea, chili paste, etc.
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