विज्ञान तथा वातावरण

!@= xfO8«f l;nG] 6/]6f kmfOndcGtu{t kg]{ vf]jm| f] gnL cfsf/ ePsf] hGt' xf] .
!#= xfO8«fdf d'v x'G5 t/ dnåf/ x'“bg} .
!$= xfO8«fsf] d'vsf] jl/kl/ 6G] 6fsN;x¿ xG' 5g\ .
!%= xfO8«fsf] z/L/ bO' { kq] sf]ifx¿sf] ;dx" af6 ag]sf] x'G5 .
!^= xfO8f« df al8ª cyft{ \ sf]lknf knfP/ ;Gtfg jl[ 4 xg' ] sfo{ xG' 5 .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“df ldNbf] zAb e/ M

-s_ ;a} hLjx¿sf] z/L/==================ldnL ags] f] x'G5 .
-v_ la?jfsf] sf]ifdf Pp6f 7n' f] :yfoL =============== xG' 5 .
-u_ sf]if leQf=====================gfdsf] lghL{j j:tn' ] ag]sf] x'G5 .
-3_ Knfl:68 =================== sfi] fdf dfq kfOG5 .
-ª_ cldafsf] cfsf/==========================x'b“ }g .

@= tn lbOPsf pQ/x¿dWo] ;xL pQ/ 5fg M

-s_ hgjf/sf] sf]ifsf] ;a}eGbf aflx/L efunfO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ sf]if leQf -cf_ sf]if lemNnL

-O_ Gol' Sno; -O_{ Eofs'n

-v_ tnsf dWo] jg:klt sf]ifdf sg' efu kfOb“ g} <

-c_ Knfl:68 -cf_ Gol' Sno;

-O_ ;]G6f« ]hf]d -O{_ Eofs'n

-u_ lgDglnlvtdWo] sg' ax' sfi] fLo hLj xf] <

-c_ cldaf -cf_ kf/fd]l;od

144 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

-O_ o'lUngf -O_{ xfO8f«

-3_ xfO8«fsf] 6G] 6fsN;n] s] sfo{ ub5{ <

-c_ ;Gtfg pTkfbg -cf_ Zjf;k|Zjf;

-O_ lx“88\ 'n ug{ / vfgf ;dfTg] -O{_ lgisf;g

-ª_ cldafdf vfgf hDdf xg' ] efunfO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ km' 8 Eofsn' -cf_ sG6«ofS6fOn Eofsn'

-O_ Eofsn' -O{_ gSsnL v6' \6f

#= 5f]6f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ sfi] fsf cjojx¿ egs] f] s] xf] < pbfx/0f bp] m .

-v_ hGt' sfi] fdf gkfOg] t/ jg:klt sf]ifdf dfq kfOg] cjojx¿ s] s] xg' \ <

-u_ jg:klt sfi] fdf Eofsn' n] s] sfo{ ub5{ <

-3_ dfO6fs] f]lG8o« fnfO{ zlStsf] sG] b| elgG5, lsg <

-ª_ cldafsf] gSsnL v6' 6\ fn] s] s] sfo{ ub5{ <

-r_ xfO8«fsf] rfn s;/L xG' 5 < nv] .

$= lrq nv] / gfds/0f u/ M

-s_ hGt' sf]if -v_ jg:klt sfi] f

-u_ cldaf -3_ xfO8f«

%= xfO8f« sf] rfnnfO{ lrq agfO{ nv] .

^= sfi] fsf lgDglnlvt cjojx¿sf af/]df 5f6] s/Ldf n]v M

-s_ Knfl:68 -v_ ;fO6fK] nfHd -u_ Gol' Sno;

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 145

!& hLjg k|lj|mof

(Life Process)

k|To]s ;hLjn] cfk"m hLljt /xgsf nflu ljleGg k|lj|mof ;~rfng u/]sf x'G5g\ .
Zjf;kZ| jf;, efh] g, lgisf;g h:tf kl| jm| ofx¿ hGt' tyf jg:klt bj' s} f nflu cfjZos
xG' 5 . ;/n / sd ljsl;t hLjdf oL kl| jm| ofx¿ klg ;/n ks| f/sf g} xG' 5g\ . ljsl;t hLjdf
oL kl| jm| ofx¿ hl6n ks| f/sf xG' 5g\ . log} kl| jm| ofx¿nfO{ hLjg kl| jm| of (life process) elgG5 .

Zjf;k|Zjf; lj|mof (Respiration)

xfdLnfO{ sg' } klg sfo{ ug{ zlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ . xfdLn] zlSt sxf“af6 kfp“5f}“ < xfdLn]
vfgf gvfPsf] a]nfdf s'g} sfd ug{ uf/f] xG' 5 / sfd ug{ klg ;Sbg} f},“ lsg xfn] f <

xfdLn] cfkm\ gf] vfgfaf6 zlSt kf| Kt u5f“{} . ;a} ;hLjn] zlSt k|fKt ug{ vfgf vfG5g\ . ;a}
ks| f/sf hGt' tyf jg:kltx¿n] Zjf; km] 5g{ \ . Zjf; km] bf{ clS;hg lng] / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8
k\mofS“ g] ul/G5 . o; ljm| ofnfO{ Zjf; k]mg{' (breathing) elgG5 . Zjf; km] bf{ lnPsf]
clS;hg vfgfdf ePsf] sfaf]{xfO86«] / Uns' f]h;“u ldn/] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, kfgL / zlStdf
ablnG5 . ToxL zlStaf6 hLljt j:t'x¿n] cfk\mgf] hLjg kl| j|mof ;~rfng u5{g\ . clS;hg
/ vfgflar /f;folgs kl| tljm| of eO{ zlSt lg:sg] ljm| ofnfO{ Zjf;kZ| jf; kl| jm| of (respiration)
elgG5 . la?jf / hgfj/x¿df Zjf; k|Zjf; ljm| of km/s km/s lsl;dn] x'G5 .

hgfj/df xg' ] Zjf;kZ| jf; lj|mof (Respiration in Animal)

kfgLdf /xg] Pssf]ifLo hLjn] z/L/sf] ;txaf6 clS;hg lng] / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 kmfNg]
u5g{ \ . ;/n cljsl;t axs' fi] fLo hGtn' ] z/L/sf] aflx/L ;txaf6 g} Zjf; km] g{] sfo{ u5g{ ,\
h:t} M kfl] /km] /f, l;n]G6/6] f . cGo axs' f]ifLo hgfj/x¿df Zjf; k|Zjf;sf nflu ljleGg
cªu\ x¿ xG' 5g,\ h:t} M 5fnf, Zjf; gnL, k'mNsf jf luN;, kmfS] ;f] .

-s_ 5fnf (Skin)

u“8o\ fn} f, hs' f tyf Eofu'tfsf] 5fnf kftnf] / cfl] ;nf] x'G5 . logLx¿n] 5fnfaf6 clS;hg
lng] / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfNg] u5g{ \ .

146 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

-v_ Zjf; gnL (Trachea)

ls/fx¿n] ;;fgf dl;gf Zjf; gnLsf] dbtaf6 Zjf; k|Zjf; ub{5g\ . ;fª\unf
k'tnL, km6\ofª\u|f h:tf ls/fx¿sf] z/L/df ;;fgf gnLx¿ x'G5g\ . tL gnLx¿
z/L/sf] aflx/ vN' 5g\ . aflx/ vn' s] f] 7fp“nfO{ :kfO/fsn (spiracles) elgG5 . oxL
:kfO/fsnaf6 jfo' d08nsf] clS;hg lng] / z/L/leqsf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfNg] u5{g\ .

-u_ km' Nsf jf luN; (Gills)

df5f / Eofut' fsf rk] fuf“8fn] k'mNsf / luN;af6 ;f; k]m5g{ \ . oL hgfj/x¿n] kfgLdf 3'n]/
/xs] f] clS;hg lng] ub5{ g\ . df5fsf] 6fpsfsf] b'j}lt/ km' Nsfx¿ xG' 5g\ . oL km' Nsfx¿nfO{
Pp6f 9sg (operculum) n] 5fl] kPsf] xG' 5 .

-3_ kmf]S;f] (Lungs)

Eofu'tf], ;/L;[k jf 3;|g] hGt', r/f / :tgwf/L hgfj/df kmf]S;f] x'G5 . logLx¿n]
kmf]S;faf6 clS;hg lng] / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 kmfNg] u5{g\ .

luN;

Zjf; gnL

lrq g+= !&=!

dfgj z/L/df xg' ] Zjf;kZ| jf; kl| j|mof (Respiration in Human Body)

dfgj z/L/df Zjf;k|Zjf; k|lj|mofdf efu lng] cª\ux¿ gfs, Zjf; gnL / kmf]S;f]
xg' \ . Zjf;kZ| jf; kl| j|mofdf gfsaf6 lnPsf] xfjf Zjf; gnL x“b' } kmf]S;fdf k'U5 . kmfS] ;fdf
ePsf xfjfsf yn} Lx¿n] clS;hg ;f:] g] / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 k\mof“Sg] ub{5g\ . kmfS] ;faf6
km\ ofl“ sPsf] sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 gfsaf6} aflx/ kmflnG5 . kmfS] ;fleq /xs] f xfjfsf yn} Ln] ;f;] /]
lnPsf] clS;hg /utdf ldl;G5 . /utn] clS;hgnfO{ z/L/sf ljleGg cªu\ sf sf]ifx¿df
k¥' ofp“5g\ . z/L/sf ljleGg sf]ifx¿df clS;hg / Un'sfh] sf c0f'x¿lar kl| tljm| of eO{
zlSt, kfgL / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 pTkfbg xG' 5 . sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 / kfgLnfO{ ljsf/
kbfys{ f ¿kdf aflx/ k\mofl“ sG5 . o;/L dfgj z/L/df Zjf; kZ| jf; k|ljm| of k"/f x'G5 .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 147

jg:kltdf x'g] Zjf;k|Zjf; lj|mof (Respiration in Plant)

jg:kltdf Zjf;k|Zjf; ljm| of w]/} ;/n x'G5 . la?jfdf uf8;{ n]
hGtd' f h:tf] ljsl;t Zjf; kZ| jf; k0| ffnL xb“' g} . jg:kltdf

Zjf; kZ| jf;sf nflu dV' o ¿kdf kftdf /x]sf l5b| cyf{t\

:6fd] f6f (stomata) af6 xG' 5 . :6fd] f6f clt ;;fgf l5bx| ¿ :6f]df6f
xg' \ . oL kftsf] tNnf] efudf / gof“ slnnf sf08df

kfOG5g\ . :6fd] f6fsf] bj' t} k{m l;dL cfsf/df ;/' Iff k|bfg lrq g+= !&=@
ug]{ sf]ifx¿ (guard cells) /x]sf x'G5g\ . log}

sf]ifx¿sf] rfnåf/f g} :6f]df6f v'Ng] / aGb x'g]

u5{g\ . log} :6f]df6faf6 jfo' d08ndf ePsf] clS;hg lng] / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfNg]

u5{g\ . Pssfi] fLo jg:kltdf aflx/L cfj/0faf6 g} xfjfsf] cfjthfjt xG' 5 .

dfgj kfrg k0| ffnL (Human Digestive System)

xfdLnfO{ zlSt kf| Kt ug{ vfgfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgf l;w} zlStdf
ablng ;Sbg} . o;sf nflu ljleGg cªu\ x¿n] sfo{ ug{'k5{ . vfgfnfO{ krfpg dbt ug{]
cªu\ x¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ kfrg k0| ffnL elgG5 .

dv'
vfgf gnL

sn]hf] cfdfzo
lkQ y}nL Kofª\ljm| ofh

;fgf] cfGb|f 7'nf] cfGb|f
dn åf/

lrq g=+ !&=#

148 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

dfgj kfrg k|0ffnLnfO{ d'Vo b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ kfrg gnL (Alimentary Canal) -v_ kfrg u|lGyx¿ (Digestive Glands)

-s_ kfrg gnL (Alimentary Canal)

kfrg gnL dv' af6 ;?' eO{ dnåf/df cGTo xG' 5 . of] gnL sxL“ km/flsnf] / sxL“ ;f3“ '/f]
xG' 5 . d'v, vfgf gnL, cfdfzo, ;fgf] cfGbf| , 7'nf] cfGbf| , dnåf/ h:tf cª\ux¿ kfrg
gnLdf x'G5g\ .

-v_ kfrg ul| Gyx¿ (Digestive Glands)

vfgfnfO{ kfrg ug{ ljleGg /;fogx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ . oL /;fogx¿nfO{ OGhfOd
elgG5 . oL OGhfOd pTkfbg ug]{ cªu\ x¿nfO{ kfrg ul| Gy elgG5 . kfrg ul| Gydf pTkflbt
OGhfOdn] vfB kbfy{nfO{ krfP/ ;/n / zf]if0f ug{ ;Sg] agfp5“ .

kfrg gnLdf ePsf ljleGg kfrg ul| Gy / ltgaf6 pTkflbt OGhfOdx¿ o; ks| f/ /xs] f 5g\ M

jm| =;= :yfg kfrg ul| Gy kfrg /; OGhfOd

! d'v ¥ofn ul| Gy ¥ofn ;]lne/L Pldn]h

@ cfdfzo Uofl:6«s u|lGy Uofl:6s« /; xfO8«f]Snfl] /s Pl;8, kl] K;g

# sn]hf] snh] f] lkTt/; –

$ cfdfzosf] tn Kofªl\ j|mofh Kofª\lj|mofl6s l6l« K;g, Pldnh] , nfOkh]

88' ]gd /;

% ;fgf] cfGbf| cfGb|] u|lGy cfGb|fsf] /; Pldgf] kl] K68h] h] , nfOkh]

kfrg ljm| of (Process of Digestion)

dv' df vfgf rkfp“bf ¥ofn u|lGyaf6 ¥ofn cfp“5 . ¥ofndf ePsf] Pldn]h (amylase)
OGhfOdn] :6frn{ fO{ ;'u/ -lrgL_ df ablnlbG5 . To;kl5 vfPsf] ef]hg vfgf gnL x“'b} n]
bf] (paste) eP/ cfdfzodf kU' 5 . cfdfzodf vfg] s/' f ku' k] l5 To;sf leTtfsf u|lGynfO{
pQ]lht agfp5“ . Toxf“ Uofl:6s« ul| Gyaf6 lg:s]sf] xfO8f« S] nf]l/s cDnn] vfgfnfO{ cDnLo

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 149

agfp“5 . o;n] vfgf;“u cfPsf sL6f0fx' ¿nfO{ dfl/lbG5 . k]lK;g OGhfOdn] kf| l] 6gnfO{
krfpg dbt ub{5 . o;kl5 vfgf ;fgf] cfGbf| df hfG5 . ;fgf] cfGbf| sf] klxnf] efu 8'8g] ddf
sn]hf] / lkQ y}nLaf6 cfPsf] lkQ/; ldl;G5 . o;n] lrNnf] kbfy{ krfpg dbt ub{5 .
Kofªl\ jm| ofhaf6 cfpg] Kofªl\ jm| ofl6s /; klg 88' g] ddf g} ldl;G5 . o;df ePsf OGhfOdx¿
l6l« K;g (trypsin) n] k|fl] 6gnfO{, Pldnh] (amylase) n] :6fr{ / nfOkh] (lypase) n] lrNnf]
kbfyn{ fO{ krfpg dbt ub5{ . ;fgf] cfGb|fdf lg:sg] cfGb]| /;n] klg vfgf krfpg dbt
ub{5 . z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kbfy{x¿ ;fgf] cfGbf| df /x]sf lenfO{ (villi) x¿åf/f ;fl] ;G5g\ /
/utdf ldNg k'U5g\ . o;kl5 af“sL /xs] f] kbfy{ 7n' f] cfGbf| df kU' 5 . 7n' f] cfGbf| df kfgLsf]
w]/} h;f] dfqf ;fl] ;G5 . cGTodf afs“ L /x]sf] cw{ 7f]; kbfy{ dnåf/af6 aflx/ kmflnG5 .

o;/L kfrg ljm| ofaf6 vfgfnfO{ krfP/ Uns' f]h, km'| S6f]h, NofS6fh] h:tf kbfy{ aG5g\ .
oL kbfy{x¿ ;fgf] cfGb|faf6 /ut xb“' } z/L/sf ;Dk"0f{ sfi] fdf k'U5g\ . sfi] fdf clS;hg;“u
kl| tlj|mof eO{ oL kbfyx{ ¿ zlStdf kl/0ft x'G5g\ . vfgfdf ePsf] sfaf{x] fO86]« n] zlSt
lbG5 . af;] f] / t]nn] zlSt / tfk lbG5 . kf| ]l6gn] sf]if / tGts' f] j[l4 tyf ddt{ ug{
;xofu] u5{ . vlgh kbfyn{ ] /ut, bf“t tyf xf8nfO{ :j:y / alnof] agfpg dbt u5{ .

hLjdf xg' ] lgisf;g (Excretion in Living Beings)

jg:klt / hgfj/sf] z/L/df bl} gs ljm| ofsnfkaf6 ljleGg ks| f/sf sfd gnfUg] kbfyx{ ¿ aG5g\ .
z/L/leq kb} f ePsf cgfjZos / xflgsf/s j:tx' ¿ z/L/af6 aflx/ k\mof“Sg] lj|mofnfO{
lgisf;g (excretion) elgG5 . z/L/sf ljleGg cª\ux¿n] oL sfd gnfUg] kbfyx{ ¿ aflx/
kmfNg] ub5{ g\ .

la?jfdf xg' ] lgisf;g (Excretion in Plant)

la?jfn] vfgf agfp“bf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 lnG5 / clS;hg kmfN5 . la?jfn] Zjf; k|Zjf;
lj|mofdf clS;hg lnG5 / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfN5 . Zjf;k|Zjf; ljm| ofåf/f kf| l] 6g ePsf
of}lusx¿ 6'lj|m“bf Pdf]lgof lg:sG5 . la?jfn] Pdf]lgof lnP/ gof“ of}lus agfp“5 . la?jfdf
a9L ePsf] kfgL kftaf6 aflx/ kmflnG5 . la?jfdf lgisf;g k|ljm| of x'b“ f /]lhg, ud,NofS6];
-b'w h:tf] kbfy{_,t]n cflb ljleGg efux¿df hDdf x'G5g\ . o;af6 la?jfnfO{ s'g}
gfS] ;fgL xb'“ }g .

hgfj/df x'g] lgisf;g (Excretion in Animal)

kfgLdf /xg] ;"Id hLjx¿n] cgfjZos kbfy{ z/L/sf] ;txaf6 kfgLdf kmfN5g,\ h:t} M
cldafn] sG6«ofS6fOn Eofs'naf6 cgfjZos kbfy{ TofU5 . cGo ax' sfi] fLo t/ sd

150 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

ljsl;t hLjdf pTkGg cgfjZos kbfy{ z/L/sf] ;txaf6 g} aflx/ kmflnG5 . logLx¿df
lgisf;gsf nflu vf;} ljzi] f cª\u xb'“ g} g\ . ljsl;t hLjx¿df lgisf;gsf nflu 5fnf,
gfs, d'v, kmfS] ;f,] 7'nf] cfGbf| , sn]hf,] lduf}{nf cflbn] sfo{ u5g{ \ .

xfO8f« n] cfk"mnfO{ cgfjZos kbfy{ dv' af6 aflx/ kmfN5 . u“8\of}nf, h'sf / ls/fx¿df
kfrg k0| ffnL x'G5 . logLx¿n] dnåf/af6 cgfjZos kbfy{ Tofu ub{5g\ . df5fx¿n]
km' Nsfaf6 cgfjZos sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8 kmfN5g\ . Eofut' fn] 5fnf / kmfS] ;f] bj' s} f] ;xfotfn]
sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfN5g\ . kfrg k|0ffnL ljsf; xg' ] hLjdf cgfjZos kbfy{ dnåf/
/ dq" åf/af6 aflx/ kmflnG5 . sltko hLjn] 5fnfaf6 klg cgfjZos kbfy{ kmfN5g\ .

dfgj z/L/df x'g] lgisf;g (Excretion in Human Body)

dfgj z/L/df lgisf;g kl| j|mof ljleGg cª\uaf6 x'G5 .

kmf]S;f] (Lungs) ldufn}{ f

Zjf; k|Zjf; kl| jm| ofdf pTkGg sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfS] ;faf6
gfs x“b' } z/L/ aflx/ kmflnG5 .

5fnf (Skin) d"qgnL

5fnfaf6 kl;gfsf ¿kdf ol' /of, nj0fx¿ / a9L ePsf] kfgL d"qfzo
kmflnG5 . dq" åf/
lrq g+= !&=$
lduf{}nf (Kidney)

z/L/df a9L ePsf] kfgL, nj0f, o'l/of, ol' /s Pl;8 cflb
lk;fasf ¿kdf lduf}{nfn] 5fg/] aflx/ k7fp5“ .

sn]hf] (Liver)

sn]hf]n] Pdf]lgof, o'l/of, ljleGg xflgsf/s kbfy{ (toxin) cflbnfO{ lgisf;g u5{ .
snh] fn] lgisf;g u/s] f] kbfy{ /utaf6 ldufn{} fdf kU' 5 / ldufn{} faf6 lk;fa xb“' } aflx/ kmfN5 .

7'nf] cfGbf| (Large intestine)

gkr]sf vfB kbfy{ / as] f/sf j:tx' ¿ lb;fsf ¿kdf 7n' f] cfGbf| af6 ws]n]/ dnåf/af6

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 151

ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk

aflx/ kmflnG5 . o;/L dfgj z/L/df lgisf;g k|ljm| of xG' 5 .
!= la?jfn] hldgaf6 ;f];/] lnPsf] kfgLdWo] a9L ePsf] kfgL kftåf/f jfo' d08ndf

kmfN5 eGg] ljm| of bv] fpm . o; ko| f]usf] lgisif{ lrq;lxt n]v .
@= lgDglnlvt ;fdu|Lx¿af6 kmf]S;fsf] df]8n tof/ u/ M
an] g' –@ l;;L–!, ss,{ kftnf] Knfl:6s l;6, /a/ 6o\ a' , Y cfsf/sf] gnL, wfuf] cflb .

;f/fz+

!= hLjn] afR“ gsf nflu ;~rfng ug]{ kl| jm| ofnfO{ hLjg kl| jm| of elgG5 .
@= hLjn] Zjf; kZ| jf; ljm| ofdf jfo' d08naf6 clS;hg lng] / sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8

kmfNg] ub5{ g\ .
#= ;/n hLjn] z/L/sf] ;txaf6 g} Zjf;k|Zjf; ub{5g\ .
$= ax'sfi] fLo hLjdf Zjf; k|Zjf;sf nflu ljleGg cª\ux¿ /xs] f xG' 5g,\ h:t} M

5fnf, Zjf; gnL, luN; / kmf]S;f] .
%= jg:kltdf Zjf; kZ| jf;sf nflu :6f]df6f xG' 5g\ .
^= kfi] fs tŒjx¿af6 z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kbfyx{ ¿ agfpg kfrg lj|mofsf] cfjZostf

k5{ .
&= kfrg ljm| ofdf ;n+ Ug cªu\ x¿sf] ljzi] f :yfgdf kfrg u|lGyx¿ xG' 5g\ .
*= kfrg u|lGyn] vfB kbfy{nfO{ krfpg ;xof]u ug]{ kfrg /; lgsfN5g\ . logLx¿df

OGhfOd xG' 5 .
(= ;;fgf hLjx¿df lgisf;g k|ljm| of z/L/sf] ;txaf6 xG' 5 .
!)= ax'sf]ifLo hLjx¿df lgisf;gsf nflu 5fnf, gfs, d'v, kmf]S;f], 7'nf] cfGb|f,

ldufn}{ f cflb cª\ux¿ x'G5 .

152 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

!!= dfgj Zjf; k|Zjf; kl| j|mofdf gfs, Zjf; gnL / kmfS] ;fn] efu lnG5g\ .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpd“ f ldNg] zAb e/ M

-s_ ;f; km] g{' egs] f] ========================= lng' / ========================= km\ ofS“ g' xf] .

-v_ ljsl;t hgfj/x¿df kfrg ljm| ofdf gkrs] f / cgfjZos j:tx' ¿ ============
af6 z/L/ aflx/ lg:sG5g\ .

-u_ df5f / Eofut' fsf] r]kfuf“8fn] =========== åf/f Zjf; k]m5g{ \ .

-3_ la?jfsf] kftdf /xs] f] ====================== af6 a9L ePsf] kfgL afkmsf ¿kdf
jfod' 08ndf hfG5 .

-ª_ dflg;sf] 5fnfaf6 ========= ¿kdf o'l/of, nj0fx¿ / a9L ePsf] kfgL kmflnG5 .

@= tn lbOPsf pQ/x¿dWo] ;xL pQ/ 5fg M

-s_ Zjf;k|Zjf; lj|mofdf lg:sg] j:t' s'g xf] <

-c_ clS;hg -cf_ sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 -O_ ol' /of -O_{ nj0f

-v_ dfgj Zjf;kZ| jf; kl| j|mofdf efu lng] cªu\ s'g xf] <
-c_ kmf]S;f ] -cf_ sn]hf] -O_ d'6' -O{_ 5fnf

-u_ la?jfn] Zjf; k]mg{ sg' cªu\ af6 xfjf lnG5 <

-c_ h/f -cf_ km" n -O_ kmn -O{_ kft
-3_ kfrg /;df xg' ] /;fognfO{ s] elgG5 <

-c_ xdf]g{ -cf_ OGhfOd -O_ le6fldg -O{_ sfaf]x{ fO86]«

-ª_ ls/f km6o\ fªu\ f| n] s'g cªu\ af6 Zjf; km] 5g{ \ <
-c_ 5fnf -cf_ luN; -O_ ;f; gnL -O{_ kmf]S;f]

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 153

#= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ hLjg kl| j|mof egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ Zjf;k|Zjf; eGgfn] sn] fO{ a'emfp“5 <
-u_ ;/n hLjx¿n] sxfa“ f6 Zjf; km] 5{g\ <
-3_ lgisf;g eg]sf] s] xf] <
-ª_ dfgj z/L/df lgisf;g sfo{ ug{] cªu\ x¿ s] s] xg' \ < nv] .

$= dfgj kfrg k0| ffnLsf] ;kmf lrq agfpm .

154 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

k[YjLsf] agfj6

!* (Structure of the Earth)
kY[ jLsf] ;txdf xfdL cfkm\ gf] 3/, uf7] agfp“5f“} . vt] LkftL, af6f], gx/, s'nf] cflb kY[ jLsf]
;txdf g} agfp5“ f“} . oL ljleGg sfox{ ¿ ug{ xfdLn] hldg vGgk' g]{ xG' 5 . hldg vGbf
;txdf g/d df6f] x'G5 . hldgdf w]/} ulx/f] vGb} uof] eg] s8f efu cfp5“ . o:tf s8f
efunfO{ g} r66\ fg elgG5 .

r66\ fg (Rock)

kY[ jLsf] ;txdf ePsf 7f;] / s8f kbfyn{ fO{ r66\ fg lrq g=+ !*=!
elgG5 . k[YjLsf] w/ftnsf] clwsf+z efusf]
lgdf{0f r66\ fgaf6 g} ePsf] x'G5 . ;db' s| f] lk“w /
lxp“ hd]sf] ee" fusf] tNnf] efudf klg r6\6fg g}
kfOG5 . xfd|f] jl/kl/ b]lvg] kxf8x¿sf] agf]6
r66\ fgx¿af6 ePsf] 5 . vf]nfgfnfsf lsgf/ /
jl/kl/sf efux¿ klg r6\6fgaf6} ags] f x'G5g\ .
r6\6fg 6j' |mf 6j' |mf eP/ df6f] lgdf{0f ePsf] xG' 5 .
To;n} ] df6fdf ;;fgf r6\6fgsf 6'j|mfx¿ kfOG5 .

r6\6fgsf] agfj6 (Structure of Rock)

r6\6fg ljleGg cfsf/ / /ªsf xG' 5g\ . ;;fgf 9ª' \ufbl] v ;;fgf luvf{ klg r6\6fg g}
xg' \ . ;8s tyf 3/ agfpb“ f k|of]u ul/g] /f8] f / afnj' f klg r66\ fgs} ;fgf ¿k xg' \ .
r66\ fg ljleGg ks| f/sf tŒjx¿ ldnL ags] f xG' 5g\ . r66\ fgdf ePsf tŒjx¿sf] dfqf km/s
km/s x'G5 .

r6\6fgsf efl} ts u0' fx¿ (Physical Properties of Rock)

agfj6

s'g} r6\6fg 7'nf 7'nf s0fx¿ ldn]/ ags] f xG' 5g\ . sltko r6\6fgx¿ kq kq k/]/ ags] f

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 155

xG' 5g\ . r66\ fgx¿ clt ;fgf vfnsf s0fx¿af6 klg ags] f xG' 5g\ . 7'nf bfgfx¿ ldnL
ags] f r66\ fgx¿ v;f| xG' 5g\ . w/] } dl;gf bfgfx¿af6 ag]sf r66\ fg lrKnf x'G5g\ .

s8fkg

r6\6fg s8f / g/d b'j} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . s8f / g/d r6\6fg 5'6\ofpg sf]/]/
x]g'k{ 5{ . Psy/L r66\ fg csf{df sf]bf{ sfl] /G5 eg] sf]l/g] r66\ fg g/d xf] . g/d r6\6fgn]
s8f r66\ fgdf sf]g{ ;lsb“ g} .

/ª

r66\ fgdf /ªx¿ km/s km/s x'G5g,\ h:t} M /ftf,] xl/of], sfnf,] ;t] f cflb . b'O{ k|sf/sf
r6\6fgsf] /ª Ps} lsl;dsf] x“b' }g .

r66\ fgsf k|sf/x¿ (Types of Rock)

pTklTt tyf lgdf0{ f ljlwsf cfwf/df r66\ fgnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ ltg ks| f/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ cfUg]o r66\ fg (Igneous Rock)

-v_ kq] r6\6fg (Sedimentary Rock)

-u_ kl/jltt{ r66\ fg (Metamorphic Rock)

-s_ cfUg]o r66\ fg (Igneous Rock)

kY[ jLsf] leqL efu w]/} tftf] xG' 5 . To;}n] kY[ jLsf] leqL efudf
;a} kbfy{x¿ kUn/] t/n cj:yfdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . k[YjLsf] leqL
efudf /xs] f] t/n / Uof; kbfys{ f] ld>0fnfO{ DofUdf (magma)
elgG5 . ljleGg ef}ules{ sf/0fn] DofUdf kY[ jLsf] ;txaflx/
lg:sG5 . o;/L lg:s]sf] j:t'nfO{ nfef (lava) elgG5 .

tftf] v/fgL h:tf] kbfy,{ afkm, klUnPsf] r6\6fg / DofUdf lrq g=+ !*=@
k[YjLsf] sdhf]/ If]qdf ;fgf] l5b|af6 af6f] agfO{ aflx/ cfp“5 .

ltgLx¿ lj:tf/} ;n] fP/ r66\ fg aG5g\ . o;/L ags] f] r66\ fgnfO{

cfUgo] r66\ fg elgG5 . o;/L nfef lg:sb“ f aGg] vfN8fnfO{ j|m] 6/ (crater) elgG5 .

cfUg]o r6\6fg k[YjLsf] pTklTt sfnb]lv g} lgdf{0f x'“b} cfPsfn] o;nfO{
k|f/lDes r6\6fg klg elgG5 . cfUg]o r6\6fg bfgfbf/ x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf]

156 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

r6\6fg Hjfnfd'vL If]qdf a9L kfOG5 . nfefaf6 cfUg]o r6\6fg aGg] ePsfn] o;df
hLjfjzi] fx¿ kfO“bg} . o; lsl;dsf] r6\6fgdf kfgL l5g{ ;Sb}g t/ nfdf] ;dokl5 o;sf]
aflx/L efu sx] L g/d xG' 5 .

sx] L dxŒjk0" f{ cfUgo] r6\6fgx¿

-c_ ug]| fO6 (Granite) : ug|] fO6 Pp6f Kn6' fl] gs r66\ fg (plutonic rock) xf] . slxns] fxL“
nfef kY[ jLsf] ;tx aflx/ gcfO{ leqL efudf g} ;n] fP/ ags] f] r6\6fgnfO{ Kn6' f]
lgs r66\ fg elgG5 . ug]| fO6 sfnf] tyf v}/f] /ªsf] x'G5 . u|g] fO6 r66\ fg
s8f / alnof] xG' 5 . o;nfO{ lgdf0{ f sfo{df ko| fu] ul/G5 .

-cf_ Kol' d; (Pumice) : w]/} Kjfnx¿ tyf l5b| ePsf] xn'sf cfUgo] r66\ fgnfO{
Kol' d; elgG5 .

-O_ clA;l8og r66\ fg (Obsidian Rock): clA;l8og sfr“ h:tf] / sdhf/] lsl;dsf]
r66\ fg xf] . o;nfO{ Hjfnfdv' L sf“r (volcanic glass) klg elgG5 .

-v_ kq] r6\6fg (Sedimentary Rock)

xfjf, kfgL, tfk cflbn] k[YjLsf] ;txdf ePsf lrq g=+ !*=#
j:t'x¿ 6'j|mg] tyf lvOg] k|lj|mof rln/xG5 .
o;/L 6j' ]|msf j:t'x¿ gbL, lxd gbL, jiff{, jfo' cflbn]
Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf]{ 7fp“df nu/] y'kf5{ . nfdf] ;do;Dd
o;/L y'lkb|“ } hfb“ f tL j:tx' ¿sf] tx tx aG5 . dflyNnf]
txaf6 tNnf] txdf kg{] rfkn] ltgLx¿ cfk;df 6fl“ ;P/
s8f r66\ fg aG5g\ . o:tf] kl| jm| ofaf6 aGg] r66\ fgnfO{
kq] r66\ fg elgG5 .

gbL, vfn] f / emgfa{ f6 aus] f] kfgLn] df6f,] afnj' f, r66\ fgsf
;;fgf 6j' m| fx¿, af6] la?jf, sf7 cflb aufP/ nh} fG5 . tL kbfyx{ ¿ gbL tyf ;db' s| f] lkw“ df lyluP| /
a:5g\ . o;/L lyu]s| f j:t'x¿ ldn]/ ;db' s| f] lkw“ sf] ;tx la:tf/} dfly p7\b} hfG5 . nfdf]
;dokl5 tL kbfy{ hd]/ s8f xG' 5g\ . o;/L ;d'b|, tfn tyf hldgsf] efudf nuftf/ j:tx' ¿
y'lkb“| } hfb“ f tx txsf] ¿kdf kq] r66\ fg aG5 .

kxf8L efudf gbL tyf vf]nfn] nuftf/ aufP/ NofPsf j:t'x¿ kxf8sf] km] bL jf ;dy/
efudf hDbf kq] r66\ fg aG5 . kq] r6\6fgdf hLjfjzi] f (fossil) klg ldl;Psf] xG' 5 .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 157

o;af6 r66\ fgsf] cfo' yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . c¿ r6\6fgsf] bf“hfdf kq] r66\ fg dn' fod
xG' 5 . o;df kq kq klg bV] g ;lsG5 . kq] r66\ fg ljleGg lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo]
sx] L dxŒjk"0f{ kq] r66\ fg o; ks| f/sf 5g\ .

-c_ ;ª\u'l6sf (Conglomerate) : ;ª\u'l6sfnfO{ lrq g+= !*=$
sªs\ 8 r6\6fg klg elgG5 . ;ª\u'l6sf ;;fgf
9ª' u\ fsf 6j' m| fx¿, luvf,{ afnj' f cfk;df 6fl“ ;P/ aG5 .
To;}n] ;;fgf 9'ª\ufsf 6'j|mfx¿ Sjf6\{h vlghn]
hf]l8P/ ;ª\u'l6sf aG5 . olb of] l;lnsfåf/f
hfl] 8Pdf lgs} s8f lsl;dsf] ;ªu\ l' 6sf xG' 5 .

-cf_ :ofG8:6f]g (Sandstone) : afn'jfsf s0fx¿ lrq g=+ !*=%
;+of]hs kbfy{;“u ldnL cfk;df 6f“l;bf
:ofG8:6fg] r66\ fg lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . vf; u/L afnj' fsf]
tx txnfO{ l;lnsf, n:;fbf/ df6f] cflbn] ;o+ fh] g
u5{ . /fdf| ;] u“ 6fl“ ;Psf] :ofG8:6fg] s8f xG' 5 . sdhf/]
¿kdf 6fl“ ;P/ ags] f] :ofG8:6fg] sdhf/] xG' 5 .

-O_ ;]n (Shale): afn'jfsf] s0feGbf klg ;fgf] s0fnfO{ lrq g=+ !*=^
l;N6 (silt) elgG5 . l;N6eGbf klg ;;fgf s0fx¿
Pslqt eP/ ag]sf] df6fnfO{ Sn] (clay) elgG5 .
l;N6 / Sn] ldnL ags] f] r66\ fgnfO{ ;n] (shale)
elgG5 . of] r6\6fg sfnf] / g/d x'G5 .

-O_{ rg' 9ª' u\ f (Lime Stone): sg' } sg' } r66\ fg hLjhGts' f] lrq g=+ !*=&
hLjfjzi] faf6 ags] f] xG' 5 . ;d'b|leq a:g] s]xL
hgfj/x¿sf] s8f cfj/0f (shell) x'G5 . o;
lsl;dsf] cfj/0fn] ltgnfO{ hfu] fO/fvs] f] x'G5 .
o:tf ;d'b|L hgfj/ d/]kl5 ltgsf cfj/0f tyf
x8\8Lsf 6'j|mfx¿ ;d'b|sf] lk“wdf /xL tx tx
aG5g\ . tL txx¿ lylrP/ rg' 9ª' \uf aG5 . of]
r66\ fg dl;gf] bfgfbf/ xG' 5 . of] r66\ fg /ftf,] v/} f,]

;]tf], sfnf] /ªsf] xG' 5 .

158 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

lrq g=+ !*=*

-u_ kl/jltt{ r66\ fg (Metamorphic Rock)

tfk / rfksf] sf/0faf6 kq] jf cfUg]o r66\ fgx¿df kl/jt{g cfp5“ . tL r66\ fgx¿
Ps ¿kaf6 csf{] ¿kdf ablnG5g\ . r6\6fgx¿df kl/jtg{ x'b“ f ltgLx¿sf] sx] L jf ;a}
vlghdf kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 . o;/L Ps ¿kaf6 kl/jlt{t eO{ csf]{ ¿k aGg] r66\ fgnfO{
kl/jlt{t r66\ fg elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf] kl/jltt{ r66\ fg kY[ jLsf] leqL efudf x'G5 .

kl/jlt{t r6\6fg aGg] kl| jm| of

-c_ kq] jf cfUg]o r66\ fgdf a9L tfk / rfk kbf{ nfdf] ;dokl5 ltgLx¿sf] ¿kdf
kl/jtg{ eO{ kl/jlt{t r6\6fg aG5, h:t} M

r66\ fg kl/jlt{t r66\ fg

l;lnsf Sjf6{hfO6
rg' 9ª' \uf, 8fn] f]dfO6 l;ª\ud/d/
sf]Onf u]|kmfO6, :n6]
kg' M uk]| mfO6 kl/jtg{ lx/f
ug|] fO6, l8of/] fO6 lg;, l;:6

-cf_ kq] jf cfUg]o r66\ fg kl/jtg{ eP/ alg;sk] l5 r66\ fg k]ml/ kl/jt{g eO{ r6\6fgsf]
¿k ablnP/ klg kl/jltt{ r66\ fg aGg ;S5 . dl;gf s0fx¿ ldn]/ ags] f] jf bfgfbf/
lsl;daf6 kqk} q Jojl:yt ¿kdf /x]sf] r6\6fg, h:t} M :n]6 (slate) tyf l;:6 (schist)
kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 . l;ª\ud/d/, u]|kmfO6, lx/f cflb o; lsl;dsf r66\ fgleq k5g{ \ .

r6\6fgsf] klxrfg

lj|mofsnfk !

tn lbOPsf tflnsfdf cfUgo] , kq] / kl/jltt{ r66\ fgsf ljz]iftfx¿ n]v M

jm| =;= cfUgo] r66\ fg kq] r66\ fg kl/jlt{t r66\ fg

!=
@=
#=
$=
%=

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 159

cfk\mgf jl/kl/ ePsf r66\ fgx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/ / dflysf] s'g sg' ;dx" df tL r6\6fgx¿
k5g{ \, 5'6\ofpm .

r66\ fgsf] pkofu]

r66\ fgnfO{ ljleGg lsl;daf6 pkof]u ul/G5 . o;sf sx] L pkofl] utf o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

-s_ s8f lsl;dsf r66\ fg, h:t} M 9'ªu\ fnfO{ 3/ tyf ejg lgdf0{ fdf ko| fu] ul/G5 .
To:t} ltgnfO{ 6'jm\| ofP/ /f8] f agfO{ ;8s lgdf0{ fdf klg k|of]u ul/G5 .

-v_ r6\6fgnfO{ sb“' ]/ ljleGg lsl;dsf dl" tx{ ¿ agfpg ;lsG5 .

-u_ ljleGg lsl;dsf l;ª\ud/d/ (marble) nfO{ 3/ tyf d7 dlGb/ ;hfpgsf nflu
k|ofu] ul/G5 .

-3_ u|g] fO6 d7 dlGb/ agfpg tyf 3/ 5fpgsf nflu pkofu] ul/G5 .

-ª_ :n]6 nV] g] sfo{sf nflu k|ofu] ul/G5 .

-r_ r66\ fgaf6 axd' N" o /Tgx¿ (gems) kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 .

g]kfndf kfOg] sx] L dxŒjk"0f{ r6\6fgx¿

-!_ ;ª\ul' 6sf M ;;fgf 9'ª\ufsf 6j' m| fx¿, luvf{ tyf afn'jf cfk;df 6f“l;P/ ;ª\ul' 6sf
aG5 . o;nfO{ sª\s8 r6\6fg klg elgG5 . g]kfnsf vfn] fgfnf tyf gbL lsgf/df
;ª\ul' 6sf r66\ fg kz| :t kfOG5 .

-@_ :ofG8:6f]g M afnj' fsf s0fx¿ cfk;df 6fl“ ;P/ :ofG8:6fg] aG5 . :ofG8:6fg] r6\6fg
vf]nf tyf gbL lsgf/df kfOG5 .

-#_ l;lnsf M ljleGg r66\ fgx¿ lvOP/ ags] f] afn'jf g} l;lnsf xf] . l;lnsf l;lnsg /
clS;hg tŒj ldnL ag]sf] xG' 5 .

-$_ rg' 9'ªu\ f M r'g 9ª' \uf SoflN;od sfaf]{g6] af6 ag]sf] x'G5 . of] r66\ fg dl;gf] bfgfbf/
x'G5 . of] /ftf] v}/f,] ;t] f,] sfnf] /ªsf] xG' 5 . o;nfO{ kfn] ]/ r'g tyf l;d]G6 agfpg
ko| fu] ul/G5 . rg' 9ª' u\ f ufb] fj/L, e;“} ,] rfe] f/, pbok/' , hfu] Ldf/f cflb :yfgdf kfOG5 .

-%_ l;ªu\ d/d/ M rg' 9'ªu\ f kl/jt{g eP/ l;ªu\ d/d/ -dfan{ _ aG5 . of] kq] r66\ fg k'gM
kl/jt{g eO{ aG5 . o;sf] kqk} q Jojl:yt ¿kdf /xs] f] xG' 5 . l;ªu\ d/d/ 3/, ejg,
dlGb/ cflbdf eO' “df 5fKg ko| f]u ul/G5 . ufb] fj/Ldf l;ªu\ d/d/sf] 7n' f] vfgL 5 .

160 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

-^_ :n6] M :n6] klg kl/jltt{ r66\ fg xf] . dl;gf s0fx¿ ldn/] ags] f jf bfgfbf/ lsl;daf6
kq}kq Jojl:yt ¿kdf ags] f r66\ fg :n]6 x'g\ . :n]6 3/ 5fpg tyf ljBfnodf
n]Vg] kf6L agfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 . tgx'“sf] aGbLk/' df :n6] sf] 7'nf] vfgL 5 .

ko| f]ufTds ljm| ofsnfk

ltd|f] jf;:yfg jl/kl/ kfOg] ljleGg lsl;dsf r6\6fgx¿ ;ªs\ ng u/ / ltgsf] agfj6
cjnfs] g u/ . r66\ fg slt lsl;dsf 5g\ < 5'6\ofP/ Pp6f ljj/0f tof/ u/ .

;f/fz+

!= kY[ jLsf] ;txdf ePsf 7f;] Pjd\ s8f j:t'nfO{ r6\6fg elgG5 .
@= cfUg]o, kq] / kl/jlt{t u/L r66\ fg d'Vo tLg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
#= k[YjLsf] leqL efudf /x]sf] tftf] t/n / Uof; kbfys{ f] ld>0fnfO{ DofUdf elgG5 .
$= kY[ jLsf] leqL ;txaf6 aflx/ lg:ss] f] DofUdfnfO{ nfef elgG5 .
%= k[YjLleqsf] DofUdf aflx/ cfO{ ;n] fP/ ag]sf] r66\ fgnfO{ cfUg]o r6\6fg elgG5 .
^= k[YjLsf] ;txdf ePsf df6f], afnj' f, r66\ fgsf 6'jm| f, af6] la?jf cflbnfO{ gbL vf]nfn]

aufP/ nuL gbL, ;dtn ee" fu, ;db' s| f] lkw“ df hDdf ub5{ g\ . tL j:tx' ¿ Ps dfly csf{]
kqk} q eO{ hD5g\ / s8f r6\6fg aG5g\ . o;nfO{ kq] r6\6fg elgG5 .
&= kq] / cfUgo] r66\ fg kl/jtg{ eO{ kl/jltt{ r6\6fg aG5 .
*= r66\ fgnfO{ 3/, ejg, kn' , ;8s lgdf0{ f sfod{ f 9ª' u\ f / /f8] fsf ¿kdf ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 .
(= l;ªu\ d/d/ 3/ tyf dlGb/ ;hfpg k|ofu] ul/G5 .
!)= r6\6fgaf6 axd' N" o /Tgx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ .
!!= gk] fndf ;ªu\ l' 6sf, :ofG8:6fg] , l;lnsf, rg' 9ª' u\ f, l;ªu\ d/d/, :n6] cflb r66\ fg kfOG5 .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 161

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpd“ f ldNbf] zAb e/ M

-s_ r66\ fgx¿ cfUg]o, ========== / kl/jltt{ u/L tLg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
-v_ ljleGg kbfy{sf] tx tx ldnL ========= r66\ fg aG5 .
-u_ kq] r66\ fgdf hLjhGt'sf] ============= klg ldl;Psf] xG' 5 .
-3_ cfUg]o / kq] r66\ fg kl/jt{g eO{ ======= r6\6fg aG5 .
-ª_ l;d]G6 agfpg =========== k|of]u ul/G5 .

@= lbOPsf pQ/dWo] ;xL pQ/ 5fg M

-s_ tnsfdWo] sg' k|sf/sf] r66\ fgdf hLjfjz]if kfOb“ }g M
-c_ u|g] fO6 -cf_ :ofG8:6fg] -O_ rg' 9ª' \uf -O_{ :n6]
-v_ tnsfdWo] kl/jltt{ r66\ fg s'g xf] <
-c_ l;lnsf -cf_ lx/f -O_ 8f]nf]dfO6 -O{_ Ko'ld;
-u_ l;d]G6 agfpg k|ofu] ul/g] r6\6fg s'g xf] <
-c_ l;ª\d/d/ -cf_ :ofG8:6f]g -O_ rg' 9'ª\uf -O{_ Kol' d;

#= km/s 5'6\ofpm M

-s_ cfUgo] r6\6fg / kq] r66\ fg
-v_ kq] r6\6fg / kl/jlt{t r6\6fg

$= tnsf r6\6fgx¿nfO{ juL{s/0f u/ M

dfa{n, k'ld;, :n6] , clA;l8og, rg' 9ª' \uf

%= 5f]6f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ r66\ fg egs] f] s] xf] <

162 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

-v_ cfUg]o r66\ fg s;/L aG5 <
-u_ s:tf] r6\6fgnfO{ kq] r6\6fg elgG5 <
-3_ s'g r66\ fgdf hLjfjz]if klg kfOG5 <
-ª_ kl/jltt{ r6\6fg s;/L aG5 < pbfx/0f klg bp] m .

^= r6\6fgsf s'g} rf/cf]6f pkofl] utf n]v .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 163

!( df};d / xfjfkfgL

(Weather and Climate)

3fd, kfgL, xfjf, tfkj|md cflbsf] cj:yfn] l;h{gf u/s] f] jfo' d08nLo l:yltnfO{ df;} d
elgG5 . df};d l5gl5gdf kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ev/{ 3fd nfus] f] 7fpd“ f xfjf rNg], afbnn]
9fSg], jifft{ \ x'g] cflb kl/jt{g xg' ;S5 . hf8f] x'g,' 3fd nfUg,' jiff{t\ xg' ', udL{ xg' ' cflb
df};dsf ks| f/ xg' \ .

afbn (Cloud)

ltdLx¿n] cfsfzdf afbn nfu]sf] bv] s] f 5f} < afbn s;/L aG5 xf]nf <

kY[ jLsf] ;txdf /x]sf] ;d'b|, gbL, tfn, kf]v/L cflbsf] kfgL afkm aG5 . o;/L afkm ag]sf]
kfgL jfo' d08ndf hfG5 . kfgLsf] afkm dfly ;b}{ hfb“ f j|mdzM lrl;“b} hfG5 . kfgLsf] afkm
/ lr;f] jfo' d08ndf /x]sf w'nfsf s0fx¿ ldnL afbn aG5 .

jiff{ (Rain)

xfdLn] jiffs{ f] ;do cyft{ \ c;f/ tyf ;fpg dlxgflt/ cfsfzaf6 kfgL kl//xs] f] t b]v]sf
5f}“ < cfsfzaf6 kfgL s;/L k5{ xfn] f <

xfjfn] afbnnfO{ Ps 7fp“af6 p8fP/ csf]{ 7fpd“ f k'¥ofp“5 . o;/L afbn Ps 7fpa“ f6 csf]{
7fpd“ f ;b{} hf“bf cUnf kxf8 tyf jg hªu\ n glhs k'U5 . Toltv/] afbn a9L lrl;g] x'gfn]

164 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

To;df /xs] f] kfgLsf] afkm lrl;P/ kfgLdf kl/0ft xG' 5 . o;/L ags] f] kfgL jiffs{ f ¿kdf tn em5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk !

Pp6f ;fgf] s]6\nLdf cfwf hlt kfgL /fvL ttfpm . s]6\nLsf] 6'Kkfsf] s]xL dfly
Pp6f ;fgf] af6f jf ulx/f] yfndf lr;f] kfgL jf a/km /fv . ca, s]6\nLsf] kfgL
pDn]/ afkm aG5 . ca s]6\nLsf] kfgL afkm ag]/ lr;f] kfgLsf] ef“8fd] f 7fl] SsP/
kg' M lrl;G5 / kfgL agL tnlt/ em5{ . o;/L g} kfgL kb{5 . kfgL tfltPkl5 afkm
aG5 . afkm lrl:;Pkl5 afbn aG5, clg kfgL k5{ .

lxp“ (Snow)

efO alxgLx¿, ltdLx¿n] xfd|f] bz] sf] pTt/L efudf ;t] f lxdfn 6Ns]sf] bv] s] f 5f} xfn] f <
tL lxdfndf lxp“ sxfa“ f6 s;/L cfp“5 xfn] f <

afbndf /x]sf] kfgLsf] afkm w]/} g} lr;f] eP/ lxps“ f s0fx¿df ablnG5g\ . o;/L ag]sf
lxps“ f s0fx¿ cfk;df ldn/] tn em5{g\ . cUnf kxf8x¿ ePsf] 7fp“df a9L lr;f] x'g]
ePsfn] lxp“ kb5{ . o;/L g} xfdf| ] lxdfnL efudf lxp“ k5{ .

t;' f/f] (Dew Drops)

hf8fsf] ;dodf laxfg 3/ aflx/ /xs] f af]6 la?jfsf kft, 3f;“ , hldg cflbdf hd]sf]
kfgLsf yf]kfx¿ b]v]sf 5f} < oL kfgLsf yf]kf sxfa“ f6 s;/L cfp5“ <

hf8f] ofddf /flt w]/} lr;f] xG' 5 . lr;fn] ] ubf{ afbndf /x]sf] kfgLsf] afkm hd]/ t;' f/fdf
kl/0ft xG' 5 . To;}n] hf8f] ofddf laxfgL kv t;' f/f] k/s] f] bV] g ;lsG5 .

xfjf (Air)

xfjf ljleGg Uof;x¿sf] ld>0f xf] . xfjfdf ;a}eGbf a9L gfO6«f]hg Uof; x'G5 .
gfO6f« h] g Uof; xfjfdf 78 kl| tzt xG' 5 . To;} u/L clS;hg Uof; sl/a 21 kl| tzt kfOG5 .
xfjfdf sfag{ 8fOcS;fO8, lglij|mo Uof; tyf cGo Uof;x¿ / kfgLsf] afkm klg kfOG5 .
kY[ jLnfO{ o;sf] jl/kl/ xfjfsf] cfj/0fn] 9fss] f] 5, h;nfO{ jfo¬ d08n elgG5 .

jfo' d08n (Atmosphere)

jfo' d08ndf ljleGg Uof;x¿, hnjfik / w'nfsf s0fx¿ x'G5g\ . k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 prfO

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 165

a9]cg';f/ jfo' d08nsf] k|sl[ tdf km/s cfp“5 . prfO a9b\ } hfb“ f jfo¬ d08nsf] tx klg
kftnf] x'b“ } hfG5 . jfo¬ d08nnfO{ prfOsf cfwf/df lgDg lnlvt kf“r txdf ljefhg

ul/Psf] 5 M

!= lgDg d08n (Troposphere) afx\o d08n &@) ls=ld=
&@) ls=ld=
lgDg d08n jfo' d08nsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] tx xf] .
of] kY[ jLsf] ;txaf6 sl/a !^ lsnf]ld6/ prfO;Dd tfkLo d08n
km} lnPsf] 5 . o; txdf u/f}“ Uof;x¿, hnjfik / *)–&@) ls=ld= *) ls=ld=
wn' fsf s0fx¿ kz| :t dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . x'/L atf;,
afbn, lahn' L rDsg,] jiff{, cl;gf, t';f/f], sl' x/f,] dWo d08n %) ls=ld=
lxp“ kg{] h:tf df;} d ;DaGwL ultljlwx¿ o;} txdf %)–*) ls=ld=
xG' 5g\ . k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 prfO a9b\ } hfb“ f o;
txsf] tfkj|md 36\b} hfG5 .

@= ;dtfk d08n (Stratosphere) ;dtfk d08n !^ ls=ld=
!^–%) ls=ld=
lgDg d08neGbf dfly /xs] f] jfo' d08nsf] txnfO{
;dtfk d08n elgG5 . of] tx k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 lgDg d08n
sl/a !^ bl] v %) lsnf]ld6/sf] prfO;Dd km} lnPsf] )– !^ ls=ld=
x'G5 . o; txdf prfO a9\b} hf“bf tfkj|md klg a9b\ }
hfG5 . o; txsf] dflyNnf] efudf cf]hfg] Uof; k[YjL
/xs] f] 5 . o; Uof;sf] txn] hLjnfO{ xflgsf/s k/ lrq g=+ !(=@
fjh} gL ls/0fnfO{ /fs] /] kY[ jLsf] ;txdf cfpg lb“b}
g / hLjsf] /Iff ub{5 .

#= dWod08n (Mesophere)

;dtfk d08neGbf dfly /x]sf] jfod' 08nsf] txnfO{ dWo d08n elgG5 . of] tx
k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 sl/a %) bl] v *) lsnfl] d6/sf] prfO;Dd km} lnPsf] 5 . o; txdf
prfO a9c] g;' f/ tfkj|md 36b\ } hfG5 . o; txdf s8f atf; rln/x]sf] x'G5 .

$= tfkLo d08n (Thermosphere)

dWo d08neGbf dfly /xs] f] jfo' d08nsf] txnfO{ tfkLo d08n elgG5 . of] tx kY[ jLsf]

166 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

;txaf6 sl/a *) b]lv &@) lsnfl] d6/sf] prfO;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 . o; txdf prfO
a9c] g;' f/ tfkjm| d klg a9b\ } hfG5 . o; txdf jfo' Hofb} kftnf] xG' 5 . o; txdf ;o" s{ f]
ljls/0fn] ubf{ Hofb} a9L tfkjm| d /x]sf] 5 .

%= afx\od08n (Exosphere)

tfkLo d08neGbf dfly /x]sf] jfo' d08nsf] txnfO{ afx\o d08n elgG5 . of] tx
kY[ jLsf] ;txaf6 &@) lsnf]ld6/eGbf dfly /x]sf] 5 . of] tx jfo' d08nsf] ;a}eGbf
dflyNnf] / kftnf] tx xf] . o; txdf xfjf guGo dfqfdf x'G5 . of] jfo' d08nsf] ;a}
eGbf aflx/L tx ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;Ldf k|b]z klg elgG5 .

xfjf rNg' cyjf atf;

xfdLn] kmfu'g tyf r}t dlxgflt/ hf]8n] xfjf atf; rln/xs] f]
rn]sf] b]v]sf 5f}“ < xfjfn] sfuh, ?vsf
kftnufot xns' f j:t'x¿ p8fP/ nu]sf] ltdLx¿n]
kSs} klg b]vs] f 5f} xf]nf . wfg tyf ds} afnL xfjfn]
n8fPsf] klg bv] s] } 5f} xfn] f . o;/L xfjf rNg'sf]

sf/0f s] xf]nf <

xfjf ljleGg Uof;x¿sf] ld>0f xf] . Uof; kbfy{sf

c0f'x¿ cfk;df v's'nf];“u /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;"o{sf] lrq g=+ !(=#
tfkn] oL Uof;Lo kbfy{sf c0f'x¿ emg\ 6f9f 6f9f

km} lnG5g\ . o;/L ;o" s{ f] tfkn] tfts] f] xfjf xns' f eO{

dflylt/ nfU5 . To;sf] 7fp“ cf]u6\g jl/kl/af6 lr;f] xfjf cfp“5 . o; lsl;dsf] xfjfsf]

rfnnfO{ ;j+ fxg (convection) elgG5 . oxL ;+jfxg ljm| ofsf sf/0fn] ubf{ xfjf rN5 cyft{ \

atf; cfp5“ . o;/L cfPsf] x/' L atf;n] cUnf 3/sf] v/sf] 5fgf / l6gsf] 5fgf p8fpg,] k/

fn p8fpg,] wfg afnL, ds} afnL n8fOlbg,] cUnf] ?v tyf ?vsf xfu“ f efR“ g,] afnj' f jf km' ;f| ]

df6f] p8fpg] h:tf c;/x¿ u5{ .

xfjfsf] rfn (Movement of Air)

tftf] xfjfeGbf lr;f] xfjf u/f}“ xG' 5 . lbp“;f] 3fd nfu]sf] ;dodf hldg tftf] xG' 5 .
hldgsf] ;txdflysf] xfjf klg tfT5 t/ ;db' | eg] hldgeGbf sd tftf] x'G5 . To;}n] lbp“;f]
;d'bd| flysf] xfjf lr;f] / u/f}“ xG' 5 . hldgsf] tftf] xfjf dflylt/ hfG5 / To; 7fp“df ;db' |

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 167

dflysf] lr;f] xfjf cfp5“ . o;/L lbgsf] ;dodf ;db' a| f6 hldglt/ axg] xfjfsf] rfnnfO{
;fdl' b|s axfj (sea breeze) elgG5 .

/ftsf] ;dodf hldg l56f] ;n] fP/ lr;f] xG' 5 . hldg dflysf] xfjf klg lr;f] g} xG' 5 . t/
/ftdf ;d'b| la:tf/} ;]nfp5“ . To;n} ] hldgeGbf ;d'b| tftf] x'G5 / ;db¬ | dflysf] xfjf klg
tftf] xG' 5 . To;n} ] /ftsf] ;dodf ;db' | dflysf] xfjf dflylt/ hfG5 / hldgaf6 ;db' l| t/ xfjf axG5 .
o;/L /ftsf] ;dodf hldgaf6 ;db' l| t/ xg' ] xfjfsf] rfnnfO{ land breeze elgG5 .

ljrf/0fLo k|Zg

;db' n| ] 3]l/Psf] 6fk' / ;db' | glhs /x]sf] hldgdf jif{el/ g} xfjfkfgLdf w/] } km] /abn
cfpb“ }g, lsg <

df;} daf/] hfgsf/L

ltdLx¿n] /l] 8of] tyf 6l] nlehgaf6 df};daf/] lbOPsf] hfgsf/L ;¬gs] f 5f} < /l] 8of] tyf
6l] nlehgaf6 ljleGg 7fp“df x/' L atf; rNg], 3fd nfUg], kfgL kg,{] udL{ x'g] jf cf“wLax] /L
rNg] s/' fsf] hfgsf/L lbO/xs] f] x'G5 .

cfsfzsf] cj:yf, xfjfsf] lbzf / rfn, xfjfsf] cfl] ;nfk] gf jf cfbt{| f, jiffs{ f] kl/df0f, 3fdsf]
cj:yf, tfkjm| d, afbn / o;sf] cj:yf cflbsf] cWoog u/L df};dsf] hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 .

3fd, xfjf, tfkjm| d, afbn, jiff{ cflbsf] cj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] jfo' d08nLo l:yltnfO{
df};d elgG5 . df};dnfO{ k|efj kfg{] ljleGg tŒjx¿sf] dfkg u//] df;} d ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
lbOG5 . logLx¿sf] l7s;“u dfkg ug{ ljleGg oGqx¿sf] k|of]u ug{'kg{] xG' 5 .

df;} dsf tŒjx¿ dfkg ug]{ oGqx¿

df;} d;DaGwL ;xL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ xfdLnfO{ lgDglnlvt oGqx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ M

-s_ rfk dfks oGq (Barometer)

-v_ Go"gtd / pRrtd tfkjm| d dfks oGq (Maximum and Minimum Thermometer)

-u_ cfbt|{ f dfks oGq (Hygrometer)

-3_ jfou' lt dfks oGq (Anemometer)

-ª_ jiff{ dfks oGq (Rain gauze)

168 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

-s_ rfk dfks oGq (Barometer)

rfk dfks oGqn] jfo' d08nsf] rfk gflkG5 . jfo' d08nsf] rfkn]
df};dsf] lgwf{/0f u5{ . ;fwf/0ftof jfo' d08nLo rfk a9d] f df};d
;kmf x'G5 / 36]df afbn nfUg] tyf x/' L atf; rNg] x'G5 .

-v_ Go"gtd / pRrtd tfkj|md dfks rfkdfks oGq
lrq g=+ !(=$
oGq (Maximum and Minimum cNsf]xn
cNsf]xnsf]
Thermometer) afkm

o;af6 sg' } 7fp“sf] Go"gtd / pRrtd tfkjm| d dfkg Go"gtd clwstd
ul/G5 . o;n] lbgel/df ;a}eGbf sd tfkjm| d slt tfkj|md tfkjm| d ;"rg
eof] cyf{t\ slt lr;f] /x\of] / lbge/df slt tftf] ;"rs
eof] egL lr;f] Pjd\ tftf] kgsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 .
Gog" td / pRrtd tfkj|md dfks oGq
lrq g+= !(=%

-u_ cfbt|{ f dfks oGq (Hygrometer)

xfjfdf /xg] kfgLsf] afkm jf cfl] ;nf] kgfnfO{ cfbt{| f elgG5 . cfb|t{ fdfks
o;n] xfjfsf] cfb{|tf gflkG5 . jfo' d08nsf] tfkjm| d 36]df / oGq
kfgLsf] afkmsf] dfqf a9]df jfos' f] cfb{|tf a9\5 . o;} u/L jfo'
d08nsf] tfkj|md a9]df / kfgLsf] afkmsf] dfqf 36]df cfb{t| f lrq g=+ !(=^
klg 36\5 .

jfo' d08ndf hDdf ePsf] kfgLsf] afkmsf] dfqfnfO{ !)) dfg/]
To;sf] cgk' ftdf jfo' d08ndf xg' ] kfgLsf] afkmsf] dfqfnfO{ ;fk]lIft cfb{|tf elgG5 . ;fk]
lIft afkmsf] dfqfnfO{ ;fkl] Ift cfbt|{ f elgG5 . ;fkl] Ift cfbt| f hlt a9L eof,] Tolt g} xfjfsf]
cf]l;nf]kgf a9L x'G5 / kfgL kg{] ;Defjgf klg a95\ .

-3_ jfo' ult dfks oGq (Anemometer) jfo'ult dfks oGq
lrq g=+ !(=&
jfo' ultdfks oGqaf6 jfo'sf] ult / lbzf gflkG5 . lbge/ xfjfsf]
ult km]l//xs] f] x'G5 . laxfg kv xfjfsf] ult sd x'G5 eg] lbp;“ f] 169
af6 xfjfsf] ult a9\g yfN5 . g]kfnsf] pRr lxdfnL efudf a]ns' L
kv xfjf a9L axG5 .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

-ª_ jiff{ dfks oGq (Rain gauze)

jiff{ dfks oGqaf6 sg' } :yfgdf ePsf] jiff{ gflkG5 . jiffn{ fO{ ldlnld6/df jiffd{ fks oGq
gflkG5 . h:t} M kfv] /fdf !% ldlnld6/ jiff{ eof] eGgs' f] cy{ kfgL hxf“ k¥of] lrq g=+ !(=*
ToxL“ hDdf eO/xg] eP hldgaf6 !% ldlnld6/ dfly;Dd kfgL xG' Yof] eGg]
xf] . gk] fndf c;f/ tyf ;fpg dlxgflt/ a9L jiff{ xg' ] u5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk @

ltdf| ] ljBfno j/k/sf] laxfg, lbp;“ f] / a]ns' Lkvsf] Ps xKtf;Ddsf] df};dsf] cWoog
u/ . laxfg ljBfno hf“bf, lbp;“ f] vfhf vfg] 5'66\ Lsf] ;dodf / a]ns' L ljBfno 5'6\6L
x'g] ;dodf b]lvg] df;} dsf] cjnfs] g u/L tn lbOPsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ e/]/ x/] .
o; tflnsfdf lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿sf] cjnfs] g u/L /s] 8{ /fv M

-s_ 3fdsf] cj:yf – -3fd gnfus] f], nfus] f] jf rsf]{ 3fd nfus] f]_

-v_ xfjfsf] cj:yf – -xfjf gnfus] f], xfjf nfu]sf] jf x/' L atf; rn]sf_]

-u_ jiffs{ f] cj:yf – -kfgL gk/s] f,] l;dl;d kfgL k/]sf,] d;' nwf/] kfgL k/s] f_]

-3_ afbnsf] cj:yf – -afbn gnfus] f,] sx] L 9fss] f,] k/" f 9fss] f], sfnf,] ;]tf], kftnf]
jf afSnf_]

tflnsfsf cfwf/df laxfgbl] v a]n'sL;Dddf df};d s;/L ablnG5 x/] . o;} u/L Ps
xKtfleq df;} d s;/L ablnPsf] 5 < o;sf cfwf/df df;} dsf] cgd' fg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5,
lgisif{ lgsfn .

j|m=;= af/ df;} dL cj:yf laxfg lbp;“ f] an] s' L

-!) ahl] t/_ -! ah]lt/_ -$ ahl] t/_

!= cfOtaf/ -s_ 3fd
-v_ xfjf
-u_ jiff{
-3_ afbn

170 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

@= ;f]daf/ -s_ 3fd
-v_ xfjf
-u_ jiff{
-3_ afbn

#= dª\unaf/ -s_ 3fd

-v_ xfjf

-u_ jiff{

-3_ afbn

$ aw' af/ -s_ 3fd
-v_ xfjf
-u_ jiff{
-3_ afbn

% lalxaf/ -s_ 3fd
-v_ xfjf
-u_ jiff{
-3_ afbn

^ zj' m| af/ -s_ 3fd
-v_ xfjf
-u_ jiff{
-3_ afbn

& zlgaf/ -s_ 3fd
-v_ xfjf
-u_ jiff{
-3_ afbn

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 171

df;} dsf] k"jfg{ d' fg

b]zsf ljleGg 7fpd“ f df};dsf sf/s tŒjx¿ dfkg ug]{ oGqx¿ h8fg ul/Psf df;} d
cWoogzfnf :yfkgf ul/Psf] xG' 5 . oL cWoog zfnfaf6 df};dsf sf/s tŒjx¿sf] dfkg
u/L k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df df};d s;/L abln/xs] f] 5 eGg] kQf nufOG5 . oxL
cfwf/df cfpg] lbgsf] df};d o:tf] x'g] 5 egL kj" f{gd' fg ul/G5 .

cfhefl] n kY[ jLnfO{ w/] } prfOaf6 kl/jm| df ug{] sl[ qd pkux| (satellite) af6 afbnsf] l:ylt / ultsf
lrq lvrL To;s} f cfwf/df df;} dsf] eljiojf0fL ul/G5 . o;sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] eljiojf0fL
e/kbf{] xG' 5 . df;} dsf] eljiojf0fLsf cfwf/df g} dflg;n] cfkm\ gf] sfoj{ m| dx¿ agfp5“ g\ .

k|ofu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk

lj|mofsnfk @ cWoog u/L To;sf cfwf/df ltd|f] a;f]af; :yn jf ljBfno
jl/kl/sf] df};dsf] cWoog u/ / lgisif{ lgsfn .

;f/f+z

!= s'g} :yfgsf] 3fd, afbn, xfjf, cfbt|{ f, tfkjm| d, jiff{ cflbsf] tTsfnLg cj:yfnfO{
df;} d elgG5 .

@= jfo' d08ndf /x]sf w'nfsf s0f / kfgLsf] afkm ldn/] afbn aG5 .

#= afbndf /xs] f] kfgLsf] afkm lrl;P/ kfgLsf] yf]kfdf kl/0ft eO{ jiff{ xG' 5 .

$= afbndf /x]sf kfgLsf] afkm cTolws lrl:;P/ lxp“ aG5 .

%= hf8f] ;dodf jfo' d08ndf /xs] f] kfgLsf] afkm lrl:;P/ t;' f/f] aG5 .

^= k[YjLsf] rf/}lt/ /xs] f] xfjfsf] cfj/0fnfO{ jfo' d08n elgG5 .

&= jfo' d08nnfO{ prfOsf cfwf/df lgDg d08n, ;dtfk d08n, dWo d08n, tfkLo
d08n / afxo\ d08n u/L kfr“ txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

*= s'g} :yfgsf] xfjf tfltP/ xns' f eO{ dfly hfg] / To; 7fp“ k"/f ug{ lr;f] xfjf cfpg]
kl| j|mofn] ubf{ xfjf rN5 .

172 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

(= 3fd, afbn, jiff{, jfo' d08nLo rfk, xfjfsf] cfb{t| f, xfjfsf] axfj, tfkjm| d cflb
df;} dsf sf/s tŒjx¿ x'g\ .

!)= df};dsf sf/s tŒjx¿ dfkg ug{ rfk dfks, Gog" td / clwstd tfkj|md dfks,
cfb{|tfdfks, jfo' ultdfks / jiff{dfks oGq k|of]u ul/G5 .

!!= cfhef]ln sl[ qd pku|xaf6 lvrs] f lrqx¿af6 afbnsf] l:ylt / ult x]/L df};dsf]
eljiojf0fL ul/G5 .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpd“ f ldNbf] zAb e/ M

-s_ jfo' d08ndf ljleGg Uof;x¿, hnjfik / ======================== x'G5g\ .
-v_ ;dtfk d08neGbf tn==================================================== kb{5 .
-u_ lr;f] xfjfeGbf tftf] xfjf ================================================ x'G5 .
-3_ afkm lr;f] ePkl5 ========================================================= aG5 .
-ª_ xfjfsf] ult yfxf kfpg ================================= oGq ko| fu] ul/G5 .

@= 5f6] f] pQ/ n]v M

-s_ df;} d s]nfO{ elgG5 <
-v_ hf8f] df;} ddf lsg t;' f/f] k5{ <
-u_ laxfg ;a]/} rf}/sf] 3f“;df zLt b]lvG5, lsg <
-3_ afbn s;/L aG5 <
-ª_ s'g cj:yfdf jiff{ xG' 5 < n]v .
-r_ s:tf] 7fpd“ f lxp“ k5,{ lsg <
-5_ prfOsf cfwf/df jfo' d08nnfO{ s'g sg' txdf afl“ 8Psf] 5 <
-h_ xfjf lsg Ps 7fp“af6 csf]{ 7fp“df axG5 <

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 173

#= afkm ePsf] kfgL lr;f] ePkl5 kfgL k5{ egL bv] fpg lrq;lxt Pp6f ko| fu] sf]
aofg u/ .

$= df};dsf] eljiojf0fL s;/L ul/G5 < o;af6 xfdLnfO{ s] kmfObf x'G5 <
n]v .

%= kl/efiff nv] M

-s_ lxp “ -v_ afbn -u_ t;' f/f] -3_ cfb|{tf

^= Land breeze / Sea breeze eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < 5f]6f] JofVof u/ .

174 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

@) k[YjL / cGtl/If
(Earth and Space)
;fo} { d08n (Solar System)

lrq g=+ @)=!

;o" { / ;"on{ fO{ kl/jm| df ug]{ u|x, pku|x / cGo ;;fgf cfsfzLo lk08x¿;dt] ldn/]
ags] f] kl/jf/nfO{ ;fo} { d08n (solar system) elgG5 . ;f}o{ d08ndf /xs] f ;a} cfsfzLo
lk08x¿n] ;"on{ fO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ cfcfkm\ gf] lglZrt sIfdf /xL ;"os{ f] kl/j|mdf ub5{ g\ . ;o" {
/ oL cfsfzLo lk08x¿ larsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f ansf k|efjn] ubf{ logLx¿n] ;"os{ f] kl/
j|mdf ul/x]sf xG' 5g\ . ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3D' g] 7'nf lk08x¿nfO{ u|x (planet) elgG5 . ux| sf]
jl/kl/ 3D' g] ;;fgf lk08nfO{ pkux| elgG5 . logLx¿sf ;fydf lzz' ux| (asteroid), nfdkR' 5]«
cyjf wd'| st] ' (comet), pNsf (meteor), pNsflk08 (meteorite) klg ;f}o{ d08ndf k5{g\ .

;"o{ (Sun)

;fo} { d08nsf] kd| 'v s]Gb| ;"o{ xf] . ;"o;{ u“ sf] u'?Tjfsif{0f ansf] k|efjn] cGo cfsfzLo
lk08x¿n] ;"os{ f] kl/j|mdf u5g{ \ . ;o" { demfn} f cfsf/sf] tf/f xf] . kY[ jLaf6 glhs ePsfn]

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 175

dfq 7n' f] b]lvPsf] xf] . o;sf] cfkm\ g} tfk / k|sfz zlSt 5 . o;sf] ;txdf neeu 54000C
/ leqL efudf nueu 1,50,00,000 0C tfkjm| d /xs] f] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 . ;"o{sf] Jof;
sl/a 13,92,400 lsld 5 . k[YjLaf6 o;sf] b'/L emG8} 1.5×108 ls=ld= 5 .

u|xx¿ (Planets)

;o" s{ f] jl/kl/ kl/jm| df ug]{ cfkm\ g} k|sfz gePsf cfsfzLo lk08nfO{ ux| elgG5 . ;f}
o{ d08ndf hDdf cf7cf6] f ux| x¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\ M aw' (Mercury), z'jm| (Venus), k[YjL
(Earth), dª\un (Mars), a[x:klt (Jupiter), zlg (Saturn), c?0f (Uranus) / j?0f
(Neptune) . ;o" a{ f6 ;ae} Gbf glhssf] ux| aw' xf] eg] ;ae} Gbf 6f9fsf] ux| j?0f xf] . ax[ :klt
;a}eGbf 7'nf] ux| xf] eg] aw' ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ux| xf] . aw' , z'jm| , k[YjL / dª\unnfO{ leqL ux|
elgG5 . a[x:klt, zlg, c?0f / j?0fnfO{ aflx/L ux| elgG5 .

;"o{af6 b'/Lsf cfwf/df glhsaf6 6f9f /xg] cf7cf]6f u|xx¿ o; ks| f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

a'w (Mercury)

a'w ;a}eGbf ;fgf] / ;"o{sf] ;a}eGbf glhssf] u|x xf] . o;sf] Jof;
sl/a 4,851.2 lsld /xs] f] 5 . o;n] cfk\mgf] cIfdf sl/a 59 lbgdf Ps k6s 3D' 5 .
;"o{nfO{ kl/e|d0f ug{ o;nfO{ sl/a 88 lbg nfU5 . ;"o{sf] w/] } glhs /xs] fn] lbp;“ f] w/] }
tftf] / /ftL w]/} lr;f] x'G5 . o;df jfo' d08n 5g} . o;sf s'g} pku|x klg 5g} g\ .

zj' |m (Venus)

zj' |m ux| kY[ jLeGbf cln ;fgf] 5 . o;sf] Jof; sl/a 12,035.2 lsld /xs] f] 5 . o;n]
sl/a 243 lbg nufP/ cfkm\ gf] cIfdf 3'D5 . o;nfO{ ;"os{ f] kl/j|mdf ug{ 225 lbg
nfU5 . o;nfO{ ;"of{b] o x'ge' Gbf cufl8 kj" { lbzfdf / ;"of{:tkl5 klZrd lbzfdf bV] g
;lsG5 . of] ;o" { / rGbd| fkl5sf] rlDsnf] cfsfzLo lk08 xf] . o;sf] s'g} pkux| 5g} .

k[YjL (Earth)

;"o{af6 b'/Lsf] lx;fan] k[YjL t];|f] :yfgdf kb{5 . o;sf] Jof; sl/a 12,672 lsld
/xs] f] 5 . o;n] emG8} 24 306fdf Ps k6s cfkm\ gf] cIfdf 3D' 5 . o;n] emG8} 365 lbgdf
;o" s{ f] Ps k6s kl/jm| df u5{ . kY[ jLdf ;hLjnfO{ cgs' "n x'g] ;a} jftfj/0f 5g\ . k[YjLsf]
Psdfq pku|x rGb|df xf] .

176 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

dª\un (Mars)

dª\un u|xnfO{ /ftf] u|x klg elgG5 . k[YjLeGbf 6f9f /xs] f] o; u|xsf] bj' } w|'jx¿df
;t] f] lxps“ f 6f]kLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] Jof; sl/a 6742.4 ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . o;n]
cfk\mgf] cIfdf sl/a 24 306f 37 ldg]6 22 ;]sG] 8 nufP/ 3D' 5 . o;nfO{ ;o" s{ f] kl/jm| df
ug{ emG8} 687 lbg nfU5 .

ax[ :klt (Jupiter)

;a}eGbf 7'nf] u|x a[x:klt xf] . o;sf] Jof; sl/a 11,39,040 ls=ld=
/x]sf] 5 . ax[ :klt sl/a 10 306fdf Ps k6s cfkm\ gf] cIfdf 3D' 5 . o;n] ;o" {nfO{
kl/jm| df ug{ emG8} 12 jif{ nufp5“ . o;sf 67 cf]6f pku|xx¿ 5g\ . o;sf] aflx/L ;tx
afbnn] 5fk] ]sf] 5 . o; ux| sf] dWo efudf 7n' f] /ftf] bfu b]lvG5 .

zlg (Saturn)

a[x:klt kl5sf] bf];|f] 7n' f] ux| zlg xf] . o;sf] jl/kl/ ltg cf6] f r]K6f rSsfx¿n] 3l] /Psf]
5 . oL rSsfx¿ a/kmsf 6j' m| fx¿af6 ag]sf 5g\ . zlg ux| sf] Jof; emG8} 1, 15, 811.2
ls=ld= 5 . o;n] cfk\mgf] cIfdf e|d0f ug{ sl/a 10 306f 30 ldg6] nufp“5 . o;n] sl/a
29.5 jif{ nufP/ ;"os{ f] Ps k6s kl/j|mdf u5{ . o;sf 62 cf]6f pku|xx¿ 5g\ . o;sf]
;ae} Gbf 7'nf] pkux| l66fg xf] .

c?0f (Uranus)

c?0f u|x Uof; / t/n kbfy{af6 ags] f] 5 . o;sf] Aof; 50,441.6 ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . o;n]
cfk\mgf] cIfdf sl/a 17 306f 14 ldg6] 24 ;s] G] 8 nufP/ 3'D5 . o;n] 84 jif{df ;o" {sf]
Ps k6s kl/j|mdf u5{ . o;sf 27 cf6] f pkux| /xs] f 5g\ .

a?0f (Neptune)

;"o{af6 ;a}eGbf 6f9f /x]sf] u|x a?0f xf] . o;sf 14 cf]6f pku|xx¿
/xs] f 5g\ . o;sf] Aof; sl/a 48,972.8 lsld 5 . o;sf] cfkm\ gf] cIf ed| 0f ;do 16
306f 6 ldg]6 36 ;s] G] 8 / sIf kl/e|d0f ;do sl/a 164 jif{ /x]sf] 5 .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 177

tnsf] tflnsfdf ljleGg u|xx¿sf] ;"o{af6 cf;} t b/' L, Jof;, b}lgs / jflifs{ ult Pjd\
pkux| x¿sf] ;ªV\ of bv] fOPsf] 5 .

ux| sf] gfd ;o" a{ f6 cf;} t Jof; sl/a cIf ed| 0f ;do sIf kl/e|d0f pkux| sf]
b'/L -ls=ld=_ -ls=ld=_ -b}lgs ult_ ;do -jflifs{ _ ;ª\Vof

aw' 5.76 × 107 4851.2 58.65 lbg 87.97 lbg 0

zj' |m 10.7 × 107 12035.2 243.02 lbg 224.7 lbg 0

kY[ jL 14.88 × 107 12672 23 306f 56 ld= 365.25 lbg 1

dª\un 22.56 × 107 6742.4 24 306f 686.98 lbg 2

37 ld= 22 ;=]

a[x:klt 76.8 × 107 1139040 9 306f 55 ld= 12 jif{ 67

30 ;]=

zlg 144 × 107 115811.2 10 306f 30 ld= 29.5 jif { 62

c?0f 288 × 107 50441.6 17 306f 14 ld= 84 jif { 27

24 ;]=

j?0f 448 × 107 48972.8 16 306f 6 ld= 164 jif { 14

36 ;]=

tf/f (Star)

;kmf /ftdf cfsfzlt/ x]/ . cgluGtL k|sfzsf laGb'x¿ b]lvG5g\ . l6dl6d u/L
rlDs/x]sf tL k|sfzsf laGb'x¿ tf/f x'g\ . ltgLx¿ u|xx¿eGbf km/s lsl;dsf
x'G5g\ . tf/fx¿ tftf] / rlDsnf xG' 5g\ . ;o" { klg Ps lsl;dsf] tf/f g} xf] . ;o" { c¿
tf/fx¿eGbf glhs ePsfn] 7n' f] b]lvG5 . c¿ tf/fx¿ w/] } 6f9f ePsfn] ;fgf yfK] nf h:tf

178 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

bl] vG5g\ . sg' } tf/fx¿ ;o" e{ Gbf 7n' f / sg' } ;fgf 5g\ . ;o" a{ f6 xfdL tfk / ks| fz kfp5“ f“} . c¿
tf/fx¿ 6f9f ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf] tfk / ks| fz k[YjL;Dd cfOkU' bg} .

tf/fsf] b/' L (Distance of Star)

tf/fx¿ w]/} 6f9f ePsfn] ltgLx¿sf] b/' L lsnfl] d6/df gfKg sl7g x'G5 . To;n} ] tf/fx¿
larsf] b/' L ks| fz jif{ (light year) df gflkG5 . k|sfzn] Ps jif{df kf/ ug]{ b/' LnfO{ Ps
ks| fz jif{ elgG5 . k|sfzn] Ps ;]s]G8df ltg nfv lsnfl] d6/ b'/L kf/ u5{ . Ps jifd{ f
9.5 × 1012 lsnf]ld6/ b'/L kf/ u5{ . oxL b'/LnfO{ Ps k|sfz jif{ elgG5 .

tf/fsf] rds (Brilliance of Star)

ljleGg lsl;dsf tf/fx¿sf] rds km/s km/s x'G5 . tf/fsf] rds ltgLx¿sf] ;txsf]
tfkj|md, ;fOh / b'/Ldf e/ k5{ . glhssf tf/fx¿ dw/' f eP klg pHofnf bl] vG5g\ .
6f9fsf tf/fx¿ a9L rlDsnf eP klg dw'/f b]lvg ;S5g\ .

tf/fsf] /ª (Colour of Star)

tf/fx¿ ljleGg /ªsf x'G5g\ . logLx¿ /ftf] / lgnf] /ªsf xG' 5g\ . tf/fsf] tfkj|mdcg';f/
/ª klg km/s x'G5g\ . sd tfkjm| d ePsf tf/fx¿ /ftf / a9L tfkjm| d ePsf tf/fx¿
lgnf xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] tf/fsf] /ªn] To;sf] tfkjm| d slt 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbG5 . h:t} M

tf/fsf] /ª /ftf] ;G' tnf kxn]“ f] ;t] f] lgnf]

tfkjm| d 3000 0C 40000C 60000C 110000C 250000C

tf/fsf] agfj6 (Structure of Star)

tf/f Uof;Lo lk08 xg' \ . tf/fdf dV' o xfO8«f]hg / lxlnod Uof; xG' 5 . kf/df0fljs
kl| tlj|mofåf/f tf/fdf tfk / k|sfz lg:sG5 .

tf/fsf] rfn (Motion of Star)

;a} tf/fx¿ l:y/ geO{ Ps cfk;sf] t'ngfdf rfndf x'G5g\ .

tf/f / ux| lar km/s (Difference between Star and Planet)

tf/fsf] cfkm\ g} tfk / ks| fz x'G5 t/ ux| sf] xb'“ g} . u|xx¿ ;o" {sf] kl/j|mdf u5g{ \ t/

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 179

tf/fx¿ ;o" n{ fO{ 3D' bg} g\ . ;txsf] agfj6, /ª, tfkjm| d / ;fOhsf cfwf/df tf/f / ux| larsf]
km/s o; k|sf/sf] 5 .

u'0fx¿ ux| x¿ tf/fx¿

;txsf] agfj6 ljleGg k|sf/sf Uof;Lo kbfy{af6 ag]sf] xG' 5 .

/ª ljleGg ks| f/sf /ftf,] ;'Gtnf, kx“]nf,] ;t] f] / lgnf]

tfkjm| d -330°C bl] v 8650C ;Dd 30000C b]lv 250000C

;fOh 4851 ls=ld= b]lv ;"o{eGbf 7'nfb]lv kY[ jLeGbf
;fgf;] Dd
1139040 ls=ld= Jof; ePsf

tf/f d08nx¿ (Constellations)

;kmf /ftsf] ;dodf cfsfzlt/ x]/ . c;ª\Vo tf/fx¿ cfsfzdf rlDs/x]sf b]Vg]
5f“} . cln lgxfn/] x]/ . Pp6f lglZrt :yfgsf tf/fx¿nfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8b\ } hfpm . tL
tf/fx¿nfO{ ljleGg cfsf/df ldnfP/ sNkgf ug{ ;S5f+} < s] ltgLx¿ ;d"xdf ldn]/

a;]sf h:tf] bl] vG5g\ <

;Kt Clif (Ursa Major)

n3' ;Kt Clif (Ursa Minor)

sflno

j[ifkjf{ lrq g+= @)=@

zldi{ 7f

w/] } klxn]b]lv Hofl] tif zf:qLx¿n] klg To:t} sNkgf ub{} cfO/xs] f 5g\ . pgLx¿n] tf/fx¿sf]
;dx" nfO{ sg' } j:t', sg' } hGt' jf sg' } vf; dflg;sf] ¿kdf sNkgf u//] To:tf ;dx" nfO{

180 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

gfds/0f u5g{ \ . tf/fsf To:tf ;d"xnfO{ tf/f d08n elgG5 . lglZrt cfsf/df ldn/]
a;]sf] b]lvg] tf/fx¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ tf/f d08n elgG5 .

tf/f d08nsf cfsl[ tx¿ sfNklgs xg' \ . xfn;Dd 88 cf6] f tf/f d08nx¿ kQf nufO;lsPsf]
5 . oLdWo] 12 cf]6f tf/f d08nnfO{ /flz elgG5 . oxf“ xfdL sx] L dxTTjk0" f{ tf/f
d08nx¿sf af/]df cWoog ug{] 5f}“ .

;Kt Clif (Ursa Major)

;Kt Clif ;ae} Gbf k|Voft tf/f d08n xf] . of] ;ft
cf6] f tf/fx¿ ldn/] ags] f] 5 . of] tf/f d08nsf] cfsl[ t
tfKs] h:tf] b]lvG5 . o;df rf/cf]6f tf/fx¿ rte' h'{
cfsf/df /x]sf 5g\ . tLgcf]6f tf/fx¿ rª\ufsf] 8f]/L
h:t} Ps sg' faf6 csf]{ s'gfdf km} lnPsf] b]lvG5g\ . o;
tf/fd08nsf] 6fpsfsf] b'O{ tf/f hf]8\g] /v] fnfO{ cl3
a9fp“b} nud] f tL b'O{sf] sl/a % u'0ff b/' Ldf w|j' tf/f
e]l6G5 . o; tf/f d08nsf] ;Dk0" f{ cfs[lt x]bf{ 7'nf] efn'sf] sNkgf u/L cª\u]h| Ldf o;nfO{
great bear eGg] ul/G5 . of] kY[ jLsf] pQ/L uf]nfw{df bV] g ;lsG5 .

n3' ;Kt Clif (Ursa Minor)

o; tf/f d08ndf klg ;ftcf6] f tf/fx¿ /xs] f xG' 5g\ . n3' ;Kt Clif
tf/f d08ndf /xs] f tf/fx¿ ;Kt Clif tf/f d08ndf /xs] f eGbf sd
rlDsnf / glhs /xs] f 5g\ . To;}n] o;sf] cfsl[ t xb] f{ ;fgf] efn'sf]
sNkgf u/L o;nfO{ little bear eGg] rng 5 . of] tf/f d08n klg
pTt/L ufn] fwd{ f g} bV] g ;lsG5 .

sZok (Cassiopeia)

sZok tf/f d08n W cfsf/sf] h:tf]
bl] vG5 . sZoksf] / ;Kt Clifsf] b'/L wj'|
tf/faf6 neeu a/fa/ 5 . ;Kt Clifaf6
wj|' tf/f;Dd nDAofp“bf cfPsf] /]vfnfO{ bf]Aa/
nDAofpb“ f sZok tf/f d08n b]Vg ;lsG5 .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 181

sfnk'?if (Orion)

tf/f d08nsf] sfNklgs lrq l;sf/Lsf] h:tf] 5 . sDd/ k6] Ldf
a/fa/ b/' Ldf tLgcf]6f rlDsnf tf/fx¿ 5g\ . To;sf] dflylt/
tLgcf6] f tf/fx¿ 7f8f5g\ . o; tf/fsf] bflxgl] t/sf] sd' , kg' j;{ '
/ 3“'8f glhs du[ lz/f eGg] tf/fx¿ k5{g\ .

tf/f d08nsf] klxrfg

k[YjLsf] jl/kl/sf] cfsfznfO{ pQ/L / blIf0fL ufn] fw{sf] cfsfzdf afl“ 8Psf] 5 . xfd|f] bz]
pQ/L uf]nfw{df k5{ . To;n} ] xfdLn] pQ/L uf]nfw{df b]lvg] tf/fx¿ dfq bV] g ;S5f}“ . ljleGg
dlxgfdf tf/f d08nsf] l:ylt km/s km/s /xg] xG' 5 . tf/f d08nsf] cjnfs] g ug{ ;a}eGbf
klxn] t?' Gt} lrGg ;Sg] bO' { jf tLg tf/f d08nsf] klxrfg xg' k' 5{ . ;ae} Gbf ;lhn} lrGg ;Sg]
tf/f d08n ;Kt Clif (great bear) xf] . of] tfKs] jf ulx/f] rDrf cfsf/sf] xG' 5 . ;Kt
Clifdf /xs] f ;ftcf6] f rxlsnf tf/fdWo] rf/cf6] f srf/} f cfsf/sf / tLgcf6] f la8“ (handle)
cfsf/sf bl] vG5g\ . ;Kt Clif tf/f d08nsf] 6fpsfsf] bO' { tf/f hf8] g\ ] /v] fnfO{ To;sf] % u0' ff
b/' L nDAofpb“ f w'j| tf/fdf k'luG5 . o; tf/fnfO{ ;r" s (pointer) elgG5 . wj'| tf/f n3'
;Kt Clif (ursa minor) tf/f d08ndf k5{ . ;Kt Clif tf/f d08naf6 cfPsf] /]vfnfO{
wj|' tf/faf6 emG8} bfA] a/ b/' L nDAofpb“ f sZok (cassiopia) tf/f d08n bV] g kl' uG5 . o;/L g} cGo
tf/f d08nx¿ klg klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk

!= /ftL ;kmf cfsfz ePsf] an] fdf tf/fx¿sf] cjnfs] g u/ . ltdLn] bv] s] f sg' } tLgcf6] f
tf/f d08nsf] cfsf/sf] lrq sf]/ .

@= /ftLsf] ;kmf cfsfzdf tf/fx¿ /fd|f];“u x/] . sg' sg' /ªsf tf/fx¿ bl] vG5 <
ltdLn] b]vs] f tf/fx¿sf] /ª nv] .

#= df6fsf] 8Nnf agfP/ jf ljleGg cfsf/sf ufn] f j:t'x¿ tyf tf/sf] ;xfotfn] ;"o{ /
o;sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] cf7cf6] f ux| x¿ agfpm .

182 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

;f/fz+

!= ;o" { / ;o" n{ fO{ kl/jm| df ug{] ux| , pkux| / cGo cfsfzLo lk08x¿ ldnL ags] f] ;dx" nfO{
;f}o{ d08n elgG5 .

@= ;"o{ demfn} f cfsf/sf] tf/f xf] . o;af6 xfdLn] tfk / ks| fz kfp5“ f}“ .

#= ;o" {sf] jl/kl/ kl/j|mdf ug{] lk08nfO{ ux| elgG5 . ux| cf7cf]6f 5g\ . tL xg' \ M a'w,
z'j|m, k[YjL, dªu\ n, j[x:klt, zlg, c?0f / j?0f .

$= ux| sf] jl/kl/ kl/j|mdf ug]{ cfsfzLo lk08nfO{ pkux| elgG5, h:t} M k[YjLsf] pku|x
rGbd| f xf] .

%= cfkm\ g} tfk / ks| fz ePsf cfsfzLo lk08nfO{ tf/f elgG5 . w]/} tfk tyf k|sfz
ePsf tf/fx¿ lgnf tyf sd tfk / k|sfz ePsf tf/fx¿ /ftf xG' 5g\ .

^= lglZrt cfsf/df ldn/] a;]sf tf/fx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ tf/f d08n elgG5 .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fp“df ldNg] zAb e/ M

-s_ ;"o{ Pp6f ================= xf] .

-v_ ;fo} { d08ndf ================== cf6] f u|xx¿ 5g\ .
-u_ ux| x¿sf] cfkm\ g} ================== xb“' g} .
-3_ tf/fx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ================== elgG5 .
-ª_ Ps ks| fz jif{ a/fa/ ================== lsld x'G5 .

@= lbOPsf pQ/x¿dWo] ;xL pQ/ 5fg M

-s_ ;"o{sf] kl/jm| df ug]{ ux| x¿sf] ;ª\Vof slt 5 <

-c_ 6 -cf_ 7 -O_ 8 -O_{ 9

-v_ ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] u|x sg' xf] <

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 183

-c_ a'w -cf_ zj' m| -O_ k[YjL -O_{ dª\un
-u_ ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] u|x s'g xf] <
-c_ zlg -cf_ ax[ :klt -O_ c?0f -O{_ a?0f
-3_ u|xsf] kl/j|mdf ug]{ cfsfzLo lk08nfO{ s] elgG5 <
-c_ lzz' u|x -cf_ w'ds]t' -O_ pkux| -O{_ pNsf
-ª_ ux| x¿ ;o" {sf] jl/kl/ cfkm\ gf] sIfdf 3'Dgfsf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-c_ ;"o{ 7'nf] tf/f ePsfn] -cf_ ;"os{ f] glhs ePsfn]
-O_ ;"o{sf] k|sfz k|fKt ug{ -O_{ ;o" s{ f] u?' Tjfsif{0fsf] k|efjn]

#= km/s 5'6o\ fpm M

-s_ ;fo} { d08n / tf/f d08n
-v_ tf/f / u|x

$= 5f6] f] pQ/ nv] M

-s_ ;fo} { d08n egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ rf/}lt/ rSsf ePsf] u|x sg' xf] <
-u_ tf/f d08n egs] f] s] xf] <
-3_ ;Kt Clif tf/f d08n s:tf] cfsf/sf] xG' 5 <
-ª_ tf/fsf] b'/L lsg k|sfz jifd{ f gflkG5 <
-r_ tf/f d08nsf] klxrfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5, n]v .

184 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

@! jftfj/0f / o;sf] ;Gt'ng
(Environment and Its Balance)

kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿ (Natural Resources)

ks| l[ tdf cfkm}“ pTkGg ePsf j:tx' ¿nfO{ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] (natural resources) elgG5 . kf| sl[ ts
cj:yfdf kfOg] xfjf, kfgL, vlgh, df6f], jg hª\un, jGohGt', jg:klt, hLjhGt', vfn] fgfnf
cflb g} kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]t x'g\ . kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] cGtut{ ;hLj / lghLj{ b'j} j:t'x¿ k5{g\ . ;hLj
kf| s[lts ;|f]tcGtut{ hLjhGt' tyf jg:klt kb5{ g\ . lghL{j k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tcGtut{ xfjf, kfgL,
df6f], vlgh cflb kb5{ g\ . kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tx¿n] ;Dk0" f{ hLljt kf| 0fLx¿nfO{ hLjg lgjf{x ugs{ f
nflu pkoS' t jftfj/0f agfPsf] x'G5 .

kf| s[lts ;f| ]tsf ks| f/x¿ (Kinds of Natural Resources)

kf| s[lts ;|ft] sf u0' fx¿ tyf pkof]lutfsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ ltg efudf ljefhg ul/G5 .

-s_ cgGt (Perpetual), -v_ gjLs/0fLo (Renewable) / -u_ cgjLs/0fLo (Non-renewable)

-s_ cgGt ;f| t] (Perpetual Resource)

slxNo} ggfl;g] / lg/Gt/ ¿kdf plTts} kl/df0fdf pknAw x'g] kf| sl[ ts ;|f]tnfO{ cgGt
;f| ]t elgG5 . ;fo} { zlStnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;"oa{ f6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
pxL dfqfdf ;fo} { zlSt k|fKt eO/xG5 . o;} u/L jfo' zlSt, Hjf/ef6f, aus] f] kfgL cflb
cgGt lsl;dsf kf| s[lts ;|ft] x¿ x'g\ .

-v_ gjLs/0fLo ;|f]t (Renewable Resource)

jg hª\un, jg:klt, kz'kG5L, xfjf, kfgL, df6f] cflb k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]taf6 dflg;n] lg/Gt/
¿kdf ljleGg pkefU] o j:tx' ¿ k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf ;|ft] x¿ lalu|Pdf jf gfl;Pdf k]ml/
:yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o; lsl;dsf ;|ft] nfO{ gjLs/0fLo ;|ft] elgG5 . oL ;|ft] x¿ kb| l" ift
xb'“ f gfz x'G5g\ jf lau“|b} hfG5g\ . logLx¿sf] dfqf klg 36\5 . t/ o; lsl;dsf ;f| t] x¿
kg' :yfk{ gf ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} M :jR5 xfjf, pj/{ f df6f,] 3f;“ kft, jg:klt cflb .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 185

-u_ cgjLs/0fLo ;f| ]t (Non-renewable Resource)

Ps k6s ko| f]u eO;sk] l5 k'gM ko| f]udf Nofpg g;lsg] k|fs[lts ;f| t] x¿nfO{ cgjLs/0fLo
;f| ]t elgG5, h:t} M vlgh, sfO] nf, k6] «fn] , l8h]n, dl6tn] cflb . kf| s[lts tn] , vlgh kbfy{,
df6f], afnj' f cflb Ps k6s ko| fu] u/]kl5 k'gM k|ofu] df Nofpg ;lsb“ }g . oL ;f| ]tx¿ k|sl[ tdf
;Lldt dfqfdf x'G5g\ . ko| f]u ub{} hf“bf l/lTtb} hfG5g\ . To;n} ] oL ;|f]tx¿sf] pkofu] ubf{
ldtJolotf ckgfpg'k5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk !

ltdL a;]sf] jl/kl/sf] sg' } If]qsf] e|d0f u/ . To; :yfgdf ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf k|fsl[ ts
;|ft] x¿sf] gfd ;ª\sng u/ . tL k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tx¿nfO{ juLs{ /0f u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf
b]vfpm .

cgGt ;|f]t gjLs/0fLo ;|ft] cgjLs/0fLo ;|ft]

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] dxŒj (Importance of Natural Resource)

jftfj/0fdf ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'x¿lar 3lgi7 ;DaGw /xs] f] xG' 5 . lghLj{ j:tx' ¿sf]
cefjdf ;hLjx¿sf] hLjg ;Dej xb“' g} . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] cGtut{ kg{] xfjf, kfgL, df6f,] jg:klt,
hLjhGt' cflb k|Tos] sf] cfcfk\mg} dxŒj 5 . k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] sf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ j0fg{
ug{ ;lsG5 M

-s_ vfB j:ts' f] ;|ft]

;a} hLjhGtx' ¿n] cfkm\ gf] vfB j:t' kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] af6 g} kf| Kt u5g{ \ . la?jfn] df6faf6 kfgL
tyf nj0f kf| Kt u5{g\ . ;fsfxf/L hgfj/x¿n] 3f“;kftaf6 hLjg ;~rfng u5g{ \ . dflg;n]
klg cfkm\ gf] vfB j:t' cGg, tn] nufot ljleGg j:t'sf ¿kdf kf| Kt u5{g\ .

186 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

-v_ cf>o :yn

hldg, kfgL, jg hª\un cflb ljleGg hLjhGtx' ¿sf] cf>o :yn xf] . ;I" d hLjx¿, jg:klt
tyf kzk' G5L, dflg;nufot ;a}nfO{ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] n] jf;:yfg k|bfg ub5{ .

-u_ :jR5 xfjf

;Dk0" f{ ;hLjnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ :jR5 xfjf ks| [ltaf6 g} kf| Kt x'G5 .

-3_ :jR5 kfgL

kfgLlagf hLjgsf] cl:tTj ;Dej 5g} . ;a} hLjn] k|fslts ;f| ]taf6 g} :jR5 kfgL kfp5“ g\ .

-ª_ ;f}Gbo{

kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tn] To; :yfgsf] ;fG} bo{ sfod /fV5 . jg hªu\ n, jGohGt,' r/f r'?ªu\ L,
vfn] fgfnf, kxf8, kj{t, lxdfn, tfn tn}of, gbLgfnf, em/gf, vf]r“ cflbn] ;f}Gbo{ a9fPsf
x'G5g\ .

-r_ ko6{ g

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;f}Gbo{n] dflg;nfO{ cfslif{t u5{ . To;}n] ko{6sx¿ Ps
:yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf ed| 0f ug{ hfG5g\ . o;af6 ko{6gsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

-5_ cflys{ ljsf;

bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df klg kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] n] 6j] f k¥' ofp5“ . pBfu] , snsf/vfgf, sl[ if, ko6{ g
cflbsf] ljsf; u/L b]zsf] cflys{ ljsf;df 6j] f k¥' ofpg k|fs[lts ;|f]tn] ;xofu] k'¥ofp“5 .

k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0f (Natural Resource Conservation)

dflg;n] cfkm\ gf] hLjg lgjf{x ug{ k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf] pkof]u u5g{ \ . ltgLx¿sf] pkof]u
ljjs] k"0f{ tl/sfaf6 xg' k' b5{ cGoyf ltgLx¿sf] cj:yfdf x|f; cfp5“ / ljgfz x'g ;S5g\ .
To;n} ] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] pkofu] sf ;fydf ltgLx¿sf] ;/+ If0f klg ugk{' 5{ . kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0f
u/] dfq dflg;sf] cl:tTj hfl] uG5 .

hn;f| t] (Water Resources)

k[YjLdf pknAw kfgLsf] ;f| t] nfO{ g} hn;|f]t elgG5 . hn;f| ]t jiff{sf] kfgL, hldg ;txsf]
kfgL / hldgd'lgsf] kfgL u/L dV' o ltg ks| f/sf 5g\ .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 187

hldg ;txsf] kfgL g} k|d'v hn;|f]t xf] .

kY[ jLsf] bO' { ltxfO efu kfgLn] 9fs]sf] 5 . xfd|f]

bz] df klg k|z:t gbL gfnf, tfn tn}of, vf]nf

vfN] ;f, em/gf, dn" cflb /xs] f 5g\ . lxdfnoaf6

au]/ cfPsf lxp“ gbLx¿ gk] fnsf k|dv' hn;|f]t

x'g\ . le/fnf]e"agf6] sf sf/0f tLj| ultdf aUg]

gbLx¿af6 k|z:t ljB't\ lgsfNg ;lsg] Ifdtf

/x]sf] 5 . hn;|ft] af6 lahn' L, l;“rfO, vfgk] fgL

tyf oftfoftsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . lrq g=+ @!=!

hn;|f]tsf] dxŒj / cfjZostf

(Importance and necessity of water resources)

hn;f| ]t Ps dxŒjk"0f{ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] xf] . o;sf] dxŒj o; k|sf/ /xs] f 5g\ M

!= hn;f|t] sf] ;xfotfaf6 ljBt' \ zlSt pTkfbg u/L sn sf/vfgf, pBfu] ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .

@= gx/ tyf s'nfa] f6 l;r“ fO u/L s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg ;lsG5 .

#= ;x/ tyf u|fdL0f Ifq] df vfgk] fgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

$= 8ª' u\ f tyf ljBt' a\ f6 rNg] 8ª' u\ f (motor boat) af6 oftfoftsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

%= o;sf] ;xfotfaf6 pTkflbt ljB't\ zlStn] s]an' sf/, a;, sf/nufot ljleGg
oftfoftsf ;fwg rnfpg ;lsG5 .

^= jg hª\un, jg:klt tyf jGohLjsf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu klg hn;|ft] sf] cfjZostf
k5{ .

o;/L dflg;sf ljleGg cfjZostf k/" f ug{ / jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf ;Gt'ng Nofpg klg
hn;f| t] cfjZostf k5{ .

hn;f| ]tsf] ;/+ If0f (Conservation of water resources)

a9b\ f] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ hn;f| t] sf] Jofks k|ofu] xb'“ } cfPsf] 5 . o;/L
hn;|f]tsf] Jofks / hyfefjL pkofu] ub{} hfg] xf] eg] eljiodf ;ªs\ 6 cfpg ;S5 . xfn

188 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

;x/L If]qdf hyfefjL hldgd'lgsf] kfgL ko| fu] ul/G5 . o;n] eljiodf kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf]
cefj lgDTofpg tyf hldg efl;g ;S5 . To;} u/L tfn tn}ofdf afl“ wPsf] afw“ n] df6f]sf]
prfO a9\b} hfb“ f tfnx¿sf] cj:yf laug| ;S5 . ljleGg hnr/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu klg
hn;|f]tsf] ;/+ If0f ug{'k5{ . To;}n] dflg;sf cfjZostf k"/f ug,{ hnr/nfO{ plrt jf;:yfg
kb| fg ug{, kf| sl[ ts rjm| nfO{ sfod /fVg hn;f| ]tsf] ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk @

ltdf| ] af;:yfg jl/kl/ /xs] f] sg' } hn;f| t] Ifq] sf] ed| 0f u/ . To; Ifq] sf] s] dxŒj /xs] f]
5 < To; Ifq] df ePsf ;d:ofx¿ kQf nufO{ Pp6f 5f6] f] l6kf6] tof/ u/L lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpm .

hnfwf/ Ifq] (Watershed)

s'g} klg vf]nfgfnf, gbL, tfn tn}of, kfv] /L, hnfzodf sg' } vf; If]qdf k/s] f] kfgL au/]
cfO{ hDdf xG' 5 . To; Ifq] nfO{ hnfwf/ Ifq] elgG5 . To;}n] sg' } klg kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf]
jl/kl/sf] ee" fu g} To;sf] hnfwf/ Ifq] xf], h:t} M sf7df8f}s“ f] pQ/tk{m /xs] f] le/fnf] kxf8L
hldg sf7df8f}“sf] hnfwf/ Ifq] xf] . lzjk'/L /fli6«o lgs~' h /xs] f] o; If]qdf hDdf ePsf]
kfgL g} sf7df8f“d} f aUg] lji0fd' tL, afudtLnufot ljleGg ;–;fgf gfnfx¿ / e;" txd'lgsf]
kfgLsf ;f| ]t xg' \ . o;} u/L kf]v/fsf] k]mjftfn jl/kl/sf] Ifq] k]mjftfn hnfwf/ xf] .
sf7df8f“s} f] blIf0flt/ /x]sf] kxf8eGbf blIf0flt/ /x]sf] kfgL 9nf] k/]sf] If]q dsjfgk/' sf]
s'nv] fgL hnfwf/ Ifq] xf] . o; Ifq] sf] kfgL hDdf u/L sn' v] fgLdf OGb| ;/f]j/ agfOPsf]
5 . of] dfgj lgldt{ gk] fnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] tfn xf] . u08sL, sf];L, s0ff{nL gk] fnsf 7'nf
hnfwf/ If]q x'g\ . xfdf| ] bz] df cGo ;;fgf hnfwf/ If]q w/] } 5g\ .

hnfwf/ Ifq] sf] dxŒj (Importance of Watershed)

hnfwf/ Ifq] n] vf; Ifq] df /xs] f dflg;nufot hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf nflu kfgLsf] cfjZostf
k/" f ub5{ . o;n] jg hªu\ nsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ dbt ub5{ . sl[ ifofU] o el" dnfO{ arfpg / sl[ if
pTkfbg a9fpg dbt u5{ . kofj{ /0fLo k0| ffnLnfO{ ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg / ;/+ If0fdf dbt u5{ .

hnfwf/sf] ;+/If0f (Conservation of Watershed)

dflg;n] cfkm\ gf cfjZostf k/" f ug{ kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] sf] Jofks pkofu] ub{} cfO/xs] f 5g\ . a9b\ f]
hg;ªV\ ofsf] rfkn] ubf{ jg hªu\ n, ea" gf]6 / kfgLsf] d'xfgdf c;/ kg{ uPsf] 5 . To;}n]
hnfwf/ Ifq] sf] ;/+ If0f tyf ;j+ wg{ sf] cfjZostf a9]sf] 5 . hnfwf/sf] ;+/If0f ugs{ f nflu

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 189

jI[ f/fk] 0f, 3f;“ /fk] 0f, u/f ;w' f/, uf/] 6] f] af6f] ;w' f/, 5s] afw“ / ;/+ If0f lzIff Pjd\ kr| f/ k;| f/
cflb sfo{jm| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{k' b5{ . o;n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f xG' 5 . b]zsf] jftfj/0f
;/+ If0f ug{ hnfwf/sf] ;/+ If0f ugk{' 5{ .

l;d;f/ (Wetlands)

;w“} kfgLdf 8l' a/xg] tyf bnbn] / wflknf If]qnfO{ l;d;f/ If]q elgG5 . kf| oM t/fO{ If]qdf
;w“} lxnfDd] x'g] / kfgL eO/xg] Ifq] l;d;f/ If]q x'g\ . ^ ld6/eGbf sd ulx/fO ePsf kfgL
el/Psf Ifq] nfO{ l;d;f/ If]qsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . sf;] L6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If
g]kfnsf] klxnf] ljZj l;d;f/ If]qdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] l;d;f/ Ifq] xf] . ljZj ;+/If0f ;ª3\
(IUCN) g]kfnn] u/]sf] cWoogcg';f/ t/fO{df !^#, kxf8df !^$ / lxdfnL Ifq] df &*
l;d;f/ If]qx¿ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . gk] fndf lxdtfn, tfn, bx, s'08, gbLgfnf, af9L u:| t
If]q, bnbn, cfl] ;nf / efl;nf db} fgx¿ 5g\ . o:t} u/L k|fsl[ ts tfn tyf hnfzo, kfv] /L,
Aof/h] , s'nf], gx/ wfg vt] h:tf sl[ qd l;d;f/ k|z:t} /x]sf 5g\ . To;n} ] g]kfn l;d;f/
Ifq] ePsf cfwf/df wgL /fi6« xf] .

l;d;f/sf] dxŒj (Importance of Wetlands)

!= l;d;f/ Ifq] r/fx¿sf nflu pko'St jf;:yfg xf] .
@= l;d;f/ If]qn] sl[ ifnfO{ w/] } ;xof]u k¥' ofp“5 .
#= l;d;f/n] kfl/l:ylts ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg dbt ub5{ .
$= l;d;f/n] ljleGg ks| f/sf hLjnfO{ jf;:yfg kb| fg ub5{ .
%= dflg;nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ kfgLsf] ;f| t] sf ¿kdf klg o;sf] dxŒj 5 . l;d;f/sf]
kfgLnfO{ dflg;n] ljleGg sfo{df ko| f]u ub{5g\ .
^= df5fkfng u/L cfo cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
&= ko{6g pBfu] ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofp5“ .

o;/L l;d;f/ If]qn] dflg;nfO{ sl[ if, pBf]u, ko6{ g, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f cflb sfo{df
;xof]u ub{5 .

l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f (Conservation of Wetlands)

dflg;sf ljleGg ultljlwx¿n] l;d;f/ If]qdf xflg gfS] ;fgL k'Ug uPsf] 5 . dflg;n]

190 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

l;d;f/ If]qsf] kfgLsf] Jofks k|ofu] ug,{] kfgL ;'sfP/ vt] L ug,{] a;fa] f; :yn agfpg],
pBfu] tyf sn sf/vfgfsf] kmfx] f/] j:t' kmfNg] h:tf sfo{n] o;df gfS] ;fg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
To;n} ] l;d;f/ Ifq] sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .

lrq g+= @!=@

l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;g\ !(&! df O/fgsf] /fd;f/ eGg] ;x/df ePsf] cGt/fl{ i6o«
en] fn] Pp6f dxf;lGw kfl/t u/s] f] 5 . o; dxf;lGwnfO{ /fd;f/ dxf;lGw elgG5 . xfn;Dd
g]kfnsf] sf;] L 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If, lrtjgsf] la; xhf/L tfn, slknj:ts' f] hubLzk/'
hnfzo / sn} fnLsf] 3f]8f3f]8L tfn Ifq] nfO{ cGt/f{li6o« dxŒjsf] l;d;f/ If]qsf ¿kdf
;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .

kfl/l:ylts ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg, ;fdb' flos ljsf; ug{, hl} js ljljwtf ;/+ If0f ug{sf nflu
l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f ug{' clt g} cfjZos 5 . To;}n] l;d;f/ Ifq] nfO{ hf]ufO /fVg o;sf]
b'?kof]u ug'{ xb'“ }g . o;sf] kfgLnfO{ ;s' fpg] / j:tL a;fpg] jf v]tL ug]{ sfo{ ug'{ x'“b}g .
pBf]u sn sf/vfgfsf] kmfx] f]/ j:t'nfO{ l;d;f/df lgisf;g ug'{ x'“b}g . o;/L l;d;f/nfO{
gfl;gaf6 hfu] fO{ o;sf] ;/+ If0f ug'k{ 5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk #

ltd|f] jf;:yfg jl/kl/ ePsf] sg' } Pp6f l;d;f/ Ifq] sf] e|d0f u/ . To; l;d;f/ If]qdf /x]
sf r/f r'?ª\uLx¿sf] cjnfs] g u/ . To;sf] dxŒj / l;d;f/ If]qdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿ s] s]
5g\ < Pp6f l6kf]6 tof/ kf/ .

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 191

jftfj/0fsf cfwf/et" tŒjx¿ (Elements of Environment)

kY[ jLdf /xs] f ;Dk0" f{ ;hLj tyf lghLj{ j:tx' ¿sf] pkl:yltn] sfod ePsf] ;du| kl/l:yltnfO{
jftfj/0f elgG5 . jftfj/0fcGtut{ chl} js tŒjx¿ / hl} js tŒjx¿ u/L dV' o b'O{ kIfx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . ch}ljs tŒjcGtu{t lghLj{ kIfx¿ xfjf, kfgL / df6f] kb5{ g\ eg] h}ljs
tŒjcGtu{t jg:klt tyf hGt'x¿ kb{5g\ . oL ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGwaf6
jftfj/0f ag]sf] x'G5 . log} ljleGg kIfaf/] oxf“ xfdL cWoog ug]{ 5f}“ .

xfjf (Air)

xfjf Uof;x¿sf] Ps ld>0f (mixture) xf] . of] kY[ jLsf] jl/kl/ cfj/0fsf] ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . o;
cfj/0fnfO{ jfo' d08n elgG5 . jfo' d08ndf ljleGg Uof;x¿ ldl;P/ /x]sf xG' 5g\ .
xfjfdf &* k|ltzt gfO6f« ]hg, @! kl| tzt clS;hg / ! kl| tzt cGo Uof;x¿ /x]sf] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 . xfjfdf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, lgof]g, lxlnodnufot cGo Uof;x¿ klg
kfOG5 . ;fy} xfjfdf hn jfik / wn' fsf s0fx¿ klg kfOG5g\ . ;a} hLjhGt'n] Zjf;k|Zjf;
lj|mof ubf{ clS;hg Uof; lnG5g\ / sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 kmfN5g\ . la?jfn] vfgf agfpb“ f
sfag{ 8fOcS;fO Uof; ko| f]u u5{g\ / clS;hg kmfN5g\ . o;/L jfo' d08ndf clS;hg Uof;
/ sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof;sf] cfjthfjt eO/xG5 . olb jg hªu\ nsf] dfqf 36]df jfo'
d08ndf clS;hg Uof;sf] dfqf klg 365\ . o;f] ePdf hLjhGts' f] hLjg k4ltdf g/fdf| ]
c;/ k5{ . hLjhGtn' fO{ af“Rg sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] xfjfdf /xs] f Uof;x¿sf] dfqf ;Gt'ngdf
xg' k' 5{ . olb xfjfdf /x]sf Uof;x¿ sg' } a9g\ ] / sg' } 36\g] ePdf To;n] jfo' k|b"if0f x'G5 .
pBf]u, sn sf/vfgf, df6] / cflbaf6 lg:sg] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, ;Nkm/8fOcS;fO8, gfOl6«s
cS;fO8 h:tf Uof;sf] dfqf a9d] f jfo' kb| i" f0f xG' 5 . To;} u/L kmf]xf/] d}nf tyf ;8]un]sf
j:t'af6 lg:sg] Uof;n] klg xfjfnfO{ b"lift agfp5“ . To;n} ] jftfj/0fdf ;Gt'ng Nofpgsf
nflu jI[ f/f]k0f ug{,] kmf]xf]/ dn} fsf] plrt Joj:yf ug{,] k]6«fn] , l8hn] , sf]Onf, dl6t]n cflbsf]
vkt 36fpg] ug'k{ 5{ . oL lj|mofsnfkn] jfo' d08nsf] xfjfnfO{ ;Gtl' nt agfpg dbt u5{
/ jftfj/0f klg ;Gt'ng xG' 5 .

kfgL (Water)

kfgL Pp6f jftfj/0fLo tŒj xf] . of] hLjhGts' f nflu cfwf/e"t tŒj klg xf] . kfgLlagf
hLjhGt' afR“ g ;Sbg} g\ . of] Pp6f of}lus kbfy{ xf] . o;df b'O{ efu xfO8«f]hg / Ps efu
clS;hg (H2O) /x]sf] x'G5 . kY[ jLdf sl/a b'O{ ltxfO efu kfgL 5 eg] Ps efu hldg /x]sf]
5 . To:t} dflg;sf] z/L/sf] nueu ^) k|ltzt efu kfgLn] ag]sf] 5 . kfgLsf] ;f| t] nfO{

192 lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –&

hldgsf] ;txsf] kfgL, hldgdl' gsf] kfgL / jiff{sf] kfgL u/L tLg efudf af“8g\ ;lsG5 .
oL tLgcf6] f ;|f]tx¿lar ;Gt'ng sfod xg' 'k5{ . hldgsf] ;txsf] kfgL ;o" {sf] tfkn] afkm

ag]/ cfsfzdf hfG5 / afbn aG5 . afbnaf6 k]ml/ jiff{ eO{ hldgdf g} em5{ . o;/L
hldgdf cfPsf] kfgLsf] sx] L efu hldgd'lg ;f]l;P/ hfG5 eg] c¿ efu tfn, kf]v/L, gbL
x'“b} ;db' d| f kU' 5 .

dflg;n] cfkm\ gf] ko| fu] sf nflu Ogf/ vg/] tyf kDk uf8/] hldgdl' gsf] kfgL lgsfN5g\ .
o:tf] kfgL lkpg, nu' f w'g, vt] df l;r“ fO ug{ / sn sf/vfgfdf ko| f]u ul/G5 . ;x/L
Ifq] df a9L dfqfdf ko| fu] ul/Psf kfgLsf sf/0f jftfj/0fdf c;/ k'¥ofp“5 . To;}u/L
sn sf/vfgfaf6 lgsfn]sf] kmf]xf/] j:t' kfgLdf lgisf;g ugf{n] klg jftfj/0fdf c;Gtn' g
Nofp5“ . To;}n] jftfj/0f ;Gt'ngsf nflu kfgLsf] kf| sl[ ts cj:yf sfod /xg lbg'k5{ .

hldg (Land)

hldg eGgfn] k[YjLsf] ;txnfO{ hgfp“5 . hldg df6f] / r66\ fg ldnL ags] f] x'G5 . r66\ fg
/ df6f] b'j} jftfj/0fLo tŒj xg' \ . df6f] r6\6fgsf ;;fgf s0f / vlgh kbfy{ ldn]/
ags] f] xG' 5 . hLjx¿sf cjz]if / ;I" d hLjf0f'x¿ klg df6f]df x'G5g\ . kY[ jLdf ePsf
;Dk0" f{ hLjx¿ df6fdf g} e/ kb5{ g\ . dflg;sf nflu cfjZos vfB kbfy{ df6faf6 g} pTkfbg
xG' 5 . cGg, kmnkm" n, t/sf/L ;a} df6fdf pTkfbg xG' 5g\ . To;n} ] dflg; df6fdf g} lge/{
/xG5 . ljleGg af]6 la?jf klg df6f]df g} x's{G5g\ . To;}n] df6f] Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{ tŒj xf] .

o;/L hldg dflg;nfO{ geO{ gx'g] ;f| ]t xf] . dflg;n] cfkm" nfO{ arfpgsf nflu hldgnfO{
hfu] fpgk' b{5 . df6fdf xflgsf/s j:t'x¿ Knfl:6s tyf g;8g\ ] cGo kbfy{ ldl;Pdf df6f]
laug| hfG5 . o;f] ePdf af6] la?jf, kfgL, s[lif pTkfbgdf ;dt] g/fdf| ] c;/ k'U5 /
jftfj0fdf x|f; cfp5“ . jftfj/0fnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg hldgnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos kb5{ .
h;n] kY[ jLdf /xs] f ;Dk0" f{ hLjhGt' / jg:kltnfO{ cf>o k|bfg u5{ .

jg:klt (Plants)

jg:klt eGgfn] xfdf| ] jl/kl/ /xs] f ;;fgf 3f;“ kftbl] v 7n' f ?v la?jf;DdnfO{ hgfp5“ . oL ;a}
jftfj/0fLo tŒj x'g\ . dflg;nufot ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf nflu rflxg] vfB kbfy{ af]6 la?jfaf6
g} k|fKt xG' 5 . jg:kltn] hldgaf6 lnPsf] kfgL, nj0f / xfjfdf /xs] f] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8
ldnfP/ cfkm\ gf] vfgf agfp“5 . ltg} jg:klt dflg;sf] jf;:yfg agfpg cfi} fwLsf nflu
h8La6' L tyf kzs' f nflu 3f;“ kftsf ¿kdf ko| fu] xG' 5 . ;Dk0" f{ zfsfxf/L hGtx' ¿ jg:kltdf
e/ k5g{ \ eg] df;+ fxf/L cGo hGtd' f e/ k5g{ \ . o;/L jg:kltn] jftfj/0f ;Gtn' gdf Pp6f

lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f, sIff –& 193