Final Portfolio

b. How are isotopes used to find the age of fossils? (Provide Research)
Isotopes are used to find the age of fossils in a method called radiometric dating.

In this method, scientists can determine how old a fossil is based on the decay of the
radioactive isotopes in it. In an article called, “How Is Radioactive Dating Used to Date Fossils?”
by Corina Fiore, she said that an isotope of uranium (U-235) and an isotope of carbon (C-14)
are the most common ones used for this process. As they decay, they become different
isotopes which makes it easier for scientists to date the fossil.

5. Families of the Periodic Table
*Describe the life of Mendeleev and how he created the Periodic Table.
Dimitri Mendeleev was born in 1834 and was the youngest out of his 17 siblings.
His father died when he was very young but his mother made sure he went to college at
the I​ nstitute of pedagogy. From​ there, he studied chemistry and experimented with the
organization of the elements. He created the periodic table we know today in 1869,
which was organized based on the element’s chemical reactivity and weight. According
to the article, “ Who was Dimitri Mendeleev?” by Elizabeth Wyman, she said that
Mendeleev didn’t invent the periodic table, he was the most important contributor to it.
Mendeleev refused to believe that radiation and electrons existed. He passed away in
1907.
*What makes the elements similar in each family?
a. Alkali Metals
Alkali Metals are in the first column of the periodic table. They contain the
elements lithium, potassium, sodium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. These
metals are highly reactive, have low melting points, are soft, silvery, and not
dense, and have a positive charge of +1.
b. Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals are found in the second column of the periodic table. They
contain the elements ​beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and

radium. These elements are reactive, have a charge of +2, have a silvery-white
color, and are shiny.
c. Halogens
Halogens have a negative charge and contain the elements fluorine​, chlorine,
bromine, iodine, and astatine. They have a low melting point and are used in our
everyday lives. Flouride is used to strengthen our enamel while chlorine is used
to kill bacteria in drinking water and pools.
d. Noble Gases
Noble Gases have a very low chemical reactivity and are colorless, odorless, and
monatomic gases. They consist of the elements​ h​ elium, neon, argon, krypton,
xenon, and radon.These gases have the maximum amount of valence electrons
they can have which makes them very stable.
6. Choose an article to read from the site and summarize:
https://www.livescience.com/37206-atom-definition.html
I chose to summarize the protons section of the article, “What Is An Atom?” by Tim Sharp.

Protons are the positively charged particles in the nucleus. They were discovered by
Rutherford in the 1910s when he was conducting an experiment. The number of protons in an
atom decides what element it is going to be. Sodium has 11 protons while chloride has 17.
Protons are made up of quarks. One proton has 2 positive quarks and 1 negative quark.
Protons are a little smaller than neutrons and have about the same mass. These quarks are
held together by gluons which are weightless.
7. What are some trends in the periodic table as you move from left to right and top to bottom?
Use evidence (graphs) from the graphing activity.

● Move to the right on the periodic table gets more protons neutrons and electrons
● Force gets stronger causing a smaller radius
● Move down rows more rings are added causing a bigger radius



The atomic radius and ionization energy change as you move across and down
the periodic table. As you move to the right, the atomic radius gets smaller but the
ionization energy gets stronger. It is the opposite for when you move down, the radius
gets bigger but the energy weakens. This is because as the radius gets bigger, the
valence electrons get farther away from the nucleus. Electrons and protons are
attracted to each other because they have opposite charges. As they get farther apart,
the energy that holds them together weakens, allowing the electrons to be able to be
pulled away from the nucleus easier. Therefore, as you move around the periodic table,
the radius changes which affects the ionization energy.

The atomic radius gets smaller as you move right across a period because the
number of protons and electrons gets larger, causing the ionization energy to increase.
The stronger the energy, the closer the electrons are towards the nucleus. For example,
lithium is all the way on the left of the table and has an atomic radius of 123 and
ionization energy of 520. Neon, which is all the way on the right of the periodic table has
an atomic radius of 71 and ionization energy of 2081. Neon’s radius is smaller than
lithium’s because it has stronger ionization energy. Neon has 10 protons and 10
electrons while lithium only has 3 protons and 3 electrons. Lithium has fewer protons
and electrons which causes the ionization energy to be weaker. Another example is
magnesium and chloride. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal in the second column of
the periodic table while chloride is a halogen in the seventh column of the table.
Magnesium has 12 protons and electrons with an atomic radius of 136 and ionization
energy of 738. Chloride has 17 protons and electrons with an atomic radius of 99 and
ionization energy of 1251. Chloride has stronger ionization energy because it has more
protons and electrons, causing its atomic radius to be smaller.

As you move down the periodic table, the atomic radius gets bigger and the
ionization energy gets weaker. This happens because the atoms obtain more energy
levels which cause the electrons to get farther from the nucleus. One example is lithium
and sodium. Lithium has an atomic radius of 123 and ionization energy of 520. Sodium
has an atomic radius of 154 and ionization energy of 496. Lithium is higher on the
periodic table, which means it has fewer protons and electrons. Sodium is a bigger
atom, with more energy levels which cause it to have weaker ionization energy. Another

example is magnesium and calcium. Magnesium is right above calcium on the periodic
table. Magnesium has an atomic radius of 136 and ionization energy of 738 while
chloride has an atomic radius of 99 and ionization energy of 1251. Because magnesium
is higher up on the table, it has fewer protons and electrons which means it has fewer
energy levels. Therefore, it has stronger ionization energy than chloride.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Color Changing Makeup 
Presentation 

 

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

Velocity Word Problem 
Presentation 
 

 

Velocity Project 2019

Due: ​Friday March 8, 2019

1. Define the following terms and include pictures if possible:
***MAKE A QUIZLET

Motion - ​the action or Speed - r​ apidity in moving, Position - c​ ondition with
process of moving or of going, traveling, proceeding reference to place; location;
changing place or position situation

Distance - ​the extent or Acceleration - ​an​ i​ ncrease Terminal Velocity - ​the

amount of space between of speed or velocity velocity at which a falling
body moves through a
two things, points, lines, etc. medium, like air, when the
force of resistance of the
medium is equal in
magnitude and opposite in
direction to the force of
gravity

Time - t​ he system of those Initial Velocity -​ ​the initial Displacement - ​distance

sequential relations that any velocity, is the velocity of the and direction of an object’s
event has to any other, as
past, present, or future; object before acceleration change in position from the
indefinite and continuous
duration regarded as that in causes a change. starting point
which events succeed one
another

Velocity - ​the speed and Final Velocity -​ t​ he last Key Metric units - l​ ength,

direction of a moving object velocity of a given object after mass time, electric current,

a period of time temperature, amount of a

substance, luminous intensity

https://quizlet.com/374328857/physics-flash-cards/

2. What is the difference between Speed and Velocity? Explain using an example
in your own words.

Speed is measured in numbers and time such as miles per hour and
kilometers per hour. The magnitude of the velocity is the speed.

3.Reading: (Questions answered by Rachel)
A. Science Textbook:
1. Read Chapter 2: Motion pg. 38-58
Directions: ​Make 12-15 teacher-like questions and have a partner answer your
questions. (Answers to questions must be found from the reading.)
1. How can you tell if an object has moved without seeing it move?
The position relative to the object changed
2. What is displacement?
Is the distance and direction from the object's change in position from the
starting point
3. What is the definition of speed?
The distance an object travels per unit of time
4. How is speed different from velocity?
Speed is using numbers such as miles per hour and velocity is a specific
direction such as 75 mph North
5. What is acceleration?
The rate of change of velocity

6. What is the difference between positive and negative acceleration?
Positive acceleration is when the car is increasing in speed and negative
acceleration is when it is decreasing in speed.

7. Why does the acceleration of a roller coaster push the rider back against
the seat?
The force is pushing them towards the side of the car

8. What is inertia?
The resistance of an object to change in its motion

9. How does inertia relate to mass?
The greater the mass of an object the greater inertia

10. What is Newton's first law of motion?
An object moving at a constant velocity keeps moving at that velocity
unless an unbalanced net force acts on it.

11. How does this relate to a seat belt in a car?
When a car crashes, anyone not wearing a seat belt continues to move
the speed of the car.

12. Are the people in a car traveling the same speed as the car even when it
stops if they are not stopped by something else?
Yes

B​ . Read Article: ​Crashing Jumping Falling
1. Directions: Make 10-12 Teacher-Like questions and have a partner answer your

questions. (Answers to questions must be found from the reading.)

1. What is kinetic energy?
Energy inside of a body when you are in motion

2. What is potential energy?
Energy depending on its position

3. Why does an accident happen when cars are going fast but not when they
are going slow?
There is more force between the cars

4. Why do skydivers need a parachute?
It slows down the skydiver and creates air resistance

5. Does the energy go through both cars when they collide in an accident?
Yes, the energy goes through both cars

6. What is tensional energy?
When you are fully stretched out, it is the energy that bounces you back
up

7. Why might a batter want a bigger bat to hit home runs?
It helps you hit the ball farther

8. Do vibrations reduce the amount of energy when a batter hits the ball?
Yes, they do

9. Does a wrecking ball have more potential energy the higher it’s lifted?
Yes, it does

10. Kinetic energy converts into what when a bungee jumper hits the end of
their jump?
Tensional energy

4. Pick 2 cities (minimum 500 miles apart) in the United States or world and
construct a data table and graph showing the number of hours that it would take
to travel between the 2 cities with the following modes of transportation:

A. Subway - 17mph
B. Titanic - 26.5mph
C. Helicopter - 140mph
D. Peregrine Falcon - 240mph
E. Me - 3mph
F. Snail - 0.029mph
Provide a map showing your cities





Graph:

*Show Detailed Math Steps
New York to Naples - 4,387 miles
Subway:
4,387/17= 258.1 hours
Titanic:
4,387/26.5= 165.5 hours
Helicopter:
4,387/140= 31.3 hours
Peregrine Falcon:
4,387/240= 18.3 hours
Me:
4,387/3= 1462.34 hours
Snail:

4,387/0.029= 151275.9 hours (17.9 years!)

Mode of Transportation Miles Per Hours Hours to travel 4,387 miles
Subway 17 258.1
Titanic 26.5 165.5
Helicopter 140 31.3
Peregrine Falcon 240 18.3
Me 3 1462.34
Snail 0.029 151275.9

5. Questions about your City:
What would like to see in this city when you arrive?

I would like to see my family that lives there and the historical sights.
What tourist attraction (s) would you like to see?

I would just like to tour the city and visit Mount Vesuvius.
What restaurant would you like to visit in this city? Provide pictures

I would like to visit Sarita Restaurant.

What is the basic history of this city? Government history?
It was founded by ancient Greeks but then was taken over by the Romans in 326
BC.
Famous people from your city?
Giuseppe Abbati and Vincenzo Abbati were father and son and they were famous
for their paintings.

6. Determine and graph a 38% increase in Velocity for each vehicle - Show how
the Times would be affected by the increase in speed. Show a double bar graph
with the 2 different times for each vehicle.
*Include pictures and a brief description of each mode of transportation

Subway:
17*.38= 6.46
6.46+17= 23.46
4,387/23.46= 186.1 hours

Titanic:
26.5*.38= 10.07
26.5+10.07= 36.57
4,387/36.57= 119.1 hours

Helicopter:
140*.38= 53.2
140+53.2= 193.2
4,387/193.2= 22.7 Hours

Peregrine Falcon:
240*.38= 91.2
240+91.2= 331.2
4,387/331.2= 13.2 hours

Me:
3*.38= 1.14
3+1.14= 4.14
4,387/4.14= 1,059.7 hours
Snail:
.029*.38=.01102
.029+.01102= .04002
4,387/.04002= 109,620.19 hours
Subway:
The subway is an underground system of trains that are usually in big cities like New
York City and Los Angeles.

Titanic:
The Titanic was a ship rumored to be unsinkable but on its way to America from Europe
in 1912, it hit an iceberg and sunk. The movie T​ itanic​ starring Leonardo DiCaprio and
Kate Winslet is about a romantic relationship between two people on the ship who must
make hard decisions when it starts to sink.

Helicopter:
A helicopter is a flying machine made for about 4 people. It stays in the air by two
rotating rotors, one on the top and one in the back.

Peregrine Falcon:
The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird and animal on earth.

Me:
I am a human. I am made up of nerves, muscles, cells, bones, bacteria, and so much
more.

Snail:
Snails are one of the slowest animals on earth. They have a shell and leave a trail of
slime wherever they go. Snails are gastropods.

7. Use a math calculation to show how long it would take the F35 Fighter Jet to
get to

A. Sun
93,000,000/1,200= 7.75x104​ ​ hours

B. Saturn
746,000,000/1,200= 6.216666667x10​5​ hours

C. Neptune
2,700,000,000/1,200= 2.25x10​6​ hours

D. Nearest star to our solar system (Alpha Centauri)
25,670,000,000,000/1,200= 2.13916667x10​10​ hours

(Use scientific notation)

8. Velocity Story: ​Create a ​graph and story s​ howing your motion. The story should
be creative and detailed using actual velocity data.

Velocity Word Problems:
The tortoise and the hare are in a road race to defend the honor of their breed. The
tortoise crawls the entire 1000. m distance at a speed of 0.2000 m/s while the rabbit runs
the first 200.0 m at 2.000 m/s The rabbit then stops to take a nap for 1.300 hr and
awakens to finish the last 800.0 m with an average speed of 3.000 m/s. Who wins the
race and by how much time?

Tortoise: 
T=D/V 
T=1000 meters/0.2 meters per second 
T=5000 seconds to run 1000 meters 
 
Rabbit: 
T=D/V 
T=200 meters/ 2 meters per second 
T=100 Seconds 
 
T=D/V 
T=800 meters/ 3 meters per second 
T=266.7 seconds 
 
Nap: 1.3 hours or 4680 seconds with no distance traveled 
 
266.7+100++4680= 5046.7 seconds to run 1000 meters 
 
The tortoise runs the 1000 meters faster than the rabbit by 46.7 seconds. 
 
 
For a long time it was the dream of many runners to break the "4-minute mile." Now
quite a few runners have achieved what once seemed an impossible goal. On July 2,
1988, Steve Cram of Great Britain ran a mile in 3.81 min. During this amazing run, what
was Steve Cram's average speed in:
a. mi/min?
b. mi/hr?

V=D/T 
V=⅓.81 
V=25 miles per minute 
 
.25*60= 15 miles per hour 
 
 

1. What is the average speed of a cheetah that sprints 100 m in 4 s? How about if it sprints
50 m in 2 s?

V = D/T 
V = 100m/4sec. 
V = 25m/s  

 

Velocity Story  

(#8 on Velocity Project)

Name: Date:

Directions:​ Work in a group to tell a story of a classmate in motion. You must include 3 turns
(change in direction) and 3 different velocities. Your story must also have an amount of time
where the classmate does not move. What did the person do when they stopped? Where were
they going?

Data Table:

Example: Velocity = Distance/Time
V = 12 m/3 sec
V = 4 m/sec.

Description Distance (m) Time (sec.) Velocity (m/s)
jog
hop 36 16.93 2.13

6.3 3.20 1.97

crawl 3.9 5.52 .71
walk 4.8 4.60 1.04
stop 0 10 0
Skip 42.6 20.23 2.1

Graph:​ (X-axis is Time; y axis is Distance)
(Hint: You have to constantly add the distance and time for the spreadsheet to make the
graph show the motion.)

Story:

I started to panic when I realized that I hadn’t brushed my teeth this morning! I
rushed to Rachels locker to grab a piece of gum to freshen my breath, and it took a
whole 10 seconds because it was buried in her backpack. Then, I realized that my
pencil had no eraser so I jogged to Ms. Kornacki’s room to get one at a velocity of 2.13
m/s northeast. After that, I hopped to Mr. Lopez’s room to ask him a quick question
about the Velocity project at a velocity of 1.97 m/s northwest. I was so thirsty that I had
to crawl to the water fountain to get a drink at a velocity of .71 m/s north. Once I felt
better I walked to Ms. Poeltl’s room to grab the problem of the week at a velocity of 1.04
m/s northeast. Finally, the bell rang and I skipped towards the doors to get on the bus at
a velocity of 2.1 m/s west. What a crazy day!

 

Quiz: Motion 

QUIZ: Motion

Name:​ ________________________ Date:​ _________
Class: ___________

Formulas:

A= v2 −v1 V2 = V1 + (a * T) T= V2−V1
T2 a

1. After traveling for ​18.0 seconds​, a fighter jet reaches a speed of 1​ 25 m/s​. What is the fighter
jet’s acceleration?

The fighter jet’s acceleration is 6.94 m/s2​ ​.

2. A Ford Mustang GT started at 1​ 5 m/s​ and accelerates at a rate of ​18.0 m/s​2.​ What is its final
speed at the end of ​7.0 seconds​?

Its final speed at the end of 7 seconds is 141 m/s.

3. A cyclist accelerates at a rate of ​12.0 m/s​2.​ How long will it take the cyclist to reach a speed
of 1​ 15 m/s​?

It will take him 9.58 seconds to reach a speed of 115 m/s.

4. During an Apollo moon landing, reflecting panels were placed on the moon. This allowed
earth-based astronomers to shoot laser beams at the moon's surface to determine its distance.
The reflected laser beam was observed ​7 seconds​ after the laser pulse was sent. The speed of
light is ​3.0 ×​ ​ 108​ ​ m/s.​

1,050,000,000 meters or 1.05*109​ ​ meters

How accurate was this measurement if the actual distance to the Moon is 3​ 84,000,000 meters?
Explain:

*Is this distance correct? Research the distance to the moon.
5. It is now 12:59 p.m.., but when the bell rings at 1:00 pm. Suzette will be late for French class

for the third time this week. She must get from one side of the school to the other by hurrying
down three different hallways. She runs down the first hallway, a distance of ​45.0 m, at a
speed of 3.2 m/s.​ The second hallway is filled with students, and she covers its ​65.0 m

length at an average speed of 2.16 m/s​. The final hallway is empty, and Suzette sprints its
75.0 m length at a speed of 9.5 m/s.​

a. Does Suzette make it to class on time or does she get detention for being late again?
She makes it because she gets there in 52 seconds, so she has 8 seconds before the
bell rings.

6. The tortoise and the hare are in a road race to defend the honor of their breed. The tortoise

crawls the entire 1​ 000. m distance at a speed of 0.65 m/s​ while the rabbit runs the first 2​ 00.0
m at 1.45 m/s.​ The rabbit then stops to ​take a nap for 0.79 hr​ and awakens to finish the last
800.0 m with an average speed of 12.5 m/s.​ Who wins the race and by how much time?

The tortoise wins the race by 1507.47 seconds.

7. What is the Acceleration of the Cart on the Ramp? ​Determine the Angle of the Ramp (A)​ .

Angle Chart: ​https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Which Angle had the greatest Acceleration? Write a Conclusion based on your findings. Create
a Graph if you have time.

Height of Angle Dist. 1 Time Velocity Time 2 Velocity
Ramp 1 1 Dist. 2 2 Acceleration

(Opposite)

125 m 6° 600 m 12 sec. 50 m/s 600 m 9 sec. 66.67 m/s 1.852 m/s​2

250 m 12° 600 m 8 sec. 75 m/s 600 m 2 sec. 300 m/s 112.5 m/s​2

Use a2​ ​+ b2​ ​ = c​2 ​to determine the length of side b

a​2 +​ b​2​ = c2​

62​ ​ + b2​ ​ = 902​

36 + b​2​ = 8100

B​2​ = 8064

B = 89.8 meters

Graph:

X-axis = Angle
Y-axis = acceleration
Conclusion:
Purpose of experiment, hypothesis, brief description of experiment, data evidence to support
hypothesis, conclusion

The purpose of this experiment was to see which ramp had a faster acceleration. My
hypothesis was that the 250 meter tall ramp was going to have the fastest acceleration because
it’s steeper. We rolled cars down the ramp and timed how long it took for them to reach the
bottom. Then we calculated the accelerations using the velocities and times. My hypothesis was
correct, the 250 meter tall ramp had a faster acceleration. It had an acceleration of 112.5 m/s2​
while the 125 meter ramp only had an acceleration of 1.852 m/s2​ .​ This experiment showed that
the steeper the ramp, the faster acceleration.

EXTRA CREDIT:
Light from another star in the galaxy reaches the earth in 32 minutes. The speed of
light is 3​ .0 ×​ ​ 108​ ​ meters/second​. In ​kilometers,​ how far is the earth from the star?
(Hint: Convert to seconds)(Hint 2: Think about meters to kilometers)
Answer must be in scientific notation

D=V*T
D= 32*3*10​8
D= 9600000000 or 9.6*109​

The distance from the star to Earth is 9.6*10​6​ kilometers.

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Practice Problem 

Earth:   
mgh=0.5mv​2 
37kg*9.8m/s2​ *​ 125m=0.5(37kg)v2​  
45325=18.5v​2 
45325/18.5=18.5/18.5v​2 
2450=v​2 
24502​ ​=49.5 
v=49.5 
 
Jupiter: 
mgh=0.5mv2​  
37kg*15m*24.79m/s​2=​ 0.5(37kg)v​2 
13758.45=18.5v2​  
13758.45/18.5=743.7 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Potential Energy Project 2019

Chapter 4: Energy (pg. 100-115)
Due: Friday April 12, 2019

Video Playlist​ - Use these videos as a resource

1. Define and make note cards or QUIZLET for the following words:

Energy- the vitality Joules/Kilojoules- Chemical Potential Law of Conservation
and strength that is units of energy Energy- the chemical of Energy- energy
needed for a energy stored cannot be created or
sustained mental or between bonds of destroyed
physical activity. atoms and molecules

Kinetic Energy- the Newton- created the Elastic Potential Gravity- the force that
energy in an object 3 laws of motion Energy- the energy attracts people and
while its in motion stored in an object as things towards the
a result of it being center of the earth
deformed like a
spring being
stretched

Potential Energy- the Gravitational Total Mechanical Weight- the
energy an object has Potential Energy- the Energy- the sum of heaviness of
while in a certain energy an object has the objects potential something
position (a wrecking because of its and kinetic energies
ball being held up position in a
high waiting to drop gravitational field

Resource: h​ ttp://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

2. Read Textbook: pg. 100-115

Directions: ​Make 10-15 Text Dependent questions
- What is GPE?
- What is kinetic energy?
- What is potential energy? What are the different types?
- What is energy?
- Why does change require energy?
- What are the different types of energy?
- What factors change the GPE?
- How does potential energy change to kinetic energy?
- What is the law of conservation of energy?
- What is friction?

3. Determine the Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) different masses (g) at 3 different
heights.

Object Mass (grams) Mass (kg)

You 46,720 46.72

Calculator 296.5 .2965

100 mL beaker 51.5 .0515

Graduated cylinder 36.5 .0365

African elephant 1.3*104​ 1.3*10

Tesla or similar car 2.255*10​6 2.255*10​3

Cruise ship 9.0718474*101​ 0 9.0718474*107​

baseball 149 .149

*2.2 lbs = 1 kg

3. Data Table:
Your data table will need: Object, mass, gravity, height, GPE

Directions:​ Research your favorite roller coaster and found out the height of the tallest hill.
*Picture of Roller Coaster

Expedition Everest in Walt Disney World
(Height is 199’ but I rounded to 200’)

Object Mass (kg) Gravity (m/s​2)​ Height (m) GPE (Joules)
46.72 10 60.96 28354.4
You .2965 10 60.96 180
.0515 10 60.96 31.3
Calculator .0365 10 60.96 22.15185

100 mL beaker 1.3*10 10 60.96 7924.8
2.255*103​ 10 60.96 1374648
Graduated
cylinder 9.0718474*10​7 10 60.96 5.530198175​10
.149 10 60.96 90.8304
African elephant

Tesla or similar
car

Cruise ship

baseball

Graph:​ Object and GPE

*The very heavy objects were not included in the graph because they
made it so the graph wasn’t detailed.

4. ​Determine the GPE of one of the masses on the following planets:

Table: Gravitational Potential Energy on other Planets (GPE)

Planet GPE on Earth % difference Gravity on that GPE on other
(J) from Earth planet Planet (J)
(Research)

Jupiter 28354.4 86.67% 24.79 m/s2​ 70603.2

Saturn 28354.4 6.33% 10.44 m/s​2 29733.65

The Sun 28354.4 186.2% 274 m/s2​ 780366.03

The Moon 28354.4 143.3% 1.62 m/s2​ 4613.84

Large Star 28354.4 200% 0.002512 m/s2​ 7.154

Star Wars Planet #1 28354.4 17% greater 11.466 m/s2​ 32655.76

Star Wars Planet #2 28354.4 39% less 3.822 m/s​2 10885.25

Star Wars Planet #3 28354.4 82% greater 17.836 m/s​2 50797.84

*Use the height of your favorite Roller Coaster. You will use this to figure out the
Velocity at the bottom of the hill on the Star Wars Planets.

A. Velocity of Roller Coaster on Earth
Example:
GPE = KE
mgh = .5mV2​
(15g(9.8 m/s​2)​ (57m) = 0.5(15g)v2​
8550 = 7.5v2​
√1140 = √v2
33.8 m/s = v
28354.4=.5(46.72)v2​
28354.4=23.36v​2
1213.8=v2​
v=34.84 m/s
The roller coaster would travel ​33.8 m/s ​at the bottom of the tallest hill.
B. Jupiter
GPE = KE
mgh = .5mv​2

70306.2=.5(46.72)v​2
70306.2=23.36v2​
3009.68=v2​
v=54.86 m/s

C. Star Wars Planet #2:
GPE = KE
Mgh = .5mv​2
10885.25=.5(46.72)v2​
10885.25=23.36v​2
465.98=v​2
v=21.59 m/s
D. Saturn
GPE = KE
mgh = .5mv​2
29733.65=.5(46.72)v​2
29733.65=23.36v2​
1272.85=v​2
v=35.68 m/s
E. Sun
GPE = KE
mgh = .5mv​2

780366.03=.5(46.72)v​2
780366.03=23.36v​2
33406.08=v​2
v=182.78 m/s

Data Table: Velocity (m/s)
Planets 54.86
Jupiter 21.59
Star Wars Planet #2 35.68
Saturn 182.78
Sun 34.84
Earth

Graph:

X-axis: Planet
Y-axis: Velocity of Roller Coaster on the planets

Critical Thinking Questions:
1. What factors affect Gravitational Potential Energy?
Mass, height, and gravity affect the gravitational potential energy.
2. Why did the GPE change on the other planets?
The GPE changed on the other planets because the planets each had a different gravity.
3. How did the planet affect the velocity of the roller coaster? Explain using data.
If the planet has a stronger gravity the velocity of the roller coaster will be faster. If the
planet has a weak gravity the velocity will be slower. For example, Jupiter has stronger
gravity than earth and the velocity of its roller coaster is faster than earth’s.
4. How does GPE relate to Chemical Potential Energy?
They are both forms of potential energy. Chemical potential energy is stored on the
bonds of atoms and gravitational potential energy is stored in an object while it is high
above the ground.
5. How do Energy companies use GPE to generate Electrical Energy? Give an example
There is potential energy in electric power plants. For example, in hydroelectric dams,
there is stored water which is a form of potential energy. Then, the water in the dam
turns a turbine which creates electrical energy.
6. What happens to the GPE when the object falls to the ground? Describe the Energy
transformations along the way. Use a diagram. (​ Hint: Think about Mechanical

Energy)
Before the object is dropped, there is gravitational potential energy (GPE) stored in it.
When it is dropped, the energy is turned into kinetic and mechanical energy. Kinetic
energy is the energy an object possesses when it is in motion.

7. How is the coal from “October Sky” an example of potential energy?
The coal from “October Sky” is an example of potential energy because the coal can be

burned and turned into thermal energy. When the coal hasn’t burned yet, it is an example of
potential energy because it has the potential to turn into energy.
5. GPE Calculations - Complete the following GPE Word Problems
Worksheet 1:
http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0078600510/student_view0/unit1/chapter4/math_practice_2.html

Worksheet 2:
http://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/ssp/HK1MSW65.PDF

(on paper)

6. Design an experiment to measure Kinetic Energy using the ramps, ring stands, and the
objects on the front desk.

7. Chapter Review:
A. Pg. 120-121 (1-25)

1. Mechanical energy
2. Elastic potential energy
3. Joule
4. Gravitational potential energy
5. Kinetic energy
6. Law of conservation of energy
7. C
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. C
13. Forms; kinetic energy; mechanical energy; the energy an object possesses
14. Gpe: .245; .37; .49
15. 1,200
16. 1,900
17. 100
18. When the swing goes up into the air, it possesses potential energy, then when it

drops it turns into kinetic energy. There is less kinetic energy in the swing whit it
slows down.
19. Energy cannot be created or destroyed no matter what the mass of the object it is
it has.
20. Friction and mechanical energy create thermal energy.
21. Friction and mechanical energy create thermal energy in your hands like car
tires.
22. 675 kJ
23. 4,900,000 joules
24. 149,250 joules
25. ? confused
B. Pg. 122-123 (1-23)

1. C
2. B
3. D
4. D

5. A
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. D
11.
12. 38.16 kJ
13. Mechanical energy
14. Thermal energy
15. In the middle
16. It gains and loses mechanical energy
17. It has potential energy
18. 3 m/s
19. The energy in the figure was not created or destroyed
20. The mass stays the same
21. Less than
22. Chemical energy is stored in bonds, kinetic energy and mechanical energy are in

an object while it’s in motion. Potential energy is the energy stored in an object.
23. Conduction

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Inclined Plane Project

Due:​ May 8th, 2019

1. Define the following vocabulary: Use pgs. 124 - 153

Simple Machine - a Mechanical Work - transfer of Input Force - the
machine that does Advantage - the ratio energy that occurs initial force used to
work with only one of the output force when a force makes get a machine
movement such as a exerted by a machine an object move; moving or working.
lever, pulley, wheel to the input force measured in joules.
and ale, inclined applied to the
plane, screw, and machine
wedge.

Compound Machine - Ideal Mechanical Power - the amount Output Distance - the
a machine that is a Advantage - the ratio of work done, or the distance of output
combination of two or of the distance of the amount of energy force acts through a
more simple effort over the transferred, divided machine
machines. distance of the load by the time required
force to do the work or
transfer the energy;
measured in watts.

Efficiency - the ratio Actual Mechanical Input Distance - force Output Force - the
of the output work Advantage - the exerted on a force exerted on an
done by the machine mechanical machine. object by a simple
to the input work advantage machine.
done on the machine, determined by
expressed as a physical
percentage. measurement of the
input and output
forces.

First Class Lever - Second Class Lever - Third Class Lever - Energy - the strength
there is a fulcrum in the load is between the input force is required for a
underneath a board the fulcrum and the between the output physical or mental
in the middle and effort (example: force and the fulcrum. activity.
force is put on one wheelbarrow)
side and the load is
on the other.

Block and Tackle Fixed Pulley - Movable Pulley - a Fulcrum - the point
Pulley - a system of changes the direction pulley free to move on which a lever
two or more pulleys of the force on a up or down, attached rests.

with a rope or cable pulley to the ceiling.
threaded between (example:
them (heavy loads). construction planes
or elevators)

QUIZLET: (Place link here)
https://quizlet.com/393706955/inclined-planes-flash-cards/?new
2. Textbook Questions:
Directions:​ Read the chapter pg. 124-153 and write 10-12 text-dependent questions

1. What is work?
2. What is power and how do you calculate it?
3. What is a machine?
4. Why do we use machines?
5. What are the two different forces?
6. How does the law of conservation of energy relate to the energy transfers in machines?
7. Which type of mechanical advantage is the mechanical advantage without friction?
8. Can you increase the efficiency in a machine?
9. How many types of levers are there and what are they?
10. How many types of pulleys are there and how are they different?
11. What is a compound machine?
12. What is a wheel and axle machine?
3. Describe the difference between your Ideal Day and an Actual Day:

My ideal day would be to wake up at 9 o’clock and then eat breakfast. After that, I would
take my time getting ready by 11 o’clock. Next, I would go to a friends house and then come
home around dinner time. For the rest of the night, I would relax while reading or watching
Netflix. Lastly, I would go to bed at 12 o’clock.

My actual day is I wake up at 6 o’clock and get ready for school by 7:30. I go to school
from 8 to 3. I get off the bu around 3:20 pm. Next, I do homework and eat dinner. Lastly, I go to
dance class until either 7:15, 8:10, or 9:30. Lastly, I go to bed.
4. What is the difference between Ideal Mechanical Advantage and Actual Mechanical
Advantage? How is this similar to Question #3?

The ideal mechanical advantage is the mechanical advantage without friction. The actual
mechanical advantage is the mechanical advantage with friction. This is similar to question 3
because it would be ideal for there to be no friction so the littlest amount of force has to be used.
However, with friction, more force has to be used to move the object.
5. Why can’t you believe a salesman if they attempt you sell you a machine that is 125%
efficient?

You can't believe a salesman if they attempt to sell you a machine that is 125% efficient
because a machine can be no more than 100% efficient. No machine is 100% efficient because
some energy is converted or even lost so it is impossible for a machine to be more than 100%
efficient. Also, for a machine to be 100% efficient, there has to be no friction. This is another
reason why a machine cannot be exactly or more than 100% efficient.

6. ​Experiment: ​How does the angle of an inclined plane affect:
Hypothesis: Angle vs. Mechanical Advantage or Angle vs. Efficiency (Use if...then…)
The actual mechanical advantage increases as the angle of the ramp decreases.
A. Ideal Mechanical Advantage
The mechanical advantage without friction.
B. Actual Mechanical Advantage
The mechanical advantage with friction.
C. Efficiency
The efficiency of a machine.\

*Think about the scientific Method
DATA TABLE​ - Use this table to record your lab data

Output Output Output Input Input Input Efficie

Trial Force Dist. Work Force Dist. Work IMA AMA ncy

1 10 0.78 7.8 8 1.22 9.76 1.56 1.25 79.9

2 10 0.78 7.8 9 1 9 1.28 1.11 86.7

3 10 0.78 7.8 9.5 0.88 8.36 1.12 1. 05 93.3

4 10 0.78 7.8 10 0.8 8 1 1 100

Angle Ideal Mechanical Actual Mechanical Efficiency (%)
Advantage (Input Advantage (Work output/Work
40 degrees Distance/Output
38 degrees (Output Force/Input Input)
26 degrees Distance) Force)

1.56 1.25 79.9
1.28 86.7
1.11
1.12 05 1. 93.3

***Why is the Actual Mechanical Advantage always less than the Ideal Mechanical

Graph:
Conclusion:

*Write your OWN CONCLUSION HERE! Use Data

The purpose of this experiment was to see which angle had a better efficiency. My
hypothesis was that the efficiency would increase and we decreased the angle of the ramp
because it uses less force to drag a weight up a ramp that is closer to being level with the
ground. To conduct this experiment we propped a ramp against a chair and used a 1000 gram
weight and a spring scale to see if the newtons decreased as we dragged the weight up the
ramp. The weight (or the output force) was 10 newtons. When we dragged it up the 40-degree
ramp, it was 79.9% efficient. When we dragged it up the 38-degree ramp, it was 86.7% efficient.
On our last trial, we dragged it up a 26-degree ramp and it was 93.3 percent efficient. My
hypothesis was correct when we dragged the weight up a lower angled ramp the efficiency
increased.
Critical Thinking: Choose a famous skyscraper. This will be your Output Distance. Use
your knowledge of Inclined Planes, Mechanical Advantage, and Efficiency to draw and
label a sketch of all parts of the triangle formed.

Important Info:
A. Ideal Mechanical Advantage: 4.2
B. Actual Mechanical Advantage: 2.7
C. Output Force: 350 kg
Sketch (Use drawing)

7.
8. Complete the Following Worksheet:

Worksheet 2
Effort Force = Input Force
Resistance Force = Output Force
(On paper)

***9. Group: Video 1 Trial of the Lab

Video must demonstrate the experiment and the calculations
* Attach link to video here

10. Describe the Pulley Experiment
Questions:

1. What were the 4 types of pulleys that you constructed?
Block and Tackle, Fixed Pulley, Moveable Pulley.

2. Describe how the pulleys were similar to the inclined planes.
They created triangles and had output and input forces, distances, and works.

3. Where are pulleys used in real life?
Construction. For example, a crane is a type of pulley used in real life.

11. Chapter Review Questions
1. Compound machine
2. Inclined plane
3. Efficiency
4. Pulley
5. Output force
6. Work
7. Mechanical advantage
8. C
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. C
14. A
15. A
16. D
17. A
18. Mechanical advantage, work output force, compound machines
19. Lever b
20. ?
21. The fulcrum should be closer to the adult so the force is stronger on the child's side
22. ?
23. A screwdriver with a short, fat handle because there is more force