redemption-manual-4-5-edition

The deg ree, q u a ntity, natu re, a n d extent of interest wh ich a person has i n rea l
p roperty is u s u a l ly refe rred to as a n estate, a n d it va ries fro m a bsol ute owners h i p
down to naked possession .
I n a n other sense, " estate " desig n ates the p roperty ( real o r person a l ) i n wh ich one
has a right o r i nterest ; the s u bject- matter of ownersh i p ; the corpus of property .
Th u s we spea k of a "va l u a b l e estate , " " a l l my estate , " "sepa rate estate, " "trust
estate , " etc . Th is, a lso, is its mea n i n g i n the classification of property i nto " rea l
estate " a n d " pe rso n a l estate . "

Examen :

L. Lat.
A tria l .
The balance of a n account.

Examination :

An i n vestig atio n ; sea rch ; i nterrog ati n g .

C ri m i n a l Pra ctice

An i nvestigation by a m a g i strate of a person who has been c h a rged with cri me

and a rrested, or of the facts and c i rc u m sta n ces wh ich a re a l leged to have atte n d ed

the cri m e a n d to fasten suspicion u pon th e pa rty so cha rged, i n o rder to ascerta i n

whethe r there is sufficient g ro u n d s t o h o l d h i m to ba i l fo r h i s tri a l b y t h e p roper

cou rt .

The pre l i m i n a ry heari n g t o d ete rm i n e whether person ch a rged w i t h h a v i n g

com m itted a cri me s h o u l d be h e l d for tria l .

Tri a l Pra ctice - The exa m i nation of a witness co nsists of the series of q u estions put

to him by a pa rty to the a cti o n , o r h i s cou n sel , fo r the p u rpose of bri n g i n g befo re

the cou rt a nd j u ry the legal form the knowledge wh ich the witn ess has of the facts

a n d matters i n d ispute, or of p ro b i n g a n d sifting h is evid ence p reviously g iven .

Of a long account. Th is p h rase does n ot mea n exa m i nation of the a ccou nt to

ascerta i n the resu lt o r effect of it, but p roof by testi mony of co rrectness of ite ms

composing it.

Of ba n kru pt . Th is is the i nterrogation of a b a n kru pt, i n the co u rse of p roceed i n g s in

ban kru ptcy, or prior to the adj u d ication, concern i n g the conduct of h is business, the

cau se of his ban kru ptcy, h is dea l i n g s w ith his cred itors and other persons, the

a m o u nt, k i n d , and wherea bouts of his p roperty, and a l l matters which may affect

the a d m i n istration a n d settlement of h i s estate . Th is is a uthorized Ba n kru ptcy Act,

Section 7, 30 Stat. 548, 1 1 U . S . C .A. Section 25 . ( Black's 4th )

Examination :

p ractice . The i nterrogation of a w itness, i n o rder to ascerta i n h i s knowledge a s to
the facts i n d ispute betwee n pa rties . When the exa m i nation is made by the p a rty
who ca l led the witness, it is ca l led a n exa m i nation i n ch ief. W h e n it is made by the
othe r pa rty, it is known by the name of cross-exa m i natio n . ( q . v . )

2 . The exa m i nation i s to b e made i n open co u rt, when practica b l e ; b u t w h e n , o n
acco u nt of age, Sickness, or other cause, the witness cannot b e s o exa m i ned, then
it may be made befo re a uthorized com m issioners . I n the exa m i nation i n c h i ef the

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 598

cou n sel ca n n ot ask lead i n g q uestions, except i n particu l a r cases . Vide Cross­
exa m i nation ; Lead ing q uestion .

3 . The laws of the seve ra l states req u i re the private exa m i nation of a fem e
cove rt befo re a co m petent office r, i n order t o pass her title to her o w n rea l estate
or the i n terest she has in that of her h usba n d : as to the mode in wh ich th is is to be
done, see Acknowledgment. See, also, 3 Call, R. 394; 5 Mason's R. 59 ; 1 Hill, R.
1 1 0 ; 4 Lei g h , R. 498 ; 2 G i l l & Joh n . 1; 3 Ra nd . R. 468 1 Monr. R. 49 ; 3 M o n r. R.
397 ; 1 Edw . R. 572 ; 3 Yerg . R. 548 1 Yerg . R. 413 3 J. J. M a rsh . R. 24 1 2 A . K .
M a rsh . R. 67 ; 6 Wen d . R. 9 ; 1 Dal l . 1 1 , 1 7 ; 3 Yeates, R. 47 1 ; 8 S . & R . 299 ; 4 S . &
R. 273 . (Bouvier's 1856 6th Ed . )

Exchange :

To b a rter; to swa p . To pa rt with, g ive or tra nsfe r fo r a n eq u iva lent.
Com m e rcia l Law
A negotiation by wh ich one person tra nsfe rs to a n othe r fu nds wh ich h e has i n a
certa i n p lace, either at a p rice ag reed u pon o r wh ich is fixed by com m e rcia l usag e .
The process o f settl i n g a ccou nts o r debts between pa rties resid i n g a t a d ista nce
from each othe r, without the i ntervention of money, by excha n g i n g o rd e rs or
d rafts, ca l led b i l ls of exch a n g e ; the payment of debts in d iffe rent places by a n
exc h a n g e o r tra nsfer o f cred its . ( Black's 4th )

Exchequer :

That department of the E n g l ish g overn ment wh ich has cha rge of the col lection of
the nationa l reve n u e ; the treas u ry department.

It is sa id to have been so n a med fro m the checkered cloth , rese m b l i n g a chess­
boa rd , which a nciently cove red the ta ble there, and on w h i c h , when certa i n of the
k i n g ' s accou nts were made u p , the s u m s were m a rked and scored with cou nters .
( Black's 4th)
R, E n g . law . An a n cient cou rt of reco rd set u p by W i l l i a m the Con q ueror. It is ca l led
excheq uer fro m the checke red cloth , rese m b l i n g a chessboa rd , which cove rs the
ta ble there . 3 BI . Com . 45. It co nsists of two d ivisions; the recei pt of the
excheq u er, wh ich ma nages the roya l reve n u e ; and the cou rt, o r j u d icia l part of it,
wh ich is again d ivided i nto a cou rt of eq u ity, and a cou rt of com mo n law. Id . 44 .

2 . I n th is cou rt a l l person a l a ctions may be bro u g ht, a n d su its i n eq u ity
com m e nced , the p l a i ntiff i n both (fictitio u sly for the most part) a l leg i n g h i mself to
be the k i n g ' s debtor, i n ord e r to g ive the cou rt j u risd iction of the ca u se . Wooddes.
Lect. 69 . But by stat. 2 W i l l . IV. c. 39, s . 1 , a cha nge has been made i n th is
respect. ( Bouvier' s 1 8 56 6th Ed . )

Execution :

contracts . The acco m p l ish ment of a th i n g ; a s the execution of a bond a n d wa rra nt
of atto rney, wh ich is the sig n i n g , sea l i n g , a n d d e l ivery of the sa m e . ( Bouvier's
1856 6th Ed . )

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 599

Exempt :

v . To re lease, d isch a rge, wa ive, re l ieve from l i a b i l ity, to re l ieve, excuse or set free
fro m a d u ty or service i m posed u pon the g e n e ra l class to wh ich the i n d ivid u a l
exe m pted be l o n g s ; as to exe m pt from m i l itia service .
To rel i eve ce rta i n classes of property fro m l i a b i l ity to sa le on execution . ( Black's
4th )

Exemption :

Freedo m fro m a g enera l d u ty or service ; i m m u n ity fro m a genera l b u rd e n , tax, or
charg e .
A privilege a l lowed b y l a w to a j u d g ment d ebto r, b y wh ich he m a y h o l d property to
a certa i n a m o u nt, or certa i n classes of property, free from a l l l i a b i l ity to levy a n d
s a l e on execution o r attach ment.
A rig h t g iven by l a w to a d e btor to reta i n a portio n of his p roperty free from cla i ms
of cred ito rs .
An "exe m pti o n " conte m p lated by Constitutiona l p rovision forb i d d i n g exe m ption of
property fro m taxation is a n exe m ption from a l l taxation i n a n y form .
An "exe m pti o n " fro m i n he rita nce tax is a ded u cti o n . As a ppl ied to taxation
" exem ptio n " is freedom fro m b u rden of enforced contri b ution s to expe nses and
maintena nce of govern ment.
Ded uction made in determining taxable income is a n "exemption " . ( Black's 4th )

Fealty :

I n feu d a l law, fi d e l ity, a l leg ia nce to the feu d a l lord of the ma nor; the feu d a l
o b l igation rest i n g u pon t h e tenant o r vassa l b y w h ich h e w a s bou nd t o b e fa ithfu l
a n d true to h is lord , a n d render h i m obed i e n ce a n d se rvice . Th is fea lty was of two
sorts : that w h ich is genera l , a n d is d u e from eve ry su bj ect to h i s pri n ce ; the oth er
speci a l , and req u i red of such o n l y as i n respect to thei r fee a re tied by th is oath to
thei r l a n d l o rd s . Fea lty sig n ifies fid e l ity, the p h rase "fe a l a n d lea l " mea n i n g s i m p ly
"fa ithfu l a n d loya l . " Te na nts by kn ig hts' service a n d a lso ten a nts i n socage were
req u i red to ta ke a n oath of fea lty to the ki n g o r othe rs, the i r i m med iate ly lord s ; a n d
fea lty w a s o n e o f t h e con d itions o f the i r te n u re, t h e b reach o f w h ich operated a
fo rfeitu re of their estates . Althou g h fo re i g n j u rists considered fea lty a n d h o m a g e as
conve rti b l e te rms, beca use i n so me conti n enta l cou ntries they were blended so as
to fo rm one e n g a g e ment, yet they were n ot to be confo u nded i n our cou ntry, for
they d i d not i m ply the sa m e th i n g , homage bei n g the acknowled g ment of ten u re,
a nd fealty, the vassa l oath of fid e l ity, being the esse nti a l fe u d a l bon d , and the
a n i mating p ri n c i p l e of a fe u d , w ithout wh ich it cou l d not s u bsist . Black's La w
Dictionary 6th Ed ition

Fiction :

An assu m ption or s u p position of law that someth i n g w h ich is o r may be fa lse is
tru e, o r that a state of facts exists which has never rea l ly ta ken p l ace . An
assu m pti o n , fo r p u rposes of j u stice, of a fact that does not, or may not exist.

A ru le of law wh ich assumes as true, and wi l l not a l low to be d isproved,
someth i n g wh ich is fa lse, but not i m possi b l e .

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 600

These assu m ptions a re of a n i n nocent or even beneficia l cha racte r, a n d a re made
fo r the adva ncement of the ends of j u stice . They secu re th is end chiefly by the
extension of p roced u re fro m cases to which it is a p p l ica b le to other cases to wh ich
it is not strictly a p p l ica b le, the g ro u n d of i n a p p l i ca b i l ity bei n g so me d iffe re n ce of an
i m m ateria l character.

Fictions a re to be d i sti n g u ished from presu m ptio ns of law . By the fo rmer,
someth i n g known to be fa lse o r u n rea l is assu med as tru e ; by the latter, a n
inference is set u p, wh ich m a y b e a n d probably is true, b u t w h i c h , a t a n y rate, the
law w i l l not perm it to be co ntrove rted . It may a lso be said that a presu m ption is a
ru le of law prescri bed for the pu rpose of getti n g at a ce rta i n concl u s i o n , tho u g h
a rb itra ry, where t h e s u bj ect is i ntri nsica l ly l ia b l e t o d o u bt fro m the re m oteness,
d iscrepa ncy, o r actu a l defect of proofs . ( Bl ack's 4th )

Fiction of Law :

Someth i n g known to be fa lse is assumed to be tru e . ( Blacks 4th )
The ass u m ption that a certa i n th i n g is tru e , a n d wh ich g ives to a person o r th i n g , a
q u a l ity wh ich is not natu ra l to it, a n d esta b l ishes, conseq u e ntly, a ce rta i n
d isposition, wh ich, without the fiction , wou ld b e rep u g n a nt to reason a n d to truth .
It is a n ord e r of th i n g s wh ich does not exist, but wh ich the law prescri be ; o r
a utho rizes it d iffers from presu m ption, beca use it esta b l ishes a s true, so meth i n g
which is fa lse ; whereas presu m ption s u p p l ies the proof o f someth i n g tru e . Da l loz,
Dict . h .t . See 1 Tou l l . 1 7 1 , n. 203 ; 2 Tou l l . 2 1 7 , n. 203 ; 1 1 Tou l l . 1 1 , n. 10, note 2 ;
Ferg u so n , M o ra l Ph i losophy, part 5 , c . 1 0 , s . 3 B u rgess o n I n solvency, 1 39, 1 40 ;
Re port of the Revisers of the Civ i l Code of Pe n nsylva n i a , M a rch 1 , 1 8 3 2 , p . 8 .

2 . The law never fei g n s what i s i m poss i b le fictu m est i d q uod factu m non est
sed fie ri potu it. Fiction is l i ke a rt ; it i m itates n atu re, but never d isfi g u res, it a i d s
truth, but it ought never to destroy it. It may wel l suppose that what was pOSSible,
but which is n ot, exists ; but it w i l l never fei g n that w h a t w a s i m possi ble, a ctu a l ly i s .
D'Ag uessea u , Oeuvres, tome iv. page 427, 47e Plaidoyer.

3. Fictions were i nve nted by the Rom a n praeto rs, who, not possessi n g the
power to a b rogate the law, were neve rtheless w i l l i n g to d e rogate fro m it, u nd e r the
p retence of d o i n g eq u ity . Fiction is the resou rce of wea kness, which, i n ord e r to
obta i n its o bj ect, assu mes a s a fact, what is known to be contra ry to truth : when
the leg islato r desi res to acco m p l ish h is o bject, he need not fei g n , he com m a n d s .
Fictions o f law owe thei r orig i n to t h e leg islative usurpations o f t h e bench . 4 Benth .
Ev. 300 .

4 . It is sa id that eve ry fiction m u st be fra med accord i n g to the ru les of law, a n d
that eve ry leg a l fiction m u st h ave eq u ity fo r its o bj ect. 1 0 Co . 42 ; 1 0 Price's R . 1 54 ;
Cow p . 1 7 7 . To prevent the i r evi l effects, they a re not a l lowed to b e ca rried fu rther
than the reaso n s wh ich i ntrod uced them necessa ri ly req u i re . 1 Li l i . Ab . 6 1 0 ; H a w k .
320 ; Best on Pres. Sec . 20 .

5 . The law a b o u n d s i n fictio n s . That a n estate is i n a beya nce ; the doctri n e of
rem itter, by wh ich a party who has been d i seased of h i s free h o l d , a n d afterwa rd s
acq u i res a defective title, is rem itted to h i s forme r g o o d titl e ; that one th i n g d o n e
today, is considered as done, at a preced i n g ti me b y the doctri ne o f re lation ; that,
beca u se one th i n g is proved, a nothe r s h a l l be p resu med to be true, which is the

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 601

case i n a l l p res u m ptio n s ; that the h e i r, executo r, a n d ad m i n i strato r sta n d by
represe ntatio n , i n the place of the deceased a re a l l fictions of l a w . " O u r va rious
i ntrod u ction of J o h n Doe a n d Rich a rd Roe, " says M r. Eva ns, ( Poth . on Ob. by Eva ns,
vol . n. p. 4 3 , ) "ou r sole m n p rocess u pon d issuasion by H u g h H u nt ; our casua l ly
los i n g a nd fi n d i n g a s h i p (wh ich never was i n E u rope) i n the parish of St. M a ry Le
Bow, i n the ward of Chea p ; o u r try i n g the va l id ity of a w i l l by a n i ma g i n a ry, wager
of five pou nds; our imag i n ing and com passing the ki ng's death , by g iving
i nformation w h ich m a y defeat a n attack u pon a n e n e m y ' s settle m e nt i n the
a ntipodes o u r charg e of pi c k i n g a pocket, o r forg i n g a b i l l with fo rce and a rm s ; of
neg lecti n g to re pa i r a bridge, a g a i nst the peace of our lord the ki n g , h is crown a n d
d i g n ity a re c i rcu msta nces, w h i c h , looked a t by the m se lves, wou ld convey a n
i m p ression o f n o very favora b l e natu re, with respect to the wisdom o f o u r
j u risprudence . "
Vide 1 3 Vin . Ab . 209 ; Merl o Rep . h .t. ; Dane's Ab . Index, h .t. ; and Rey, des Inst. de
I 'Ang l . tome 2, p. 2 1 9 , w h e re h e severely ce nsu res these ficti o n s as a bs u rd a n d
useless. (Bouvier's 1856 6th Ed . )

Fictitious :

Fo u nded o n a fictio n ; havi n g the chara cte r of a fictio n ; prete n d ed ; cou nterfe it.
Feig ned, i m a g i n a ry, n ot rea l , fa lse, not g e n u i ne, and n o n existe nt. Bi l l a l leg i n g that
a mo u n t of m o rtg a g e sou g ht to be ca nceled was "fictitious" held to a l lege that
mortg a g e was witho u t co nsideration . Arbitra ri l y i n vented and set u p, to acco m p l ish
a n u lterior o bj ect . ( B lack's 4th )

Fictitious N ame :

A cou nte rfeit, feig ne d , or p retended n a m e ta ken by a perso n , d ifferi n g i n some
essenti a l pa rticu l a r from his true name, (consisti n g of C h risti a n name and
patronymic, ) w ith the i m p l ication that it is meant to deceive o r m islead . ( Black's
4th )

Fictitious Plaintiff :

A person a p pea ri n g i n the w rit or record as the p l a i ntiff i n a su it, but who i n rea l ity
does not exist, or w h o is i g n o rant of the s u it a n d of the u se of h i s n a m e in it. It is a
conte m pt of cou rt to sue i n the n a m e of a fictitio u s p l a i ntiff. ( Blacks 4th )

Fiducia :

civ i l law . A contract by which we sel l a th i n g to someone, that is, tra n s m it to h i m
the property o f the th i n g , w ith t h e so l e m n forms o f e m a n c i pation , on co nd ition that
he w i l l sel l it back to u s . Th is species of contract took p lace in the e m a n c i pation of
c h i l d re n , in testa ments, a n d in pledges . Poth . Pa n d o h .t. ( Bouvier' s 1 8 5 6 6th Ed . )

Fiduciary :

The term is derived from the Rom a n law, a nd mea ns, (as a nou n ) a person holding
t h e cha racter o f a trustee, o r a c h a racter a n a logous t o t h a t o f a trustee, i n respect
to the trust a n d co nfi d e nce i nvolved i n it a n d the scru p u lous g ood fa ith a n d ca ndor
wh ich it req u i res . A person having d u ty, created by h is u nd e rta ki n g , to act

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 602

pri ma ri ly fo r a n other's ben efit i n matters connected with such u n d e rta ki n g . ( Black's
4th )

Fiduciary Capacity:

One is said to act i n a "fid u c i a ry ca pacity " , o r to receive money or contract a d e bt i n
a "fid uciary ca pacity " , when the busi ness which he tra nsacts, o r the money or
p roperty wh ich he h a n d les, is not h is own or for his own benefit, but fo r the ben efit
of a n other person , as to w h o m he sta nds in a re lation i m p ly i n g a n d necessitati n g
g reat confide nce a n d trust o n one part a n d a h i g h degree o f good fa ith on t h e othe r
pa rt. T h e te rm is not restricted t o tech nica l or express tru sts, but i n cl udes a lso such
offices or re lations a s those of a n attorney at law, a g u a rd i a n , executor, or b ro ker,
a d i rector of a corporatio n , a n d a p u b l ic officer. ( Black's 4th )

Fiduciary Contract :

An a g reement by w h ich one person del ivers a th i n g to a nother o n the co nd ition that
he wi l l resto re it to h i m . ( Black's 4th )

Fiduciary Debt :

A debt fou nded on o r a ri s i n g fro m some confidence or trust as d isti n g u ished from a
"debt" fou nded s i m p ly on contract . ( Black's 4th )

Field Warehouse Receipt :

Docu ment issued by ware h o u se m a n evidencing rece i pt of goods which have been
stored . Such may be u sed a s col l atera l fo r loa n s . ( Black's 6th )

Fine :

v. To i m pose a pecu n i a ry p u n ish ment or m u lct.
To sentence a person convicted of a n offense to pay a pena lty in money.
n. A su m of money paid at the end, to m a ke an end of a tra nsactio n , su it, or
prosecution ; m u lct ; p e n a lty . A forfeit or fo rfeitu re . ( Black's 4th )

Finding: The resu lt of the d e l i berations of a j u ry or a co u rt . A decision u po n a
q uestio n of fact reached as the res u lt of a j u d icia l exa m i nation o r i nvestigation by a
co u rt, j u ry, referee, coro n e r, etc . A recita l of the facts a s fo u nd . The word
com m o n ly a p p l ies to the resu lt reached by a j udge or j u ry . See a lso Decisio n ;
J ud g ment; Verd ict .

Finding of Fact: Dete rm i nation fro m the evide n ce of a case, either by cou rt o r a n
ad m i n istrative agency, con ce rn i n g facts averred b y o n e pa rty a n d den ied by
a nother. A d ete rm i nation of a fact by the cou rt, ave rred by one pa rty a n d den ied by
the other, a n d fou nded on evidence in case . A concl usion by way of reaso n a b le
i n ference fro m the evidence . Also the a n swer of the j u ry to a s pecific interrog ato ry
pro po u nded to them as to the existe nce or non -existen ce of a fact i n issue .
Concl usion d rawn b y tri a l co u rt fro m facts without exercise o f leg a l j u d g ment.
Compare Co nclusion of law .

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 603

FIN DING OF FACTS, See FI N DI N G .

Firm :

The word "firm" is a conventi o n a l term , a p p l ica b le o n ly to perso ns who a re
mem bers of fi rm on pa rticu l a r occasion when n a m e is u sed , a n d mea ns n a m e , title ,
o r style u n der wh ich a co m pa n y tra n sacts busi ness, a p a rtners h i p o f two or m o re
perso ns, o r a co m me rcia l house , a n d is synonymous with " co m pa n y " , " h o u s e " ,
" pa rtners h i p " , a n d "concern " . ( Black's 4th )

Fisc :

civ i l l a w . Th e treasu ry of a pri nce . The p u b l ic treasu ry . H e n ce to co nfiscate a th i n g ,
is to a p p ro p ri ate i t to the fisc . Pa i l let, Droit Pu b l ic, 2 1 , n , says that fiscus, i n the
Rom a n law, s i g n ified the treasu re of the pri nce, and aera ri u m , the trea s u re of the
state . But th i s d i sti nction was not o bserved in Fra nce . See Law 10, ff. De j u re Fisci .
( Bouvier's 1 8 5 6 6th Ed . )

Fiscal :

Of o r perta i n i n g to the p u b l i c treasu ry o r reve n u e , of o r perta i n i n g to fi n a n c i a l
matters genera l ly . Belo n g i n g to the fisc o r p u b l i c treas u ry . Relati ng to a cco u nts or
the m a nagem ent of reve n u e . Of or perta i n i n g to the p u b l ic fi n a n ces of a
government. ( Black's 4th )

Fiscal Year :

The yea r by o r for wh ich a cco u n ts a re rec koned, o r the year between o n e a n n u a l
time of settlement or balancing of accou nts and another. An accounting period of
twelve months. A period of twelve months ( not necessa ri ly concu rrent with the
ca l e n d a r yea r) with refere n ce to w h ich a p pro priations a re made and expe n d itu res
a uthorized , a n d at the end of which acco u nts a re made up a n d the boo ks ba l a n ced .
(Black's 4th)

For Value :

See Holder (Black's 4th)

Foreclosure :

To s h u t out, to ba r, to destroy, to destroy a n eq u ity of red e m ptio n . A te rm i nation of
a l l rig hts of the mortg a g o r o r h i s g ra ntee i n the property covered by the mortg a g e .

A p rocess i n chancery b y wh ich a l l fu rther rig ht existi ng i n a m o rtg a g o r to
redeem the estate is defeated a n d lost to h i m , a n d the estate becomes the a bsol ute
p roperty of the mortgagee ; b e i n g a pp l ica ble when the m o rtg a g o r has forfeited h is
estate by n o n - payment of the money d u e o n the mortg a g e at the ti m e a p pO i nted ,
but sti l l reta i n s the eq u ity of red e m ption .

The te rm is a lso loose ly a p p l ied to a n y of the va rio u s methods, statuto ry o r
othe rwise, known i n d iffe rent j u risd ictions, o f enforcing payment of t h e d e bt
secu red by a mortg a g e , by ta k i n g a n d se l l i n g the mortgaged estate .

Fo reclosu re is a lso a p p l ied to p roceed i n g fou n ded u pon so me othe r l ie n s ; th u s
there a re proceed i n g s t o fo reclose a mech a n ic's l ien . I t is a p roceed i n g i n co u rt or

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 604

out of co u rt, when provided for by a va l i d co ntract, to s u bj ect property or p a rt
thereof covered by a l ien to payment of d e bt secu red by the l i e n , a n d it has effect
of exti n g u is h i n g a l l rig ht, title, or i nterest, if a ny, of defenda nts i n the property .
( Black's 4th)

Fourteenth Amendment :

The Fou rteenth Amend ment of the Constitution of the U n ited States .
It beca me a pa rt of the o rg a n i c law J u ly 28th , 1868, a n d it's i m porta nce entitles

it to specia l mention . It creates o r at least recog n izes fo r the fi rst time a citizensh i p
o f the U n ited States, as d i sti nct fro m that of the states ; fo rbids the m a k i n g o r
enforce ment b y a n y state o f a ny l a w a b ri d g i n g t h e privi leges a n d i m m u n ities of
citizens of the U n ited States ; a n d secu res a l l " persons" a g a i n st a n y state action
wh ich is either deprivation of l ife, l i be rty, o r property without due process of law o r
denial of the eq ual protection of the laws . ( Black's 4th )

Free :

Not s u bj ect to lega l constra i nt of a n other.
U nco nstra i ned ; havi ng power to fo l low the d i ctates of h is own w i l l . N ot s u bj ect to

the d o m i n ion of a nother. N ot com pe l led to i nvo l u nta ry servitud e . Used i n this sense
as opposed to "slave" .

N ot bou nd to service fo r a fixed term of yea rs ; i n d i stinction to be i n g bou n d as
a n a p p rentice .

E nj oy i n g fu l l civic rig hts . Ava i la ble to a l l citizens a l i ke without charg e ; as a free
school .

Ava i l a b l e for pu b l i c use without charge or to l l ; as a free bri d g e .
N ot despotic ; assu ri n g l i be rty ; defend i n g i n d ivid u a l rig hts a g a i nst e ncroach ment
by a n y person o r class ; i n stituted by a free people ; sa i d of g overn ments,
institutions, etc. .
Certa i n , a n d a lso co nsiste nt with a n h o n o ra b l e d e g ree i n l ife ; as free services, i n
the feu d a l law .
Confi ned to the person possess i n g , i n stead of being shared by othe rs ; as a free
fishery .
N ot engaged i n a w a r as a be l l ig e rent o r a l l y ; neutra l ; as i n the m a x i m , " Free
s h i ps m a ke free good s . " ( Black's 4th )

Free and Clear :

(And l i ke p h ra ses) . Th e title to p roperty is sa id to be "free a n d clea r" w h e n it is not
encu m bered by any l i e n s ; but it is sa id that a n a g reement to convey l a n d "free a n d
clear" is satisfied by a conveyance passing a good title. ( Black's 4th)

Free Law :

A term forme rly used i n E n g l a n d to desig n ate the freedom of civi l ri g hts e njoyed by
freem e n . It was l i a b l e to forfe itu re o n co nviction of treason or a n i n fa m o u s cri m e .
(Black's 4th)

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 605

Freedom :

The state of bei n g free ; l i berty ; se lf-d eterm i nation ; a bse nce of restra i n t ; the
o p posite of slave ry .

The power o f acti n g , i n the c h a ra cter o f a m o ra l person a l ity, acco rd i n g to the
d i ctates of the w i l l , w ithout other check, h i n d ra nce , or p ro h i biti o n than such as may
be i m posed by j u st and necessa ry laws and the d uties of soci a l l ife .

The p reva lence, i n the g overn ment a n d Constitution of a cou ntry, of such a
syste m of laws a n d i nstitutions a s to secu re civ i l l i berty to the i n d ivid u a l citizen .
(Black's 4th)

Freeholder :

One having title to rea lty . E ither of i n he rita n ce o r fo r life . Either leg a l o r eq u ita b l e
title. ( Black's 4th)

Freeman :

A person i n the possession a n d enjoyment of a l l the civi l a n d pol itica l rig hts
accorded to the people u nd e r a free g overn ment.

In the Roman law, it denoted one who was either born free or emanCi pated, and
was the o p pOSite of "slave . " I n feu d a l law, it deSig nated a n A l l o d i a l pro p rietor, as
d isti n g u ished from a vassa l o r feu d a l te na nt. I n o l d E n g l ish law, the word descri bed
a free holder o r te n a nt by free services ; one who was n ot a vi l la i n . I n modern leg a l
p h raseology, i t is t h e a ppel lation o f a mem ber o f a city o r boro u g h havi ng t h e rig ht
of suffrage, o r a m e m be r of a n y m u n ic i pa l corporati o n invested with fu l l civic
rights . ( Black's 4th )

Fund :

v. To ca pita l ize with a view to the prod u ction of i nterest . Also, to put i nto the fo rm
of bonds, stocks, or othe r secu rities, bea ri n g reg u l a r i nterest, a n d to provide or
a p p ro p ri ate a fu n d o r perm a nent reve n u e fo r the payment the reof.

To fu nd a debt is to pledge a specific fu nd to keep down the interest a n d red u ce
the principa l .
n . A g e neric te rm a n d a l l - e m b ra c i n g a s com pa red with te rm " money, " etc . , w h ich
is specific.

A su m o f mo ney set a p a rt for a specific p u rpose, or ava i la b i l ity for the payment
of debts or claims.

I n its na rrower a n d more usu a l sense, " fu n d " s i g n ifies " ca pita l " , as o p posed to
" i nterest" or " i nco m e " ; as where we spea k of a corporation fu n d i n g the a rrea rs of
i nte rest d u e o n its bonds, or the l i ke, m ea n i n g that the i nterest is ca pita l ized a n d
m a d e t o bea r i n terest i n its tu rn u nti l it is repa i d .

I n the p l u ra l , th is word h a s a variety of sl ig htly d i ffe re nt mea n i ngs, as fo l lows :
M o n eys a n d m u c h more, such a s notes, b i l ls, checks, d rafts, stocks a n d bonds,
and i n broader mea n i n g may i n c l u d e property of eve ry ki n d .
M oney i n h a n d ; a ssets ; cas h ; m o n ey ava i la b le for the payment o f a d e bt, legacy,
etc .
The p roceed s of sa les of rea l a n d perso n a l estate, o r the proceeds of any other
assets converted i nto money .

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 606

Corpo rate stocks or govern ment secu rities ; i n th is sense u su a l l y spoken of as the
"funds . "

Assets, secu rities, bonds, o r reve n u e of a state o r g overn ment a p p ro p riated fo r
the d isch a rg e of its d e bts .
Public Funds

An non -tech n ica l n a me fo r ( 1 ) the reven u e or money o f a govern ment, state, o r
m u n ic i p a l corporation ; ( 2 ) t h e bonds, stocks, or other secu rities o f a nationa l or
state govern ment. Money, wa rra nts, or bonds, or other pa per having a money
va l u e , a n d belong i n g to the state, o r to a n y cou nty, city, i n co rporated town or
school d i strict. The term a p p l ies to fu nds of eve ry pol itica l s u bd ivision of state
where i n taxes a re levied for p u b l i c pu rposes . ( Black's 4th )

Gage :

I n old E ng l ish law, a pawn o r pled g e ; so meth i n g d e posited a s secu rity for the
perform a n ce of some act o r the payment of money, a n d to be fo rfe ited on fai l u re o r
non - pe rform a n ce . A mortg a g e is a dead-gage o r p ledg e ; fo r, whatsoever profit i t
yields, it redeems not itse lf, u n less the whole a mou nt is pa i d at the a ppoi nted
time. ( Black's 4th)

Go To Protest :

Co m m e rcia l paper is said to " g o to protest" when it is d ishono red by n o n - payment
o r n o n - a cce pta nce a n d is h a nded to a nota ry fo r protest . ( Black's 4th )

Goods :

A term of va ri a b l e content a n d mea n i n g . A l l th i n g s wh ich a re m ovea ble at the t i m e
o f ide ntification t o the co ntra ct fo r sa le, i n vestment secu rities, a n d th i ng s i n action .
Also includes the u nborn young of an imals. ( Black's 6th)
" Good s" i n c l udes a l l th i n g s that a re movea ble at the ti me the secu rity interest
attaches. UCC 9- 1 0 5 ( h )

Government De Facto :

A g overn ment of fact. A g overn ment actu a l ly exercis i n g power a n d control i n the
state, as opposed to the true and lawfu l government; a government not establ ished
a ccord i n g to the Constitution of the state, o r not lawfu l ly e ntitled to recog n ition o r
s u p remacy, but wh ich has nevertheless s u p p l a nted or d is p laced the govern ment de
jure . A govern ment deemed u n lawfu l , o r deemed wrongfu l or u nj u st, w h ic h ,
nevertheless, rece ives prese ntly h a b itu a l o bed ience from t h e b u l k o f the
com m u n ity .

The re a re seve ra l deg rees of what is ca l led " d e facto govern ment" . Such a
g overn ment, i n its h i g hest deg ree, assu mes a characte r very closely rese m b l i n g
that of a lawfu l government. This is when the usurping govern ment expels the
reg u l a r a uthorities from their custo m a ry seats and fu nctions, and esta b l ishes itself
in the i r p l a ce, a n d so becomes the a ctua l g overn m e nt of a cou ntry . The
d isti n g u ish i n g c h a ra cteristic of such a govern ment is that a d h e rents to it in wa r
a g a i nst the g overn ment de jure do not i n c u r the pena lties of treason ; a n d , u nder
ce rta i n l i m itations, o b l i gations assumed by it i n behalf of the cou ntry o r othe rwise

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 607

wi l l , i n genera l , be respected by the govern ment d e j u re w h e n resto red .
Such a g overn ment m i g ht be more a ptly d e n o m i nated a " g overn ment of

pa ra m o u nt force, " bei ng m a i nta i ned by a ctive m i l ita ry power a g a i nst the rig htfu l
a uthority of a n esta b l ished a n d lawfu l g overn ment; a n d obeyed i n civi l matters by
private citize n s . They a re u s u a l ly ad m i n iste red d i rectly by m i l ita ry a uthority, but
they may be a d m i n i ste red, a lso, by civ i l authority, su pported more or less by
m i l ita ry force . ( Black's 4th )

Government De lure :

A g overn ment of rig ht ; the true a n d lawfu l govern ment; a govern ment esta b l ished
accord i n g to the Co n stitution of the state, a n d lawfu l ly e ntitled to recog n ition a n d
s u p remacy a n d t h e a d m i n istration o f t h e state, but wh ich is a ctu a l l y c u t o ff fro m
power or contro l . A g overn ment dee med lawfu l , o r deemed rig htfu l o r j u st, wh ich,
neverth eless, has been s u p p l a nted o r d isplaced ; that is to say, wh ich receives not
p rese ntly ( a lthou g h it rece ived formerly) h a bitu a l o bed ience from the b u l k of the
com m u n ity . ( Black's 4th )

Grace :

A favor or i n d u l g e n ce a s d i sti n g u ished from a rig ht. The l o rd chancellor was
i n structed to ta ke cog n iz a n ce of matters of g race, bei n g such s u bjects of eq u ity
j u risd iction a s were exclusively matte rs of e q u ity .

A facu lty l icense or d ispensation ; a lso genera l a n d free p a rd o n by a ct of
parliament. ( Black's 4th)

Guarantee :

One to whom a g u a ra nty is made . Th is word is a lso used , as a n o u n , to denote the
contract of g u a ra nty o r the o b l i gation of a g u a ra ntor, a n d , as a verb, to denote the
actio n of assu m i ng th e responsi b i l ities of a g u a ra nto r. ( Black's 4th )

Guaranty :

v. To u nd e rta ke col latera l ly to a nswer fo r the payment of a n other's d e bt o r the
perform a n ce of a n other'S d u ty, l i a b i l ity, o r o b l i g ation ; to assu me the res ponsi b i l ity
of a g u a ra nto r; to wa rra n t . ( B lack's 4th )
n . A col late ra l a g reement fo r perfo rm a n ce of a n other'S u nderta ki n g . A p rom ise to
a nswer for payment of d e bt or perform a n ce of o b l igation if person l ia b l e i n fi rst
i n sta nce fa i l s to m a ke payment o r perform o b l i g ation . An u nd e rta k i n g by one
person to be a n swera b le fo r the payment of so me debt, o r the due perfo rma n ce of
some contra ct or d u ty, by a n other person , who h i mself re m a i n s l ia b le to pay or
perfo rm the sa m e .
Synonyms

The terms guaranty and surety a re someti mes used i nterc h a n gea b l y ; but they
s h o u l d not be co nfo u nded . The contract of the g u a ra ntor is h i s own sepa rate
contract. It is i n the n atu re of a wa rra nty by h i m that the th i n g g u a ra nteed to be
done by the p ri ncipa l sha l l be done, not merely a n engagement j o i ntly with the
p ri n c i p a l to d o the th i n g . The orig i n a l contract of the pri n c i p a l is not h is contract,
a n d he is not bou n d to ta ke notice of its n o n - perfo rm a n ce .

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 608

Guaranty a n d warranty a re derived fro m the sa me root, a n d a re i n fact
etymolog ica l ly the sa me word , the " g " of the Norm a n French bei ng i nterch a n g e a b l e
with the E n g l ish " w " . They a re ofte n u sed col loq u ia l ly a n d i n com m e rc i a l
tra n sactions as havi n g t h e sa me s i g n ificati o n , as where a p iece o f mach i n e ry o r the
p roduce of an estate is " g u a ra nteed" fo r a term of yea rs, "wa rra nte d " bei n g the
more a ppro p riate te rm in such a case . A d isti nction is a lso so meti mes made i n
com mercia l usage, b y which the term " g u a ra nty" is u nderstood as a co l latera l
wa rra nty (often a co n d iti o n a l one) a g a i nst some defa u lt or eve nt i n the futu re,
while the te rm "wa rra nty" is ta ken as mea n i n g a n a bso l u te u nderta ki n g in
praesenti, a g a i nst the defect, or fo r the q u a ntity or q u a l ity conte m p lated by the
parties in the s u bject- matter of the co ntract. But in strict leg a l usage the two terms
a re widely d isti n g u ished in this, that a wa rra nty is an a bso l ute u n d e rta ki n g or
l i a b i l ity on the part of the wa rra ntor, a n d the contract is void u n less it is strictly a n d
l itera l l y perfo rmed , w h i le a g u a ra nty is a p rom ise, entirely co l latera l t o t h e orig i n a l
contract, a n d not i m posing a n y p ri m a ry l i a bi l ity on t h e g u a rantor, b u t b i n d i n g h i m
t o b e a n swera b l e for t h e fa i l u re or defa u lt o f a n other. ( Black's 4th )

Hearing :

Proceed i n g of re lative forma l ity, g e n e ra l ly p u b l ic, with d efi n ite issues of fact or of
law to be tried, in wh ich p a rties p roceeded a g a i n st have rig ht to be heard, a n d is
much the sa me as a trial a n d may term i nate in fi n a l order. Synonymous with tria l ,
a n d i n c l udes rece ption of evidence a n d a rg u ments thereon . I t is freq u ently u sed i n
a broader a n d more pop u l a r s i g n ifica nce t o descri be whateve r ta kes place befo re
m a g i strates clothed with j u d i c i a l fu nctions a n d sitti n g without j u ry at a ny sta g e of
the proceed i n g s su bseq uent to its i n cepti o n , a n d may i n c l u d e p roceed i n g s befo re a n
aud itor. ( Black's 4th )

H edge :

A p u rchase of g ra i n to p rotect a g a i n st loss d u e to fl u ctuations i n p rice .
To safeg u a rd one's se lf fro m loss on a bet or s pecu lation by m a k i n g

com pensato ry a rra n g e me nts o n t h e oth e r side . ( Black's 4th )

Hedging :

A mea n s by which col lectors a n d expo rters of g ra i n o r oth e r prod u cts, a n d
m a n u fa ctu re rs, w h o m a ke contra cts i n a dva nce fo r t h e sa le o f the i r g oods, secu re
themse lves a g a i nst the fl u ctuations of the ma rket by cou nte r contra cts fo r the
p u rchase o r sa le of a n eq u a l q u a ntity of the p rod u ct or of the m ateri a l of
m a n u fa ctu re . The action of one who buys com mod ities in sel l i n g an eq u a l a m o u nt
of such com mod ities o n exch a n g e fo r the p u rpose of i n s u ra n ce a g a i nst fl u ctuations
in price.

The term " hed g e , " as used i n the m i l l i n g business, mea n s when the m i l ler e nters
i nto a contract fo r the d e l i ve ry of flo u r at a futu re d ate, h e buys wheat o n the stock
exch a n g e fo r futu re d e l ivery, and when he p u rchases wheat fo r actua l d e l ivery fro m
the g ra i n e levator to fu lfi l l the contract wh ich he had previously made to fu rn ish
flour, he sel ls the wheat wh ich he has boug ht on the stock exchange. ( Black's 4th )

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 609

Hell :

The n a m e fo rmerly g iven to a place u nder the excheq uer cham ber, where the k i n g ' s
de btors were confi n ed . ( Black's 4th )

Holder :

The holder of a bi l l of exc h a n g e , pro m i sso ry note, o r check is the person who has
leg a l l y a cq u i red possession of the same, by endorsement o r d e l ivery, and who is
entitled to rece ive payment of the i n stru m e nt. ( Black's 4th )

Holder in Due Course :

A holder who has ta ken a b i l l of exch a n g e ( check or note) co m plete a n d reg u la r of
the fa ce of it, u nder the fol lowi n g co nd itions, na mely : ( a ) That he beca m e the
holder of it before it was overd u e , and without notice that it had been p reviously
d ishonored , if such was the fact . (b) That h e too k the b i l l (check or n ote) in good
fa ith and fo r va l u e , and that at the t i m e it was neg otiated to h i m he h a d no notice
of any defect in the title of the person who negotiated it. ( B lack's 4th )

Honor :

v . To accept a b i l l of exch a n g e , o r to pay a note, ch eck, o r acce pted b i l l , at
matu rity and accord i n g to its tenor. ( Black's 4th )

H ypothecate :

To pledge a th i n g without d e l ive ri n g the possession of it to the p ledgee . ( Black's
4th )

In Camera :

I n c h a m bers ; i n private . A ca use is sa id to be heard in camera eith e r when the
hea ri n g is h a d before a j udge in h is private room or when a l l spectators a re
exc l u d ed fro m the cou rtroom . ( Black's 4th )

In Common :

S h a red i n respect to title, use, or e nj oyme nt, without a p portion m e n t o r d ivision i nto
i n d ivid u a l parts ; h e l d by seve ra l fo r the eq u a l advantage, use, or enjoyment of a l l .
( Black's 4th)

Encumbrance :

Any ri g ht to, o r i n te rest i n , l a n d w h ich m a y su bsist i n a nother to the d i m i n ution of
its va l u e , but consistent w ith the pass i n g of the fee .

A cla i m , l i e n , c h a rge, o r l i a b i l ity attached to a n d b i n d i n g rea l p roperty . An
encu m b ra n ce may be a m o rtg a g e ; a j u d g ment l i e n ; a mech a n ics l i e n ; a lease ;
restriction i n deed ; encroach ment of a b u i l d i n g ; a n easement o r rig ht of way ;
accrued a n d u n pa i d taxes ; the statuto ry ri g ht of red e m ption .

The term "encu m b ra nce" is so m etimes u sed to denote a b u rden o r c h a rg e on
perso n a l property as e . g . a chatte l m o rtg a g e on a stock of g ood s . ( Black's 4th )

Indicted :

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 0

practice . When a m a n is accused by a b i l l of i n d i ctment preferred by a g ra n d j u ry,
he is sa id to be ind icted . ( Bouvier's 1 8 56 6th Ed . )

Indictment :

An a ccu sation i n writi ng fo u n d a n d p resented by a g ra n d j u ry, leg a l ly convoked a n d
swo rn , t o t h e cou rt i n w h i c h it is i m pa n e l e d , charg i n g that a person there i n n a med
has done some act, or been g u i lty of so me om ission, wh ich, by law, is a p u b l i c
offense, p u n is h a b l e o n i n d ictment.

A p rese ntment differs from a n i n d ictment i n that it is a n accusation made by a
g ra n d j u ry of the i r own moti o n , either u po n the i r own observatio n a n d knowled ge,
o r u po n evidence before th e m ; while a n i nd i ctment is preferred at the su it of the
govern ment, a n d is usua l ly fra med i n the fi rst i n sta nce by the prosecuti n g officer of
the gove rn me nt, a n d by him l a i d befo re the g ra n d j u ry, to be fou nd o r i g nored . An
i nfo rmation resem bles i n its form and su bsta nce an i n d ictment, but is fi led at the
mere d iscretion of the proper law offi cer of the g overn m ent, w ithout the
i nte rve ntion or a pprova l of a g ra n d j u ry, and an affidavit is a charg e made a n d
preferred b y a n i n d ivi d u a l . ( Black's 4th )

Indictment :

cri m . law, pra ctice . A written accusation of one o r more persons of a cri me o r

m isdemea nor, presented t o , a n d p referred u pon oath o r affi rmation , by a g ra n d

j u ry leg a l ly convoked . 4 BI . Com . 299 ; Co . Litt . 1 26 ; 2 H a le, 1 52 ; Bac. Ab . h . t. ;

Com. Dig . h .t. A; 1 Chit. Cr. L. 168 .

2 . Th is word , i n d ictment, i s sa id to be d e rived from the old French word i n d i cter,

which s i g n ifies to i n d i cate ; to show, o r poi nt out. Its obj ect is to i n d icate the offe nce

cha rged a g a i n st the accused . Rey, des I n st. 'An g l o tome 2, p . 347 .

3 . To re nder a n ind ictment va l i d , th e re a re ce rta i n esse ntia l a n d fo rma l

req u isites . The essentia l req u isites a re, 1st. That the i n d ictment b e p resented to

some cou rt having j u risd iction of the offe nce stated there i n . 2d . That it a ppea r to

have been fou n d by the g ra n d j u ry of the p roper cou nty or d i strict. 3d . That the

i n d ictme nt be fou n d a true b i l l , and signed by the fore m a n of the g ra n d j u ry . 4th .

That it be fra med with sufficient certa i nty ; fo r this pu rpose the c h a rge m u st conta i n

a ce rta i n descri ption of the cri m e o r m isdemea nor, o f which the defe n d a nt i s

accused , a n d a statement o f the facts b y w h ich i t is co nstituted, s o as to ide ntify

the accusation . Cowp. 682, 3 ; 2 Hale, 167; 1 Bin n . R. 20 1 ; 3 Bin n . R; 533; 1 P. A.

Bro . R. 360 ; 6 S . & R. 3 9 8 4 Serg o & Raw l e , 1 94 ; 4 BI . Com . 30 1 ; Yeates, R . 407 ; 4

Cra nc h , R. 1 6 7 . 5th . The i n d ictment m u st be i n the E n g l ish l a n g uag e . But if a n y

docu m e nt i n a foreig n l a n g u age, a s a l i be l , b e necessa ri ly i ntro d u ced , it s h o u l d b e

set out i n t h e o rig i n a l ton g u e , a n d t h e n tra nslated, show i n g its a p p l icati o n . 6 T. R.

162.

4 . Second ly, forma l req u isites a re, 1 st. The ven u e , w h i c h , at co m mon law

shou ld a lways be l a i d i n the cou nty w h e re the offence has been com m itted,

a ltho u g h the charge is i n its natu re tra n s itory, as a battery . H a w k . B . 2, c . 2 5 , s.

35. The ven u e is stated i n the marg i n th us, "City a n d cou nty of to wit." 2d.

The presentme nt, which m u st be i n the p resent te nse, a n d is u s u a l ly expressed by

the fo l lowing fo rm u l a , "The g ra n d i n q u est of the co mmo nwea lth of i nq u i ri n g

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 1

fo r the city a n d co u nty afo resa i d , u pon th e i r oaths a n d affi rmati o n s present . " See,
as to the ve n u e , 1 Pi ke, R. 1 7 1 ; 9 Yerg . 3 5 7 . 3d . The name and add ition of the
defe n d a nt; but i n case an e rro r has been made in th is respect, it is cu red by the
plea of the defe n d a n t . Bac . Ab . M isnomer, B; I n d i ctment, G 2; 2 H a le, 1 7 5 ; 1 Ch it.
Pro 202 . 4th . The na mes of th i rd persons, when they m u st be necessa ri ly
mentioned in the i n d i ctment, sho u l d be stated with certa i nty to a co m mon i ntent,
so as sufficie ntly to i n form the defe n d a nt who a re h i s accusers . W h e n , however, the
na mes of th i rd perso ns ca n n ot be asce rta ined, it is sufficient, in some cases, to
state "a ce rta i n person or perso ns to the j u ro rs afo resa id u n known . " Hawk. B . 2 , c .
25, s. 7 1 ; 2 East, P. C. 65 1 , 78 1 ; 2 Hale, 18 1 ; Plowd . 8 5 ; Dyer, 97, 286 ; 8 C . & P.
773 . See U n known . 5th . The ti me w h e n the offe nce w a s com m itted , shou l d i n
g e n e ra l b e stated to b e on a s pecific yea r a n d d a y . I n som e offe n ces, as i n perj u ry,
the day m u st be precisely stated ; 2 Wash . C . C. Rep . 328 ; but a ltho u g h it is
necessa ry th at a day certai n shou l d be laid i n the i n d i ctment, yet, in genera l , the
p rosecutor may g ive evidence of an offe nce co m m itted o n a n y other day previous
to the fi n d i n g of the, ind ictment. 5 Serg o & Rawle, 3 1 6 . Vide 1 1
Serg o & Rawle, 1 7 7 ; 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 2 1 7, 224 ; 1 Ch . PI . I ndex, tit. Ti m e . See 1 7
Wend . 475 ; 2 Dev . 567 ; 5 H o w . Mis. 14; 4 Dana . 496 ; C . & N . 369 ; 1 Hawks, 460 .
6th . The offe n ce s h o u l d be p roperly descri bed . Th is is d o n e by stati n g the
su bsta ntia l c i rcu msta n ces necessa ry to show the natu re of the cri me a n d , next, the
forma l a l legations a n d te rms of a rt req u i red by law . 1 . As to the su bsta ntia l
c i rcu msta n ces . The whole o f the facts o f the case necessa ry to ma ke i t a p pea r
j ud icia l ly to the co u rt that the i n d i cto rs have gone u pon sufficient pre m i ses, s h o u l d
be set fo rth ; but there shou l d be no u n necessa ry matte r o r a n yth i n g wh ich o n its
face m a kes the i n d ictment rep u g n a nt, i nco nsistent, or a bs u rd . H a le, 1 8 3 ; H a w k . B .
2, c. 25, s . 57; Ab. h .t. G 1; Com . Dig . h .t. G 3 ; 2 Leach, 660 ; 2 Str. 1 226 . All
i n d ictments o u g ht to charg e a m a n with a pa rticu l a r offe n ce , a n d n ot with bei n g a n
offe n d e r i n g e n e ra l : t o t h i s ru l e there a re some exceptions, as i n d i ctments a g a i n st a
co m m o n ba rrater, a co m m o n sco l d , a n d the kee per of a co m mo n bawdy h o u se ;
such person s may b e i n d icted by th ese g enera l word s . 1 C h i t . Cr. Law, 230, a n d the
a uthorities there cited . The offence m u st not be stated in the d isj u nctive, so a s to
leave it u n ce rta i n o n what it is i ntended to rely as a n a ccusation ; as, that the
defe n d a nt e rected o r ca used to be . erected a n u isa nce . 2 Str. 900 ; 1 Chit. Cr. Law,
236.

2 . There a re certa i n terms o f a rt u sed , s o a p p ropriated by t h e law t o express
the precise idea w h i c h it enterta i n s of the offe n ce , that no othe r terms, however
synonymous they may see m , a re ca pa b l e of fi l l i ng the sa m e office : such , for
exa m ple, a s tra ito rously, ( q . v . ) i n treason ; fel o n i o u s ly, ( q . v . ) i n fe l o n y ;
b u rg la riously, ( q . v . ) i n b u rg l a ry ; m a i m , ( q . v . ) i n mayh e m , &c . 7th . The concl usion
of the i n d i ctment s h o u l d co nfo rm to the provision of the Constitutio n of the state on
the su bj ect, w h e re there is s u ch provision ; as i n Pe n n sy lva n ia , Const. art. V . , s. 1 1 ,
wh ich p rov ides, that " a l l prosecutions sha l l be ca rried o n i n the n a m e a n d by the
authority of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and conclude against the peace
a n d d i g n ity of the sa m e . " As to the necessity a n d p ropriety of havi n g severa l cou nts
in an i n d ictme nt, vide 1 C h i t . Cr. Law, 248 ; as to . j o i n d e r of severa l offences in the
same i n d ictme nt, vide 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 2 5 3 ; Arch . Cr. PI . 60 ; seve ra l defenda nts

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 2

may i n so me cases be joi ned i n the sa m e i nd ictment. Id . 2 5 5 ; Arch . Cr. PI . 5 9 .
When a n ind ictment may be amended , see Id . 297 . Sta rk. Cr. PI . 286; or q uashed ,
Id . 298 Sta rk . Cr. PI . 83 1 ; Arch . Cr. 66 . Vid e ; gen era l ly, Arch . Cr. PI . B . 1 , pa rt 1 , c .
1; p . 1 to 68 ; Sta rk. Cr. PI . 1 to 336; 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 1 68 to 304; Com . Dig . h .t. :
Vin . Ab . h .t. ; Bac. Ab . h .t. ; Dane's Ab . h .t. ; Nels. Ab. h .t. ; Bu rn's Just. h .t. ; Russ .
on Cr. Index, h.t.,

5 . B y the Constitution o f the U n ited States, Amend . a rt . 5, no person sha l l be
held to a n swer fo r a ca pita l , o r othe rwise i n fa m o u s cri m e , u n less o n a p resentment
o r i n d ictment of a g ra n d j u ry, except i n cases a risi ng i n the land o r nava l fo rces, or
i n the m i l itia, when i n actu a l service i n ti me of wa r, o r p u b l i c d a nger. ( Bouvier's
1856 6th Ed .)

Endorsement :

The act of a payee, d rawee, accom modation endorser, o r holder of a b i l l , note,
check, or other negotiable instru ment, in writi ng h is name u pon the back of the
sa me, with o r without fu rthe r o r q u a l ify i n g words, whereby the property in the
same is ass i g ned a n d tra nsfe rred to a noth er.

That which is so written u pon the back of a negoti a b l e i n stru ment.
I n the law of negotia b l e i n stru ments, a new and su bsta ntive contract by wh ich

title to the i n stru m e n t is tra nsferred and by which endorser becomes a p a rty to the
i n stru ment, and is l i a b le, o n ce rta i n co n d itions fo r its payme nt. I n this respect
end orse ment d iffers fro m a com m o n - law assi g n ment.

One who w rites h is n a m e u pon a negotia b l e i n stru m e nt, othe rwise tha n as a
m a ker or a cce ptor, a n d d e l ivers it, with h is n a m e thereon , to a nothe r person , is
cal led a n " e n d o rser, " a n d h is a ct is ca l led " e n d o rsement" .

The word "endorsement" i s a l so used with reference to writs, i ns u ra n ce pol icies,
certificates of stock, etc . The te rm as u sed in the U n ifo rm Stock Tra nsfe r Act
conte m p lates a writi n g pass i n g or atte m pt i n g to pass title or an i nterest. As a p p l ied
to a w rit or wa rrant "endorseme nt" is an entry made o n the back thereof. ( Black's
4th )

Endorsement :

cri m . law, pra ctice . W h e n a wa rra nt fo r the a rrest of a person c h a rged w ith a cri me
has been issued by a justice of the peace of one cou nty, which is to be executed in
a n othe r cou nty, it is necessa ry i n some states, as i n Pen n sylva n i a , that it should be
i ndorsed by a j u stice of the cou nty where it is to be executed : th is endorsement is
cal led backing . (q .v. ) (Bouvier's 1856 6th Ed . )

Information :

An accusation exh i b ited a g a i nst a person fo r some cri m i n a l offense, without a n
i n d ictment. A n accusation i n the natu re o f a n i n d ictment, from wh ich i t d iffe rs o n ly
i n be i n g prese nted by a com petent p u b l ic officer on h i s oath of office, i n stead of a
g ra n d j u ry o n the i r oath . A written accusation sworn to before a m a g i strate, u po n
wh ich a n i n d ictment is afte rwards fou nded .

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 3

The word i s a lso freq u ently u sed i n the law i n its sense of com m u n icated
knowled g e . And affidavits a re freq u ently made, a n d p lead i n g s a n d other
docu ments verified , o n i n formation and " be l ief" .

I n French Law . The act o r i n stru ment wh ich conta i ns the d e positio n s of witnesses
against the accused . ( Black's 4th )

Informer :

A person who i nforms or p refe rs a n accusation a g a i nst a n other, whom he suspects
of a vio lation of some pena l statute . ( Black's 4th )

Inquest :

A body of m e n a p poi nted by law to i nq u i re into ce rta i n matte rs ; as, the i n q u est
exa m i ned i nto the facts con n ected with the a l leged m u rder; the g ra n d j u ry, is
someti mes ca l l ed th e g ra n d i n q u est . Th e j ud i c i a l i nq u i ry itself i s a lso ca l led a n
inquest. The finding o f such m e n , u pon a n i nvestigation , is a lso cal led a n inquest o r
an inquisition .

2 . An i n q u est of office was bo u nd to fi n d for the king u pon the d i rection of the
cou rt. The reason g iven is that the i nq uest concl uded no man of his rig ht, but o n ly
gave the king a n opportu n ity to e nter so that he cou ld have h i s rig ht tried . Moore,
730 ; Vaughan, 1 3 5 ; 3 H . VII . 1 0 ; 2 H . IV. 5; 3 Leo n . 196 . ( Bouvier's 1 8 56 6th Ed . )

Inquisition :

p ractice . An exa m i nation of certa i n facts by a j u ry e m p a n e l led by the s h e riff fo r the
pu rpose ; the instru ment of writing on wh ich their decision is made is a lso cal led an
i n q u isition . The she riff or coro n e r and the j u ry who m a ke the i n q u isition , a re ca l led
the inquest.

2 . An i n q u isition o n a n u nt i m e l y death , if om itted by the coro n e r, may be ta ken
by j u stices of g oa l d e l i ve ry a n d over a n d term i n e r or of the peace, but it m u st be
done p u b l icly a n d open ly, othe rwise it w i l l be q uashed . I n q u isitions e ither of the
co ro n e r, or of the other j u risd ictions, a re traversa ble . 1 Bu rr. 1 8 , 1 9 . ( Bouvier's
1856 6th Ed.)

Inquisitor :

A desig nation of sheriffs, coro n e rs, s u pe r visu m corporis, a n d the l i ke , who h ave
powe r to i n q u i re i nto certa i n matters .

2 . The n a m e , of a n officer, a mo n g ecclesiastics, who is a uthori zed to i n q u i re i nto
heresies, a n d the l i ke, a n d to p u n ish the m . An ecclesiastica l j u d g e . ( Bouvier's 1 8 5 6
6th Ed . )

Instrument :

A w ritten docu ment; a fo rma l o r legal d ocu ment i n writi n g , such a s a contract,
deed, wi ll, bond, or lease.
Anyth i n g red u ced to writi n g , a d ocu ment of a fo rma l or sole m n cha racte r, a writi ng
g iven as a means of afford i n g ev idence . A docu ment o r writi n g wh ich g ives fo rma l
expression to a leg a l act o r a g reement, fo r the pu rpose o f creati n g , secu ri n g ,

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 4

modify i n g , or te rm i nati ng a rig ht ; a writi n g executed a n d d e l ivered as the evidence
of a n act or a g reement.
I n the law of evidence . Anyth i n g wh ich may be prese nted a s evidence to the sense
of the adj u d icati ng tri b u na l . ( B lack's 4th )

Instrument :

contracts . The writi ng wh ich co nta i n s so me a g reeme nt, a n d is so ca l led beca u se it
has been p re p a red as a m e m o ri a l of what has ta ken place or been a g reed u pon .
The a g reement a n d the i n stru ment i n wh ich it is conta i ned a re very diffe rent th i n gs,
the latte r be i n g o n ly evidence of the existence of the fo rmer. The i n stru ment or
fo rm of the co ntract may be va l i d , but the co ntract itse lf may be void on acco u nt of
fra u d . Vide Ayl . Pa rerg . 3 0 5 ; D u n l o Ad . Pro 220 . ( Bouvier's 1 8 5 6 6th Ed . )

Instrument :

An i n stru ment is a " note " if it is a pro m i se a n d is a " d raft" if it is a n o rder. If a n
instru ment fa l ls with i n the defi n ition o f both " note" a nd " d raft, " a person entitled to
enfo rce the i n stru ment may treat it as either. UCC 3 - 1 04 ( e ) . " I n stru m e nt" means
a negoti a b l e i n stru m e nt ( defi ned i n Section 3 - 1 04 ) , or a ce rtified secu rity (defi ned
i n Section 8- 1 02) or any other writi ng which evidences a rig ht to the payment a n d
is not itse lf a secu rity a g reement o r lease a n d is o f a type wh ich is i n ord i n a ry
cou rse of busi ness tra n sfe rred by del ivery with a ny n ecessa ry endorsement or
assignment. UCC 9- 1 05(1) .

Interest :

Property ; The most g e n e ra l te rm that ca n be e m p loyed to denote a p roperty i n
l a n d s or chatte l s . I n its a p p l ication to l a n d s or th i n g s rea l , i t is freq u ently u sed i n
con nection with the terms "estate , " " rig ht, " a n d "title , " a n d , accord i n g to Lord Co ke,
it prope rly i nc l u d es them a l l . M o re parti c u l a rly it mea n s a rig h t to have the
adva ntage accru i n g from a n yth i n g ; any rig ht i n the natu re of property, but less
tha n titl e ; a partia l or u n d ivided rig ht ; a title to a s h a re .

The te rm " i nterest" a n d "title" a re not synony m o u s . A mortgagor i n possession,
a n d a p u rchaser holding under a deed defective ly executed, have, both of the m ,
a bsol ute as we l l as i n s u ra b l e i n te rests i n t h e property, tho u g h neither o f them has
the legal title.

For Money Interest is t h e co m p e n sation a l lowed b y law o r fixed b y t h e parties for
the u se or forbea ra n ce or d etention of money. ( Black's 4th )

Internal Revenue :

I n the leg islation a n d fisca l a d m i n istration of the U n ited States, reve n u e ra ised by
the i m position of taxes a n d excises on d o mestic p rod u cts o r m a n u factu res, a n d o n
domestic b u s i n ess a n d occu pations, i n he rita nce taxes, a n d sta m p taxes ; as b road ly
d i sti n g u ished fro m "custo ms d uties, " i . e . d uties or taxes o n fore i g n com merce or on
goods i m po rted . ( Black's 4th ) N ote: the taxes co l lected d o not s u p po rt the
Cou ntry, but a re a p p l ied to the nati o n a l d e bt as owed to the Fede ra l Reserve, I M F
a n d King of Eng land .

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 5

Invoice :

I n co m mercial l a w . A l ist o r a cco u nt of g oods or merch a n d ise sent by m e rcha nts to
thei r co rresponde nts at home or a b road, i n wh ich the m a rks of each package, with
oth e r pa rticu l a rs, a re set fo rth . W ritte n ite m ized acco u nts sent to a p u rchaser by
the se l l e r of merch a nd ise . A l i st sent to a p u rchase r, facto r, co nsig nee, etc .
conta i n i ng the items, together with the pri ces a n d cha rges of mercha n d ise sent or
to be i n g sent to h i m . A w riting made on beh a lf of a n i mporter, specify i n g the
merc h a n d ise i m ported, a n d its tru e cost o r va l u e . ( B lack's 4th )

Issue :

v. To se nd forth ; to e m it ; to pro m u l g ate ; as, a n officer issues orders, p rocess
issues from a cou rt. To put i nto c i rcu latio n ; as, the treasu ry issues notes . To se n d
out, t o send o u t officia l ly ; t o d e l ive r, fo r use, or a uthoritative l y ; t o g o fo rth a s
a uthoritative or bind i ng .

A writ i s " issued " when it is d e l ivered to a n officer, with the i nte nt to have it
served .
n . The act of issu i n g , sen d i n g fo rth, em itt i n g or p ro m u lg ati n g ; the g iv i n g a th i n g its
fi rst i n ce ption ; as the issue of a n o rd e r o r a writ . ( Black's 4th )

Journal :

A d a i l y boo k ; a boo k i n wh ich entries a re made o r events recorded fro m day to d a y .
I n m a riti me l a w , t h e jou rn a l (othe rwise ca l led " log " o r " log- book" ) is a boo k kept

on eve ry vesse l , which conta i n s a b rief record of the eve nts a n d occu rrences of
each day of a voyage, with the na utica l o bservations, cou rse of the sh i p , a cco u nt of
the weather, etc . In the system of d o u b l e -entry boo kkee p i n g , the j o u rn a l is a n
a cco u nt-book i nto w h ich a re tra n scri bed , d a i l y or a t other i nte rva ls, the ite m s
ente red u pon t h e day-book, for m o re conven ient posti n g i nto the led g e r. I n t h e
u s a g e o f leg islative bod ies, the j o u rn a l is a d a i l y reco rd o f t h e proceed i n g s o f either
h o u se . It i s kept by the clerk, and in it a re ente red the a p pO i ntments and actio n s of
com m ittees, i ntrod u ction of b i l ls, m otions, votes, resol utions, etc . , i n the ord e r of
the i r occ u rrence . ( Black's 4th )

Judge-Made Law :

A p h rase u sed to i n d icate j u d icia l decisions wh ich co nstrue away the mea n i n g of
statutes, o r fi n d mea n i n g i n them the leg islatu re never i ntended . It is someti mes
u sed a s mea n i n g , s i m p ly, the law esta b l ished by j u d icia l precedent. ( Black's 4th )

Judgment :

A sense of knowledge sufficient to com p rehend n atu re of tra nsactio n .
A n opin ion o r esti mate .
The conclusion i n a syl log ism h a v i n g for its maj o r a n d m i no r pre n ises issu es ra ised
by the p lead i n g s and the proofs thereon .
The fo rmation of a n o p i n i o n o r notion co n ce rn i n g someth i n g by exercis i n g the m i n d
upon it.

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 6

The officia l a n d authentic decision of a cou rt of j u stice u pon the respective rig hts
a n d cla i m s of the pa rties to an actio n or s u it there i n l itig ated a n d s u b m itted to its
determination .

Also it is, or may mea n , adj u d ication ; Affi rmation by co u rt o r co m pensatio n
awa rd . Conclusion o f l a w u pon facts fo u n d or a d m itted by t h e pa rties o r u pon the i r
defa u lt i n t h e cou rse o f t h e s u it ; co ncl usion that natu ra l ly fo l lows from the
p rem ises of law a n d fact; d e bt which co u rt of law fi nds to be due and o rd e rs to be
paid .

A decree is a j u d g m ent. An a l lowa nce or d isa l lowa nce of a cla i m may be a
judgment.

An e ntry on co u rt reco rd may con stitute a j udg ment.
An order may be a j u d g ment : Com pensation proceed i n g .
To constitute act of ban kru ptcy, "j u d g m e nt" suffered by de bto r m u st be one that
has beco me l ien and, as such, a leg a l p refe rence . ( Black's 4th )

Jurisprudence: The p h i loso phy of law, o r the science w h ich treats of the p ri n c i p les
of positive law and leg a l rel ations.

I n the proper sense of the word, "j u rispru d ence" is the science of law, na mely, that
science wh ich has fo r its fu n ction to ascerta i n the pri n c i p les on w h ich leg a l ru les a re
based , so as not o n l y to classify those ru les i n the i r proper o rd e r, a n d show the
relation i n wh ich they sta n d to one a n other, but a lso to settle the m a n n e r i n wh ich
new o r d o u btfu l cases shou l d be b ro u g ht u nder the a ppro priate ru les, J u rispru d e n ce
is more a fo rma l tha n a m ateria l scie nce . It has no d i rect concern with q u estions of
mora l o r pol itica l pol i cy, fo r they fa l l u nd e r the province o r eth ics a n d legis lation ;
but, when a new or dou btfu l case a rises to wh ich two d iffe re nt ru les see m , w h e n
ta ken l ite ra l ly, t o be eq u a l ly a p p l ica b le, it may b e , a n d ofte n is, t h e fu nctio n of
j u rispru d e nce to consider the u lti m ate effect wh ich wou ld be p rod u ced if each ru le
were a ppl ied to a n i n defi n ite n u m ber of s i m i l a r cases, a n d to choose that ru le
which, when so a p p l ied , w i l l p rod u ce the g reatest adva ntage to the com m u n ity .

Law. Criminal :

By cri m i na l law is u nderstood that syste m of laws wh ich p rovides fo r the mode of
tri a l of perso ns charged with cri m i n a l offe nces, defi nes cri mes, a n d p rovides for
the i r p u n ish ments . ( Bouvier's 1856 6th Ed . )

Law. Merchant :

A syste m of custo ms acknowledged a n d ta ke n notice of by a l l co m me rci a l natio n s ;
a n d those customs con stitute a p a rt o f t h e g e n e ra l l a w o f t h e l a n d ; a n d be i n g a pa rt
of that law the i r existence ca n not be proved by witnesses, but the j u d g es a re bou nd
to ta ke notice of them ex officio . See Beawes' Lex Mercato ria Red iviva ; Ca i n es' Lex
M e rcato ria America na ; Com .
Dig . M e rcha nt, D ; Chit. Com m . Law ; Pa rdess . D ro it Com me rcia l ; Col lectio n des Lo is
M a ritimes a nteri e u re a u d ix hutiSm e siScle, pa r D u p i n ; Ca p m a ny, Costu m b res
M a riti mas; II Consolato del M a re ; Us et Coutu mes de la Mer; Pianta n d i a , Della
G i u ris p rudenze M a riti na Com merciale, Antica e Moderna ; Va l i n , Com menta i re s u r

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 7

l ' O rd o n n a nce de la M a ri ne, d u Mois d ' Ao ut, 1 68 1 ; Bou lay- Paty, Dr. Com m . ;
Boucher, Institutions a u Droit M a riti m e . ( Bouvier's 1856 6th Ed . )

Law. Municipal :

M u n i c i p a l law is d efi ned by M r. J u stice Blacksto ne to be "a ru l e of civi l co n d u ct
prescri bed by the su preme power i n a state, com m a n d i n g what is rig ht a n d
pro h i b iti ng w h a t is wrong . " Th is defi n ition has bee n criticized , a n d has been
perh a ps, j u stly considered i m perfect . The latter p a rt has bee n tho u g ht
su pera b u n d a nt to the fi rst ; see M r. Ch risti a n ' s N ote : a n d the fi rst too g e nera l a n d
i ndefi n ite, a n d too l i m ited i n its sig n ification t o co nvey a j u st i d e a o f t h e su bj ect.
See Law, civi l . M r. Ch itty defi n es m u n ic i p a l law to be " a ru l e of civ i l co n d u ct,
prescri bed by the s u p reme power in a state, com ma n d i n g what sha l l be done or
what sha l l not be done . " 1 BI . Com . 44, n ote 6, Ch itty's edit.

2 . M u n ic i pa l law, a mong the Roma ns, was a law made to gove rn a pa rticu l a r city
or province ; this te rm is derived fro m the Latin m u n ici p i u m , wh ich a m o n g them
s i g n ified a city w h ich was g overned by its own laws, a nd wh ich had its own
m a g i strate s . ( Bouvier's 1856 6th Ed . )

Law of N ature :

The law of natu re is that wh ich God , the sovere i g n of the u n iverse, has p rescri bed
to a l l m e n , not by a n y forma l pro m u lgati o n , but by the i ntern a l d ictate of reason
a lone . It is d iscove red by a j ust consideration of the a g reea bleness or
d isag reea b le n ess of h u ma n actions to the n atu re of m a n ; a n d it co m p rehends a l l
the d uties w h ich w e owe either to the S u preme Bei n g , to o u rselves, or t o o u r
n e i g h bors ; a s revere nce t o God , self-defe nse, te m pera n ce, honor t o o u r pare nts,
benevo lence to a l l , a strict a d h e rence to o u r engagements, g ratitude, a n d the l i ke .
Erski ne's Pro of L . of Scot . B . 1 , t . 1 , S . 1 . See Ayl . Pa nd o tit . 2 , p . 5 ; Cicero d e Leg .
lib.

2 . The p ri m itive laws of natu re may b e red u ced to six, na mely : 1 . Com p a rative
sagacity, o r reaso n . 2. Self- l ove . 3. The attraction of the sexes to each other. 4 .
The te nderness o f pa rents towa rds the i r ch i l d re n . 5 . The re l i g ious senti ment. 6 .
Soci a b i l ity .

3 . - 1 . W h e n m a n is properly o rg a n ized , he is a b le to d iscove r mora l g ood fro m
mora l evi l ; a n d the study of m a n proves that m a n is n ot o n l y a n i nte l l i ge nt, b u t a
free bei n g , a n d he is therefo re responsible fo r h i s action s . The j ud g ment we form of
o u r g ood a ctions, p ro d u ces ha ppi ness ; o n the contra ry the j u dg ment we fo rm of o u r
bad actions prod uces u n h a p p i ness .

4 . - 2 . Eve ry a n i m ated being is i m pe l led by natu re to h i s own prese rvatio n , to
defe n d h is l ife a n d body from i nj u ries, to s h u n what may be h u rtfu l , a n d to p rovide
a l l th ings req u isite to his existence . Hence the d uty to watch over his own
prese rvatio n . S u icide and d u e l i n g a re therefo re contra ry to this law; and a m a n
ca n not m uti l ate h i m self, nor re nou nce h i s l i be rty .

5 . - 3 . The attra ction of the sexes has been p rovided fo r the p reservation of the
h u m a n race, and th is law con d e m n s ce l i bacy . The end of m a rriage proves that
polyga my, ( q . v . ) a n d polya n d ry, ( q . v . ) a re contra ry to the law of natu re . Hence it
fol lows that the h u s ba n d a n d wife have a mutu a l a n d exc l u sive rig ht over each

REDEMPTION MANUAL - FOUR POINT FIVE EDITION 61 8

other.

6 . -4 . M a n from his birth is w h olly u n able t o prov i d e f o r t h e least o f h i s

necessities ; but the love of his parents s u p p l ies fo r this wea kness . Th is is one of the
most powe rfu l laws of natu re . The pri n c i p a l d uties it i m poses on the parents, a re to
bestow on the c h i l d a l l the ca re its wea kness req u i res, to p rovide for its necessa ry
food a n d cloth i n g , to i n struct it, to provide fo r its wa nts, a n d to u se coe rcive means
for its g ood , when req u isite .

7 . - 5 . The rel i g i o u s senti ment wh ich leads u s natu ra l ly towa rds the Su p reme
Bei n g , is one of the attri butes wh ich be l o n g to h u ma n ity a lone ; a n d its i m porta nce
g ives it the ra n k of the mora l law of natu re . Fro m this sentiment a rise a l l the sects
a n d d iffere nt fo rms of wors h i p a m o n g men .

8 . - 6 . The need w h i ch m a n fee ls to l ive i n society, is o n e of the pri m itive laws of
natu re, whence flow o u r d uties a n d rig hts ; a n d the existe nce of society depends
u pon the cond ition that the rights of all sha l l be respected . On th is law a re based
the assista n ce, succors and g ood offices wh ich men owe to each other, they bei n g
u na ble t o provide each eve ryth i n g fo r h i m self. ( Bouvier's 1 8 56 6th Ed . )

Law« Unwritten :

o r lex non scri pta : A l l the l aws wh ich d o not co me u n d e r the defi n ition of w ritte n
l a w ; it is co m posed , pri n c i pa l ly, of the law of n atu re, the law of nations, the
com mon law, and customs. ( Bouvier's 1856 6th Ed . )

Law Penal :

One wh ich i nfl icts a pena lty for a violation of its enactment. ( Bouvier's 1 8 5 6 6th
Ed . )

Ledger :

A book of a ccou nts i n which a trader enters the n a mes of a l l persons with whom he
has dea l i n g s ; there be i n g two pa ra l l e l co l u m n s in each a ccou nt, one fo r the e ntries
to the debit of the perso n charged, the other for h i s cred its . Into th is boo k a re
posted the items from the day- book or journa l .

A " ledger" i s the pri ncipa l book of accou nts of a business establishment i n wh ich
a l l the tra n sactions of each day a re entered u nd e r a ppro p ri ate heads so as to show
at a g la nce the d e bits a n d credits of each acco u n t . ( Black's 4th )

Levy :

v. To assess ; ra ise ; execute ; exact ; co l lect ; gather; ta ke u p ; seize . Th us, to levy
(assess, exact, ra ise, or col lect) a tax ; to levy ( ra ise or set u p ) a n u isa nce ; to levy
(acknowled g e ) a fi n e ; to levy ( i n a u g u rate ) war; to levy a n executi o n , i . e . , to levy or
col lect a sum of money on an execution .
n . A seizu re . An a ctua l ma king the money out of the property ; the o bta i n i n g of
mo ney by seizu re a n d sale of property . The menta l act of d ete rm i n ation to sel l . The
rai s i n g of the money fo r which an execution has been issued .

As u sed i n the U n iform Cond iti o n a l Sa les Act, " levy of executio n " mea n s the
setti n g aside of specific p roperty fro m the gen e ra l p roperty of the d e bto r a n d

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