Drugs in Sport 2017

Drugs in Sport
Therapeutic Classes Index

Bausch & Lomb Preservision Foodstate Enthusiasm and
Lutein Softgels Energy Formula Tabs *

Bio-Amara Digestive Aid Tablets * Foodstate Essential Fatty Acid
Biogen Bulk 45/150 * [9] Formula Caps *
Biogen Carbogen Low GI * [9]
Biogen Cytogen Race Mix * [9] Foodstate Immune Formula Tabs *
Biogen Diet Protein Ready- Foodstate Omega 3 Formula

to-drink * [9] Capsules *
Biogen L-Glutamine * [9] Foodstate Sugar Balance
Biogen Iso-Whey Protein * [9] Formula Tabs *
Biogen Recovergen * [9] Fructomag Tablets
Bion Adult Tablets *
Bion Senior Tablets * Gojivit AFR Capsules *
Bio Organics Magnesium & Green Rooibos Extract Capsules *
H Formula Capsules *
B6 Capsules * Immunochoice Complex Caps *
Bioplasma Colourastro Biochemic Marcus Rohrer Spirulina *
Maxiblast Tablets *
Tissue Salts Tabs * Melotone Syrup *
Bio-Silica Capsules * Moducare Capsules *
Bio-Strath Elixir * Moducare Kiddies Chewable
Bio-Strath Tablets *
Carnimag Capsules * Tabs *
Centrum Mynutrients Antioxidant Moducare Plus+ Tablets *
Mumomega Pregnancy Caps *
Tablets * Nutriflex Lipid Peri IV Infus PoM
Centrum Mynutrients Omega-3
Nutriflex Lipid Plus IV Infus PoM
Capsules *
Ciplaton Capsules * Nutriflex Lipid Plus Without
CoEnzyme Compositum Electrolytes IV Infus PoM

Injection * Nutriflex Lipid Special IV Infus PoM
Co-Enzyme Q10 Tablets (NRF) *
Comega Vite Omega 3 + 6 Extra Nutriflex Lipid Special Without
Electrolytes IV Infus PoM
Strength Vegicaps
Nutrivite Tablets *
Devil’s Claw Tablets * Ocuvite Complete Capsules
Dextrose-Fresenius Injection PoM
Ocuvite Dry Eye Softgel Caps
Diabetone Tablets
Ocuvite Tablets
Enermag Sport Tablets *
Eye Q Capsules, Baby Capsules * Ocuvite Lutein Capsules
Eye Q Chews *
Eye Q Liquid * Ocuvite Preservision Tablets
Flora Force Colostrum
Oliclinomel N4-550E, N5-800E,
Capsules * [9] N6-900E, N7-1000E Inf PoM
Flora Force Spirulina Capsules *
Flora Force Taheebo Capsules * Omegachoice General Soft
Foodstate Anti-Ageing Formula Gel Caps *

Tabs * Omegachoice Odourless Soft
Gel Caps *

Omegatone 3 Tablets *
Patrick Holford Essential Omegas

Capsules *
Peptopro Powder * [9]

green = permCitoteldourblCuoed=ep:rohibited in particular sports
red = prohibited in and out of competition red = prohibited in competition only

red/red /blue italic = prohibited generic * = refer to alternative substance(s)
Notes [1] - [9]: See Page 157

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Drugs in Sport
Therapeutic Classes Index

Peptopsport Powder * [9] Provigil Tablets PoM
Prime 1 Liquid * Ritalin Tablets, LA Capsules PoM
Procydin Capsules * Strattera Capsules PoM
100% Pure Creatine
Stomach cramps
Monohydrate Powder * (see Antispasmodics/
Pure Radiance C Powder, stomach cramps)

Vege-Capsules * Stress (see Sedatives)
Pure Synergy Powder,
Sunburns (see Skin
Vege-Capsules * agents: burns/sunburns/
Pure Synergy Colourastro sun protection)

Biochemic Tissue Salts Tabs * Sun protection (see Skin
R91 - Sport Drops/Bio-91 * agents: burns/sunburns/
Selenivite Tablets * sun protection)
Siberian Ginseng Tablets (NRF) *
Simply Aloe Health Drink * SUPPLEMENTS FOR
Stat10Choice Soft Gel Capsules * FATIGUE & STRESS
Supahealth Elixir *
Supahealth Junior Elixir Orange Stressvite Tablets *
Vitachoice Capsules *
Flavour *
Sutherlandia Tablets * SUPPLEMENTS FOR MEN
Sutherlandia 350 Tablets *
Threshold Real MSM Tablets * Erectogen Forte Tablets *
TrimegaTM Capsules * Erex 1 Hour Before Capsules *
Ultimate Brain Fuel Tablets * Gentron (Potency Tablets) Tablets *
Ultimate Omegas Capsules * Herbology Libido for Men Tablets *
Ultimate Omegas for Bright Herbology Multivit Men Tablets *
Organic Vita/Min/Herb for Men
Sparks Caps *
Visionvite Tablets * Tablets *
Vita Lemon Food Supp with Vit C R19 - Euglandin-M Glandular

and Ginseng * [3] Drops for Men *
Vita Royal Food Supplement with R41 - Fortivirone Neurasthenia

Royal Jelly * Drops, Inj for Men *
Yeast Defence Essentials Caps * R89 - Essential Fatty Acids
Zinplex Forte Tablets
Drops/Bio-89 *
Zinplex Junior Syrup Rockhard Weekend Capsules *
Saw Palmetto & Nettle Root
Sprains/strains (see
Anti-inflammatory Tablets *
agents, topical)
SUPPLEMENTS FOR
STIMULANTS WOMEN (including
for menopause/
Anexate Injection PoM menstruation/PMS)

Concerta ER Tablets PoM A Vogel Hot Flush & Night Sweat
Remedy Tabs *
Encephabol Tablets, Syrup PoM
Bio Organics Iron-C Capsules *
Methylphenidate HCl-Douglas Black Cohosh Tablets *
Tabs PoM Femplex Tablets *

Nootropil Capsules, Tablets, Inj PoM

green = permCitoteldourblCuoed=ep:rohibited in particular sports
red = prohibited in and out of competition red = prohibited in competition only

red/red /blue italic = prohibited generic * = refer to alternative substance(s)
Notes [1] - [9]: See Page 157

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Drugs in Sport
Therapeutic Classes Index

Femtron Tablets * R39 - Sinistronex Lower
Abdomen Drops *
Femular Tablets *
R75 - Dolomensin
Femvite Tablets * Dysmenorrhoea Drops *

Flora Force Dong Quai Capsules * Sidroga Herbel Tea for
Breastfeeding Mothers *
Flora Force Libido Capsules *
Womenschoice Intimacy
Flora Force Mexican Wild Yam Capsules *
Tabs *
SUPPLEMENTS IN
Flora Force Phyto-Mone Tablets * PREGNANCY &
POST-NATAL
Foodstate Menopause Formula
Tabs * Centrum Materna Tablets

Gynaecare Syrup * Centrum Materna DHA tablets

Herbology Libido for Women Filibon Capsules
Tablets *
Folic Acid Forte Capsules
Hormeel S Drops * [3]
Lactocare Tablets and Vegicaps
Hormeel S Injection *
Lipovit Capsules
Hot Flush and Night Sweat
Remedy Tabs * Mumomega Pregnancy Capsules *
Pregomega Day Pack, Plus Day
Menoclove Day/Night Capsules *
Pack
Menoclove Forte Capsules *
SYMPATHOLYTICS -
Menoclove Plus Capsules * SYMPATHOMIMETICS

Meno-Expert Water Balance Caps * Adrenaline-Fresenius Injection PoM

Menoplus Capsules * Ephedrine Sulfate Injection

Nutritional Support for Hormone Epipen Auto-Injector, JR Auto-
Replacement Tabs * Injector PoM

Organic Vita/Min/Herb for Women Pharma-Q Adrenaline Injection PoM
Tablets *
THYROID AGENTS
Patrick Holford Female Balance & EFFECTS
Capsules *
Diotroxin Tablets PoM
Phyto-Force Black Cohosh Eltroxin Tablets PoM
Tincture * [3] Euthyrox Tablets PoM

Phyto Soya Capsules Double Flora Force West Coast Kelp
Strength * Tabs *

Phyto Soya Capsules Regular Foodstate Thyroid Formula Tabs *
Strength * Neo-Mercazole Tablets PoM

Phyto Soya Vaginal Gel * Phenylephrine Injection

Premular Tablets * R51 - Thyreosan Thyroid Drops *
Tertroxin Tablets PoM
Primeve Plus Capsules *
Thyreoidea Compositum Injection *
R10 - Klimakteran Climacteric Thyrovite Tablets *
Drops, Inj *
TONICS
R20 - Euglandin-F Glandular
Drops, Inj for Women * Apiton Syrup *
Bidomak Fe Solution
R28 - Secalen Hypermenorrhoea
Drops *

R38 - Dextronex Lower Abdomen
Drops *

green = permCitoteldourblCuoed=ep:rohibited in particular sports
red = prohibited in and out of competition red = prohibited in competition only

red/red /blue italic = prohibited generic * = refer to alternative substance(s)
Notes [1] - [9]: See Page 157

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Drugs in Sport
Therapeutic Classes Index

Bioplus Syrup Suprefact Implant PoM [5]
Bioplus Effervescent Tablets Zoladex Injection PoM
Energard Capsules *
Enerlift Syrup * Tuberculosis (TB) (see
Flora Force Siberian Ginseng Anti-tuberculotics)

Caps * ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Fo-Ti Tieng Capsules, Powder *
Gericomplex Capsules PoM * Asacol Tablets, Enema, Supps PoM
Ginsana Capsules * Dipentum Capsules PoM
Ginseng Super Tablets * Entocord Enema, Capsules PoM
Liviton Syrup Mezavant PR Tablets PoM
Minamino Capsules Pentasa Tablets, Suppositories,
Minamino Syrup
PerformaChoice Capsules * Enema PoM
Pharmaton Fizzi Effervescent Salofalk Granules PoM

Tabs * URINARY ALKALINIZERS
Pharmaton Soft Gelatin Caps *
R95 - Alfalfa Tonic Liquid * [3] Adco-Sodasol Effervescent
Tibb-Completone Tablets * Granules
Vita-Thion Sachets
Alkafizz Effervescent Granules
Travel sickness (see Citro-Soda Granules
Anti-vertigo/anti-emetic/ Effersol Granules
anti-nauseant agents) Medi Soda Granules
Propan Mist. Pot. Cit. Simplex Liq
TROPIC HORMONES Uralyt-U Granules
Uri-Alk Effervescent Tablets
Bravelle Powd for Sol for Inj PoM
Cetrotide Injection PoM URINARY ANTISEPTICS
Clomid Tablets PoM
ClomiHexal Tablets PoM Deblaston Capsules PoM
Eligard Injection PoM Macrodantin Capsules PoM
Fertomid Tablets PoM Puromylon Tablets PoM
Fostimon Injection PoM
Genotropin Injection PoM URINARY SYSTEM
Gonal-F Injection PoM AGENTS
Gonapeptyl Depot Injection PoM [5]
Humatrope Injection PoM A Vogel Nephrosolid Oral
Lucrin Injection, Depot Inj PoM Liquid * [3]
Luveris Injection PoM [5]
Menopur IM Injection PoM [5] A Vogel Prostasan Capsules *
Norditropin Nordilet Injection PoM Beniprosin SR Capsules PoM
Ovitrelle Injection PoM [5] Bennetts Colic Mixture
Pergoveris Injection PoM [5] Berberis-Homaccord Drops * [3]
Pregnyl Injection PoM [5] Berberis-Homaccord Injection *
Puregon Injection PoM Cys-Control Powder *
Detrusitol SR Capsules PoM
Enablex CR Tablets PoM
Extraneal Periton Dialysis

Solution
Flomax SR Capsules PoM
Flora Force Bladder & Kidney

Drops * [3]
Flora Force Buchu Capsules *

green = permCitoteldourblCuoed=ep:rohibited in particular sports
red = prohibited in and out of competition red = prohibited in competition only

red/red /blue italic = prohibited generic * = refer to alternative substance(s)
Notes [1] - [9]: See Page 157

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Drugs in Sport
Therapeutic Classes Index

Flora Force Fennel Capsules * Vaccines/immunisations/
Flora Force Saw Palmetto Caps * inoculations
Fosrenol Chew Tablets PoM (see Biologicals)

Hermes Leber-Gallentee No 8 * VAGINAL PREPARATIONS
Nephrosolid Oral Liquid * [3]
Adco-Normospor Vaginal Cream
Nutrineal PD4 with 1.1% Amini A-Por Vaginal Cream
Acids Periton Dialysis Sol Betadine Vaginal Gel, Douche
Beta-Gel Lubricating Gel
Omsal MR Capsules PoM Canalba Vaginal Cream
Candaspor Vaginal Cream
Physioneal 40 Glucose Periton Candizole V Vaginal Cream
Dialysis Solution Canesten Vaginal Cr, 1 Vag Tabs,

Phyto Nova Cystemme Capsules * 1 Vag Cr, Duopak
Prostaflo SR Capsules PoM Canex V Vaginal Cream
Canstat Vaginal Tablets
Prostasan Capsules * Dalacin VC Vaginal Cream PoM
Prostasan Liquid Drops * Diflucan Capsules, Susp, Inf PoM
Prostavite Tablets * Glenmark-Clotrimazole Vaginal
Prostavor Capsules *
Pyridium Tablets PoM Tablets
Gyno-Daktarin Vaginal Cream,
R18 - Cystophylin Kidney and
Bladder Drops, Inj * Vag Capsules, Combipak
Gyno-Pevaryl Vaginal Cream,
R25 - Prostatan Prostatitis Drops,
Inj * Ovules, Depot-Ovule
Lomexin Vaginal Cream, Vaginal
R27 - Renocalcin Renal Calculi
Drops, Inj * Ovules PoM
Medaspor Vaginal Cream
R64 - Nephralbin Albuminuria Metrogel V Vaginal Gel
Drops * Micomisan Vaginal Cream PoM
Pharmo-Gyne Solution *
R74 - Nocturnin Enuresis Drops * Premarin Cream
Renagel Tablets PoM Vagarsol Gel PoM
Renvela Tablets PoM Vari-Econazole Nitrate Vaginal

Sabax Dianeal Periton Dialysis Cream
Sol
Varicose veins (see
Silodyx Hard Gel Capsules PoM Circulation disturbances/
Tamsul SR Capsules PoM haemorrhoidal conditions/
varicose veins)
Tibb-Renotone Tablets *
Uricon Tablets VASOCONSTRICTORS

Urispas Tablets Akrinor Tablets
Akrinor Injection PoM
Uritron Tablets * Effortil Ampoules
Uromax Capsules PoM
Uromitexan Injection PoM

Womenschoice Cranberry Max
Tablets *

Xatral XL Tablets PoM

UTERINE
ANTISPASMODICS

Tractocile Sol for Inj, Sol for Inf PoM

Ventolin Injection, Infusion PoM

green = permCitoteldourblCuoed=ep:rohibited in particular sports
red = prohibited in and out of competition red = prohibited in competition only

red/red /blue italic = prohibited generic * = refer to alternative substance(s)
Notes [1] - [9]: See Page 157

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Drugs in Sport
Therapeutic Classes Index

VASODILATORS Centrum Tablets

Accupril Tablets PoM Centrum Active Tablets
Aspen Pentoxifylline SR Tablets PoM
Avigra Tablets PoM Centrum Select 50+ Tablets
Dynafil Tablets PoM
Dyna Pentoxifylline SR Tablets Cernevit Powd for Injection PoM
Isoket IV Solution PoM
Nimotop Tablets, IV Infusion PoM Chela-Preg Tablets
Papaverine 60 Sol for Injection
Prostin VR Injection PoM Chocaton Syrup
Serc Tablets PoM
Sildenafil Cipla Tablets PoM Complenatal FF Capsules
Silwin Tablets PoM
Complivite-Complete Vitamin B
VITAMINS/MINERALS/ Tablets
HOMEOPATHIC
SUBSTANCES/Herbals/ Cruciale Capsules
OTHERS
D-Drops
Actorvit Kiddy Syrup
A-Lennon Calciferol Tablets PoM Diabecinn Cholesterol Tablets *
A-Lennon-Thiamine HCl Tablets PoM Diabecinn Extra Capsules *
A-Lennon-Vit B Co Injection PoM Diabecinn Original Capsules *
A-Lennon-Vit B12 Injection PoM Diabion Capsules
Ascorbic Acid-Fresenius Injection
A Vogel Multiforce Alkaline DS-24 Soft Gel Caps, DS-24 Vegi
Soft Gel Caps
Powder *
Baba C Syrup Elimni Rad Tablets
B-Cal-D Chewable Tablets,
Emvit Capsules
Swallow Tablets
B-Cal-DM Chewable Tablets, Emvit-M Capsules

Swallow Tabs * Emvit Sprinkles
B-Cal Ultra Calcium Swallow
Essentiale Capsules
Tablets
Becoplex IDO Injection Execusmart Capsules *
Be-Tabs Ascorbic Acid Tablets Filibon Capsules
Be-Tabs Folic Acid Tablets
Be-Tabs Pyridoxine HCl Tablets Foodstate Calcium & Magnesium
Bonvit Capsules Formula Tabs *
Brumalt Syrup *
Calciferol Oily Solution Lennon PoM Foodstate Chromium GTF
Calcitone Tablets * Complex Tablets *
Caltrate 600+D Tablets
Caltrate D Tablets Foodstate Iron & Molybdenum
Caltrate Plus Tablets, Chewable Complex Tabs *

Tablets Foodstate Magnesium Complex
Tablets *
Centrum Kids Chewable Tablets
Foodstate Multivitamin & Mineral
Formula Tabs *

Foodstate Multivitamin & Mineral
Formula for Men Tabs *

Foodstate Multivitamin & Mineral
Formula for Over 50’s Tabs *

Foodstate Multivitamin & Mineral
Formula for Women Tabs *

Foodstate Potassium Complex
Tablets *

Foodstate Pregnancy Formula
Tablets *
Foodstate Selenium Complex

Tablets *

green = permCitoteldourblCuoed=ep:rohibited in particular sports
red = prohibited in and out of competition red = prohibited in competition only

red/red /blue italic = prohibited generic * = refer to alternative substance(s)
Notes [1] - [9]: See Page 157

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Drugs in Sport
Notes [1] - [9]

Where these tests have not been performed, the products’ claims
of efficacy and safety are not proven and cannot be guaranteed.
In its position statement on sports supplements, the South
African Institute for Drug-Free Sport states that consumers
should be aware of the risks involved with supplement use,
both in terms of health and risk of being banned from sport.

160

Drugs in Sport
Hydration in Sport

Hydration in Sport

Adequate hydration is vitally important in sports activities.
Drinking too little (hypohydration) impairs the body’s ability to
regulate heat, elevating body temperature and heart rate. The
athlete feels more fatigued than usual at a given performance
level, finds it harder to focus and take decisions, and can
experience stomach discomfort. Most types of exercise are
impacted by hypohydration, especially in South Africa’s generally
warm weather conditions, and athletes have been shown to be
negatively affected when their fluid deficiency is as low as two
percent (ie, a deficiency of 1.4 litres for a 70-kilogram athlete).
At the same time, drinking too much water can have negative
effects, among them a decrease in sodium levels, which can
lead to muscle cramping.
Drinking the right amount of fluid before, during and after
physical exertion is key.

Factors affecting fluid loss

Fluid requirements vary among athletes and sporting situations.
Factors influencing fluid loss through sweat include air
temperature, workout intensity, body size, gender, duration of
workout and fitness level. It is impossible to prescribe a general
fluid replacement plan to suit everyone. To help ascertain their
optimal fluid replacement, athletes should weigh themselves
before and after an exercise session. Each kilogram of weight lost
is equivalent to about one litre of fluid. For example, if an athlete
is one kilogram lighter after training, and has consumed one litre
of fluid during training, he or she has a total fluid loss of two litres.
Once an athlete’s individual sweat losses are known, a plan can be
prepared to achieve optimal fluid replacement during sports.

How much fluid intake is adequate?

Generally speaking, athletes should drink 200-600 ml of fluid
pre-match and as close to the match as possible. Thirst is
not an accurate predictor of hydration levels – to keep
performing optimally, most athletes can tolerate 200-300 ml
of fluid every 15 minutes, if the sport allows. It is better to
drink early in exercise and to consume small amounts
at regular intervals rather than large volumes in one go.
Rehydrate after exercise by drinking enough fluid to replace
the fluid lost during exercise.

What fluids are best?

Sports drinks are widely considered more appropriate than
water for moderate- to high-intensity sports that last an hour

161

Drugs in Sport
Hydration in Sport

or longer. Studies have shown that fluid intake is enhanced
when beverages are cool (-15 °C), flavoured and contain
electrolytes (such as sodium). In addition to the meticulously
researched flavouring of sports drinks, which encourages
athletes to drink during exercise, their carbohydrate
concentration allows refuelling to take place during exercise,
and their electrolyte levels replace sodium (and sometimes
potassium) lost through sweating. A study conducted
with the Australian Institute of Sport basketball players in
1999 demonstrated better fluid balance with a sports drink
compared to water. (Since the acid and sugar found in some
sports drinks can hurt your teeth in the long term, dentists
recommend that athletes brush their teeth at least
30 minutes after consuming energy drinks, to avoid driving
these ingredients deeper into the enamel and dentin.)
Water is still the drink of choice during exercise of up to one
hour and where competition is not so serious. Says Prof Louise
Burke of the Australian Institute of Sport: “If you’re in the
gym pedalling to lose weight while you read a magazine,
then you don’t need a sports drink – just drink water.” Prof
Clare Collins, a spokesperson for the Dieticians Association of
Australia, agrees: “For ordinary people who play soccer on a
Saturday, there’s no need for them to use energy drinks because
their fluid requirements can be met by water and generally
you’re not sweating enough to lose excessive amounts of
electrolytes.” But when the outcome of a competition is
important to you and you need to perform at your very best,
opt for sports drinks.

Warning Signs of Dehydration
Know the signs of dehydration. According to the
US-based Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, early
signs include:
 Thirst
 Flushed skin
 Premature fatigue
 Increased body temperature
 Faster breathing and pulse rate
 Increased perception of effort
 Decreased exercise capacity
Later signs include:
 Dizziness
 Increased weakness
 Difficulty breathing with exercise

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Drugs in Sport
Hydration in Sport

163

Drugs in Sport
Advisory Note on Sports Supplements

Advisory Note on Sports Supplements

Nutritional supplementation in sport is on the rise, with more
and more athletes all over the world taking sports supplements,
with the aim of maximising the effects of their training
programme and enhancing their performance during events.
As health supplements have only recently been regulated
(in terms their quality, safety and efficacy), in South Africa,
consumers need to be vigilant and aware of the pitfalls of
taking certain sports supplements. Sportspeople should
choose their supplements carefully when participating in
sporting codes and events.
The Health Products Association of South Africa (HPASA)
highly recommends that sportspeople seek professional advice
about what supplementation they should be using (eg, from
their doctor or other healthcare professional). Furthermore,
HPASA recommends that they check each individual product
carefully in terms of quality, safety and efficacy; that they
evaluate the product’s label so as to ensure that the product
has been manufactured in a good manufacturing practice
(GMP)-accredited plant, that all ingredients are listed (and none
are on the WADA prohibited list), that all potential side effects
are evaluated and considered, and that claims made by the
manufacturer regarding the product are realistic.
– HPASA provides an educational forum for consumers,
manufacturers, distributors and consumers. It has access to
data from around the world that detail current developments in
nutritional supplementation and dietetic fields.
Contact HPASA at: [email protected]

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Advisory Note on Sports Supplements

165

Drugs in Sport
Preventing Sports Injuries

Preventing Sports Injuries

Sport and exercise have great benefits that all South Africans
can choose to enjoy. All sports carry a risk of injury, but this
risk can be minimised by following a safe warm-up regimen
to prepare the body for the activity ahead. After exercise,
stretching and cooling-down improve the recovery of the
muscles, heart and other tissues.

Warm-up

Warming-up helps to reduce the risk of injury and prepares the
body for optimal performance.
An effective warm-up:
 prepares the muscles, tendons and joints for the movement

required during exercise
 increases flexibility
 enhances muscle contraction, efficiency and co-ordination
 increases body and muscle temperature
 increases blood and oxygen supply.
The warm-up activity should be related to the intended
sporting activity. Research has shown that changes in muscle
temperature are localised and may not occur in muscles not
involved in the warm-up activities. As a general guide, the
warm-up should comprise 10 to 15 minutes of a controlled
activity using the major muscles to be exercised during the
subsequent sporting activity. The activities should be gentle, of
low intensity and easy to perform. A good indication of a sound
warm-up is a light sweat.

Stretching

The main purpose of regular stretching is to lengthen muscle and
tendon tissue and to increase the range of movement at a joint.
Without stretching, muscles will gradually lose their flexibility and
may fail to respond effectively during sporting activity.
Stretching activities should only be performed once the
muscles have been warmed up. The increase in muscle
temperature improves the “stretch-ability” of the muscles.
Stretching cold muscles is far less effective and may cause
injury, such as strains and tears, to muscle tissue.
Stretching activities should also be performed at the end
of every workout or sporting activity while the muscles are
still warm. This may reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness.

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Preventing Sports Injuries

167

Drugs in Sport
Preventing Sports Injuries

Stretching at the end of a session, particularly if the stretches
are held for a minimum of 20 seconds, is one of the best ways
to improve flexibility.

Cool-down

The cool-down is a gradual decrease in activity level. The
cool-down involves a series of low-intensity exercises to allow
the body to recover from effort and it reduces the effects of
fatigue, including muscle soreness.
Cooling-down also prevents the pooling of blood in the limbs,
which can lead to fainting or dizziness. Following exercise,
cooling down and stretching improves the recovery of the
muscles, heart and other tissues.
An effective cool-down consists of a gradual reduction in
activity levels for five to 10 minutes (eg a slow jog or walk, or
some simple activity requiring moderate effort) followed by
general stretching.

168

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Preventing Sports Injuries

169

Drugs in Sport
Treating Sports Injuries

Treating Sports Injuries

Accidents happen, especially during sports. While it may be
possible to limit the number and severity of injuries with
injury-prevention strategies, one wrong step or a collision
on the field can result in a sudden, painful injury. When this
happens, you need to be prepared to act quickly. Ideally, you
will have access to a well-stocked first aid kit or have medical
help nearby.

Acute injuries

The primary goal of sports injury first aid is to stop activity
and prevent further injury or damage. Most sport injuries that
require immediate treatment are called acute injuries. These
injuries occur suddenly, eg a rugby tackle or being hit by a
cricket ball, and cause the following symptoms or conditions:
 Pain and swelling
 Cuts and abrasions
 Fractures
 Dislocations
 Sprains or strains
 Concussion

Hard-tissue injuries

Hard-tissue injuries are those acute injuries that affect the
bone and include fractures and dislocations.

Fractures

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone. Fractures can be
classified as either open or closed. An open fracture will involve
an open wound having the bone appear through the skin, whilst
a closed fracture occurs when the skin remains intact.
The symptoms of a fracture include:
 Pain and tenderness at the site
 Feeling/sound of bone ends grating or the sound of a snap

at the time of injury
 Tingling or numbness
 Symptoms of shock
The precise management of a fracture depends on the
location of the injury. However, the following steps apply to
most fractures.
 Immobilise the injured limb in the position you found it to

restrict the range of movement.

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Treating Sports Injuries

171

Drugs in Sport
Treating Sports Injuries

 Be sure to immobilise the area above and below the
fracture.

 Control bleeding if there is an open wound and cover with
a sterile dressing to reduce infection.

 Assess for shock and treat as required.
 Send for medical assistance.

Dislocations

A dislocation is an injury in which a bone is moved out of its
normal position in relation to another bone with which it forms
a joint. The most common examples of this are in the fingers
and shoulder joint. Dislocations often cause considerable pain
and muscle spasm. With minor dislocations, it is often difficult
to tell the difference between a dislocation and a fracture.
Dislocations may be associated with fractures of nearby bones.
Signs of a dislocation include loss of function, swelling at the
site and deformity.
The following steps should be followed in the management of
a dislocation:
 Immobilise the injured limb in the position you found it.
 Gently apply a splint and sling. Be sure to immobilise the

area above and below the injured joint. Do not attempt to
reposition the dislocated joint.
 Treat for shock where appropriate.
 Send for medical assistance.

Soft tissue injuries

Soft tissue injuries involve tissues other than bone. With respect
to musculoskeletal injuries they include sprains and strains. The
first treatment for most acute soft tissue injuries is to prevent,
stop and reduce swelling. When soft tissue is damaged, it swells
or possibly bleeds internally. This swelling causes pain and loss
of motion, which limits use of the muscles.

Injury first aid with rest, ice, compression
and elevation

The primary treatment to stop swelling of injured soft
tissue is with the rest, ice, compression and elevation

(R. I. C. E.) method.
R – Rest the injured part for 24-72 hours directly after the

injury to prevent further tearing or bleeding.

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I – Apply ice or a cold compress to the injured part two to

three times a day for the first 24-36 hours to limit internal
bleeding, swelling and numb the pain. The ice should be
wrapped in a thin towel and applied to the injured part for
10-20 minutes at a time. You can ice an acute injury several
times a day for up to three days.

C – Compression. Bandage, strap or fit a double layer of

stretch stocking over the injured part immediately after the
ice treatment to prevent further secondary swelling. Wind
the bandage over a large area of the arm or leg to prevent a
tourniquet effect that could hinder circulation.

E – Elevation. Raise the injured limb above heart level for the

first 24-48 hours to encourage the drainage of blood and fluids
and so relieve swelling.

Medications

Topical pain medications are applied directly to the skin
and come in a variety of forms, including creams, gels,
lotions and patches. They are effective pain-relievers that
reduce inflammation when absorbed by the skin and used
appropriately. Side effects of these medications often include
burning, stinging or irritated skin. Never use these medications
on broken or irritated skin.
Regarding oral pain medications, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) help to reduce aches, pains and inflammation.
These drugs may be supplemented by analgesics and/or
muscle relaxants.

Rehabilitation

The second stage of treating a sprain or a strain is
rehabilitation to restore normal function. When the pain
and the swelling are reduced, you can generally begin
gentle exercise. A customised programme, compiled
by a physiotherapist, that prevents stiffness, improves
range of motion and flexibility and builds strength is often
very useful. A moderate ankle sprain may require three to
six weeks of rehabilitation and a severe sprain can take six
to eight months to recover completely and prevent re-injury.
Patience and learning to cope with an injury are essential to
complete recovery.

Chronic/overuse injuries

Chronic injuries are also known as overuse injuries and are a
result of continuous stress on an area. Examples of overuse
injuries are Achilles tendonitis, shin splints or tennis elbow.

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These injuries tend to come on gradually over a period of time
and one often can’t recall when the pain first started.
The treatment of chronic overuse injuries can be very difficult;
therefore the emphasis is on prevention. Whether you are
involved in competitive sport or not, it is advisable not to push
yourself too hard, or continue to exercise despite an existing
injury. The majority of overuse injuries are due to a too-long or
too-demanding exercise programme.

Treatment

Symptomatic treatment of an overuse injury, such as pain-
killing injections, to enable the athlete to compete despite
an injury, is not recommended and not in the best interests
of the athlete. The indiscriminate use of long-acting anti-
inflammatory steroid injections near major tendons, has
resulted in the premature termination of many promising
athletes' careers due to the undesirable complications
of these medications, eg rupture of a tendon.
All overuse injuries are basically an inflammation and can
be treated by rest, physical treatment modalities and other
specific medical treatment.

Rest

Rest is the basis of the treatment of the majority of
these injuries. A change in the exercise programme
and a reduction in the quality and quantity of exercises
is required. Complete immobilisation should be avoided,
however, because it can cause later complications such
as degeneration of cartilage, bone, connective tissue and
muscles. Activity in moderation strengthens tendons,
muscles and bones; inactivity weakens them.
Exercises and activities that cause pain in the injured part should
be avoided. When an overuse injury worsens, all sporting activity
should be discontinued and a doctor’s advice sought.

Physical methods

Cold, heat, ultrasound and electromagnetic waves are all
used to limit inflammation. The objective of the treatment
is to reduce swelling and pain, enhance blood supply and
promote healing.

Ice treatment

This is a very effective treatment for an overuse injury. Place ice
blocks, wrapped in a towel, on the injured part for 15-20 minutes
three or four times a day. Continue this treatment for a few days.

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Heat treatment

Therapeutic heat may be administered after the acute phase
(48-72 hours) to encourage relaxation of and blood supply to
the muscles.

Stretching exercises

Stretching exercises are not only preventive, but also
therapeutic, and should be done conscientiously before
and after exercise sessions. It is important to warm up
lightly before stretch exercises are done – cold muscles
should not be stretched.

Strapping

Strapping can be used effectively to both treat and prevent a
sports injury. Strapping with tape exerts pressure and holds a
structure together, thereby allowing athletes with, eg a hand
or ankle injury, to keep performing in certain cases.

Massage

Massaging of injured muscles or tendons by an experienced
therapist is important in the treatment of certain overuse
injuries. Deep friction massage can be used to break down scar
tissue in chronic overuse injuries.

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Sports First Aid Kit

Sports First Aid Kit

Product Used for

Gauze swabs Bathing of wounds

Thermal blanket Covering casualty – (when cold or windy) –
treating shock

Sports tape Rigid strapping – suitable for strapping ankle

Latex gloves Hygiene

Plastic bag Disposal of blood-soiled dressings and soiled
swabs

Orthopaedic support Can help prevent blisters from rubbing
foam 10 cm x 15 cm

Triangular bandage Fracture immobilisation – sling

Adhesive dressings Wound dressing – covering of minor wounds
7 cm x 5 cm

Adhesive dressings Wound dressing – covering of larger wounds
10 cm x 8 cm

Butterfly strips Wound closure, ie bringing wound edges
together

Betadine Antiseptic purposes – cleaning wounds

Saline ampoules Eye irrigation, cleaning wounds

Gauze bandage – Securing dressing in place – for small, medium
different sizes and large wounds

Crepe bandage Covering wounds – securing dressing in place.
medium weight General purpose: light compression

Crepe bandage Compression strapping /support (ankle and
heavy duty knee). Wound-covering – secures dressing in
place

Salbutamol inhaler Asthma attacks
and spacer

Hypo-allergenic Securing dressings – ideal for sensitive skin
adhesive tape

Tweezers Splinter removal

Scissors Cutting dressings and bandages

Sports tape 2.5 cm x 5 m Rigid strapping – strapping ankles

Resuscitation mask Trainer should have received recent training
in use

Cold pack and Initial treatment of soft tissue injuries. RICE –
compression bandage Rest Ice Compression Elevation

Water bottle Fluid replacement

Sunscreen 15 Plus Protection from sun and ultraviolet rays

Reference: Sports Medicine Australia: Sports Medicine for Sports Trainers,
9th edition. Mosby 2008.

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