UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
Before you introduce yourself you can use the opening of introduction :
Let me introduce myself
Allow me to introduce myself
I would like to introduce myself
A : What’s your name ?
A : How old are you ?
A : Where and When were you born ?
A : Where do you live ?
A : What do you do ?
A : Where are you from ?
You can also introduce someone ( a man )
A : What’s his name ?
A : How old is he ?
A: Where and when was he born ?
A : Where does he live ?
A : What does he do ?
A: Where is he from ?
You can also introduce someone ( a woman )
A : What’s her name ?
A : How old is She ?
A: Where and when was she born ?
A : Where does she live ?
A : What does she do ?
A: Where is she from ?
Formal Introductions
Margaret : Mr. Wilson, I’d like you to meet Dr. Edward Smith.
Mr. Wilson: How do you do, Dr. Smith.
Dr. Smith : How do you do.
Margaret : Dr. Smith is an economist. He’s just finished writing a book on international
trade.
Mr. Wilson: Oh? That’s my field, too. I work for the United Nations.
Dr. Smith : In the Development Program, by any chance?
Mr. Wilson: Yes. How did you guess?
Dr. Smith : I’ve read your articles on technical assistance.
They’re excellent.
Formal Introductions
John : Excuse me, are you Dr. James?
Dr. James: Yes I am. Can I help you?
John : May I introduce ourself? I am John and this is my friend Jim. We are from a book
fair organizer.
Dr. James: Hello John & Jim. How do you do.
Jim: How do you do. We are here to offer you a prime stand for your publications at our book
fair.
Dr. James: It’s nice to hear an offer from you. But I am afraid I don’t have much time right
now. Can you give the proposal to my secretary?
John : OK. I will give the proposal to your secretary.
Dr. James: Great. Nice to see you.
Jim : Goodbye. Pleased to meet you.
Informal Introductions
Jim : Who’s the tall girl next to Barbara?
Charles: That’s Mary Anderson. Didn’t you meet her at
Steve’s party?
Jim : No, I wasn’t at Steve’s party.
Charles: Oh! Then let me introduce you to her now. Mary,
this is my cousin Jim.
Mary : Hi,
Jim . I’m glad to meet you.
Jim : I’m glad to meet you. Can’t we sit down somewhere
and talk?
Mary : Sure, let’s sit over there.
Informal Introductions
John : What’s up bro!
Jack : Pretty good. How are you doing?
John : Fine. Who is with you?
Jack : Oh. Meet my cousin Jimmy, he came here to vacation.
John : Hello Jimmy, nice to meet you. I am John.
Jimmy: Hello John, glad to see you. Call me Jim.
John : Got to go now.
Jack : OK. See you!
John+Jimmy: See you!
Good morning, everyone. How are you this morning? (Good, how about you?)
I am fine, thank you. Let me introduce myself. My name is Putu Jaya Wijaya. People usually
call me Jaya or Jay. I was born on January 23rd, 2005 in Bandung. I live at Pattimura Street
Number 10X, with my parents and two siblings. I love reading books, especially Science
Fiction. I also enjoy watching Science Fiction movies such as Interstellar, Avatar, Star Wars,
etc. Other activities I love to do are travelling, listening to music and playing games. I usually
play games with my siblings. I love spending time with them. That’s all and thank you.
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Good morning, friends and teacher. Hopefully everybody is healthy and happy today. Well, I
am so grateful because we can meet each other here. In this special moment, I would like to
introduce myself. I am Putu Jaya Wijaya. You can call me Jaya or only one letter J. Yeah,
that’s a very short name but very meaningful since it represents me. I was born on January
23rd, 2005 in Bandung so I am 13 years old now. I live at Pattimura Street Number 10X, with
my parents and two siblings (one older brother and one younger sister). So, I am the second
child in my family. The school subjects that I love are Maths and Science. They are so
challenging but also fun. I love reading Science Fiction books because they are very
imaginative. They are full of innovative and creative ideas. Science Fiction movies such as
Interstellar, Avatar, Star Wars are the movies I enjoy watching because they are so awesome.
Besides, I love travelling, listening to music and playing games. I usually play games with
my siblings and sometimes with my parents. We have so much fun. That’s all about myself.
Thank you for your attention.
I. Introduce yourself
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II. Introduce your friend (a man )
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III. Introduce your friend ( a woman )
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Talking about family
Is your family big or small ?
How many brothers and sisters do you have ?
What are their names ?
How old are they ?
What do they do ?
What do they like ?
There are 6 people in my family. I have two brothers and one sister. I am the second oldest
of my brothers and sister. My Dad goes to work everyday from 8 am to 8 pm. His job is to
communicate with Vietnamese people. My mom doesn’t work outside the home. She stays
home and takes care of the house. She also raises the kids and cooks everyday. My oldest
brother is 23 years old. He doesn’t work or go to school. He just stays home and only does
the things he wants to do. He also spends a lot of money that dad earns. My younger brother
is just the opposite. He is 18 years old. Everyday he goes to school and sometimes he goes
to work. He also helps my parents when he has free time. He had diploma from high school
and now he is enrolled in the University. My parents are proud of him very much. Finally is
my sister is 11 years old and a cute girl. She is in the fifth grade. I think she is a very smart
girl. I love her and my parents very much.
Make the paragraph about your family based on the questions above
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UNIT 2
PRESENT TENSE
Present tense is used to talk about daily activity that becomes habit
What do you do every morning ?
I go to work every morning
What do I do every week ?
You play football every week
What do they do every night ?
They Study mathematics every night
What do we do every year ?
We visit Bali every year
What does he do every morning ?
He goes to work every morning
What does she do every night ?
She watches TV every night
How long does it take to your office ?
It takes one hour to go to my office
If you want to ask Yes/No questions you can use do/does
Do you go to work every morning ? Yes, I do / No, I don’t
Do I play foot ball every week ? Yes, you do/ No you don’t
Do they study mathematics every night ? Yes, they do/ No, they don’t
Do we visit Bali every year ? Yes, we do/ No, we don’t
Does he go to work every morning ? Yes, he does/ No, he doesn’t
Does she watch TV every night ? Yes, she does/ No, she doesn’t
Does It take one hour to go to your office ? Yes, It does/ No, It doesn’t
We can make the dialog by using Wh-questions
A: Do you go to work everyday ?
B: .........................................................................................................................................
A: When do you go to work ?
B: ........................................................................................................................................
A: How many times do you go to work in aweek ?
B: ....................................................................................................................................
A: What time do you go to work ?
B: ....................................................................................................................................
A: How do you go to work ?
B: ....................................................................................................................................
A: With whom do you go to work ?
B: ....................................................................................................................................
A: How long does it take from your house to your office ?
B: ......................................................................................................................................
A: What time do you get to your office ?
B: .......................................................................................................................................
A: What time do you start work ?
B: ........................................................................................................................................
A: How many hours do you work ?
B: .........................................................................................................................................
A: What time do you finish your work ?
B: .........................................................................................................................................
You can also change the pronoun of Wh-questions by using She/He
A: Does he go to work everyday ?
B: .........................................................................................................................................
A: When does she go to work ?
B: ........................................................................................................................................
A: How many times does he go to work in aweek ?
B: ....................................................................................................................................
A: What time does he go to work ?
B: ....................................................................................................................................
A: How does he go to work ?
B: ....................................................................................................................................
A: With whom does he go to work ?
B: ....................................................................................................................................
A: How long does it take from his house to his office ?
B: ......................................................................................................................................
A: What time does he get to your office ?
B: .......................................................................................................................................
A: What time does he start work ?
B: ........................................................................................................................................
A: How many hours does he work ?
B: .........................................................................................................................................
A: What time does he finish your work ?
B: .........................................................................................................................................
You can practice using present tense for making the questions
A: .........................................................................................................................................
B: I buy two books in the bookstore every month
A: .........................................................................................................................................
B: He spends twenty minutes to eat
You can use present tense without using Verb
I am always happy
You are often busy
They are usually tired
We are sometimes nervous
He is seldom sick
She is never sad
You can combine present tense with the verb and without the verb
I am always happy because I have many friends
after I get a good job
when I finish my work on time
You can make the sentences by using Some adjectives that we can combine with verbs
1.(Sad) ......................................................................................................................................
2.(Busy) .....................................................................................................................................
3.(tired) .....................................................................................................................................
4.(sick) ........................................................................................................................................
5.(angry) .....................................................................................................................................
6.(thirsty) ...................................................................................................................................
7.(hungry) ...................................................................................................................................
8.(nervous) .................................................................................................................................
9.(disappointed) .........................................................................................................................
10.(Interesting ) ..........................................................................................................................
Daily Activities at Home
What are some of the daily activities that you do at home?
I wake up at 7am every morning.
I press the snooze button five times every morning before I turn off the alarm and get up.
I have a cup of coffee and make breakfast. I usually read the newspaper while I have
breakfast. My children like to have a shower after they have breakfast but I like to have a
shower before I get dressed.
My wife brushes her long hair, and I have short hair so I comb my hair. How do you do
your hair in the morning?
It is important to brush your teeth, and some women like to put make-up on.
After I have finished work, I go home to cook dinner. In my house I usually make dinner.
The family eat dinner together at 7:30pm.
After dinner I make sure that my children do their homework, and then I chill out on the
sofa and watch television.
On television I usually watch the News. My wife usually comes to tell me to take the
rubbish out, or wash the dishes.
Our children feed the dog and the cat before they go to bed and I tell them to go to the
bathroom too.
If I am sick I have to take my medication, but then I get into my pyjamas and set the
alarm so I wake up in the morning.
The last things I do is lock the door, turn off the lights, and go to bed.
It doesn't take me long to fall asleep.
Daily Activities at Work
What are some daily activities that you do at work?
I go to work at 8.45am every morning.
I usually drive to work.
I always check my emails when I get to work, but I don't always reply to them immediately.
I take a taxi or a train if I have a lunch meeting. I never take the bus because it is too slow.
When I am at my desk I usually work on the computer, even during morning tea.
At 1pm most days I have lunch.
At 3pm we have afternoon tea, and that is when we usually talk and eat cake.
When you are in the office you probably have a lot of papers. It is important for you to file
your papers, and so that you can find them again you need to organise your files.
When I work I have to make telephone calls. If an important issue happens I ask my
secretary to organise a meeting.
Once a month I report to my boss, but maybe you have to report to your boss more often. I
usually write a document that my boss can read.
Other Daily Activities
What are some other daily activities that you do?
I exercise at least three times a week.
I usually go to the gym before work, but sometimes I go after work.
I meditate every morning so that I feel less stressed during the day.
Weekly Activities
What are some weekly activities that you do?
I go grocery shopping once a week at the local supermarket.
My family does the housework together every Saturday morning.
I usually do the washing on Sunday morning and when the machine is finished I hang the
clothes out to dry.
On Sunday morning we go to church, and if there is lots of noise coming from next door,
sometimes we fight with the neighbour.
On Saturday night my parents stay at home and I go out with friends.
Even my friends that live at home call their parents each week.
Every evening, I water the garden.
I usually pay someone to wash the car, but my partner says I should do it, so sometimes I
argue with my partner about that.
If we are angry at the neighbour, we seek vengeance by annoying his dogs.
I work in an important office, so I have to shine my shoes each day.
Sometimes we hire a movie, because we don't like to illegally download music and films. I
make sure that I synchronise my iPod so I always have new music on it.
To get our shopping, we go to the mall in the car.
Last week I forgot to recharge my travel card, and I had to argue with a bus driver. I
couldn't call the office because I forgot to recharge my cellphone!
Make a story about your activity by using some adjectives but the story must be related
to each other
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Choose one of the four choices that you think is the right answer then cross (x) on your
chosen answer!
1. She _____ her dog everyday c. I do my homework at 6 PM
a. To feed d. I am doing my homework at 6 PM
b. Feed
c. Feeds 9. Q: Do you enjoy playing in the park?
d. Feeding A: …
a. No, I doesn’t enjoy playing in the park
2. I ____ always ____ to the dentist b. No, I no enjoy playing in the park
a. Do not, go c. No, I don’t enjoy playing in the park
b. Does not, go d. No, I don’t enjoys playing in the park
c. Do not, went
d. Does not, went 10. Q: Does he love his mother?
A: …
3. When __ you ____ a shower? a. He love his mother
a. Do, took b. He loves his mother
b. Do, take c. He to love his mother
c. Do, taken d. He is loving his mother
d. Do, taking
4. Q: Do you like to sing? 1. I and my friends … in the library. We
A: … read some books
a. Yes, I likes to sing
b. Yes, I like to sing a. am
c. Yes, I am liking to sing b. is
d. Yes, I liked to sing c. have
d. are
5. Tom and I ____ ____ together.
a. Do surfing 2. She … not work because she has a flu.
b. Don’t surfing a. is
c. Do surfs b. does
d. Don’t surf c. do
d. be
6. I ___ breakfast every day at 7 AM
a. Eat 3. Alina … song every night.
b. To eat a. sings
c. Ate b. sing
d. Eaten c. is
d. does
7. Q: How do you go to school?
A: We ___ the bus to school 4. My father … tea every morning.
a. Rode a. drink
b. Ridden b. drinks
c. Ride c. drinking
d. Riding d. is
8. Q: When do you do your homework? 5. They … a test every week.
A: … a. does
a. I have did my homework at 6 PM b. has
b. I did my homework at 6 PM c. are
d. have
6. Dolph: Please call me if you need. b. watching
Jack: No. I … need your help. c. watches
a. do not d. watch
b. does
c. not 9. Gina cooks fried rice. It … amazing.
d. am not a. does
b. do
7. She is a student. She … at school. c. are
a. studying d. is
b. study
c. studies 10. My brother rides a bike to school …
d. does a. every day
b. last day
8. We … soccer match. c. next week
a. do d. next time
UNIT 3
PRONOUNS
Personal Pronoun Possessive Adjective Objective Pronoun
I my me
You your you
They their them
We our us
He his him
She her her
Combination between Personal pronoun and possessive adjective
I like your house
They play foot ball with my friends
Combination between Possesive adjective and Objective Pronoun
My brother lives with him
His father always talks to me
Combination between Personal Pronoun and Objective Pronoun
She goes to work with me
We come to the party with him
Combination Personal Pronoun, Possessive Adjective and Objective Pronoun
I know your name from him
He gives his money to her
Make the paragraph about your best friend by using I, my, me, He, his, him, We, our, us
becomes good arrangement
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UNIT 4
PAST TENSE
Past tense is used talk about activities in the past. There are two verbs that we use in past
tense : Regular Verbs and Irregular Verbs.
Regular verbs
What did you do last week ?
I played basket ball last week
What did I do yesterday ?
You worked yesterday
What did they do two days ago ?
They finished doing their homework
You can make Yes/No questions by using did
Did you play basket ball last week ? Yes, I did/ No, I didn’t
Did I work yesterday ? Yes , You did/ No, You didn’t
Did they finish two days ago ? Yes, They did/ No, They didn’t
Make sentences by using regular verbs
1. Talked
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2. Walked
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3. Washed
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4. Started
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5. Borrowed
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6. Stopped
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7. Studied
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8. Listened
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9. Visited
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10. Stayed
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Make the paragraph (story ) by using regular verbs
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Irregular Verbs do last week ?
What did you Bali
I went to
What did they do yesterday ?
They came to my house
What did he do two days ago ?
He ate spaghetti in the restaurant
When you change interrogative sentences the verb back to V1
Did you go to Bali last week ? Yes, I did/No, I didn’t
Did they come to your house yesterday ? Yes, they did/ No, they
didn’t
Did he eat spaghetti two days ago ? Yes, he did/ No, he didn’t
Some irregular verbs that we usually use in past tense
Present tense (Verb 1) Past tense (veb 2 )
Go Went
See saw
Come come
Give gave
Write wrote
Speak spoke
Get got
Forget forgot
Drive drove
Ride rode
Take take
Meet met
Send sent
Spend spent
Drink drank
Sing sang
Swim swam
Begin began
Have/has had
Read read
Put put
Buy bought
Teach taught
Bring brought
Think thought
Sell sold
Tell told
Sleep slept
Make made
Win won
Make 10 sentences by using irregular verbs above
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................................................
4. ...............................................................................................................................................
5. ...............................................................................................................................................
6. ...............................................................................................................................................
7. ...............................................................................................................................................
8. ..............................................................................................................................................
9. ..............................................................................................................................................
10. ..............................................................................................................................................
If there isn’t verb you can use was/were
I was happy yesterday
She was tired last night
He was nervous two days ago
You were sick last Monday
They were busy last week
We were at home yesterday
Make the paragraph/story by combining regular verbs, irregular verbs and was/were
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DIALOG 1
Arnold : Hi Dude how was your day?
Ben : I have had better days.
Arnold : Why? What happened?
Ben : I got an accident two days ago.
Arnold : What a pity. How did it happen?
Ben : It happened when I was going to one of my friend’s house, Tony. When I started to walk
out from the pavement, and was going to cross the road, suddenly the car hit me from beside. Luckily
I was saved by my friend, Jack. He grabbed my hand quickly.
Arnold: What happened next? Did you get hurt a lot?
Ben : I had few wounds. But now I’m getting much better. Only the scars left.
Arnold : It’s nice to hear that.
DIALOG 2
Stacey : Hi babe, what’s up? You look so incredibly happy. What has happened?
Lesley : Well, it’s about the event that I went to the other day two days ago.
Stacey : Sounds interesting, tell me!
Lesley : You’re so curious, aren’t you? Ok, how can I start the story? Well, it is started when
I was at the party. Actually it was a bachelorette party at my friend’s house.
Stacey : Then?
Lesley : I met one man there, a very stunning tall man. We chatted there and we laughed
together. It was a lovely night ever.
Stacey : Well well well. You have the hots from love at the first sight.
Lesley : Yeahh,, you can see on my face. It’s all written in my face.
1. I ……………………… my drawing book two days ago
a. loss
b. lost
c. was losing
2. I was listening to music when my teacher ……………………… my class.
a. has entered
b. was entering
c. entered
3. My brother ……………………… the newspaper when he was waiting his friend.
a. read
b. was reading
c. had read
4. My brother and me went to campus and then we ……………………… in a cafeteria.
a. had relaxed
b. relaxed
c. were relaxing
5. Anita ……………………… John when she was reading book in library.
a. was meeting
b. met
c. had met
6. The students ……………………… to zoo when they were studying animal’s name.
a. were going
b. went
c. had gone
7. Angeline ……………………… to English conversation when her friend was singing
beside her.
a. listened
b. listens
c. was listening
8. I ……………………… to college alone when my friend was coming late.
a. walked
b. walk
c. was walking
9. ……………………… she read novel yesterday morning?
a. Do
b. Does
c. Did
10. My brother ……………………… a motorcycle three weeks ago.
a. has
b. had
c. have
11. I ……………………… when my cousin was going to abroad.
a. am sad
b. were sad
c. was sad
12. When I lived in Singapore, I ……………………… in a hospital.
a. work
b. worked
c. was working
13. He passed his examination because he ……………………… very hard.
a. was studying
b. studies
c. studied
14. My teachers were angry because I ……………………… lazy.
a. am
b. was
c. were
15. When my sister………………………, it was raining
a.. got up
b. gets up
c. get up
16. My teacher………………… new book yesterday.
a. bring
b. brought
c. brings
17. I……………………… Julian at the Nick’s party. He was handsome.
a. see
b. saw
c. seen
18. Julio………………. student last year.
a. was active
b. were active
c. is active
19. I was watching movie when my mother ……………………… me.
a. was calling
b. calls
c. called
20. I was writing journal when my brother ……………………… game.
a. played
b. was playing
c. Play
UNIT 5
FUTURE TENSE
Future tense is used to tell the activities in the future. In Future tense we usually use
tomorrow, tonight, next week.
May be I will come to the mall next week
Perhaps You will go to work tomorrow
Probably they will study mathematics tonight
I think We
I guess
She will read some books tomorrow
He will play football nextweek
Will you come to the mall next week ? Yes, I will/No,I won’t
Wil l go to work tomorrow ? Yes, You will/No, you won’t
Will they study mathematics tonight ? Yes, they will/ No, they won’t
Will she read some books tomorrow ? Yes, she will/ No, she won’t
Will he play football nextweek ? Yes, he will/ No, he won’t
You can use future tense by using to be going to
I am going to come to the mall next week
You are going to work tomorrow
They are going to study mathematics tonight
We
She is going to read some books tomorrow
He is going to play football next week
If there is no verb we can use will be/( tobe) going to be
I will be busy tomorrow
You will be at home tonight
She will be here next week
You can make the dialog by using future tense
A : What will you do next week ?
B : ........................................................................................................
A : What time will you go there ?
B : ........................................................................................................
A : With whom will you go there ?
B : ........................................................................................................
A : How will you go there ?
B : ........................................................................................................
A : What will you do there ?
B : .........................................................................................................
A : Where will you stay there ?
B : ..........................................................................................................
A : How long will you stay there ?
B : ...........................................................................................................
A : What places will you visit there ?
B : .......................................................................................................................
A: What will you buy there ?
B : ........................................................................................................................
Dialog 1
A: “What are you doing?”
B: “I’m working on the agenda for tomorrow’s meeting.”
A: “What will you do tomorrow?”
B: “I will meet Sue for lunch to discuss the contract.”
A: “That’s interesting. What contract will you two discuss?”
B: “We are working in the garden most of the weekend. So we are planning to make a business
about the interior of small garden in urban city.”
A: “So exciting! I hope that your plan will go well.”
B: “Thank you!”
Dialog 2
A: “Emily, how was the meeting?”
B: “It went well. But I’m afraid I need to leave for London. I need to discuss with the
manager of our restaurant there.”
A: “How long will you be away?” (pertanyaan future tense karena belum terjadi)
B: “I won’t get back until Friday night or Saturday afternoon, at least.”
A: “Can you please try to come home on Friday? Our son is turning 1 next Friday.”
B: “Oh my God! I really forget about his birthday! Sure, I will try to come home before
Friday.” (mengindikasikan niat untuk pulang sebelum hari Jumat)
A: “Well you work too hard that your forget your own son’s birthday.”
B: “I work for you and our son. For us.”
A: “I know it. Will you also buy something for him as a present?” (kalimat pertanyaan future
tense terkait rencana will mencari kado ulang tahun)
B: “Of course. I look for something food in London before I come home.” (jawaban atas
pertanyaan future tense)
A: “That’s great. He will be very happy.”
Make the dialogues into a paragraph
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Choose the correct answer 9.Chika will…….a delicious food for me
1.They……….accompany me tomorrow a.cooking
a.will b.cooks
b.will not c.cooked
c.is d.cook
d.are
10.Sinta will……… astory about an elephant
2.I will …….. to your party a.write
a.come b.wrote
b.came c.writing
c.comes d.writes
d.coming
11.Mia will……a new bag and shoes
3.I will ……..by myself a.buying
a.eating b.buys
b.ate c.buy
c.eat d.bought
d.eaten
12.I will meet you in this mall……
4.They will…….my birthday here a.yesterday
a.celebration b.tomorrow
b.celebrate c.last month
c.celebrating d.last year
d.celebrates
13.They will accompany me……
5.My daddy will……..tomorrow morning a.now
a.calls b.yesterday
b.call c.next week
c.called d.this morning
d.calling
14. Sella will…… a new song for us
6.My mom …… accompany me to the market a.sung
a.will b.sing
b.be c.sang
c.is d.singing
d.are
15.We will listen your new story here,……
7.we will…….this task together a.this month
a.did b.last week
b.doing c.next weekend
c.do d.in afternoon
d.does
8.Diana will…….a new car tomorrow
a.drove
b.drives
c.driving
d.drive
UNIT 6
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present perfect is used to tell the activity that has been done but we can see the
result or the activity in the past but until now is still on going.
I have worked in my company for two years
You have lived in Jakarta since five years ago
They have studied at school for ten years
We
She has got married since 2005
He for three years
has had a computer
You can use interrogative in present perfect
Have you worked in your company for two years ? Yes, I have/ No, I haven’t
Have I lived in Jakarta since five years ago ? Yes, You have/No, You haven’t
Have they studied at school for ten years ? Yes, they have/ No, they haven’t
We
Has she got married since 2005 ? Yes, she has/ No, she hasn’t
Has he had a computer for three years ? Yes, he has/ No, he hasn’t
If there is no verb we can use Been
I have been here for two years
He has been a manager for one year
We can use present perfect in the dialogues
1.A : Do you know your friend ?
B : ...........................................................................................................................................
A : How long have you known him ?
B : ............................................................................................................................................
2. A : Does he have a handphone ?
B : ............................................................................................................................................
A : How long has he had a handphone ?
B : ............................................................................................................................................
3. A : Are you a worker ?
B : .............................................................................................................................................
A : How long have you been a worker ?
B : .............................................................................................................................................
Abby : Hi Allison, I haven’t seen you for ages. Where have you been?
Allison : Hi, Abby. I have just visited my granny abroad.
Abby : Oh, I see. But wait… I think you’ve visited your grandma before, haven’t you?
(Oh, aku ngerti. Tapi tunggu…
Allison : Yes, I have visited her three times this year. She was sick two weeks ago so we
went to America again.
Abby : How is your grandma now?
Allison : She is better. She is in my house now.
Abby : Really? How long has she been here?
Allison : She has been here for three days. Actually she has missed her children and
grandchildren. That’s why she was sick.
Abby : Oh, sickness because of missing people she loves. I guess she will be well soon.
Send my warm regard to your grandmother.
Allison : I think so. Okay, I will send it to her. Thanks, Abby.
Abby : You’re welcome.
Mom: You look pale. Have you eaten anything today? (Kamu kelihatan pucat.
Me: I ate an egg sandwich last night.
Mom: What about today? Did you have any breakfast?
Me: No, Mom.
Mom: What did I tell you? I have told you so many times, never ever skip breakfast. It’s the
most important meal of the day!
Me: I know, I know…
Mom: I cooked chicken soto. Go get some! I don’t want you to faint.
Me: All right.
Choose the correct answer 9.Diana…….sung this song
1.I……studied for two hours a.had
a.have b.has
b.been c.have
c.has d.having
d.had
10.We have…….in Bandung since 2004
2.We…….here since yesterday a.live
a.has been b.lives
b.have been c.living
c.had been d.lived
d.has
11.We……..cooked this delicious food
3.I have……a letter for 2 hours special for you
a.write a.had
b.wrote b.has
c.written c.have
d.writing d.having
4.I have……music for 15 minutes, it’s 12.I……him for two hours
very good a.calling
a.listen b.calls
b.listening c.call
c.listened d.called
d.listens
13.Sinta has…….to the school for 3
5.We have……. this new novel hours
together since yesterday a.go
a.read b.goes
b.reads c.gone
c.reading d.went
d.readed
14.Diana has……..for two hours
6.I have……a delicious food for them a.sleep
a.cooked b.slept
b.cooks c.sleeping
c.cooking d.sleeped
d.cook
15.We have…….this major since last
7.We have…….this film since last night night
a.watching a.learned
b.watched b.learn
c.watches c.learning
d.watch d.learns
8.They have…….me about this story
a.tell
b.told
c.telling
d.tells
UNIT 7
GERUNDS
Gerunds: The Basics
Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. They’re very easy to spot,
since every gerund is a verb with ing tacked to its tail. There are no exceptions to this rule.
Like all things grammar, gerunds do take a tiny bit of detective work to spot. The problem
here is that present participles also end with the letters ing. Besides being able to spot
gerunds, you should be able to tell the difference between a gerund and a present participle.
Let’s go back to the definition of a gerund for a moment. Remember that gerunds are words
that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. Present participles do not act as nouns. Instead,
they act as modifiers or complete progressive verbs. To find gerunds in sentences, just look
for a verb + ing that is used as a noun. It’s that simple.
Examples of Gerunds
As you read these examples of gerunds, notice the verbs they contain, and notice that every
single one of them ends in ing. By the end of this quick lesson, you’ll have no problem
recognizing gerunds when you see them.
1. Swimming in the ocean has been Sharon’s passion since she was five years old.
2. Let’s go dancing at the club tonight.
3. I delayed telling Jerry the bad news.
4. Holly decided that flying above the clouds was the most incredible experience she’d
ever had.
5. Bill avoided doing his math assignment because the World Series was on.
The verbs that are followed with gerunds
1. Enjoy. ............................................................................................................................
2. Dislike ...........................................................................................................................
3. Finish .............................................................................................................................
4. Practice ..........................................................................................................................
5. Quit ................................................................................................................................
6. Stop ................................................................................................................................
7. Consider ........................................................................................................................
8. Admit .............................................................................................................................
9. Advise ............................................................................................................................
10. Forget .............................................................................................................................
11. Avoid ..............................................................................................................................
12. Discuss ...........................................................................................................................
13. Deny ...............................................................................................................................
14. Suggest ...........................................................................................................................
15. Postpone ........................................................................................................................
16. Keep ..............................................................................................................................
17. Complete .......................................................................................................................
18. Mind ..............................................................................................................................
19. Remember ......................................................................................................................
20. Regret .............................................................................................................................
Dialog 1
a: watching (as subject) movie is my hobby. how about you?
b: i enjoy cooking (as object) with my mom
a: that's great. do you have any tips for cooking?
b: just plan the meal you want to cook
a: i see. what do you think is the hardest part of cooking?
b: the hardest part for me is cutting (as complement) the onion!
a: haha
b: which movie did you watch recently?
a: i recently watched old movie called The Running (as noun modifier) Man
Dialog 2
Kim: I miss talking with my best friend. I remember going with him everywhere!
Ron: Why did you stop talking
Kim: We celebrated turning 30 at the same time, but then he got a new job and moved to a new
city.
Ron: I remember hearing that. Have you talked to him recently?
Kim: Yes, but I regret not calling him more often.
Ron: I imagine being far apart is difficult.
Kim: It is. I enjoy spending time with him!
Make the story (paragraph) by using gerunds
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UNIT 8
TO INFINITIVE
Verbs with to-infinitives
We use the to-infinitive after certain verbs (verbs followed by to-infinitive), particularly
verbs of thinking and feeling:
choose hate like prefer
decide hope love remember
expect intend mean want
forget learn plan would like/love
They decided to start a business together.
Remember to turn the lights off.
and verbs of saying:
agree promise refuse threaten
We agreed to meet at the cinema.
Promise to call me every day.
Some verbs are followed by a direct object and then the to-infinitive:
advise intend remind would like/love
ask invite tell would prefer
encourage order want
expect persuade warn
He encouraged his friends to vote for him.
Remind me to give Julia a call.
Infinitive of purpose
We also use the to-infinitive to express purpose (to answer why?):
He bought some flowers to give to his wife.
He locked the door to keep everyone out.
We can also express purpose with in order to and in order not to:
We started our journey early in order to avoid the traffic.
They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children.
or so as to and so as not to:
We started our journey early so as to avoid the traffic.
They spoke quietly so as not to wake the children.
Adjectives with to-infinitives
We use the to-infinitive after certain adjectives:
able due likely prepared
unable eager unlikely willing
anxious keen ready unwilling
Unfortunately, I was unable to work for over a week.
I'm really tired. I'm ready to go to bed.
Sometimes the to-infinitive gives a reason for the adjective:
amazed glad proud sorry
delighted happy relieved surprised
disappointed pleased sad unhappy
We were happy to come to the end of our journey.
(= We were happy because we had come to the end of our journey.)
John was surprised to see me.
(= He was surprised because he saw me.)
We often use it + be followed by an adjective to give opinions:
clever foolish nice right
difficult hard possible wrong
easy kind impossible silly
It's easy to play the piano, but it's very difficult to play well.
He spoke so quickly that it was impossible to understand him.
We use the to-infinitive with these adjectives to give opinions about people:
clever kind right silly
foolish nice wrong
She was right to complain about that hotel.
You were clever to find the answer so quickly.
We use the preposition for to show who these adjectives refer to:
difficult easy hard possible impossible
It was difficult for us to hear what she was saying.
It is easy for you to criticise other people.
With the other adjectives, we use the preposition of:
It's kind of you to help.
It would be silly of him to spend all his money.
Nouns with to-infinitives
We use the to-infinitive as a postmodifier (see noun phrases) after abstract nouns like:
ability desire opportunity
attempt failure refusal
chance need wish
They gave him an opportunity to escape.
He was annoyed by her refusal to answer.
I have no desire to be rich.
There is no need to shout.
We often use the to-infinitive as a postmodifier after indefinite pronouns:
When I am travelling I always take something to read.
I was all alone. I had no one to talk to.
There is hardly anything to do in most of these small towns.
Verb yang Diikuti Infinitive
Verb di bawah ini diikuti oleh infinitive dimana verb tersebut dapat langsung diikuti infinitive
(tanpa tambahan agent di depan infinitive), perlu tambahan agent sebelum infinitive, dapat
ditambahkan agent, atau infinitive dalam bentuk simple (bare infinitive). Agent sendiri
merupakan pelaku dari aksi yang dimaksudkan infinitive.
tanpa tambahan agent Afford
verb + infinitive agree
appear
begin
consent
continue
decide
demand
deserve
fail
forget
hate
plan
prefer
pretend
promise
refuse
remember
seem
start
stop
perlu tambahan agent advise
verb + agent + infinitive allow
challenge
command
encourage
enable
feel
forbid
force
get
persuade
watch
remind
see
teach
tell
dapat ditambahan agent (optional) ask
verb +/- agent + infinitive beg
choose
dare
expect
want
wish
tanpa “to” feel
verb + bare infinitive have
hear
help
watch
see
Contoh Kalimat Infinitive
No Contoh Kalimat Infinitive
1 They begin to love each other.
(Mereka mulai mencintai satu sama lain.) tanpa tambahan agent
2 The teacher advised him to study harder.
(Guru tersebut menasehatinya untuk belajar lebih keras.) perlu tambahan agent
3 He asked me to call you.
(Dia meminta saya untuk menghubungimu.) dapat ditambahan agent (optional)
4 She helped me solve the problem.
Dialog 1
Ben: Do you want to go to the movies?
Heather: No, I need to buy a new swimsuit at the store.
Ben: Oh, I forgot to tell you - I bought you a new swimsuit already!
Heather: You did?? You promised to save money for our trip!
Ben: I offered to pay for it before but you said no, so I bought it when I went shopping
alone!
Heather: That's nice of you, but I refuse to accept it.
Ben: I hope to get my money back from the store when I return this.
Heather: I don't mean to make you upset, but you need to save money!
Ali's Story
Booking The School
Ali decided that he wanted ....... (study) abroad. ....(achieve) his goal, he had many things that
he had..... (do) . Firstly he needed...... (improve) his English so he could take the IELTS test.
Unfortunately Ali disliked...... (learn) English so this would not be much fun. His friend
recommended ...... (attend) a school close to his house. Ali went to look and from what he
could see it seemed....... (be) a good school. He didn't delay...... (register) for a course. He
managed....... (get) a good price for the course because they had a special offer on. This was
good because he could not afford........ (pay) too much.
Studying
He had never read much in his life and knew he was weak in this area, so he practiced....
(read) as much as he could. He hated.... (write) in English too as his grammar was quite weak
so he also planned..... (practice) writing as many essays as possible. His teachers agreed.....
(check) these for him. As it turned out, Ali actually really enjoyed..... (study) English. The
other students on the course didn't hesitate....... (help) Ali and the teachers always offered.....
(assist) him if he was stuck. He kept up his studying for a number of months because he
wouldn't risk...... (sit) the exam until he was ready.
Taking the Test
Then came the time for Ali..... (take) the test. He couldn't stop ....(worry) before the test. His
teacher had recommended..... (do) the Task 2 first in the writing so he followed those
instructions. He finished.... (write) his Task 2 after exactly 40 minutes and then went on to
the Task 1. The speaking test seemed..... (go) quite well even though he was nervous. He can
recall...... (ask) the examiner at the end how well he had done but she refused.... (tell) him.
Then came the time for his result. He had expected..... (get) a band 5.5 but he was surprised....
(find) out that he had been given a band 6.
UNIT 9
Adjectives with prepositions list
Adjective Noun
absent from a place absence from
afraid of sth/sb fear of sth/sb
amazed at/by sth/sb amazement at
angry at/about sth anger at/about sth
angry with sb anger with sb
annoyed at/about annoyance at/about
annoyed with sb annoyance with
anxious about/over sth/sb anxiety about/over
ashamed of sth/sb shame at sth
aware of sth/sb awareness of
awful at (doing) sth -
bad at (doing) sth -
bored by/with sth/sb boredom with
busy at or with sth -
capable of (doing) sth capability for
careful of/with sth/sb carefulness with
careless of danger carelessness of
certain of/about facts certainty of/about
clever at (doing) sth cleverness at/in
content with sth contentment with
contrary to advice -
curious about sth/sb curiosity about sth
different from/to sth/sb difference from/to
eager for sth eagerness for sth
easy about -
excited about/at/by/over excitement about/at
faithful to sth/sb faithfulness to
famous to sth/sb fame as...
fond of sth/sb fondness for
free from danger freedom from
free of charge freedom from
full of sth -
glad about sth gladness about
good/no good at (doing) sth -
good with one's hands -
grateful to sb for sth gratitude to/for
happy about/at/over/with happiness at/over
interested in/by sth/sb interest in sb/sth
jealous of sb/sth jealousy of sb/sth
keen on (doing) sth keeness on
kind to sb kindness to sb
late for work lateness for work
married to sb marriage to sb
nervous of sth/sb nervousness about
obliged to sth/sb obligation to
pleased about/with sth/sb pleasure about
ready for sth/sb readiness for sth
right about sth/sb -
sad about sth/sb sadness about
safe from sth / for sb safety from sth
satisfied with sth/sb satisfaction with
separate from sth separation from
slow at (doing) sth slowness at
sorry about/for (doing) sth sorrow for (doing)
sorry for sb -
surprised about/at/by surprise about/at
terrible at (doing) sth -
thankful to sb or sth thankfulness to/for
worried about sb/sth worry about/over sb/sth
wrong about sb/sth -
Adjectives and Prepositions Exercise 1
Put in the correct preposition
1) England is famous .......... its rainy weather.
2) I'm very proud .................. my daughter, she worked very hard.
3) He isn't really interested............... getting married.
4) Luke is very pleased ................. his exam results.
5) Unfortunately, I'm very bad.......... music.
6) I've been married....... my husband for 10 years.
7) She's very excited........... the party.
8) Julie is very different......... her sister
9) My niece is afraid....... dogs
10) A ball gown is similar ........... an evening dress.
Fill in the correct prepositions.
1. I'm angry...... him for telling lies about me.
2. Are you afraid .....him?
3. Rome is famous....... its historical monuments.
4. He is married...... his sister.
5. It's very nice.... you to lend me your car.
6. Why are you always so rude...... your parents?
7. It wasn't very polite...... him to leave without saying thank you.
8. I can't understand people who are cruel..... animals.
9. I have to stop to talk to you. I'm a bit short..... time.
10. Are you interested...... football?
11. Your shoes are similar..... mine but they are not exactly the same.
12. We've got enough to eat. The fridge is full..... food.
13. It would be clever..... her to study more for the next test.
14. He said he was sorry....... the situation but there was nothing he could do.
15. He is good ...... playing chess.
Make a paragraph by using adjectives prepositions
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UNIT 10
VERBS PREPOSITIONS
Verb + for
The preposition for can be used with a number of verbs, often to emphasize purpose or
reason. For example:
Verb + for Example Sentences
apologize for “Brittany never apologizes for her behavior.”
ask for “The student asked for a pencil.”
beg for “The man begged for a second chance.”
care for “I don’t care for salads.”
fight for “Many generations of people have fought for freedom."
hope for “The family is hoping for a miracle.”
long for “The man longed for the days of his youth.”
pay for “Who’s going to pay for these tickets?”
provide for “Parents are expected to provide for their children.”
search for “Did you search for the missing piece yet?”
wait for “I’m waiting for the bus.”
wish for “Some people wish for nothing but fame.”
work for “She works for the government.”
Verb + to
To is commonly used with verbs and usually refers to direction (literal or metaphorical) or
connections between people or things. For example:
Verb + to Example Sentences
adjust to “You’ll adjust to your new school in no time.”
admit to “He admitted to reading her diary.”
belong to “The wallet belongs to that woman over there.”
travel to “I am traveling to England tomorrow.”
listen to “Grace is listening to music in her room.”
go to “Anthony, please go to the back of the classroom.”
relate to “I can’t relate to this character at all.”
respond to “Josh responded to his friend’s email.”
talk to “He talked to the manager for more than an hour.”
turn to “Turn to page 46 for a diagram of the procedure.”
Verb + about
Many verbs take the preposition about when referring to things, events, or gerunds. For
example:
Verb + about Example Sentences
ask about “I asked about the company’s job opening.”
care about “She doesn’t seem to care about going to college.”
complain about “The boy complained about his early curfew.”
forget about “I forgot about the wedding reception.”
hear about “Did you hear about the renovation project?”
joke about “Kim often jokes about her high-pitched voice.”
know about “What do you know about physics?”
laugh about “The friends laughed about their terrible luck.”
learn about “Michelle is learning about film production.”
talk about “What are you talking about?”
think about “We’ll need to think about hiring some more staff.”
worry about “So many adults worry about getting older.”
write about “Dean wrote about his day in his journal.”
Verb + with
Verbs using the preposition with usually point to connections and relationships between
people or things. For example:
Verb + with Example Sentences
agree with “I don’t agree with his opinions.”
argue with “The two argued with each other for several minutes.”
begin with, start with “Let’s begin with a short quiz.” salad.”
“I shouldn’t have started with a
collide with “It is possible, albeit unlikely, for an asteroid to collide with Earth.”
compare with “How does the restaurant’s soup compare with Vera’s?”
compete with “When I run races, I only compete with the clock.”
cope with “It’s not easy to cope with failure.”
disagree with “She disagrees with my suggestion.”
interfere with “Be careful not to interfere with the conference upstairs.”
meet with “When will you meet with her?”
Verb + of
The preposition of can be used with a variety of verbs. For example:
Verb + of Example Sentences
approve of “Ellen doesn’t approve of her sister’s friends.”
consist of “Pizza consists of bread, cheese, and tomato sauce.”
dream of “I dream of visiting Europe.”
hear of “Have you heard of this new TV show?”
take care of “Who will take care of your goldfish while you’re away?”
think of “If you only think of failure, you’ll never take any risks.”
Verb + in
The preposition in accompanies several verbs and tends to point to involvement or
connections between people or things. For example:
Verb + in Example Sentences
believe in “The majority of children believe in Santa Claus.”
engage in “Maurice likes to engage in political debates.”
invest in “Now is the time to invest in as many companies as possible.”
live in “Haley lives in Seattle.”
participate in “What sports did you participate in as a kid?”
result in “The hotel’s failure to exterminate the bed bugs resulted in fewer customers.”
specialize in “English majors can choose to specialize in creative writing or literature.”
succeed in “Steven succeeded in earning a scholarship.”
Verb + at
At is commonly used with verbs to indicate places, skills, and reactions. For example:
Verb + at Example Sentences
arrive at “We arrived at the hotel in the morning.”
balk at “Melissa balked at taking out the garbage.”
excel at “My five-year-old niece already excels at math and science.”
laugh at “The boy couldn’t stop laughing at Isabella’s joke.”
look at “Look at the whiteboard, please.”
nod at “She nodded at her coworkers.”
shout at “He could hear someone shouting at the TV.”
smile at “My son smiles at me every time I walk through the door.”
stare at “It’s uncomfortable when people stare at you.”
Verb + on
The preposition on is used with a number of different verbs. For example:
Verb + on Example Sentences
agree on “The committee finally agreed on a solution.”
bet on “I wouldn’t bet on that happening.”
comment on “The lawyer briefly commented on the lawsuit.”
concentrate on, focus “He’s trying to concentrate on his work.”
on “I'm too tired to focus on this assignment.”
decide on “He eventually decided on a career path.”
depend on, rely on “You can’t depend on him forever.”
“Too many students rely on the Internet to conduct research.”
elaborate on “This paragraph elaborates on the previous one’s claims.”
experiment on “The company offered assurances that it does not experiment on
animals.”
insist on “She insisted on joining us.”
operate on “Aspiring surgeons learn how to operate on people.”
plan on “Do you plan on attending the concert tomorrow?”
Verb + from
The preposition from is commonly used with verbs to identify a point of origin or a
connection or disconnection between people or things. For example:
Verb + from Example Sentences
benefit from “Aspiring musicians benefit from getting public exposure for their music.”
come from “Saya comes from Japan.”
differ from “How does milk chocolate differ from white chocolate?”
escape from “The prisoners escaped from their captors.”
recover from “The girl recovered from her illness.”
refrain from “Could you please refrain from shouting?”
resign from “The CEO resigned from her position after 25 years with the company.”
retire from “He retired from his job last year.”
suffer from “Many people suffer from social anxiety.”
Verb + other prepositions
Other prepositions can be used to create prepositional verbs. Some of these prepositions are
against, into, and like. For example:
“We decided against visiting my aunt.”
“The car nearly crashed into a tree.”
“I feel like going on an adventure.”
Verbs with multiple prepositions
Certain verbs can take multiple prepositions without changing the overall meaning of the
sentence. For example, the verb talk can use the prepositions to and with interchangeably:
“I need to talk to the principal.”
“I need to talk with the principal.”
On the other hand, some verbs’ meanings do change when a different preposition is
introduced. For example, the verb dream can mean to aspire when it is used with the
preposition of; however, when it is used with the prepositions about, it means to see images
during sleep. For example:
“She dreams of becoming a pilot.” (aspiration)
“She often dreams about flying.” (image during sleep)
UNIT 11
NOUNS PREPOSITIONS
Noun + to
One of the most common prepositions used with nouns is to. The following table contains
examples of combinations you might see:
Noun + to Example Sentence
access to “I couldn’t enter the building without access to the door’s password.”
addiction to “Alison has an addiction to football.”
answer to “Her answer to the teacher’s question was incorrect.”
approach to “Professor Smith’s approach to the experiment was incredibly innovative.”
damage to “The damage to the car is worse than I thought it’d be.”
dedication to “Ned has intense dedication to his schoolwork.”
devotion to “Everyone admired the doctor’s devotion to her patients.”
reaction to “The child had an adorable reaction to the kitten.”
response to “She gave no response to the question I’d asked her.”
solution to “No one could come up with a solution to the math problem.”
threat to “Climate change is a potential threat to certain species.”
Noun + for
Another common preposition used with nouns is for. Examples can be seen in the table
below:
Noun + for Example Sentence
admiration “Penny has so much admiration for her mother.”
for
“Health officials recently announced that a cure for the fatal disease had been
cure for found.”
desire for “My desire for success is more important than my desire for romance.”
hope for “Youths often have high hopes for humanity.”
need for “The need for social interaction is a basic human trait.”
passion for “Simply having a passion for writing doesn’t necessarily mean you will
become a best-selling author.”
reason for “There is always a reason for change.”
respect for “Certain cultures promote respect for elders.”
room for “There’s room for one more person at this table.”
sympathy for “You should always have sympathy for strangers.”
talent for “Greg has a talent for stand-up comedy.”
Noun + of
The preposition of can be used with many nouns. Here are some common combinations:
Noun + of Example Sentence
advantage of “Most people seem to underestimate the advantage of majoring in
philosophy.”
disadvantage “The disadvantage of becoming an entrepreneur is the amount of debt you
of can accumulate.”
fear of “My niece has a fear of the dark.”
habit of “I used to have a habit of biting my fingernails.”
intention of “Do you have any intention of going out today?”
knowledge of “Timothy’s knowledge of beekeeping is impressive.”
lack of “The police cannot arrest him due to a lack of evidence.”
memory of “I have no memory of my first year in school.”
process of “The process of elimination is a popular technique when taking multiple-
choice tests.”
smell of “I love the smell of freshly baked cookies.”
sound of “Can you hear the sound of birds chirping?”
taste of “The taste of cooked octopus is an acquired one.”
Noun + in
Several nouns take the preposition in, examples of which can be seen in the following table:
Noun + in Example Sentence
belief in “It is not uncommon to have a belief in a higher power.”
change in “Scientists detected little change in the atmosphere.”
decrease in “A decrease in taxes would dramatically affect the economy.”
delay in “There appears to have been a delay in processing your payment.”
experience “She has little experience in backpacking.”
in
increase in “I’m hoping for an increase in environmentally friendly products.”
interest in “Even as a child, the girl had an interest in archaeology.”
pleasure in “He took pleasure in playing the piano.”
reduction in “Meredith was forced to take a reduction in her pay.”
rise in “After he won the jackpot, his hometown witnessed a sharp rise in sales of
lottery tickets.”
Noun + on
The preposition on is less commonly paired with nouns, but there are instances where it is
used. Here are some examples of on being used with nouns:
Noun + on Example Sentence
advice on “I read magazines for advice on relationships.”
attack on “Some view the new law as an attack on our rights.”
ban on “The early 20th century saw a short-lived ban on alcohol.”
emphasis
on “She is studying East Asian cultures with an emphasis on Japanese society.”
focus on
“His focus on success has hindered his social life.”
report on “The report on fast food made people more aware of the number of calories
they consume.”
Noun + at
The preposition at is only paired with a few nouns. For example:
“Though new to skiing, he made an attempt at the highest slope.”
“I have no chance at winning this game.”
Often, we use the preposition in conjunction with which, as in:
“This is the age at which you are eligible for military service.”
“There’s always a point at which trying to reason with him becomes futile.”
Noun + from
From is only occasionally used with nouns. The preposition usually refers to two things at
opposition with each other, or specifies an origin or starting point when used in conjunction
with to:
“The town sought protection from bandits.”
“His transition from pauper to prince was something out of a fairy tale.”
Noun + with
Generally, nouns combined with the preposition with point to relationships and connections
between two or more things. For example:
“What’s the matter with you?”
“I noticed a small problem with the story you submitted.”
“Her close relationship with her sister is enviable.”
“If you’re having trouble with the assignments, consult your teacher.”
Noun + about
When paired with a noun, about means concerning or in regards to. For example:
“His anxiety about public speaking is so bad that he sweats when he’s onstage.”
“Do you have any information about the changes in the schedule?”
“She wants to hear the story about her favorite superhero again.”
Noun + between
A noun that takes the preposition between forms a comparison between two things. Here are
some common combinations:
“For her thesis, Stacy submitted a comparison between classical music and
contemporary rock.”
“The connection between good and evil is fascinating.”
“Is there a difference between green onions and scallions?”
Nouns with multiple prepositions
Some nouns are capable of combining with more than one preposition. In some of these
cases, the meaning does not change no matter which preposition is chosen:
“My opinion of her is the same as yours.”
“My opinion about her is the same as yours.”
“Abby is an expert in changing tires.”
“Abby is an expert at changing tires.”
“I appreciate his newfound love for animals.”
“I appreciate his newfound love of animals.”
In other cases, however, the meaning changes entirely when a different preposition is
substituted:
“No one can deny the positive impact of France.” (France has a positive influence.)
“No one can deny the positive impact on France.” (Something positively affects
France.)
“Her transition from vegetarian to vegan wasn’t difficult.” (She started as a
vegetarian and ended as a vegan.)
“Her transition to vegetarian from vegan wasn’t difficult.” (She started as a vegan
and ended as a vegetarian.)
UNIT 12
COMPARISON
Grammatical constructions used for comparing adjectives
There are three forms of comparison:
positive
comparative
superlative
1. Comparison with -er/-est
clean → cleaner → (the) cleanest
We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:
1.1. Adjectives with one syllable
positive comparative superlative
clean cleaner cleanest
new newer newest
cheap cheaper cheapest
1.2. Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:
1.2.1. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y
positive comparative superlative
dirty dirtier dirtiest
easy easier easiest
happy happier happiest
pretty prettier prettiest
1.2.2. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er
positive comparative superlative
clever cleverer cleverest
1.2.3. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le
positive comparative superlative
simple simpler simplest
1.2.4. Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow
positive comparative superlative
narrow narrower narrowest
1.3. Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est
positive comparative superlative comment
large larger largest leave out the silent -e
big bigger biggest Double the consonant after short vowel
sad sadder saddest
dirty dirtier dirtiest Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)
shy shyer shyest Here -y is not changed to -i.
(although consonant before -y)
2. Comparison with more – most
all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables – see
2.1. to 2.4.)
positive comparative superlative
difficult more difficult (the) most difficult
3. Irregular adjectives
positive comparative superlative comment
good better best
bad worse worst
much more most uncountable nouns
many more most countable nouns
little less least
small smaller smallest
4. Special adjectives
Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison (-er/est and more/most).
positive comparative superlative
clever cleverer / more clever cleverest / most clever
common commoner / more common commonest / most common
likely likelier / more likely likeliest / most likely
pleasant pleasanter / more pleasant pleasantest / most pleasant
polite politer / more polite politest / most polite
positive comparative superlative
quietest / most quiet
quiet quieter / more quiet simplest / most simple
stupidest / most stupid
simple simpler / more simple subtlest / most subtle
surest / most sure
stupid stupider / more stupid
subtle subtler / more subtle
sure surer / more sure
5. Difference in meaning with adjectives
positive comparative superlative comment
farther farthest distance
far furthest distance or
further time
later latest
late latter x
x last
older oldest people and things
old eldest people (family)
elder
nearer nearest distance
near next order
x
Beberapa contoh kalimatnya adalah sebagai berikut:
Rendi is 165 cm. Pandu is 180 cm. Rendi is shorter than Pandu.
Diana’s house is 70 m2. Gina’s house is 300 m2. Gina’s house is bigger than Diana’s
house.
Tiger is faster than cow.
I think, English is easier than math.
Rina is happier than Rini.
Dinda is more honest than her sister.
Erick is more handsome than his brother.
Your home is more modern than my home.
Ferrari is more expensive than BMW.
Andi is more diligent than Rudi.
Her mom is more beautiful than Sisca.
1. Her cook is ………………… (spicy) than my mother cook.
2. The building is ……………. (high) than his company.
3. Rony’s design is ……………………. (bad) than other designs.
4. Living in London is ………………………. (expensive) than New York.
5. She couldn’t be ……………………… (thrilled) to work with him.
6. Do you have a …………………………. (sharp) knife than this?
7. The harvest this month is …………………………. (little) than zero.
8. What is ………………….. (important) than family?
9. The banana flaky is ………………………. (crunchy) than cassava flaky.
10. The patient needs ……………….. (much) support after the accident.
11. Rita can walk ……………………… (far) than you think.
12. I want to get a job ……………………… (good) than before.
13. My sister play a music ………………………… (slow) than last night.
14. My sister always gets a winner in the class. She is ……………………… (dilligent) than my brother.
15. His performance is …………… (bright) than other stars.
16. Clara’s hair is ……………. (curly) than Sophia’s.
17. I was ………………………. (embarrassed) than Alex about the test scores.
18. The spring garden was ………………. (lovely) than the fall display of flowers.
19. Rio is a kind person but he is ………………… (compassionate) than Tio.
20.She looks …………………. (fresh) than last week.
Dialog 1
A : Is John better than Marry at speaking English?
B : Yes, he is. John is better than Marry at speaking English.
A : Who is better between John than Marry at mathematic?
B : Marry is better than John at mathematic.
Dialog 2
A : Is your house big?
B : Yes, it is.
A : Is your house bigger than Ali’s house?
B : No, it isn’t. Ali’s house is bigger than my house.
A : Is Ali’s house the biggest in this area?
B : Yes, it is.
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