Ranger PT3 2022 science

PT3 KC117942 PELANGI








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W.M: RM18.95 / E.M: RM18.95 Nor Mazliana Abdul Hashim
KC117942
ISBN: 978-967-2457-14-5 Chong Chee Sian
Harlina Hayati Salaton
PELANGI Nor Azlina Mohd Arif
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (89120-H)



02.indd 1 30/03/2022 9:34 AM

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1.2.3 KSSM






Science






Nor Mazliana Abdul Hashim
Chong Chee Sian
Harlina Hayati Salaton
Nor Azlina Mohd Arif



© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2022
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, mechanical, recording
or otherwise, without the prior permission of Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

ISBN: 978-967-2457-14-5
eISBN: 978-967-0007-62-5 (eBook)
First Published 2022

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (89120-H)
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Bandar Baru Bangi, 43650 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Form 1 CHAPTER 4 Reproduction 38


CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Scientific 4.1 Sexual and Asexual 39

Reproduction
Investigation 1 4.2 Human Reproductive System 42
1.1 Science is Part of Daily Life 2 4.3 The Menstrual Cycle 45
1.2 Your Science Laboratory 4 4.4 Fertilisation and Pregnancy 47
1.3 Physical Quantities and Their 4.5 Factors Affecting the
Units 7 Development of a Foetus
1.4 The Use of Measuring and Baby 49
Instruments, Accuracy, 4.6 Infertility and Contraception 51
Consistency, Sensitivity and 4.7 Plant Reproduction 52
Errors 9
1.5 Density 15
1.6 Steps in a Scientific CHAPTER 5 Matter 59
Investigation 18
1.7 Scientific Attitudes and 5.1 Matter in Nature 60
Values in Carrying Out 5.2 Three States of Matter 62
Scientific Investigation 19

CHAPTER
CHAPTER 2 Cell as the Basic Unit 6 Periodic Table 68
of Life 20
6.1 Classification of Elements 69
2.1 Cell-Structure, Function and 6.2 Mixtures 73
Organisation 21 6.3 Compounds 76
2.2 Respiration and
Photosynthesis 29
CHAPTER 7 Air 80
CHAPTER 3 Coordination and

Responses 33 7.1 Composition of Air 81
7.2 Combustion 85
3.1 Homeostasis in Living Things 34 7.3 Air Pollution 87




ii ii






00 Content Ranger PT3 Sc.indd 2 25/03/2022 3:25 PM

2.4 Role of Humans in Maintaning
CHAPTER 8 Light and Optics 89 a Balanced Nature 133

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8.1 The Use of Mirrors 90 CHAPTER
8.2 Properties of Light 92 3 Nutrition 134
8.3 Reflection of Light 93 3.1 Classes of Food 135
8.4 Refraction of Light 94 3.2 Importance of a Balanced
8.5 Dispersion of Light 96 Diet 137
8.6 Scattering of Light 97 3.3 Human Digestive System 139
8.7 Addition and Subtraction 3.4 Process of Absorption and
of Light 99 Transportation of Digested
Food and Defaecation 141
CHAPTER 9 Earth 103
CHAPTER 4 Human Health 144

9.1 The System and Structure
of the Earth 104 4.1 Infectious and Non-infectious
9.2 Composition of the Earth 108 Diseases 145
9.3 Main Processes of the Earth 109 4.2 Body Defence 148
9.4 Geohazard Phenomena 111
9.5 Age of Earth 115 CHAPTER 5 Water and Solution 151
9.6 Earth’s Resources and
Applied Geology 117 5.1 Physical Characteristics of
Water 152
Form 2 5.2 Solution and Rate of
Solubility 155
5.3 Water Purification and
CHAPTER 1 Biodiversity 120 Water Supply 158


1.1 Diversity of Organisms 121 CHAPTER 6 Acid and Alkali 160
1.2 Classification of Organisms 122
6.1 Properties of Acids and
161
Alkalis
CHAPTER 2 Ecosystem 126 6.2 Neutralisation 165

2.1 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 127 CHAPTER
2.2 Nutrient Cycles in an 7 Electricity and
Ecosystem 128 Magnetism 167
2.3 Interdependence and 7.1 Electricity 168
Interaction among Organisms, 7.2 Flow of Electric Current in
and between Organisms and a Series Circuit and Parallel
the Environment 129 Circuit 174


iii iii





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7.3 Magnetism 176
CHAPTER 13 Meteoroid, Asteroid,
Comet
CHAPTER 8 Force and Motion 180 13.1 Other Objects in the Solar 222
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System, such as Meteroids,
8.1 Force 181 Asteroids and Comets 223
8.2 Effects of Force 183

Form 3
CHAPTER 9 Heat 193

CHAPTER
9.1 Relationship between 1 Stimuli and Responses 226
Temperature and Heat 194
9.2 Heat Flow and Thermal 1.1 Human Nervous System 227
Equilibrium 195 1.2 Stimuli and Responses in
9.3 Principle of Expansion and Humans 228
Contraction of Matter 198 1.3 Stimuli and Responses in
9.4 Relationship between Plants 237
Types of Surface of Object 1.4 Importance of Responses
and Heat Absorption and to Stimuli in Animals 240
Emission 201
CHAPTER 2 Respiration 242
CHAPTER 10 Sound Waves 203

2.1 Human Respiratory System 243
10.1 Characteristics of Sound 2.2 Movement and Exchange of
Waves 204 Gases in the Human Body 246
10.2 Loudness and Pitch of Sound 206 2.3 Health of Human Respiratory
10.3 Phenomenon and Application Systems 248
of Reflection of Sound 2.4 Adaptation in Respiratory
Waves 208 Systems 250

2.5 Gaseous Exchange in Plants 252
CHAPTER 11 Stars and Galaxies in
210
the Universe
CHAPTER 3 Transportation 255
11.1 Stars and Galaxies in the
Universe 211
3.1 Transport System in
Organisms 256
CHAPTER 12 Solar System 214 3.2 Blood Circulatory System 256

3.3 Human Blood 261
12.1 Solar System 215



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3.4 Transport System in Plants 264
3.5 Blood Circulatory System in CHAPTER 8 Radioactivity 306
Animals and Transport System in
Plants 268 8.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 307
8.2 Atom and Nucleus 311
CHAPTER 4 Reactivity of Metals 269 8.3 Ionising Radiation and 312
Non-ionising Radiation
8.4 Uses of Radioactive
4.1 Variety of Minerals 270 Radiation 316
4.2 Reactivity Series of Metals 271
4.3 Extraction of Metals from CHAPTERAll Rights Reserved.
CHAPTER
their Ores 275 9 Space Weather 317


9.1 Activities of the Sun that
CHAPTER 5 Thermochemistry 277 Affect the Earth 318
9.2 Space Weather 321
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd.
5.1 Endothermic and
Exothermic Reactions 278
10 Space Exploration 323


CHAPTER 6 Electricity and 10.1 Development in Astronomy 324
Magnetism 280 10.2 Development of Technology
and its Application in Space
6.1 Generation of Electricity 281 Exploration 325
6.2 Transformer 286
6.3 Transmission and
Distribution of Electricity 288 PT3 Model Paper ..............................330
6.4 Calculate the Cost of Answers ...................................................343
Electricity Consumption 294


CHAPTER 7 Energy and Power 298



7.1 Work, Energy and Power 299
7.2 Potential Energy and Kinetic
Energy 301
7.3 Principle of Conservation of
Energy 303






v v





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CHAPTER 2 CELL AS THE BASIC Form 1
Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life


UNIT OF LIFE
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Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life



i-THINK Gallery
Form 1


Comparison between Animal Cells and Plant Cells
Form 1

Irregular Regular
No vacuole. shape Has a shape Has a
If has, it is nucleus large
very small vacuole



No cell Animal Has Plant Has cell
wall cell cytoplasm cell wall




No Food is Food is Has
chloroplast stored in Has cell stored in chloroplast
the form of membrane the form of
glycogen starch

Classif cation of Organisms


Organisms



Unicellular Multicellular


Organisms that have only Organisms that have many
one cell cells




Amoeba sp. Bacteria Paramecium sp. Animals Plants


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02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 20 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

2.1 Cell – Structure, Function and Organisation

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1. A cell is the basic unit of all living things.
2. A cell is the smallest unit of a living organism.
3. Cells are very small and can only be seen under a microscope.
4. Cells undergo life processes such as respiration, division, excretion, digestion,
reproduction and growth.
Form 1
INFO CORNER

Form 1
Formation of tumour
• Normal cells divide in a controlled way for growth
and to replace dead or damaged cells.
• Cancer cells divide in a continuous and uncontrolled
way even when it is unnecessary and then form a
tumour. Normal cell
Division of cancer
cell without control


5. Cells of living things exist in various sizes and shapes, and have different functions.

Animal Cells and Plant Cells
1. Living things such as animals and plants are made up of cells.
2. Diagram 2.1 shows the structure of an animal cell.


Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Animal cell
• The basic unit of all animals and humans. Nucleus
• Has an irregular shape.
Cytoplasm
Diagram 2.1 Animal cell
3. Diagram 2.2 shows the structure of a plant cell.



Cell membrane
Plant cell Cytoplasm Chloroplast
• The basic unit of plants. Vacuole Nucleus
• Has a regular shape because the cell
is surrounded by a cell wall. Mitochondria Cell wall

Diagram 2.2 Plant cell



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02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 21 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life


INFO CORNER
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
• Animal cells are smaller than plant cells.
• Both animal and plant cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and
mitochondria.

4. Each cell structure has a different function.
Table 2.1 Functions of the structures in a cell
Structure Function Form 1

Cell membrane Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Form 1
Cell wall (Only found in Gives support, protection and a regular shape to plant cells
plant cells)
Cytoplasm The place where biochemical reactions happen
Nucleus • Controls all activities in the cell
• Contains chromosomes consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) which carries genetic information
Mitochondria Functions as the site for energy generation
Vacuole (Only found in plant Stores water, liquid and food substances
cells. If present in animal
cells, they are small in size)
Chloroplast (Only found in An important structure in green plants which contain
green plant cells) chlorophyll to capture light energy during photosynthesis

How to Prepare an Animal Cell Slide

Aim: To prepare an animal cell slide using human cheek cells.
Materials and apparatus: Methylene blue solution, distilled water, toothpick,
filter paper, glass slide, cover glass, mounting needle, forceps, dropper and light
microscope.
Procedure Diagram
1. A toothpick is used to gently scrape the inner part of
the cheek.



2. Distilled water is dripped onto the glass slide. The thin
layer of cheek cells obtained earlier is smeared on the Distilled
water
glass slide.
Cheek Toothpick
cell




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02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 22 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

3. A drop of methylene blue solution is added to the Methylene blue
specimen. solution
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Glass
slide

4. The cover glass is slowly placed on top of the glass
slide using a mounting needle. (Ensure no air bubbles
get trapped on the slide). Cover Mounting
glass
needle

5. Excess methylene blue solution is absorbed using a Form 1
filter paper.
Form 1
Methylene
blue
solution Filter
paper
6. The slide is observed under a microscope using a
low-powered lens followed by a high-powered lens. A
labelled diagram containing a few cheek cells is drawn.








Observation:

Cytoplasm
Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
Cell
Nucleus membrane Cheek cells do not have a regular
shape because they do not have
.
Diagram 2.3 Cheek cells
Discussion:
1. Methylene blue solution is used to stain the cheek cells so their structure
can be seen more clearly.
2. A cheek cell does not have a regular shape.
3. A cheek cell contains the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.
Conclusion:
Animal cells have an irregular shape and contain a nucleus, cell membrane and
cytoplasm.










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02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 23 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
How to Prepare a Plant Cell Slide

Aim: To prepare a plant cell slide using epidermis cells of an onion.
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Materials and apparatus: Iodine solution, onion, scalpel, glass slide, cover
glass, filter paper, mounting needle, forceps and microscope.
Procedure Diagram
1. A layer of epidermis from an onion is peeled off using Epidermis of onion
a scalpel.
Form 1


2. The epidermis layer is placed on a drop of distilled
Form 1
water on a glass slide.
Epidermis
of onion
3. The cover glass is slowly placed on top of the glass Mounting
slide using mounting needle to ensure no air bubble get needle
trapped.
Cover glass
4. A drop of iodine solution is dripped on one end of the Filter paper
cover glass and a piece of filter paper is placed on the
other end to draw the iodine solution so that it stains
all the epidermis cells of the onion. Iodine
solution
5. The slide is observed under a microscope using a
low-powered lens followed by a high-powered lens. A
labelled diagram containing a few epidermis cells of
the onion is drawn.




Observation:

Cell membrane Cytoplasm
Cell wall Nucleus
Vacuole
Diagram 2.4 Epidermis of onion
Discussion:
1. Iodine solution is used to stain the nucleus (brownish red) and chloroplast
(dark blue) so they can be seen more clearly.
2. Onion cells have a regular shape.
3. Onion cells contain the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall and a
large vacuole.
Conclusion:
Plant cells have a regular shape and contain a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm,
cell wall and large vacuole.



24





02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 24 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Unicellular Organisms and Multicellular Organisms
Table 2.2 Unicellular and multicellular organisms
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Unicellular Organisms Multicellular Organisms
1. Unicellular organisms are organisms that 1. Multicellular organisms are organisms that
consist of only one cell. consist of many cells.
2. These organisms are also known as 2. There are some multicellular organisms that
microorganisms because they are very small are also known as microorganisms such as:
and can only be seen using a microscope.
3. These microorganisms can behave like
plants or animals or even both.
4. Examples of unicellular organisms: Form 1

Hydra sp. Spirogyra sp. Mucor sp.
Form 1
3. Other multicellular organisms consist of
Paramecium sp. Amoeba sp. millions of cells with different shapes, sizes
and functions.
4. Examples of multicellular organisms are
mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, fish,
Chlamydomonas sp. Euglena sp. Yeast ferns, algae and flowering plants.


INFO CORNER

Organisms are living things that can carry out life processes such as reproduction,
growth, respiration, digestion and excretion.

Formation of an Organism
1. A multicellular organism like a human is made up of millions of cells as the basic
unit.
2. Specific cells of the same kind then work together to form tissues for carrying
out certain functions.
3. The combination of a few different groups of tissues forms organs.
4. A group of organs that work together to carry out a certain function will form a
system.
5. The organisation of cells, tissues, organs and systems form a complete organism.

Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
Human stomach
is made up of only
smooth muscle cells.
True or False?
Muscle cell Smooth muscle Stomach Digestive Human
tissue system Answer: False
Diagram 2.5 Organisation of cells in humans


25





02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 25 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
The Types and Functions of Animal Cells
1. Diagram 2.6 shows the types of cells in a human body.
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Nerve cell
Epithelial cell

Function: Carries information
Function: Layer that in the form of impulse to all
protects the internal parts of the body
organs

Red blood cell
Reproductive cell Form 1
Sperm Ovum
Form 1
Function: Transports
Function: An ovum carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
female genetic information (waste product)
while a sperm carries male
genetic information White blood cell

Muscle cell
Function: Destroys
microorganisms that
cause diseases
Function: Enables
the body movement

Diagram 2.6 Functions of animal cells

Types and Functions of Plant Cells
1. Diagram 2.7 shows the types of cells in plants.

Cuticle
Upper Palisade
epidermis mesophyll
cell
Spongy Xylem
mesophyll
cell
Phloem
Lower
epidermis
Stomatal pore Guard cell

Diagram 2.7 Types of plant cells









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02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 26 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
2. Table 2.3 shows the functions of plant cells.
Table 2.3 Functions of plant cells
Cells Function
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Palisade cells Contain chlorophyll to trap the light energy for photosynthesis

Guard cells Control the opening and closing of the stoma and reduce the loss
of water at night especially in hot weather
Epidermis cells Reduce the loss of water and enable the exchange of gases that
happens during photosynthesis Form 1

Root hair cell • Functions as the absorber of water and nutrients from the soil
Form 1
Cell wall • Has a fine form with many projections which provides a larger
Root surface area for absorption
hair Cell
membrane
Vacuole


Human Body Systems
1. There are 11 major systems in the human body.
2. Each system has a few organs which work together to carry out specific
functions.
3. All these systems must coordinate well so that we can live healthily.


Respiratory system Nose Skeletal system Skull
Supplies oxygen to the Trachea • Gives support and
body and expels carbon Lung protection to the internal
dioxide from the body organs
• Produces blood cells
Bone






Blood circulatory system Nervous system Brain
Transports oxygen Regulates the body’s
and nutrients to the Heart activities by sending Spinal cord
cells and removes information in the
carbon dioxide Blood form of impulses as Nerve
vessels
and soluble waste reactions to stimuli
products from cells








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02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 27 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

Muscular system Digestive system
Controls the movements • Digests complex Mouth
of the body and food into simpler Oesophagus
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internal organs through Muscle form so that Stomach
contraction and it can be Large Small
intestine
relaxation of muscles easily intestine
absorbed
• Eliminates solid
waste products
Form 1
Excretory system Lymphatic system


Lung Lymphatic gland
Form 1
Kidney Lymph
Ureter
Gallbladder Lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic node
Skin

• Functions to remove excess waste • Transports lymph fluid (a type of colourless
products from the body fluid that contains white blood cells)
• Eliminates toxic and poisonous remnants • Helps the body to get rid of toxins, carry
• Cools down the body and helps regulate nutrients and fight off viral and bacterial
body temperature infections
• Controls the body’s pH
• Maintains the balance of chemicals and
water
Integumentary system Endocrine system
Coordinates and
regulates body
Skin Brain
functions such Thyroid Pituitary gland
as growth, gland
puberty and
glucose levels Pancreas Adrenal gland
in the blood by Testis
(Male)
producing Ovary
hormones (Female)
• Covers and protects the whole body
• Protects the body from dehydration and
regulates body temperature

Reproductive system

Produces female reproductive Produces male
Ovary
cell (known as ovum) Uterus reproductive cell (known
Cervix Testis as sperm)
Penis





28





02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 28 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

2.2 Respiration and Photosynthesis

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Respiration
1. All living things need energy to carry out various activities and life processes.
2. Food is the primary supplier of energy.
3. The process of breakdown of food to release energy is called respiration.
4. Animals and plants absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide into the air.
5. Respiration can be divided into two, namely: Form 1
(a) External respiration (breathing) is the Oxygen
exchange of gases between organisms and the Carbon dioxide
Form 1
environment.
(b) Internal respiration (cellular respiration) is
the process of oxidation and breakdown of
glucose to produce energy in living cells. Diagram 2.8 External respiration


C H O + 6O 6CO + 6H O + Energy (ATP)
12
6
2
2
6
2
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water
dioxide
Photosynthesis
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants produce glucose and oxygen
from water and carbon dioxide with the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll.

Light
6CO + 6H O C H O 6 + 6O
2
12
2
6
2
Carbon Water Chlorophyll Glucose Oxygen
dioxide
2. Chlorophyll is the green pigment that is found in the chloroplast of green plant
cells.
3. Chlorophyll helps to absorb light energy Sunlight
during the photosynthesis. Oxygen
4. Glucose synthesised is stored in the form
of starch in all parts of the plant.
Carbon
dioxide Glucose
(sugar)

Water and mineral
Water and mineral
Diagram 2.9 Photosynthesis in plants




29





02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 29 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
5. The following are the steps to test for the presence of starch in a green leaf:

Starch test
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1. Immerse the leaf in boiling water for one minute to Leaf Boiling
water
break down the leaf cells.


2. Immerse the leaf in a boiling tube that contains
alcohol and place it into hot water for a few minutes Alcohol
to remove the chlorophyll from the leaf. Hot water
Bunsen Form 1
burner off
3. After the leaf loses its colour, place it into the hot
Form 1
water to soften it and remove the alcohol.
Hot water

4. Add a few drops of iodine solution onto the leaf. If Iodine
the iodine solution turns dark blue, starch is present solution
in the leaf.
White tile

6. The following experiment shows factors that are required for photosynthesis:

(a) Presence of carbon dioxide
Variables:
Manipulated: Presence of carbon dioxide
Responding: Presence of starch
Constant: Presence of sunlight, water, and chlorophyll


Bell jar
Green plant Potassium
hydroxide
crystal
Glass plate
Vase A Vase B
Results:
Leaf Starch test Inference
A Dark blue Photosynthesis occurred
B Brown (No change) Photosynthesis did not occur
Sunlight
(b) Presence of sunlight
Variables:
Manipulated: Presence of sunlight
Responding: Presence of starch Black
Constant: Presence of carbon dioxide, water, and paper
chlorophyll



30





02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 30 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

Results:
Leaf Starch test Inference
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Covered by black Brown (No change) Photosynthesis did not occur
paper
Not covered by black Dark blue Photosynthesis occurred
paper


(c) Presence of water
Variables:
Manipulated: Presence of water Form 1
Responding: Presence of starch
Constant: Presence of carbon dioxide,
Form 1
sunlight, and chlorophyll
A B
Results:
Plant Starch test Inference
Watered Dark blue Photosynthesis occurred
Not watered Brown (No change) Photosynthesis did not occur

(d) Presence of chlorophyll
Variables:
Manipulated: Presence of chlorophyll Green part
of leaf
Responding: Presence of starch Non-green
Constant: Presence of carbon dioxide, water, and part of leaf
sunlight

Results:
Leaf Starch test Inference
Part of leaf that is green Dark blue Photosynthesis occurred
(has chlorophyll)
Part of leaf that is not green Brown (No change) Photosynthesis did not
(has no chlorophyll) occur


7. The importance of photosynthesis includes:
(a) Oxygen that is released during the process of photosynthesis is used by other
organisms for breathing and cellular respiration.
(b) Supplies the source of glucose to all organisms.
(c) Maintains and balances the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the
atmosphere.




31





02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 31 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Differences between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
1. Diagram 2.10 shows the differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
Cellular respiration Aspects Photosynthesis
Mitochondria Place occurs Chloroplast
Involves the release of Absorption/ Involves the absorption of
energy Release of energy energy

Chemical energy from food Source of energy Light energy from the Sun Form 1

Organisms Green plants, algae and
All living organisms
involved cyanobacteria
Form 1
Change in
Breaks down glucose Synthesises glucose
glucose
Carbon dioxide, water and End products Oxygen and glucose
energy
All the time Time occurs In the presence of light


Diagram 2.10 Differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis
The Processes of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis are Complementary
1. The cellular respiration process produces carbon dioxide.
2. Carbon dioxide gas is absorbed by plants to carry out the photosynthesis process.
3. Without carbon dioxide gas, plants would not be able to produce oxygen and glucose.
4. Oxygen is absorbed by all living organisms for the cellular respiration process.
5. Glucose is used by all living organisms and broken down during the cellular respiration
process.
6. The breakdown of glucose produces carbon dioxide gas which is reused by plants.









Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
Cellular respiration
uses energy while
photosynthesis
produces energy.
True or False?
Diagram 2.11 Cellular respiration and photosynthesis


32





02 Ranger Science Ting.1.indd 32 30/03/2022 11:27 AM

CHAPTER 5 water and solution Form 2
Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution



Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.

Theme 2: Exploration of Elements in Nature



i-THINK Gallery

Physical Characteristics of Water


Tasteless,
colourless,
odourless


Melting point State of
= 0°C matter change
Boiling point Physical due to heat
= 100°C characteristics absorption and
heat release
of water




Has high Density
surface = 1 g cm -3 Form 2
tension
Form 2
Causes and Effects of Water Pollution

Domestic waste Flash floods



Industrial waste Poisoning of aquatic life


Logging Water Muddying of river water
pollution

Agricultural waste Diseases and health
problems

Oil spillage Kill fishes and birds




151





05 Ranger Science Ting.2.indd 151 30/03/2022 1:57 PM

Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution

5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

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1. Pure water has several physical characteristics as follow:
(a) Tasteless, odourless and colourless
(b) Boiling point is 100 C and freezing point or melting point is 0 C
o
o
(c) Has high surface tension
(d) Density is 1 g cm -3
(e) Low electrical conductivity


Adhesive
force
Cohesive
force INFO CORNER
Cohesive force:
Insects are able to stay Capillary action is a phenomenon that Attractive force between
afloat on water due to enables water to be carried from similar molecules
high surface tension. the roots to the leaves through the Adhesive force:
The surface tension is action of cohesive force between the
the result of cohesive molecules and adhesive force among Attractive force between
force between the water the water molecules and xylem wall. different molecules
molecules.
Diagram 5.1
2. The absorption and release of heat to the surrounding cause the change of state
of water.
Sublimation

Evaporation/ Form 2
Melting Boiling
Form 2
Freezing Condensation Gas
Solid Liquid
Heat is absorbed
Sublimation Heat is released
Diagram 5.2 Effect of absorption and release of heat


Composition of Water
1. Water is a compound. One molecule of water is made up
of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.
O
1 molecule water = 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom
H H
2. The components of water can only be separated through
a chemical process known as electrolysis. Diagram 5.3 Structure
3. The composition of the elements in the water molecule of water
can be ascertained by carrying out the electrolysis process as follow.


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Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution

K L
Measuring Results:
cylinder
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Carbon Measuring Volume of
electrodes cylinder collected gas (ml)
Water + dilute
hydrochloric K 10
acid
L 20
Switch + –
Discussion:
(a) Gas that is collected at anode (measuring cylinder K) lights up a glowing
wooden splinter. This shows the existence of oxygen.
(b) Gas that is collected at cathode (measuring cylinder L) extinguishes
a burning wooden splinter and produces a ‘pop’ sound. This shows the
presence of hydrogen.
(c) The ratio of the volume of gas produced at anode to the gas produced at
cathode is 1 : 2.
(d) A little dilute hydrochloric acid is added to increase the conductivity of
electricity.


Effects of Impurities on the Physical Characteristics of Water
1. The presence of impurities substance in water can alter the physical characteristics
of water.
(a) Effect on the boiling point and melting point
Thermometer
Conical flask
Thermometer
Distilled water + Form 2
Salt
Form 2
Ice + Salt
Bunsen
Towel
burner
Diagram 5.4
• The presence of salt can either increase the boiling point of water or
decrease the melting point of ice.
(b) The presence of impurities alter the density of the water as well. Beside that,
the taste, smell and colour too might change due to the presence of impurities.

Evaporation of Water
1. Evaporation of water is a process where liquid changes into gas which happens
on the water surface at any temperature.
2. The experiment below aims to investigate the factors that influence the rate of
evaporation of water.






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Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution

(A) Surrounding temperature Wet cobalt paper
The higher the surrounding temperature, Table lamp
the higher the rate of evaporation of
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water.
Results:
Cobalt chloride paper B dries first. Tile
Discussion: A B
The temperature below the lamp is high.
A high temperature gives energy to the water molecules to move faster and
then escape into the air. Therefore, the rate of evaporation of the water
increases as the temperature increases.

(B) Exposed surface area of water
The larger the exposed surface area
of water, the higher the rate of C D E
evaporation of water.
Results:
Filter paper C dries first followed by Wet filter paper
filter D and E. Retort stand
Discussion:
Filter paper C has a larger surface area, which allows more water molecules to
escape into the air.

(C) Movement of air
The higher the movement of air, the higher
the rate of evaporation of water. Fan
Results: Form 2
Cobalt chloride paper G dries first. Wet cobalt chloride paper
Form 2
Discussion:
The movement of air under the fan is higher.
High speed air movement sweeps away the F G
water vapour from the surface of the water to other places causing the air at
the surface of the water to dry and increases the rate of evaporation.
(D) Humidity
The higher the humidity, the lower the rate of Wet cobalt chloride paper
evaporation of water.
Results: Bell jar
Cobalt chloride paper I dries first.
Discussion: Anhydrous
calcium
The presence of anhydrous calcium chloride H chloride I
absorbs water vapour and causes the air inside
bell jar I to dry. Dry air can hold more water molecules that escaped from the
surface of the water.




154





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Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution
Applications of Evaporation of Water in Daily Life


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Drying seafood like prawns, Wet clothes are hung under Hot air from the hair dryer
fish and squids. the Sun to dry. dries the wet hair.



5.2 Solution and Rate of Solubility

Solute, solvent and solution







Solute (Salt) Solvent (Water) Solution (Salt solution)
Substance that Liquid that dissolves a Mixture formed when a solute
dissolves in liquid. substance. dissolves in a solvent.
Diagram 5.5

1. Table 5.1 shows different solutions.
Table 5.1 Types of solution
Dilute solution Concentrated solution Saturated solution
• Contains a little solute. • Contains a large quantity of • Contains the maximum Form 2
• Can dissolve much more solutes. amount of solutes.
Form 2
particles of solutes. • Can dissolve only a little bit • Cannot dissolve any more
more particles of solutes. particles of solutes.


Solution and Suspension
Table 5.2 Difference between solution and suspension
Solution Suspension

• A clear mixture forms when the solute • A cloudy mixture forms when the solute
dissolves in the solvent. particles do not dissolve in the solvent.
• Has uniform colour. • The size of the suspension particles is too
• Light is able to pass through the solution big that it prevents the light from passing
because of the tiny size of the solutes. through the suspension.
• The solution does not leave any residue when • When left aside, it will form sediment at
filtered. the bottom of the container or float on the
surface of the solvent and leave residue
when filtered.




155





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Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution
Solubility
1. Solubility of a substance is the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in
100 ml of solvent at a given temperature.
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2. The solubility depends on how fast the solute dissolves in a solvent at a given quantity.
3. The following experiment aims to study the factors that affect the solubility of
a solute.
(A) Temperature of the solvent
The higher the temperature of the solvent, the higher the solubility.

Thermometer
Glass rod

Fine salt 100 ml of
distilled water
Bunsen burner
100 ml of
Fine salt distilled water
J K
(a) Salt dissolves faster in water with high temperature than in water at
room temperature.
(b) A solvent with a high temperature increases the movements of the
solvent’s particles. As a result, the solvent’s particles collide against
the salt particles more frequently.
(B) Rate of stirring
The higher the stirring rate, the higher the solubility.
Stirred Stirred
Form 2
fast slowly

100 ml water +
Form 2
5 g of fine salt
Beaker L Beaker M
(a) Salt dissolves faster when stirred fast.
(b) The solute’s particles move faster when stirred faster, thus causing
the solute’s particles to collide against each other more often.
(C) Size of the solute
The smaller the size of the solute, the higher the solubility.





100 ml
5 g of of water 5 g of coarse
fine salt
Beaker N Beaker O salt
(a) Fine salt dissolves faster compared to coarse salt.
(b) The smaller size of a solute has a larger total surface area to collide
with the solvent’s particles.


156





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Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution
Colloid
1. The colloid is a mixture of two or more solutes which does not form a clear
solution nor sediment.
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2. The colloid can be said to be a mixture placed somewhere between a solution and
a suspension.






Solution Colloid Suspension
Diagram 5.6
3. Examples of colloid:
Table 5.3
Types of colloid Example
Emulsion Milk, coconut milk and emulsion
(A mixture of two or more types of liquids) paint
Foam Soap foam, shaving cream and
(Formed when the gas diffuse in a liquid ) whipped cream
Gel
(A mixture of liquid and solid) Hair gel, jelly and skin gel

Water as a Universal Solvent
1. Water is known as a universal solvent because it can dissolve almost all types of
substances whether it is solid, liquid or gas.
2. Water is used as solvent in various fields, for example:
• Water dissolves oxygen in the water for the use of aquatic organisms. Form 2
• Water dissolves food and drinks.
Form 2
• Water dissolves detergents and soaps for cleaning.
• Water dissolves fertilisers to be absorbed by plants.
Organic solvent

1. Organic solvent is carbon-based organic solvent used to dissolve substances that
cannot be dissolved by water.
2. Examples of organic solvents and their uses:
Table 5.4
Organic solvents Uses
Alcohol For preparing antiseptic solution and perfume
Turpentine For diluting concentrated paint and for removing old paint
Acetone For diluting resin in nail varnish
Ether For extracting perfume
Kerosene Used as a solvent for lamp oil, bitumen and insecticide



157





05 Ranger Science Ting.2.indd 157 30/03/2022 1:57 PM

Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution

5.3 Water Purification and Water Supply

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1. The following shows the water purification method:

Boiling
Pond
• Boiling kills microorganisms. water
• Dissolved substances and dispersed nutrients still remain in
boiled water.
• Boiled water is used as drinking water at home.

Chlorination
• Chlorine solution is added to water with the aim to kill
microorganisms. Chlorine
• Chlorination does not destroy dissolved substances nor Glass rod solution
suspended particles. Pond
• Chlorination is suitable to be used in the swimming pool and water
water tank in the public water supply system.

Filtration
• Filtration eliminates suspended particles. Water pond
• Filtered product is clear without any suspended particle but
still contains dissolved substances and microorganisms.
• Filtration is used to filter water at home and at the water
purification plant. Filtrate

Distillation
• Distillation eliminates all impurities, microorganisms Thermometer Liebig condenser
and dissolved substances. Distillation Form 2
• The distillation process involves the boiling and flask Distillate
condensation processes in order to obtain distilled Pond water
Wire
Form 2
water. gauze
• Distilled water is used to prepare medicine at
hospitals, for laboratory use and for diluting concentrated acid.
Water Supply System
Oxidation tank
Filtration tank

Pump station
Alum and slaked lime
Water reservoir
Sedimentation
Filtration tank tank
Coagulation tank

Chlorination Clean water
tank
Fluoridation Pump station Storage
tank To users

Diagram 5.7 Water supply system

158





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Science PT3 Chapter 5 Water and Solution

Process Function

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• Removes impurities such as leaves, rubbish and others
Filtration

• Adds oxygen to eliminate bad odour and taste
Oxidation


• Alum is added to coagulate suspended particles
Coagulation • Slaked lime is added to reduce the acidity of water



Sedimentation • Suspended particles deposit at the bottom of the tank



Filtration • The sand filter removes remaining impurities

• Chlorine is added to kill microorganisms
Chlorination and • Sodium fluoride is added to prevent tooth decay
fluoridation



Water Sustainability
Form 2
Water pollutant Ways to overcome

Chemicals used in
Form 2
agriculture such as chemical Use fertilisers and pesticides that are
biodegradable
fertilisers and insecticides

Domestic wastes such as
sewage wastes, animal carcasses Improve the sewerage system
and various types of rubbish



Industrial wastes such as Enforce the laws to ensure that
chemical wastes, plastics industrial wastes are not discarded into
and heavy metals the rivers



Oil slicks from ships and Clean up the oil spillage at sea
factories




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05 Ranger Science Ting.2.indd 159 30/03/2022 1:57 PM

CHAPTER 4 reactivity of metals Form 3
Science PT3 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals



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Theme 2: Exploration of Elements in Nature



i-THINK Gallery



Types of Minerals Gold

Silver
Elements
Diamond
Minerals
Bauxite

Galena
Compounds Hematite

Calcite



Extractions through Reduction of Metal Oxides by Carbon




Zinc







Extractions of
Tin metal oxide Iron
by carbon




Form 3
Lead

Form 3


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Science PT3 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals

4.1 Variety of Minerals

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Various Forms of Minerals in the Earth’s Crust
1. Minerals are solid elements or compounds that exist naturally in the Earth’s crust.
2. All minerals have specific chemical compositions and structures.
3. Table 4.1 shows examples of minerals found in Earth’s crust.
Table 4.1
Elements Compounds
Gold, silver, diamond Bauxite, galena, hematite
4. Natural compounds are the combination of several elements. Table 4.2 shows natural
compounds and the elements found in them.

Table 4.2 Natural compounds, scientific names and combinations of elements
Common name Scientific name Combination of elements
Bauxite (Aluminium ore) Aluminium oxide Aluminium, oxygen
Hematite (Iron ore) Iron(III) oxide Iron, oxygen
Galena (Lead ore) Lead(II) sulphide Lead, sulphur
Cassiterite (Tin ore) Stanum(IV) oxide Tin, oxygen
Quartz Silicon dioxide Silicon, oxygen
Pyrite Iron(II) sulphide Iron, sulphur
Calcite Calcium carbonate Calcium, carbon, oxygen
5. The activity below shows that natural compounds are the combination of several
elements.


Boiling tube P Boiling tube Q
Test tube Test tube

Calcium
carbonate
Retort Retort
Calcium carbonate stand Limewater Limewater
and hydrochloric Heat stand
acid

Reaction with acid Reaction with heat
Diagram 4.1
Results:
Activity Observation
Reaction with acid Limewater turns cloudy Form 3
Reaction with heat Limewater turns cloudy
Form 3


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Science PT3 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals
3. The following activity shows the reactivity of several metals towards oxygen.


Potassium
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manganate(VII) Glass wool Metal powder







Heat Heat
Diagram 4.3
(a) Metal powder is heated strongly. Then, potassium manganate(VII) crystals
are heated.
(b) The result from this activity is as follows:
Metal Reaction with oxygen Product formed
Metal burns vigorously and brightly with
Magnesium white shiny flame Magnesium oxide
Aluminium Metal burns vigorously and brightly Aluminium oxide
Zinc Metal burns with bright bluish green flame Zinc oxide
Iron Metal glows with mild yellow flame Iron oxide
Lead Metal glows dimly Lead oxide
(c) In the above activity, the potassium manganate(VII) crystals are used to
supply oxygen.
(d) The reactivity of metals used in this activity in descending order is:
Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Lead


Position of Carbon in the Reactivity Series of Metals
1. The activity below is carried out to determine the position of carbon in
reactivity series of metal.

Crucible
Mixture of metal oxide
and carbon
Wire gauze

Tripod stand
Form 3

Diagram 4.4
Form 3


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Science PT3 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals
Discussion:
(a) Gas released when calcium carbonate is put into the acid and when calcium
carbonate is heated is carbon dioxide gas.
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(b) The word equation for each reaction:
Calcium Hydrochloric Calcium Carbon
(i) carbonate + acid → chloride + dioxide + Water
Heated
(ii) Calcium carbonate Calcium dioxide + Carbon dioxide
(c) Calcium carbonate is a compound made up of calcium, carbon and oxygen.



6. Table 4.3 shows the characteristics of natural minerals and their uses in daily life.
Table 4.3

Natural minerals Chemical / Physical Uses
properties
Calcium oxide Base Neutralises acidic soil
Silicon oxide High melting point To make glass
Calcium carbonate Insoluble in water To make cement
Heavy mineral compared to
Lead(II) sulphide water. Soluble in nitric acid To make batteries, piping


4.2 Reactivity Series of Metals


1. The reaction of metals with oxygen varies according to the types of metals.
2. The metal reactivity series of metals is a list of metals arranged in order of their
reactivity (highest to lowest) towards oxygen as shown in Diagram 4.2.

Metal Symbol
Potassium K Na
Reactivity Series of Metals Calcium Ca oxygen increases
Sodium
Li
Lithium
Mg
Magnesium
Reactivity of
Al
Aluminium
metals towards
Zinc
Zn
Iron
Fe
Tin
Sn
Lead
Copper
Cu
Gold Pb
Ag
Silver Au
Form 3
Diagram 4.2 Reactivity series of metals towards oxygen
Form 3
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Science PT3 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals

(a) The results of this activity are as follows:
Mixture Observation Inference
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Zinc oxide and Mixture glows slowly Carbon is more reactive
carbon than zink
Aluminium oxide and No changes Carbon is less reactive
carbon than aluminium
Lead(II) oxide and Mixture glows Carbon is more reactive
carbon than lead
(b) Based on the reactivity reaction, the sequence of reactivity is as follows:
Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Lead
Decreasing reactivity
(c) Metals placed below carbon or are less reactive in the reactivity series
can be extracted from their ore by heating up the ore with carbon.
(d) Metals placed above carbon or are more reactive than carbon can be
extracted through the electrolysis process.

Position of Hydrogen in the Reactivity Series of Metals
1. The position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals can be
determined through data interpretation based on the following activity.
Combustion of
excess hydrogen gas
Thistle funnel
Metal oxide
on porcelain
dish

Heat
Dilute sulphuric acid
+ copper(II) sulphate
solution Zinc
Anhydrous
calcium
chloride
Diagram 4.5
(a) The results of this activity are as follows:
Mixture Observation Inference
Hydrogen + Aluminium oxide does not glow. Hydrogen does not
aluminium Aluminium oxide is white in colour. reduce aluminium oxide.
oxide
Hydrogen + Zink oxide does not glow. Zinc oxide Hydrogen does not Form 3
zinc oxide changes colour to yellow when it is reduce zinc oxide.
hot and is white on cooling.
Form 3


273





04 Ranger Science Ting.3.indd 273 30/03/2022 2:22 PM

Science PT3 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals

Hydrogen + Iron(III) oxide burns brightly. Iron is produced.
iron(III) Reddish brown powder changes to Reduction of iron(III)
oxide shiny grey. oxide by hydrogen.
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Hydrogen + Lead(II) oxide burns brightly. Yellow Lead is produced.
lead(II) powder changes to shiny grey. Hydrogen reduces
oxide lead(II) oxide to lead.

Hydrogen + Copper(II) oxide burns very brightly. Copper is produced.
copper(II) Black powder changes to brown. Hydrogen reduces
oxide copper(II) oxide to
copper.

(b) Aluminium and zinc are more reactive than hydrogen.
(c) Iron, lead and copper are less reactive than hydrogen.



Conclusion on the Position of Carbon and Hydrogen in the Reactivity Series of
Metals
1. The reactivity series is the arrangement of metals based on their reactivity towards
oxygen. Even then, the position of non-metals like carbon and hydrogen are also
listed in the reactivity series.
2. The position of carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals:

K R
Na E A
Ca C T
Mg V I Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
Al T I
C Y The __________
of metals is useful
Zn S E to determine the
H R I methods used to
extract a metal from
Fe E S its ore.
Sn O
Pb F
Cu M
E
Hg T A
Ag L
Less
Au active
Form 3
Diagram 4.6 Reactivity series of metals


Form 3


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04 Ranger Science Ting.3.indd 274 30/03/2022 2:22 PM

Science PT3 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals

4.3 Extraction of Metals from their Ores

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Extraction of Metals
1. The extraction of metals is a process to obtain a metal from its ore. The extraction
of the metal depends on its position in the reactivity series of metals.

Table 4.4 Metal extraction method
Metal Method of extraction / decomposition
Potassium
Sodium Extraction through electrolysis For metals higher than
carbon in the reactivity
Calcium series of metals, metals
Magnesium are extracted through
electrolysis.
Aluminium
Carbon
Zinc For metals lower than
Iron Extraction through heating of metal ore carbon in the reactivity
series of metals, metals
with carbon in blast furnace
Tin are extracted through
reduction of metal
Lead oxides with carbon.
Copper Burning of metal ore in air
Mercury
Silver Exist in element form
Gold

Process of Iron Extraction
1. The extraction process of iron metal from its ore is carried out in the blast
furnace.



Excess gas Iron ore + carbon
+ limestone








Hot air Hot air
Molten iron Slag Form 3

Diagram 4.7 Extraction of iron in the blast furnace
Form 3


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04 Ranger Science Ting.3.indd 275 30/03/2022 2:22 PM

Science PT3 Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals
2. Reaction takes place in the blast furnace at high temperature.


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Production of iron

Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide


Carbon dioxide + Carbon → Carbon monoxide







Production of slag



Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide


Calcium oxide + Silicon dioxide → Calcium silicate








Mining Issues in Malaysia
1. The following are among the problems or issues that arise relating to mining
activities in Malaysia:
(i) Air pollution is caused by fuels burning and gas produced by blast furnaces.
(ii) Water pollution as a result of cleaning of ores.
(iii) Sound pollution by the mining machinery.
(iv) Consumption of large amount of electrical energy.
(v) Soil erosion due to mining.
(vi) Destruction of habitats due to construction of mines.

2. Solving the issue of mineral deposits in Malaysia:
(i) Limiting open mining and reducing the number of mining areas to prevent
destruction of habitats.
(ii) Mining areas should be located in separated zones far from the local community
settlements. Form 3


Form 3


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04 Ranger Science Ting.3.indd 276 30/03/2022 2:22 PM

Answers
Answers





(b) Prefix Standard form
Model Paper mega 1 × 10 6
micro 1 × 10 –6


SECTION A
SECTION C
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. C All Rights Reserved.
6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C 6. (a) To increase voltage
11. C 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. C (b) (i) Student’s answer
16. A 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. C (ii) More than 1.5 voltage
(b) Usage
SECTION B = 64 221.9 – 63 915.5
= 306.4 kWh
1. (a) Chromosphere
Photosphere Cost need to be paid
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(b) (i) Prominence = 306.4 × RM0.22
= RM67.41
(ii) Solar flare
7. (a) (i) Hydroelectric power station
2. (a) (i), (iii) (ii) Water
(b) (i) FALSE (iii) There are many rivers
(ii) TRUE Filled with water throughout the year
3. (a) (b) (i) Step-up
Step-down
(ii) P needs to increase the voltage to
prevent the loss of energy in the form
of heat
Stone Water Q needs to decrease the voltage to
be supplied to the consumers
(b)
8. (a) (i) Smoking in public
P : Melting Harm other person
(ii) Ask the customer to quit smoking for
disturbing other customers
(b) (i) Lungs cancer
(ii) Tar in the cigaratte smoke is a
Q : Freezing carcinogen, a substance that can
cause cancer.
(iii) Stop smoking
4. (a) (i) absorbs Eat balanced diet
(ii) chemical Regular health check
(b) (i) Photosynthesis Exercise regularly
(ii) Melting 9. (a) (i) Extracting metal from its ore
(iii) Combustion (ii) X – Coke
(iv) Respiration Y – Limestone
5. (a) Kilogram Kelvin (iii) Molten iron
Hematite is iron oxide


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00 ANSWER.indd 343 25/03/2022 3:12 PM

Science PT3 Answers
(b) (i) To activate it 11. (a) (i) The liquid is odourless / colourless
(ii) Magnesium powder burnt with white (ii) Test the liquid using universal
flame indicator. The green colour of the
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Magnesium is a reactive metal universal indicator will remain if the
liquid is water because water is
(iii) Magnesium oxide neutral.
(iv) Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium (b) Tool A. Water consumption can be
oxide
controlled by filling the amount of water
10. (a) (i) Force and displacement needed in the watering can. Watering can
(ii) Work = Force × Displacement is also used to catch rain which can be
= 200 N × 2 m used to water the plants. Thus, the water
= 400 Joule consumption can be reduced.
(iii) Aiman = 400 Joule / 60 s (c)
= 6.7 Watt Ice
Rosli = 400 Joule / 40 s Cover
= 10 Watt
The power possessed by Rosli is Bowl
greater compare to Aiman. Pipe water
(b) A – Elastic potential energy Grill rack
B – Gravitational potential energy
(c) Potential energy A is an energy stored as Pot
a result of deformation of an elastic object
as it is compressed or stretched. Potential
energy B is the energy stored in the object
because of its higher position from the The pipe water is heated until it boils and
ground. produces steam.
(d) (i) Flexible pole can produce elastic Steam rises and hits the cover cooled by
potential energy to propel the athlete. ice. The process of condensation occurs
(ii) Point D because its position is the and the steam turns into water. Water
highest droplets will fall into the bowl, and these
water droplets are distilled water.





























344





00 ANSWER.indd 344 25/03/2022 3:12 PM

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