Focus SPM 2021 Physics

PELANGI BESTSELLER

PHYSICS SPM
Form
4∙5
KSSM

Yew Kok Leh NEW SPM ASSESSMENT
Chang See Leong • Abd Halim Bin Jama’in
FORMAT 2021

CONTENTS

FORM 4

1Chapter Measurement 1 4Chapter Heat 93

1.1 Physical Quantities 2 4.1 Thermal Equilibrium 94
1.2 Scientific Investigation 6 4.2 Specific Heat Capacity 98
4.3 Specific Latent Heat 110
SPM Practice 1 15 4.4 Gas Laws 119
134
2Chapter SPM Practice 4

Force and Motion I 19 5Chapter

Waves 140

2.1 Linear Motion 20 5.1 Fundamentals of Waves 141
2.2 Linear Motion Graphs 28 5.2 Damping and Resonance 148
2.3 Free Fall Motion 33 5.3 Reflection of Waves 151
2.4 Inertia 36 5.4 Refraction of Waves 155
2.5 Momentum 41 5.5 Diffraction of Waves 160
2.6 Force 49 5.6 Interference of Waves 165
2.7 Impulse and Impulsive Force 54 5.7 Electromagnetic Waves 174
2.8 Weight 58 179
SPM Practice 5
SPM Practice 2 60
6Chapter
3Chapter Light and Optics 187

Gravitation 67 6.1 Refraction of Light 188
6.2 Total Internal Reflection 200
3.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 68 6.3 Image Formation by Lenses 207
6.4 Thin Lens Formula 212
3.2 Kepler’s Laws 80 6.5 Optical Instruments 217
6.6 Image Formation by Spherical
3.3 Man-made Satellites 83 Mirrors 222
230
Praktis SPM 3 88 SPM Practice 6

iv

FORM 5

1Chapter 4Chapter Electromagnetism 370

Force and Motion II 235

1.1 Resultant Force 236 4.1 Force on a Current-carrying 371
1.2 Resolution of Forces 254 Conductor in a Magnetic Field 379
1.3 Forces in Equilibrium 258 4.2 Electromagnetic Induction 387
1.4 Elasticity 266 4.3 Transformer 393
277
SPM Practice 1 SPM Practice 4

2Chapter 5Chapter Electronics 403

Pressure 284 5.1 Electron 404
5.2 Semiconductor Diode 410
2.1 Pressure in Liquids 285 5.3 Transistor 418
2.2 Atmospheric Pressure 293 429
2.3 Gas Pressure 296 SPM Practice 5
2.4 Pascal’s Principle 298
2.5 Archimedes’ Principle 301 6Chapter Nuclear Physics 436
2.6 Bernoulli’s Principle 308
313 6.1 Radioactive Decay 437
SPM Practice 2 6.2 Nuclear Energy 442
450
SPM Practice 6

3Chapter Electricity 321 7Chapter Quantum Physics 460

3.1 Current and Potential Difference 322 7.1 Quantum Theory of Light 461
3.2 Resistance 333 7.2 Photoelectric Effect 467
3.3 Electromotive Force (e.m.f) and 7.3 Einstein’s Photoelectric Theory 468
Internal Resistance 348 SPM Practice 7 479
3.4 Electrical Energy and Power 357
364 pre-spm model paper 484
SPM Practice 3

answers 500

1Chapter Form 4

Measurement

CHAPTER FOCUS
1.1 Physical Quantities
1.2 Scientific Investigation

Have you heard of the famous scientist Isaac Newton who sat under an apple tree? As a result
of an apple falling from the tree, he investigated the characteristics of objects falling towards
the surface of the Earth and eventually succeeded in discovering the theory of gravitational
force. Scientists always carry various scientific investigations to confirm certain scientific
theories, laws or principles. What is meant by a scientific investigation?

1

Form   Physics  SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement 3. The modernised version of the metric system is
called International System of Units, officially
Introduction abbreviated as SI.
1. Physics is a branch of science concerning the
4. We can represent a physical quantity by the
study of natural phenomena like properties symbol of the quantity, the numerical value
of matter and energy. Examples of natural of the magnitude of the quantity and the unit
phenomena are: of measurement of the quantity. For example,
(a) formation of rainbow in the sky Figure 1.1 shows a footballer scoring a goal.
The ball was kicked a distance of 8 m.
4


(b) lightning and thunder

8m
(c) eclipse of sun and moon
Figure 1.1
(d) earthquake


2. The word physics comes from the Latin word Symbol

physica meaning the science of natural things. Distance travelled by the ball, l = 8 m Unit
Up to the nineteenth century, physics was
called natural philosophy. Numerical
3. Physics is based on experimental observations
and quantitative measurements. Physicists 5. There are two types of physical quantities, that
always try to find the simplest explanation for is, base quantities and derived quantities.
a complex phenomenon.
6. Base quantities are physical quantities that
1.1 Physical Quantities cannot be defined in terms of other quantities.
Table 1.1 shows seven base quantities and their
1. Physical quantities are quantities that can be respective SI units.
measured.
Table 1.1
2. To describe a physical quantity, we first define
the unit in which the measurement is made. Base quantity Symbol SI Unit Symbol
There are many systems of units but the most of SI unit
common system of units used by scientists is Length l metre
based on the metric system. Mass m kilogram m
Time t second kg
Temperature T s
Electric current I kelvin K
Light intensity Iv ampere A
Quantity of candela cd
matter n
mole mol

7. Derived quantities are physical quantities
derived from combinations of base quantities
through multiplication or division or both
multiplication and division.

2

Physics SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement  

8. Table 1.2 shows some derived quantities and their respective derived units.

Table 1.2

Derived quantity Symbol Relationship with base quantities Derived unit Unit in SI base unit Form
Area A m × m = m2
Length × Length m2

Volume V Length × Length × Length m3 m × m × m = m3
Density 4ρ
Mass kg m–3 kg = kg m–3
Length × Length × Length m3

Velocity v Displacement m s–1 m = m s–1
Time s

Acceleration a Velocity m s–2 m s–1 = m s–2
Force F Time kg m s–2 s

Mass × Acceleration kg × m s–2 = kg m s–2

Imperial Unit Prefix
1. Imperial unit was first used in Britain in the
1. Prefixes are used to simplify the description
year 1824 but is seldom being used today. of physical quantities that are either very big
Examples of imperial units are feet, inches, or very small in SI units.
yards, miles, gallon and psi.
2. Compared with the S.I. unit, these units are 2. Table 1.3 lists some commonly used SI prefixes
more difficult to use. and their multiplication factors.
3. The S.I. unit which is based on the multiples
of 10 is easier to use than the imperial unit. Table 1.3

How many Prefix Symbol Value
inches are in
pico p 10–12
3.5 yards?
nano n 10–9
It would be
easier if madam micro µ 10–6
use the metre
and centimetre mili m 10–3

units. centi c 10 –2

S.I. Unit deci d 10–1
1 m = 100 cm
Therefore, 3.5 m = 3.5 × 100 cm = 350 cm deca da 101
Imperial Unit
1 yard = 36 inches hecto h 102
Therefore, 3.5 yards = 3.5 × 36 inches = 126 inches
kilo k 103

mega M 106

giga G 109

tera T 1012

3

  Physics  SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement

SPM Tips Standard Form
1. The distance of Pluto from the Earth is about
Prefixes Bigger
109 giga (G) 6 000 000 000 000 m and the radius of a
Form hydrogen atom is about 0.000 000 000 05 m.
These quantities are either too large or too
106 mega (M) small and a simpler way of expressing them
is by using standard form of representation or
4 scientific notation.
103 kilo (k)
Electron
10–1 deci (d)
10–2 centi (c) Proton
10–3 mili (m)
Hydrogen atom
10–6 micro (μ)
2. In a standard form or scientific notation, a
10–9 nano (n) Smaller numerical magnitude can be written as:

EXAMPLE 1.1 giga (G) A × 10n, where 1 < A  10 and n is an
integer
Convert
(a) 0.0042 kg to g Hence, the distance of Pluto from the Earth
(b) 5 800 g to kg can be written as 6 × 1012 m and the radius of
(c) 10 cm to m a hydrogen atom as 5 × 10–11 m.
Solution
EXAMPLE 1.2
109
For each of the following, express the magnitude
106 mega (M) using scientific notation.
(a) The length of a virus = 0.000 000 08 m
103 kilo (k) (b) The mass of a ship = 75 000 000 kg
(b) Solution
(a) ϫ 103 (b) ϫ 10–3 (a) The length of a virus
= 0.000 000 08 m
(c) ϫ 10–2 10–1 deci (d) = 8 × 10–8 m
(b) The mass of a ship
10–2 centi (c) = 75 000 000 kg
10–3 mili (m) = 7.5 × 107 kg

10–6 micro (µ)

10–9 nano (n)

(a) 0.0042 kg = 0.0042 × 103 g = 4.2 g
(b) 5 800 g = 5 800 × 10–3 kg = 5.8 kg
(c) 10 cm = 10 × 10–2 m = 0.1 m

4

Conversion of Units Involving Derived Physics SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement   Form
Quantities
Understand Scalar and Vector Quantities.
1. When converting units of derived quantities,
each of its base units involved must be U
converted. The following example illustrates BT
the conversion of derived units.
S
50 km

EXAMPLE 1.3 Figure 1.2 4

Convert each of the following from one particular 1. Physical quantities can be grouped into scalar
unit to another and represent the quantity in quantities and vector quantities.
standard form.
(a) Convert the area of a button from 1.2 cm2 2. Figure 1.2 shows a truck travelling a distance
of 50 km in the eastward direction. We
into m2. describe the journey of the truck by stating
(b) Convert the volume of a water tank from the magnitude and direction of its travel:
(a) The magnitude is 50 km.
2.5 m3 into cm3. (b) The direction is East.
(c) Convert the density of mercury from
3. Scalar quantities are physical quantities that
13.6 g cm–3 into kg m–3. have magnitude only.

Solution 4. Vector quantities are physical quantities that
have magnitude and direction.
(a) 1 cm2 = 1 cm × 1 cm
5. Some examples of scalar and vector quantities
= 10–2 m × 10–2 m are listed in Table 1.4

= 10–4 m2

Therefore, 1.2 cm2 = 1.2 × 10–4 m2

(b) 1 m3 = 1 m × 1 m × 1 m

= 102 cm × 102 cm × 102 cm Table 1.4

= 106 cm3 Scalar quantities Vector quantities

Therefore, 2.5 m3 = 2.5 × 106 cm3

(c) 1 g cm–3 = 1g Length Displacement
1 cm3 Time Velocity
10–3 kg Temperature
= 10–6 m3 Mass Acceleration
Speed Momentum
= 103 kg m–3
Force

Therefore, 13.6 g cm–3 = 13.6 × 103 kg m–3

= 1.36 × 104 kg m–3 SPM Highlights

SPM Highlights Which of the following quantities is a vector quantity?
A Mass
Which of the following is a derived quantity? B Speed
C Energy
A Length C Mass D Force

B Speed D Time Examiner’s Tip
Force has both magnitude and direction. The rest of
Examiner’s Tip the quantities have magnitude only.
Speed is Distance . Hence it is a derived quantity.
Answer: D
Time

Answer: B

5

  Physics  SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement

Checkpoint 1.1 1.2 Scientific Investigation

Q1 Read the label of the box in Figure 1.3 carefully. 1. Scientists use scientific investigations to find
solutions and make discoveries of various
Form SUPER SOUP 3 packets inside: Total 55.2 g theories and laws in science.
For each packet, add 150 cm3 of
hot water at 80°C. Stir until thicken. 2. A scientific investigator needs to arrange and
All done in 3 minutes. record the results of the investigation in a
systematic and effective way that will facilitate
4 9 kJ of energy per serving analysis to determine relationships, patterns
Expiry date: 02/02/2021 and arrive at a conclusion.

1 3. Observations in an investigation are usually
done directly through seeing, hearing,
Figure 1.3 smelling, touching and tasting or with the
Identify all the physical quantities stated. Then, help of scientific instruments.

classify the physical quantities into base and
derived quantities.

Q2 Figure 1.4 shows a satellite orbiting Earth.

Figure 1.4

(a) The orbit radius of the satellite is 7 500 000 m.

What is its radius in

(i) km? (ii) Mm? Process in a Scientific Investigation
1. If a phenomenon observed needs further
(b) The satellite travels at a speed of 7853 m s–1.
explanation and understanding, the question
What is its speed in km h–1? will be phrased in the form of a problem
statement. A scientific investigation process
Q3 What is a starts with the identification of the problem in
(a) scalar quantity? the form that can be tested scientifically. Below
are examples of problem statements:
(b) vector quantity? (a) How does the period of oscillation of a

Q4 Table 1.5 shows some events involving physical simple pendulum depend on its length?
quantities
String
Table 1.5
Cork
Event Description

1 A plane flies at 700 km h–1
from Senai Airport to Kuching
International Airport.

2 Theva buys 3 kg of flour for his
mother to bake cookies.

3 A porter pushes a trolley with a θ < 10°
force of 25 N towards a lift. θ

4 Jamal heats some water from Ruler
20°C to 100°C to make coffee.

For each event, determine whether each of the A C
quantities involved is a scalar or vector quantity. Bob Stopwatch B

Explain your answer.

6

Physics SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement  

(b) What is the relationship between the depth 5. After that, a scientific investigation is planned Form
and pressure of a liquid? and carried out. The apparatus and materials
needed are prepared. An experiment will then 4
be carried out with the proper and careful
arrangement of the apparatus and the procedure.
(c) What is the relationship between the speed
of flow of a fluid and its pressure? 6. Systematic collection of experimental
data, usually in the form of tables will be
done to facilitate the analysis process later.

2. After that, a hypothesis is made. A hypothesis 7. After that, analysis and interpretation of data
is an intellectual guess on the relationship will be carried out using scientific reasoning with
between two or more variables. the help of graphs or other scientific methods.

3. A variable is a physical quantity that can be 8. Following that, a decision is made. It usually
varied in an experiment. There are three types is related to the relationship between the
of variables. manipulated variable and the responding
(a) A manipulated variable is a physical variable. After that, a conclusion is arrived
quantity with values that are fixed by at and this is about accepting or rejecting
the experimenter before carrying out the the hypothesis. To communicate the results
experiment. of the experiment to others, a report from
(b) A responding variable is a physical the beginning till the conclusion is written.
quantity that changes its value in response
to the change in the manipulated variable. Identify the problem that can be tested by
(c) A fixed variable is a physical quantity scientific investigation.
that is set to remain constant throughout
the experiment. State a hypothesis

4. A hypothesis Design how the variable is manipulated and how
(a) must be brief and clear. the data is collected.
(b) must state the relationship between the
manipulated variable and the responding Plan and carry out the scientific investigation.
variable.
(c) is still not known to be correct yet and Present the collected data.
needs to be tested.
(d) must be able to be tested by conducting Interpret the data and results using scientific
experiments. reasoning.

Make conclusion and present in a report.

7

Form   Physics  SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement

Graphical Method
1. The graphical method is one of the most important methods for analysing and interpreting experimental

data.

2. When using the graphical method, the following steps are taken to make sure a more accurate result
is achieved.
(a) Information or data needs to be collected and arranged in table form.

4 (b) From the tabulated data, a graph is plotted.
(c) Analysis of the graph is carried out.

Interpreting the Shape of the Graph to Determine the Relationship Between Two
Physical Quantities

Students frequently need to analyse graphs to come out with certain conclusions especially in dealing with
the relationship between two variables. Table 1.6 shows some graphs that students will usually come across
in scientific investigations.

Table 1.6

Type of graph Explanation

y 1. Equation y = mx is a straight line that passes through the origin

(0, 0). a
b
a 2. Gradient of the line, m =

b x 3. Relationship between y and x:
0 y = mx
(a) y is directly proportional to x.

(b) Therefore, y ∝ x

y 1. Equation y = mx + c is a straight line that passes through the y-axis
at c.

a 2. y-intercept = c a
b
3. Gradient of the line, m =

cb x 4. Relationship between y and x:
0 y = mx + c
(a) y and x have a positive linear relationship.

(b) Therefore, y increases as x increases.

yy

1. Non-linear relationship.
2. y increases when x increases.

0 x0 x
yy

1. Non-linear relationship.
2. y decreases when x increases.

0 x0 x
y
1. Equation y = k is a curve, where k is a constant.
x

x 2. Relationship between y and x:
(a) y is inversely proportional to x.

0 y= k (b) Therefore, y ∝ 1x
x

8

Physics SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement  

Analysing Graph to Derive the Conclusion of an Investigation Form

Extension of
spring, x / cm

10.0

8.0

4

6.0

Spring
4.0

2.0

Load

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Weight of load, W / N
Figure 1.5

Figure 1.5 shows a graph that is plotted from a scientific investigation to determine the relationship between
the extension of spring and the weight of the load. Based on the graph, the following analyses are carried out.

(a) Determine the gradient of the Extension of
graph spring, x / cm

1. Two points that cover more than 10.0 6.7 – 2.7
half of the straight line are chosen. 8.0 = 4.0
6.0
2. From the two points, a triangle is 4.0 Gradient
drawn and the gradient is determined 2.0
by the method shown in Figure 1.6. 0.5 – 0.2 = _4_.0_
= 0.3 0.3
3. The unit for the gradient is based
on the the unit of the vertical axis 0.3 0.4 0.5 = 13.3 cm N –1
divided by the horizontal axis. In this
case it is in cm/N or cm N–1. Figure 1.6

0 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.7
Weight of load, W / N
(b) Determine the area under the

graph Extension of

1. Figure 1.7 shows the method to determine spring, x / cm

the area under the graph for a certain 10.0

required range of values on the horizontal

axis. 8.0

2. The unit for the area is the product of both 6.0
the units of the axes. In the coming chapters,
you will learn various physical quantities 4.0 8.0
related to the area under the graph.
2.0
Area under graph = Area of trapezium 1.3

= 1 (1.3 + 8.0) × 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
2 Weight of load, W / N
= 2.33 N cm
0.5

Figure 1.7

9

  Physics  SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement

(c) Determine a certain physical quantity using the interpolation method

Form 1. Interpolation of graph is a Extension of
process of estimating a value spring, x / cm
that falls within the known range
of the graph. 10.0

2. What is the extension of the Interpolation 8.0
method 6.0
4 spring if the weight of the load 4.0
is 0.35 N? From Figure 1.8, If x = 6.0 cm
the value 0.35 N falls within W = 0.45 N
the range of 0.1 N and 0.6 N
with the known values of the 2.0
extension of the spring. Through
interpolation, the extension of the 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
spring when the load is 0.35 N Weight of load, W / N
can be determined.

3. If the extension of the spring is 6.0 cm, the Interpolation method
weight of the load can also be determined with the If W = 0.35 N,
interpolation method as shown in the diagram. x = 4.6 cm
Figure 1.8

(d) Making prediction using the extrapolation method

1. Figure 1.9 shows two examples of the extrapolation method.

Extension of
spring, x / cm

Extrapolation method 10.0
shows if 8.0

x = 9 cm, W = 0.67 N

6.0

4.0

2.0

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Weight of load, W / N

Extrapolation method
shows if

W = 0 N, x = 0 cm

Figure 1.9

2. If a physical quantity to be estimated is not within the range of the graph, the graph can be extended
until that value to enable the estimation to be done. This method is known as extrapolation of graph.

3. The accuracy of the estimated value using the extrapolation method depends on a few factors. The
further the value to be estimated from the known range, the more difficult it is for accuracy to be
achieved. Furthermore, the extrapolation method assumes that the pattern of the graph continues out
of the known range. If the pattern changes, the estimation will not be accurate.

10

Physics SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement  

SPM Highlights  Question or problem statement
What is the relationship between the length of
The table shows the results of an experiment to the string and the time taken for the apple to Form
investigate the relationship between time and swing to and fro?
temperature of a liquid in a beaker.
 Variables
Time, t / minutes 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 The variables involved are the length of the 4
Temperature, 80.0 65.0 55.0 47.0 string, the time of the swing and the mass of
q / °C the apple.

What is the manipulated variable?
A Time, t
B Temperature, q
C Type of liquid
D The volume of the liquid, V

Examiner’s Tip  Hypothesis

It is the physical quantity in the table that can be The longer the length of the string, the longer
fixed before the experiment. the time taken for the apple to swing to and fro.

Answer: A

Example of Scientific Investigation and  Designing an experiment
Writing a Complete Report The experiment designed must be able to be
carried out in an ordinary school laboratory.
1. During a telematch event, Rahman was Hence, the case of the apple swinging is equivalent
supposed to bite an apple without touching it to the oscillation of a simple pendulum. The time
with his hands. The apple was tied to a string to be measured is the period of the pendulum.
and was swinging to and fro. Rahman observed
that the apple took a longer time to swing to Figure 1.11
and fro if the string was longer.
SPM Tips

Figure 1.10 AB A

2. The flow chart in Figure 1.11 will guide you AB
through the process of scientific investigation
of this example. Figure 1.12
Increasing accuracy of measurement
a Observation • Period is the time taken to complete one oscillation.

The apple takes a longer time to swing to and fro For example, it is the time taken for a pendulum to
when the string is longer swing from position A to B and back to A.
• To increase the accuracy of the result, time taken for
 Inference more than one oscillation is recorded. For example,
time for 10 oscillations is recorded.
The time taken for the apple to swing to and fro
depends on the length of the string.

11

  Physics  SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement

EEkxsppeerrimimeennt 12.1

Form Situation: Rahman noticed that an apple tied to a longer string takes a longer time to oscillate.
Aim: To determine how the period of a simple pendulum is dependent on its length.
Problem: How is the period of a simple pendulum dependent on its length?

4 Inference: The period of a simple pendulum is dependent on its length
Hypothesis: The longer the length of the pendulum, the longer the period of its oscillation.

Variables:
(a) Manipulated variable: Length of pendulum
(b) Responding variable: Period of oscillation of the pendulum
(c) Fixed variable: Mass of pendulum bob

Material: 100 cm thread, two small pieces of plywood.
Apparatus: Retort stand with clamp, stopwatch, protractor, brass bob and metre rule.

Procedure:

1. One end of the thread is tied to a brass bob and the other end is clamped
to the retort clamp with the help of two pieces of plywood as shown
in Figure 1.12.

2. The thread is adjusted so that from the point where it is clamped to the Plywood
centre of the bob, its length l is l = 20.0 cm. Thread
Brase bob
3. The pendulum is made to oscillate at a small angle of 100 .

4. The time, t1, for 20 complete oscillations is measured. The reading is
recorded.

5. Tishreetciomred,etd2,. for another 20 complete oscillations is measured. The reading Figure 1.12

6. The average of fto1raonndetc2 oismdpeletetermoisnceildlaatinodn recorded as t. Subsequently,
the time taken which gives the value of period
of oscillation,

T = t is determined.
20

7. Steps 3 to 6 are repeated for l = 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0 cm, 60.0 cm and 70.0 cm.

8. The data is recorded in the table below.

9. Based on the data, the graphs of T against l and T2 against l are plotted.

Results:

Table 1.6

Length of Time taken for 20 complete oscillations, t  / s Period
pendulum,
t1 t2 Average, t T = t /s T2 / s2
l / cm 17.6 17.5 17.6 20

20.0 0.88 0.77

30.0 22.1 22.2 22.2 1.11 1.23

40.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 1.25 1.56

50.0 28.0 27.9 28.0 1.40 1.96

60.0 30.8 30.8 30.8 1.54 2.39

70.0 33.1 33.2 33.2 1.66 2.76

12

Physics SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement  

Data Analysis:

T/s

Form

0 l / cm 4

The graph of period, T against length, l shows a curve with a positive gradient. This means that when
l increases, T also increases. The hypothesis is accepted.

T2/ s

0 l / cm

The graph of T2 against length, l is a straight line passing through the origin. Therefore, T2 is directly
proportional to l or T2 ∝ l.

Conclusion:
The longer the length of the pendulum, the longer the period of its oscillation. Hence, Rahman’s
observation about the apple tied on a longer string took longer time to oscillate has been proven to
be true in this experiment.

Checkpoint 1.2

Q1 (a) Explain the meaning of the following items in a Q2 Figure 1.14 shows the setup of an experiment to

scientific investigation. investigate how the distance of the extension of an
(i) Inference elastic chord, x, affects the horizontal distance of
(ii) Hypothesis travel, d, of the ball.

(iii) Variable Elastic cord
(b) Figure 1.13 shows objects attached to three

identical springs. Ball x

Figure 1.13 d

Based on the observation, Figure 1.14
(i) write an appropriate inference.
(ii) state a hypothesis. Based on the setup,
(iii) state the manipulated, responding and fixed (a) state the aim of the experiment.
variables. (b) state a suitable hypothesis for the experiment.
(c) list down the manipulated, responding and fixed

variables of the experiment.
(d) explain how you would tabulate and analyse

your data.

13

Chapter
  Physics  FSoPrMm  4C  hCaphtaeprte1rM1eMaseuarseumreemntent
CONCEPT MAP
1
ELEMENTARY physics
14 Measurement

Physical Quantity Scientific Investigation

Base Quantity Derived Quantity Graph Experiment
Analyse results
Symbol Unit Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity Make conclusion

S.I. Imperial Interpreting Analysis Write report
the shape
Results of
Relationship between investigation
two physical quantities

Physics SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement  

SPM Practice 1 Chapter

Objective Questions

1. Physical quantity is a quantity B addition or division or 7. The diagram shows a graph 1
that is both addition and division
A small of base quantities. of distance against time.
B big
C measurable C multiplication and division s/m
D variable of base quantities.
80
2. Which of the following is a D multiplication or division
base quantity? or both multiplication 60
A Weight and division of base
B Area quantities. 40
C Electric current
D Density 4. What is the S.I. unit of a 20
physical quantity derived
3. Derived quantity is a physical from the division of mass by 0 10 20 30 t/s
quantity that is derived from volume?
A addition and multiplication A g cm3 C g cm–3 Figure 7
of base quantities. B kg m3 D kg m–3
What is the gradient of the
5. Which pair of of quantities is correct? graph?

SPM A 0.94 m s–1 C 2.53 m s–1
B 1.07 m s–1 D 2. 67 m s–1
2016 Scalar quantity
Vector quantity 8. A machine lifts bricks up a
HOTS building under construction.
A Has magnitude only Has direction only
The diagram shows a graph
B Has direction only Has magnitude only of the height of the bricks
against the time which the
C Has magnitude and direction Has magnitude only machine has been switched
on.
D Has magnitude only Has magnitude and direction
Height, h / m

6. The diagram shows a What is the best conclusion 30
HOTS graph that is plotted from a that can be derived from the 20
graph? 10
scientific investigation related A The depth is directly
to the relationship between proportional to the weight 0 5Time, t1/0secon1d5s
the depth of a pole forced of the load.
into the ground with the B The depth increases
weight of the load added on linearly with the weight of
it. the load. Figure 8
C The depth is inversely
Depth, h / cm proportional to the weight Which of the following best
of the load. describes the graph?
40 D The weight of the load A The height of the bricks is
will increase if the depth directly proportional to the
30 is increased. time which the machine
has been switched on.
20 B Throughout the time
the machine has been
10 switched on, the height of
the bricks increases with
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 a constant rate.
Weight of load,W / N

Figure 6

15

  Physics  SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement

C The bricks are only What method is used in this Responding Relationship
lifted 3 seconds after estimation? variable
the machine has been
Form switched on. Estimated Method A a a is directly
value proportional
D The machine is switched to m
on for only 14 seconds. A 7.6 m Interpolation

4 9. The diagram shows a graph B 7.6 m Extrapolation B a a is inversely
of v against t. proportional
v C 8.0 m Interpolation to m

D 8.0 m Extrapolation C m m is directly
proportional
11. The diagram shows a graph to a
of P2 against d.
D m m is inversely
P2 proportional
1
to a

t 13. Which of the following is not
HOTS a suitable hypothesis?
Figure 9
A The higher the ball is
Which of the following best d dropped, the longer the
describes the graph? time of its fall to the floor.
A v is inversely proportional Figure 11
to t. B The lower the
Which of the following temperature of a liquid,
B The gradient of the graph statements concerning this the longer the time for the
is negative. salt to dissolve.
graph is not true?
C v increases with a uniform A P increases when d C The higher is the
rate. acceleration of a car, the
increases. more difficult the use of
D v decreases with a B P2 increases when d normal instruments to
uniform rate. measure its velocity.
increases.
10. The diagram shows how the C P2 is directly proportional D The higher the
radius of a circle changes temperature of a gas
with time. From the graph, to d. in a ball, the bigger the
estimate the radius of the D P has a linear relationship volume of the ball.
circle when the time is t = 36 s.
with d. 14. A manipulated variable
r/m A must be a base quantity.
12. The diagram shows a graph B must be a derived
SPM quantity.
2017 of relationship between C must remain constant
acceleration, a, and mass, m. throughout the
experiment.
8 Which pair is correct? D can be determined
before carrying out an
6 a experiment.

4

2

0 10 20 30 40 t/s –m1

Figure 10 Figure 12

16

Physics SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement  

Subjective Questions

Section A

1. A particular physical quantity L, is given by L = T2g where p is a constant, T is the time and the SI unit for Form
g is m s–2. 4p2

(a) (i) Determine the SI unit for L. [2 marks]
(ii) What type of physical quantity is L. [1 mark]
4
(b) A scientist successfully created a synthetic material with a very low density. The diagram shows a cuboid

that is made of this material. (Each surface of the cuboid is a rectangle). The mass of the cuboid is

1500 g. 25 cm

12 cm

50 cm

Figure 1

(i) What is the volume of the cuboid in SI unit? [1 mark]

(ii) If density is defined as mass per unit volume, determine the density of the cuboid in SI unit.
[3 marks]

2. The diagram shows a inertia balance that is oscillating. An experiment is carried out to determine the period
of oscillation of the balance with different load attached to it. The table shows the result of the experiment.

G-Clamp Table 2
Period
Weight Mass (Period)2
m kg m / kg T/s T2 / s2
0.92
Table 2.0 1.14
3.0 1.33
Inertia balance 4.0 1.47
Figure 2 5.0 1.63
6.0

(a) Complete the table by filling up the values of T2. [2 marks]

(b) Draw the graph of m against T2. [3 marks]

(c) From the graph in 2(b), determine the gradient of the graph. [3 marks]

3. Three students each draw a graph based on the table derived from an experiment to investigate how the
potential difference, V, of an electrical circuit depends on the current, I, that flows round the circuit.

Current 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
I/A

Potential difference 0.5 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.6
V/V

The graphs drawn by the students are shown in Figure 3.

17

  Physics  SPM  Chapter 1 Measurement

Potential difference Potential difference
V/V V/V

Form 4.0 4.0
3.5
3.6 3.0
2.5
3.2 2.0
1.5
2.8 1.0
0.5
4 2.4
2.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Student B
1.6

1.2

0.8

0.4 Current Current
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 I/A I/A

Student A

Potential difference
V/V

2.4 Current
2.2 I/A
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Student C

Figure 3

(a) In this experiment, V dan I, are the two physical quantities involved as variables. [1 mark]
[4 marks]
(i) What is meant by physical quantity?
(ii) State what type of variable V and I are respectively. Explain your answer.

(b) By analysing the three graphs drawn by the students from the aspect of scale of the horizontal axis,

scale of the vertical axis, ease of plotting the points, the size of the graph drawn, the ease to determine

the gradient of the graph or other factors, state three strength or weaknesses of each graph.
(i) Graph of student A
(ii) Graph of student B
(iii) Graph of student C [9 marks]

18

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