Module & More 2021 Biology Tingkatan 5

Menunjukkan kesilapan yang biasa EDISI GURU

PELANGI BESTSELLERdilakukan oleh pelajar

MoMduOlRe E&

Pembelajaran BERPANDU dan SISTEMATIK

BIOLOGI

Biology

Tan Moi Ho

5TINGKATAN DSKP &
FORMAT BAHARU
KSSM
SPM 2021
Pakej PdPR

Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran di Rumah
Rekod Pencapaian Video Online Quick Quiz
Lembaran PBD Praktis SPM

KANDUNGAN

BAB Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan 1 BAB Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan 59
Pertumbuhan
1 4 Transportation in Plants
Organisation of Plants Tissues and Growth

1.1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan 2 4.1 Tisu Vaskular 60

Organisation of Plant Tissues 5 Vascular Tissues 63
1.2 Tisu Meristem dan Pertumbuhan 4.2 Pengangkutan Air dan Garam Mineral

Meristematic Tissues and Growth 16 Transport of Water and Mineral Salts 68
1.3 Lengkung Pertumbuhan 4.3 Translokasi

Growth Curves Translocation 71
Praktis SPM 1 19 4.4 Fitoremediasi
Online Quick Quiz QR code 19
Phytoremediation
Praktis SPM 4 75
BAB Struktur dan Fungsi Daun 21 Online Quick Quiz QR code 75

2 Structure and Function of Leaf BAB

5 Gerak Balas dalam Tumbuhan 76

2.1 Struktur Daun 22 Responses in Plants

Structure of a Leaf 24 5.1 Jenis Gerak Balas 77
2.2 Organ Utama Pertukaran Gas

Main Organ for Gaseous Exchange 28 Types of Responses 82
2.3 Organ Utama Transpirasi 5.2 Fitohormon

Main Organ for Transpiration 32 Phytohormones 85
2.4 Organ Utama Fotosintesis 5.3 Aplikasi Fitohormon dalam Pertanian

Main Organ for Photosynthesis 41 Application of Phytohormones in Agriculture
2.5 Titik Pampasan Praktis SPM 5 88
Online Quick Quiz QR code 88
Compensation Point
Praktis SPM 2 61
Online Quick Quiz QR code 61 BAB Pembiakan Seks dalam Tumbuhan 89
Berbunga
BAB 6
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
3
Nutrisi dalam Tumbuhan 46

Nutrition in Plants 6.1 Struktur Bunga 91

3.1 Nutrien Tak Organik Utama 47 Structure of a Flower 92
6.2 Pembentukan Debunga dan Pundi Embrio

Main Inorganic Nutrients 52 Development of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac 96
3.2 Organ Pengambilan Air dan Garam Mineral 6.3 Pendebungan dan Persenyawaan

Uptake of Water and Mineral Salts 54 Pollination and Fertilisaton 100
3.3 Kepelbagaian dlam Nutrisi Tumbuhan 6.4 Perkembangan Biji Benih dan Buah

Diversity in Plant Nutrition Development of Seeds and Fruits 102
Praktis SPM 3 57 6.5 Kepentingan Biji Benih untuk Kemandirian
Online Quick Quiz QR code 57
Importance of Seeds for Survival
Praktis SPM 6 104
Online Quick Quiz QR code 104

ii

BAB Penyesuaian Tumbuhan Pada Habitat BAB
Berlainan 105
7 Adaptations of Plants in Different Habitats 11 Pewarisan 182

Inheritance

7.1 Penyesuaian Tumbuhan Berdasarkan Habitat 106 11.1 Pewarisan Monohibrid 183
Adaptations of Plants
Praktis SPM 7 112 Monohybrid Inheritance 190
Online Quick Quiz QR code 112 11.2 Pewarisan Dihibrid

Dihybrid Inheritance 192
11.3 Gen dan Alei

BAB Biodiversiti 113 Genes and Alleles 193
11.4 Pewarisan Manusia
8 Biodiversity
Inheritances in Humans
Praktis SPM 11 201
8.1 Sistem Pengelasan dan Penamaan Organisma 115 Online Quick Quiz QR code 201

System of Classification and Naming of Organisms 121 BAB Variasi 203
8.2 Biodiversiti
12 Variation
Biodiversity 124
8.3 Mikroorganisma dan Virus

Microorganisms and Viruses 12.1 Jenis dan Faktor Variasi 204
Praktis SPM 8 132
Online Quick Quiz QR code 132 Types and Factors of Variation
12.2 Variasi dalam Manusia 212

BAB Ekosistem 134 Variation in Humans 215
12.3 Mutasi
9 Ecosystem
Mutation
Praktis SPM 12 104
Online Quick Quiz QR code 104
9.1 Komuniti dan Ekosistem 135

Community and Ecosystem 152 BAB Teknologi Genetik 222
9.2 Ekologi Populasi
13 Genetic Technology
Population Ecology
Praktis SPM 9 158
Online Quick Quiz QR code 158 13.1 Kejuruteraan Genetik 223

BAB Kelestarian Alam Sekitar 160 Genetic Engineering 227
13.2 Bioteknologi
10 Evironmental Sustainability
Biotechnology
Praktis SPM 13 132
10.1 Ancaman Alam Sekitar 161 Online Quick Quiz QR code 132

Threats to the Environment 168 Jawapan
10.2 Pemeliharan, Pemuliharaan dan Pemulihan
Ekosistem Lembaran PBD

Preservation, Conservation and Restoration of Ecosystems 170 http://www.epelangi.com/Module&More2021/Biologi/T5/
10.3 Amalan dalam Melestarikan Alam Sekitar LembaranPBD.pdf

Environmental Sustainability Practices 174 Jawapan Lembaran PBD
10.4 Teknologi Hijau

Green Technology
Praktis SPM 10 180
Online Quick Quiz QR code 180

BONUS Lembaran PBD dan Jawapan

untuk Guru http://www.epelangi.com/Module&More2021/Biologi/T5/BonusLPBD.pdf

iii

BAB Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan BAB 1

1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

PETA Konsep

Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan
Organisation of Plant Tissue and Growth

Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan Tisu Meristem dan Pertumbuhan Lengkung Pertumbuhan

Organisation of Tissues Meristematic Tissues and Growth Growth curve

Tisu meristem Tisu kekal Tisu meristem Zon pertumbuhan Jenis Jenis Lengkung
pertumbuhan
Meristematic Permanent Meristematic sel pertumbuhan tumbuhan
Growth curve
tissues tissues tissues Zone of cell growth Types of growth berdasarkan
Tumbuhan
Tisu meristem Tisu Tisu meristem tissues kitar hidup semusim
apeks epidermis
Apical Zon Types of Annual plants
Apical Epidermal plants based
meristems tissues Tumbuhan
tissues meristems pembahagian on their life dwimusim
Tisu asas cycles
Tisu meristem Hujung pucuk sel Biennial
Ground Pertumbuhan plants
Shoot tips Zone of cell
division Tumbuhan
saka
lateral tissues Hujung akar Zon primer
pemanjangan Parennial
Lateral Tisu Root tips sel Primary growth plants
meristems parenkima
tissues Meristem Zone of cell Pertumbuhan
Parencyhma lateral elongation sekunder
tissues
Lateral Zon Secondary
Tisu meristems growth

korenkima Kambium pembezaan

Collencyhma vaskular sel
tissues
Vascular Zone of cell
Tisu cambium differentiation

sklerenkima Kambium
gabus
Sclerencyhma
tissues

Cork

Tisu vaskular cambium

Vascular

tissues

Tisu xilem

Xylem
tissues

Tisu floem

Phloem tissues

1

  Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan

1.1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan

Organisation of Plant Tissues

BAB 1 Jenis Tisu Tumbuhan dan Fungsi Utama

The Types of Plant Tissue and Their Main Functions

Tisu tumbuhan TP 1

Plant tissues

Tisu meristem Tisu kekal

Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues

Meristem terdiri daripada sel masih belum membeza yang boleh membahagi

dengan aktif secara mitosis.

Meristems are composed of undifferentiated cells that are able to divide actively by mitosis.

Tisu meristem apeks Tisu meristem lateral

Apical meristematic tissues Lateral meristematic tissues

Tisu epidermis Tisu asas Tisu vaskular

Epidermal tissues Ground tissues Vascular tissues

Tisu epidermis adalah lapisan yang Tisu asas menjalankan Tisu vaskular mengangkut
melindungi keseluruhan tumbuhan. kebanyakan fungsi bahan di antara sistem akar
metabolik. dan pucuk.
The dermal tissues are layer that
protect The ground tissues carry The vascular tissues transport
the entire body of the plant. out most of the metabolic materials between the root and
functions. shoot systems.

Apeks Tisu epidermis
Apical Epidermal tissue

Daun Tisu vasular
Leaf Vascular tissue

Batang Tisu asas
Stem Ground tissue
Tisu epidermis
Epidermal tissue

Tisu meristem Tisu vasular Tisu kekal
Meristematic tissue Vascular tissue tPisesrumeanent
Tisu asas
Ground tissue

Akar Tisu epidermis
Root Epidermal tissue
Lateral Tisu vasular
Lateral Vascular tissue
Tisu asas
Ground tissue

2

Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan 

Taburan Tisu di Batang Tumbuhan Herba Eudikot

Tissue Distribution in Eudicot Herbaceous Stem

Tisu Vaskular TP 2 BAB 1

Vascular Tissues

Terdiri daripada tisu xilem dan tisu floem.

Consist of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.

Tisu vaskular
Vascular tissue

Xilem Floem Xilem Floem
Xylem Pholem Xylem Pholem

Tisu xilem Tisu floem
xylem tissue
salur xilem yang phloem tissue
• Xilem terdiri daripada
• Floem terdiri daripada sel tiub tapis yang
memanjang dan bersambungan antara sama lain
tersusun hujung ke hujung untuk membentuk
dari akar ke daun.
struktur tiub yang memanjang dan bersambungan.
Consists of xylem vessels that are elongated and
Pholem consists of sieve tubes which are arranged
connected to each other from its roots to the leaves. from end to end to form elongated and connected tube
structure.
• Ketiadaan sitoplasma dalam salur xilem
membolehkan air dan garam mineral • Floem mengangkut bahan organik seperti
terlarut diangkut dari akar ke bahagian
lain tumbuhan. kabohidrat dan asid amino dari daun ke organ

The disintegration of cytoplasm in xylem vessels allow simpanan serta bahagian tumbuhan yang

water and dissolved minerals to flow easily mengalami tumbesaran.

to other parts of the plant. P h o l e m t r a n s p o r t s organic substances s u c h a s
carbohydrates and amino acids from the leaves to
• Xilem mempunyai dinding sel yang ditebalkan storage organs and to growing parts of the plants.

oleh lignin yang dapat memberi sokongan dan

kekuatan kepada tumbuhan.

The xylem has cell walls which are thickened

with lignin provides support and mechanical strength

to the plant.

3

  Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan

Tisu Asas TP 1 TP 2

BAB 1 Ground Tissues

• Merupakan tisu tumbuhan yang mengisi ruang antara epidermis dan tisu vaskular.

Is a plant tissue that fills the space between the epidermis and vascular tissue.

• Terdiri daripada tisu parenkima , tisu kolenkima dan tisu sklerenkima.

Consists of parenchyma tissue , collenchyma tissues and sclerenchyma tissues.

Tisu parenkima Tisu sklerenkima
Parenchyma tissue Sclerenchyma tissue

(a) Tisu parenkima / Parencyhma (b) Tisu sklerenkima / Sclerencyhma tissues

tissues • Mempunyai dinding sel yang ditebalkan
dengan seragam oleh lignin .
• Mempunyai dinding sel yang
nipis dan vakuol besar . Have cell walls which are uniformly
thickened by lignin .
Consists of thin -walled cells with
large vacuoles . • Kebanyakan sel mati apabila

• Sel tumbuhan yang paling matang.
tidak khusus .
Mostly of the cells are dead at maturity.
Least specialised cells.
• Memberi sokongan dan kekuatan
• Menyimpan hasil fotosintesis
seperti kanji dan gula . mekanikal kepada tumbuhan.

Stores products of photosynthesis Give supports and strengthens the
such as starch and sugar . plants.

(c) Tisu kolenkima / collenchyma tissues Tisu kolenkima
• Mempunyai dinding sel yang menebal secara tidak seragam yang ditebalkan Collenchyma tissue

oleh selulosa dan pektin (Tebal pada sudut-sudutnya). Tisu epidermis Kutikel
Epidermal tissue Cuticle
Consists of unevenly thickened cellulose cell walls (thickened at corners).
Tisu epidermis
• Memberi sokongan kepada tumbuhan herba , batang muda dan petiol. Epidermal tissue

Give support to herbaceous plants , young stems and petioles. Akar rambut
Root hair
Tisu epidermis / Epidermal tissues
• Merupakan lapisan sel paling luar pada tumbuhan. Sel pengawal
Guard cell
The outermost layers of young plants. Stoma
Stoma
• Terdiri daripada sel-sel leper dengan vakuol besar . Tisu epidermis
Epidermal tissue
Consist of flat cells with large vacuoles .

• Dinding sel epidermis diliputi oleh kutikel , iaitu (lapisan berlilin yang kalis air).

The walls of epidermal cells are covered by a waxy and waterproof coating called the cuticle .

• Sel epidermis telah terubah suai untuk membentuk sel pengawal yang mengawal
pembukaan dan penutupan stoma.

Some epidermal cells are modified to form guard cells which control the opening and closing
of the stoma.

• Sesetengah sel epidermis pula diubah suai untuk menjadi sel rambut akar
yang mempunyai unjuran panjang bagi menambahkan luas permukaan untuk
penyerapan air dari tanah.

Some epidermal cells are modified to form root hairs cells which increase the surface area for
absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

4

Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan 

1.2 Tisu Meristem dan Pertumbuhan

Meristematic Tissues and Growth

Jenis dan Bahagian Tisu yang terlibat dalam Pertumbuhan TP 2

The Types and Parts of Tissue involved in Growth BAB 1

Dinding sel yang nipis Tisu meristem Tisu meristem / Meristematic tissues
Thin cell wall • Terdiri daripada sel bersaiz kecil yang mempunyai
Meristematic tissues
dinding nipis, nukleus bersaiz besar, sitopasma padat dan
Nukleus besar
Large nucleus tiada vakuol.

Sitoplasma padat Consist of small cells which have thin walls, large nuclei, dense
Dense cytoplasm cytoplasm and no vacuoles.

Jenis tisu meristem • Terdiri daripada tisu muda yang masih membahagi
dengan aktif dan masih belum membeza .
Types of meristematic tissues
Consists of young and actively dividing cells which have not
undergone differentiation .

Dua jenis meristem

Two types of meristems

(a) Meristem apeks (b) Meristem lateral

Apical meristems Lateral meristems

Di hujung pucuk dan akar Di kambium batang

At the tips of roots and shoots At the cambium of stems

Meristem apeks pucuk Meristem apeks akar Kambium vascular Kambium gabus

Shoot apical meristems Root apical meristems Vascular cambium Cork cambium

SMheoroist taepmicaal pmeekrsistpeumcuk

KCoarmk bcaiummbiugmabus Akar
KVaasmcublaiurmcavmabsiukmular rRaomotbhuatir

Meristem apeks akar
Root apical meristem

5

  Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan

Pertumbuhan primer di pucuk dan akar berlaku di tiga zon: zon pembahagian sel, zon pemanjangan sel dan

zon pembezaan sel
Primary growth of the shoot and the root takes place in three zones: zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation and zone of

cell differentiation. TP 1

BAB 1 HujSuhnogotptuipcuk

(a) TZhoenzpoenme obfacheallgdiiavinsiosnel SMheoroist taepmicaal pmeekrsistpeumcuk
(b) TZhoenzpoenme oafncjealnl eglaonngsaetilon

(c) ZThoenzpoenme obfeczealladniffseerelntiation

MTiastuurme atistasuneg FPhloloeemm
XXyilleemm
HuTjuhnegroaokt ar
MTiastuurme atistasuneg XXyilleemm
(a) Zon pembezaan sel FPhloloeemm
The zone of cell differentiation RAokoatrhraaimr but

(b) TZhoenzpoenme oafncjealnl eglaonngsaetilon

(c) ZThoenzpoenme obfacheallgdiiavnisisoenl RMoeortisatpeicmalampeerkissteamkar
RJiodoatlcaakpar
(a) Zon pembahagian sel: menambah bilangan sel
TP 2
Zone of cell division: the number of cells

Sel meristem • Sel adalah kecil dan tersusun rapat.
Meristem cell
Membahagi The cells are small and arranged closely.
kepada 2 sel
Divides into • Nukleus yang besar
2 cells
Membahagi Large nucleus
kepada 4 sel
dan seterusnya • Tiada vakuol
Then divides
further into 4 No vacuole

• Sitoplasma tumpat

Dense cytoplasm

• Dinding sel nipis

Thin cell wall .

Meristem apeks menghasilkan sel baharu melalui pembahagian sel secara
mitosis .

Apical meristem produces new cells by mitotic cell division.

6

Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan 

(b) Zon pemanjangan sel: pertambahan saiz sel secara kekal

Zone of cell elongation: a permanent increases in the size of cells TP 2

Dinding sel nipis • Sel mengambil air secara osmosis . BAB 1
Thin cell wall
The cells take in water by osmosis .
Vakuol kecil
Small vacuole • Membentuk banyak vakuol kecil dan sel memanjang .

Vakuol To form many small vacuoles and the cells elongate .
Vacuole
• Pemanjangan sel menolak meristem apeks akar ke bawah dan meristem
apeks pucuk ke atas .

Elongation of the cells pushes the apical meristem in the root downwards and that

in the shoot upwards .

• Penvakuolan berlaku. Vakuol kecil dalam sel bergabung untuk

Dinding sel tebal membentuk vakuol besar.
Thick cell wall
Vacuolation occurs. Small vacuoles in the cells fuse to form large a central

Vakuol besar vacuole.

Large vacuole • Mensintesis bahan organik, lebih gentian selulosa terbentuk di dinding sel,
menjadikanya lebih tebal dan kuat .

Synthesis of organic matters, more cellulose fibres are made and added to the cell
walls, therefore the cell walls become thicker and more rigid .

(c) Zon pembezaan sel: sel berubah saiz dan bentuk untuk menjalankan fungsi yang berbeza

Zone of cell differentiation: cells change size and shape to perform particular functions

Sel membeza untuk membentuk sel-sel khusus untuk
menjalankan fungsi tertentu.
cells to
The cells differentiate to different types of specialised
Sel palisad Sel akar rambut perform particular functions .
Palisade cell Root hair cell

Sel pengawal
Guard cell

Pertumbuhan Primer dan Sekunder TP 2

Primary and Secondary Growth

Meristem Pertumbuhan primer
apeks pucuk
Shoot apical Primary growth:
meristem • Batang dan akar bertambah panjang .
An increase in stem and root length .
Meristem • Hasil dari aktiviti meristem apeks di hujung akar dan pucuk.
Llaatteerraall
meristem Occurs as a result of the activity of apical meristems at the tips of roots and
Meristem
aRpoeotkasppicuacl uk shoots. tumbuhan mengalami pertumbuhan primer.
meristem plants have primary growth.
• Semua

All

7

BAB 1   Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan

Pertumbuhan sekunder
Secondary growth:
• Bertambah dalam lilitan tumbuhan.
An increase in the girth of a plant.
• Hasil dari pembahagian sel di meristem lateral , sepanjang batang dan akar.
Due to cell divisions that take place in lateral meristems , along the length of the stems and roots.

Di batang

At the stem

Gelang kambium Kambium Xilem sekunder Korteks Kambium gabus
Cambium ring gabus Secondary xylem sekunder Cork cambium
Cork Secondary
Floem primer Kambium cambium Xilem primer cortex
Primary phloem vaskular Primary xylem Gabus
Korteks Vascular Cork
Cortex cambium

Xilem primer Epidermis Floem Floem Kambium
Primary xylem Epidermis primer sekunder vaskular
Primary Secondary Vascular
Kambium gabus phloem phloem cambium
Cork cambium

Pertumbuhan sekunder batang eudikot / Secondary growth in eudicot stems

TP 2

Aktiviti kambium vaskular / Activity of vascular cambium gelang kambium .
• Sel kambium vaskular membahagi secara mitosis untuk membentuk

The vascular cambium cells divide mitotically to form a cambium ring.

• Selepas sel kambium membahagi, sel pada lapisan dalam gelang membeza untuk membentuk xilem sekunder
sementara sel pada lapisan luar gelang membentuk floem sekunder .

After the cambium cells divide, sel inside the ring differentiate to form secondary xylem while the cell outside the ring to
form secondary phloem .
empulur epidermis .
• Xilem primer ditolak ke arah sementara floem primer ditolak ke arah
pith while the primary phloem is pushed towards the
The primary xylem is pushed towards the
epidermis
.
lignin
• Dinding xilem sekunder ditebalkan dengan untuk memberi sokongan mekanikal kepada

tumbuhan. lignin to give mechanical strength to support the plant.

The walls of secondary xylem are thickened with

Aktiviti kambium gabus / The activity of cork cambium sel gabus
• Sel kambium gabus di bawah epidermis aktif membahagi untuk membentuk lapisan luar

dan korteks sekunder dalaman.

The cork cambium cells beneath the epidermis divide actively to form outer layer cork cell and inner secondary cortex.
suberin
• Sel gabus matang mempunyai dinding sel gabus mengandungi . Sebatian berlilin ini

mengurangkan kehilangan air daripada batang dan melindungi batang daripada kecederaan mekanikal.
suberin
Mature cork cells have thick walls impregnated with . This waxy substance minimise water loss from the

stem, and also protects the underlying living tissues from mechanical injury.

• Epidermis meregang dan rekah atau pecah.

The epidermis expands, splits and shed.

8

Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan 

Di akar

At the root

Kambium vaskular Floem sekunder Floem sekunder BAB 1
Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Secondary phloem
Xilem primer
Floem primer Epidermis Korteks Xilem sekunder Xilem Primary xylem
Primary phloem Epidermis Cortex Secondary xylem sekunder
Epidermis Xilem primer Sxyelecomndary Floem primer
Xilem primer Perisikel Epidermis Primary xylem Kambium Primary phloem
Primary xylem Pericycle Kambium gabus Floem primer gabus
Korteks Cork cambium Primary phloem Ccaomrkbium
Cortex

Gabus
Cork

Pertumbuhan sekunder akar eudikot / Secondary growth in eudicot roots

• Pertumbuhan sekunder pada akar matang adalah serupa dengan batang.

Secondary growth occurs in mature roots as in stems.
• Kambium vaskular membahagi untuk membentuk xilem sekunder di dalam dan floem sekunder di luar.

The vascular cambium cells in roots divide tangentially to produce secondary xylem to its inside and secondary phloem

to its outside.

• Perisikel membahagi untuk membentuk cambium gabus .

The pericycle cells divide to form a ring of cork cambium .

• Kambium gabus terbentuk di bawah lapisan epeidermis dan terus membahagi untuk membentuk
sel gabus
yang melindungi tisu akar.
cork cells
The cork cambium cells form beneath the epidermis and divide actively to produce . The cork protects

the root’s tissues. memecah dan meluruh .

• Epidermis dan korteks akar akan split shed

As the stele growths in diameter, the epidermis and cortex are and .

Pertumbuhan Primer dan Sekunder TP 2

Primary and Secondary Growth

(a) Pucuk muda tumbuh ke (b) Batang menebal dan tumbuh (c) Batang semakin lebar dan pokok
atas . cabang sisi . semakin bercabang .

Young shoot grows upwards . Stem thickens and Main stem wider and branches
side branches branches grow. thicken.

(a) Kepentingan pertumbuhan primer / The importance of primary growth TP 3

✓ Membolehkan pucuk tumbuh lebih tinggi supaya mendapatkan lebih cahaya
matahari untuk fotosintesis .

Allows shoots to grow taller to obtain more sunlight for photosynthesis .

✓ Membolehkan akar tumbuh lebih mendalam ke dalam tanah untuk mendapatkan
air dan sokongan yang kuat.
water
Allows roots to grow deeper into the soil to reach and to provide stronger

support for the plant.

9

  Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan TP 3

(b) Kepentingan pertumbuhan sekunder / The importance of secondary growth

✓ Menambah lilitan tumbuhan untuk memberi lebih sokongan mekanikal .
mechanical support
BAB 1 Increases the girth of plants to give better .

✓ Kambium vaskular menambah xilem sekunder (kayu) dan floem sekunder,
untuk meningkatkan pengangkutan air dan bahan organik
serta
sokongan
.

The vascular cambium adds secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem, for increasing
transport of water and organic substances and support
.

✓ Kambium gabus menghasilkan lapisan gabus kalis air untuk melindungi

batang dari kehilangan air , kerosakan fizikal dan kemasukan serangga,

bakteria, dan fungi. protects

The cork cambium produces a layer of waterproof cork which the stem
water loss
from , physical damage and invasion by insects, bacteria, and fungi.

Pertumbuhan Sekunder membolehkan umur pokok
ditentukan melalui gelang tahunan tumbuhan.

Secondary growth enable the age of tree determined through
annual growth rings
of plant

• Di negara beriklim sederhana, pertumbuhan

sekunder berlaku pada kadar yang berbeza mengikut Xylem formed
musim . during autumn Wood (xylem)

In a template climate, the rate of secondary growth of a plant formed in one
season Xylem formed year
is different and depends on the . during spring

• Pada musim bunga, apabila bekalan air dan cahaya

mencukupi, xilem sekunder yang dihasilkan adalah
besar dan berdinding nipis, maka gelang cerah

terbentuk.

During spring and summer, the growth is rapid becaue water

is easily available. The wood cells produced are larger and
Brighter rings
have thinner walls. are formed in the

stem.

• Pada musim lutuh dan sejuk pula, keadaan persekitaran adalah kurang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan. Xilem
kecil dan berdinding tebal, maka gelang gelap terbentuk.
yang dihasilkan adalah

During autumn and winter, the growth rate is slower because the supply of water has diminished. The wood cells
darker ring
produced are small and thick-walled, so formed.
• Oleh demikian, gelang cerah dan gelang gelap ini disebut gelang tahunan . Umur pokok dapat ditentukan

dengan mengira bilangan gelang. annual ring . The age of a tree can be determined by counting the

So, these light ring and dark ring is called

number of rings.
• Setiap gelang gelap mewakili satu tahun dalam usia pokok.
one year
Each dark ring represents of life for the tree.

10

Biologi  Tingkatan 5  Bab 1 Organisasi Tisu Tumbuhan dan Pertumbuhan  BAB 1

PRAKTIS SPM 1

Soalan Objektif Which of the following is correctly matched to show the
stages of the growth process in the root tip?
1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan rentas akar
tumbuhan eudicot. Antara sel berikut, yang Proses pertumbuhan
manakah membentuk tisu asas dalam tumbuhan?
The growth process
Diagram 1 shows the cross section of the root of a eudicot
plant. Which of the following cells forms the ground A Zon III Zon II Zon I
tissues in plants?
Zone III Zone II Zone I
A
B Zon III Zon I Zon II
B
Zone III Zone I Zone II
C
D C Zon II Zon III Zon I

Zone II Zone III Zone I

Rajah 1/ Diagram 1 D Zon I Zon III Zon II

2. Struktur yang manakah tidak betul dipadankan Zone I Zone III Zone II
dengan sistem tisu?
4. Rajah 3 menunjukkan keratan rentas batang dikot
Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue
system? yang telah mengalami pertumbuhan sekunder.

A Guard cell – epidermal tissue Diagram 3 shows a cross section of a dicot stem which
experiences secondary growth.
Sel pengawal – tisu epidermis
EEppiiddeermrmisis
B Root hair cell – epidermal tissue
EPmithpulur
Sel rambut akar – tisu epidermis

C Tracheid – vascular tissue

Trakeid – tisu vaskular

D Companion cell – ground tissue

Sel rakan – tisu asas

3. Rajah 2 menunjukkan tiga zon pertumbuhan, zon
I, zon II dan zon III di hujung akar tumbuhan.

Diagram 2 shows three growth zones, zone I, zone II and
zone III of the root of a plant. KBAT Menganalisis

ZZoonneIIIIII I II IIII IV

ZZoonneIIII Rajah 3/ Diagram 3

ZZoonneII Susunan tisu-tisu ang manakah betul?

Which arrangement of the tissue is correct?
Rajah 2/ Diagram 2
I II III IV
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah dipadankan
dengan betul untuk menunjukkan peringkat- A Floem Floem Xilem Primary
peringkat dalam proses pertumbuhan pada hujung
akar? primer sekunder sekunder xylem

Primary Secondary Secondary

phloem phloem xylem

19

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