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KC118642
ISBN: 978-967-2806-90-5
Susan Chin Syuk Man
(Guru Cemerlang)
PELANGI Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (89120-H)




02.indd 1 29/03/2022 4:41 PM

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Quick Revision SPM
Quick Revision




Form


4.5 KSSM






Chemistry






Susan Chin Syuk Man
(Guru Cemerlang)

























PELANGI Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (89120-H)







T_pages.indd 1 29/03/2022 8:16 AM

PENERBITAN PELANGI SDN. BHD. (89120-H)
Head Office:
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ISBN: 978-967-2806-90-5
eISBN: 978-967-2856-03-0 (eBook)
First Published 2022

































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T_pages.indd 2 29/03/2022 8:16 AM

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4.3 Elements in Group 18 32
Form 4 4.4 Elements in Group 1 33
4.5 Elements in Group 17 34
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chemistry 1 4.6 Elements in Period 3 35
4.7 Transition Elements
36
SPM Practice 38
1.1 Development in Chemistry
Field and Its Importance in
Daily Life 2 CHAPTER Chemical Bond 41
1.2 Scientific Investigation in 5
Chemistry 2
1.3 Usage, Management and Handling 5.1 Basics of Compound Formation 42
of Apparatus and Materials 2 5.2 Ionic Bond 42
SPM Practice 5 5.3 Covalent Bond 43
5.4 Hydrogen Bond 45
CHAPTER 2 Matter and the Atomic 5.5 Dative Bond 46
Structure 7 5.6 Metallic Bond 46
5.7 Properties of Ionic Compounds
2.1 Basic Concepts of Matter 8 and Covalent Compounds 47
2.2 The Development of the Atomic SPM Practice 52
Model 10
2.3 Atomic Structure 12
2.4 Isotopes and Its Uses 12 CHAPTER Acid, Base and Salt 55
SPM Practice 14 6

CHAPTER 3 The Mole Concept, Chemical 6.1 The Role of Water in Showing
17
Formula and Equation
Acidic and Alkaline Properties 56
3.1 Relative Atomic Mass and 6.2 pH Value 59
Relative Molecular Mass 18 6.3 Strength of Acids and Alkalis 59
3.2 Mole Concept 18 6.4 Chemical Properties of Acids and
3.3 Chemical Formula 20 Alkalis 60
3.4 Chemical Equation 22 6.5 Concentration of Aqueous
SPM Practice 24 Solution 60
6.6 Standard Solution 61
CHAPTER 4 The Periodic Table of 6.7 Neutralisation 61
6.8 Salts, Crystals and Their Uses in
Elements 28 Daily Life 63
6.9 Preparation of Salts 65
4.1 The Development of the Periodic 6.10 Effect of Heat on Salts 69
Table of Elements 29 6.11 Qualitative Analysis 72
4.2 The Arrangement in the Periodic SPM Practice 79
Table of Elements 32



iii





CONTENT RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY.indd 3 29/03/2022 11:46 AM

2.3 Chemical Properties and
CHAPTER 7 Rate of Reaction 82 Interconversion of Compounds
between Homologous Series 150
2.4 Isomers and Naming based on
7.1 Determining Rate of Reaction 83 IUPAC Nomenclature 162
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7.2 Factors Affecting Rate of SPM Practice 166
Reactions 84
7.3 Application of Factors that
Affect the Rate of Reaction in
Daily Life 91 CHAPTER 3 Thermochemistry 169
7.4 Collision Theory 93
SPM Practice 96
3.1 Heat Change in Reactions 170
3.2 Heat of Reaction 172
CHAPTER 8 Manufactured Substances in 3.3 Application of Endothermic and
Exothermic Reactions in Daily
Industry 100 Life 184
8.1 Alloy and Its Importance 101 SPM Practice 186
8.2 Composition of Glass and Its
Uses 103
8.3 Composition of Ceramics and CHAPTER
Its Uses 104 4 Polymer 190
8.4 Composite Materials and Its
Importance 105 4.1 Polymer 191
SPM Practice 107 4.2 Natural rubber 194
4.3 Synthetic rubber 200
SPM Practice 202
Form 5

CHAPTER 1 Redox Equilibrium 111 CHAPTER 5 Consumer and Industrial 205
Chemistry

5.1 Oils and Fats 206
1.1 Oxidation and Reduction 112 5.2 Cleaning Agents 207
1.2 Standard Electrode Potential 118 5.3 Food Additives 211
1.3 Voltaic Cell 119 5.4 Medicines and Cosmetics 213
1.4 Electrolytic Cell 122 5.5 Application of Nanotechnology
1.5 Extraction of Metal from Its in Industry 216
Ore 132 5.6 Application of Green Technology
1.6 Rusting 133 in Industrial Waste
SPM Practice 138 Management 217
SPM Practice 220
CHAPTER 2 Carbon Compound 141 SPM Model Paper 223


2.1 Types of Carbon Compounds 142
2.2 Homologous Series 144 Answers 235






iv





CONTENT RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY.indd 4 29/03/2022 11:46 AM

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY







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Theme 1: The Importance of Chemistry





CHAPTER OUTLINE



1.1 Development in Chemistry Field and Its Importance in Daily Life


1.2 Scientific Investigation in Chemistry


1.3 Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Materials




CONCEPT MAP




Introduction to Chemistry




Development in Usage, management
Scientific
chemistry field and investigation in and handling of
its importance in apparatus and
daily life chemistry materials



• Definition of 11 steps • Personal protective
chemistry and in scientific equipment and safety
chemicals investigation in the laboratory
• The importance • Management and
of chemistry handling apparatus and
• Fields and chemicals
careers related • Emergency
to chemistry management in the
laboratory



1





01.4 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 1P.indd 1 29/03/2022 12:05 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry
and resolve problems scientifically:
1.1 Development (a) Making observations
in Chemistry (b) Making an inference
Field and Its (c) Identifying the problem
(d) Making a hypothesis
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Importance in (e) Identifying the variables
Daily Life (f) Controlling the variables
(g) Planning an experiment
(h) Collecting data
1. Chemistry is the study of (i) Interpreting data
compositions, structures, properties (j) Making a conclusion
and interactions of matters. (k) Preparing a report
2. Chemical is a form of matter having
a constant chemical composition
Form 4
and properties, which cannot be Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
separated into its constituent Quiz
elements by physical separation. What are the variables that
3. Chemistry can be divided into a few involved in a hypothesis?
fields:
(a) Cosmetic
(b) Pharmaceutical
(c) Biotechnology 1.3 Usage,
(d) Nanotechnology Management
(e) Green technology and Handling of
4. Importance of Chemistry in life:
(a) Medicinal chemistry Apparatus and
(b) Food industry Materials
(c) Environmental study
(d) Cosmetic study 1. Personal protective equipment and
5. Chemistry related careers: safety equipment in the laboratory.
(a) Biotechnologist
(b) Chemical engineer Safety goggles
(c) Chemistry teacher Face mask
(d) Forensic scientist
(e) Pharmacologist Laboratory
coat

1.2 Scientific
Investigation in
Chemistry Gloves

1. Scientific method is a systematic
method used to solve problems using
the knowledge of science. Laboratory
2. There are 11 steps involved in the shoes
scientific investigation to develop Diagram 1.1 Personal protective equipment


2





01.4 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 1P.indd 2 29/03/2022 12:05 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry
(d) Substances that decompose
easily shall be stored in the
dark.
(e) Heavy metals and toxic
substances shall be kept in
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special labelled bottles and
locked.
Fire extinguisher
4. Disposal of chemicals methods:
(a) Solid waste shall be disposed
Safety into special containers.
Fume chamber shower (b) Flammable and volatile Form 4
hydrocarbons or organic
solvents shall be kept in special
glass bottles before disposal.
Eyewash (c) Hydrogen peroxide shall be
diluted before pouring into the
sink.
(d) Corrosive substances (pH ,
Hand wash
5 or pH . 9) shall be sealed
in labelled containers before
Diagram 1.2 Laboratory safety equipment
disposal.
(e) Heavy metals and toxic
substances shall be tied up in
Quiz plastics and dispose into heavy
Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
What is the personal protective metal containers.
equipment used to protect (f) Substance that is highly
respiratory organs in the volatile like alcohol, ammonia
laboratory? and bromine shall be placed in
an enclosed bottle without light
2. Storage and disposal of chemicals and heat.
in the correct way is important to 5. In case chemical spill occurs in
avoid accident and environmental the laboratory, the following steps
pollution. should be carried out:
3. Storage of chemicals should be (a) Report the accident to a teacher
done according to the types of or a laboratory assistant
substances: immediately.
(a) Reactive substance (Li, Na, K) (b) Restrict pupils to go near the
shall be stored in paraffin oil. spill area.
(b) Flammable and volatile (c) Form a temporarily boundary
hydrocarbons or organic with sands to avoid the spill
solvents shall be kept far from from spreading to other area.
heat or sunlight. (d) Clean the spilled chemicals.
(c) Corrosive substances (pH , 5 or
pH . 9) shall be locked in the (e) Dispose spilled chemicals
to
the
standard
according
cabinet.
operational procedures.
3





01.4 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 1P.indd 3 29/03/2022 12:05 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry
6. Mercury poisoning occurs when a person is exposed to a certain amount of
mercury.
7. Mercury poisoning occurs through mercury vapour inhalation, mercury-contaminated
foods, injections, or skin absorption.
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8. Symptoms of mercury poisoning:





Vomiting, Increase blood
nausea, pressure or
diarrhea heartbeat rate
Form 4
Eye
Chest pain
irritation
Symptoms
of mercury
Difficulty in poisoning Headache
breathing




Coughing, Vision
sore throat problem





9. Steps to take when mercury spills
are as follows: Laboratory
(a) Report any accident to the Safety
teacher or laboratory assistant Measures
immediately. VIDEO
(b) Isolate the area with a
signboard.
(c) Cover mercury spill with SPM TIP
adequate amount of sulphur
powder. Mercury spill must be covered with
(d) Contact the fire department for sulphur powder because it is highly
future action. volatile.










4





01.4 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 1P.indd 4 29/03/2022 12:05 PM

Practice




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Objective Questions 5. Which of the following is not a
personal protective equipment used
1. What is the importance of medical when carrying out an experiment in
chemistry? the laboratory?
A Produce synthetic drugs for certain A Safety goggles
diseases B Gloves
B Produce and supply food globally C Sunglasses Form 4
C Produce cosmetic for consumers D Laboratory coat
D Produce biodegradable plastics
6. Which of the following chemicals gives
2. Which career is related to the HOTS benefit to human health?
HOTS
HOTS description below? A Acetic acid
HOTS
B Formic acid
Carrying out research and C Ascorbic acid
understanding chemical processes
that occur between living 7. What is the step applied to find and
organisms, different substances or determine the relationship between
substances to create, develop and variables in the scientific method?
test new drugs. A Making an inference
B Making a hypothesis
A Forensic scientist C Planning an experiment
B Chemistry teacher D Interpreting data
C Pharmacologist
D Chemical engineer 8. Which of the following personal
protective equipment and their
3. Which of the following are the functions is wrongly matched?
symptoms of mercury poisoning?
I Headache Personal
II Vision impairment protective Function
III Speech and hearing disorders equipment
IV Rashes A Gloves Protects hands
A I and II from injuries
B I and IV B Face mask Protects face
C II and III
D II and IV from chemical
splash
4. Which of the following is the necessary C Safety goggles Protects eyes
HOTS characteristic in being a good chemist? from chemical
HOTS
A Thinking critically and analytically. splash
B Being a good listener
C Speaking with charisma D Laboratory Protects feet
D Using common sense to make shoes from chemical
conclusions spill



5





01.4 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 1P.indd 5 29/03/2022 12:05 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry
Subjective Questions (c) In a simple chemical activity, Muthu
adds a handful of egg shells into
Section A a glass of vinegar. Immediately, he
sees some colourless bubbles.
1. Mirah and Fella are given red litmus (i) Name two chemicals involved
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papers, blue litmus papers and in the experiment.
toothpaste. Mirah tested the red litmus [2 marks]
paper and blue litmus paper on the
toothpaste whereas Fella moistened (ii) What is the observation obtained
both blue litmus paper and red litmus from the experiment?
paper before testing them on the [1 mark]
toothpaste. They found out that their (iii) State all the variables for this
observations on the dry litmus papers experiment.
and moist litmus papers were different. [3 marks]
Form 4
(a) State the problem statement for
this experiment.
[1 mark]
Section C
(b) State all the variables for this
experiment. 3. (a) Chemicals are commonly used in
[3 marks] daily life. State four fields in which
chemicals are usually used. For
(c) State the hypothesis for the each field, give two examples of
experiment. chemicals and their functions.
[1 mark] [12 marks]
(d) State three observations. (b) (i) Diluted acid accidentally
[3 marks] splashes on Ali’s eye and spills
on his laboratory coat.
(e) State the reason why the moist What should he do?
HOTS red litmus paper turns blue when [5 marks]
HOTS
tested on the toothpaste.
[2 marks] (ii) State three importance of
HOTS
HOTS rules and safety measures in
the laboratory.
Section B [3 marks]
2. (a) Give four storage methods for
chemicals in the laboratory.
[4 marks]
(b) List out the scientific investigation
method according to its
sequence. [10 marks]












6





01.4 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 1P.indd 6 29/03/2022 12:05 PM

CHAPTER 2 CARBON COMPOUND







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Theme 2: Organic Chemistry





CHAPTER OUTLINE




2.1 Types of Carbon Compound

2.2 Homologous Series


2.3 Chemical Properties and Interconversion of Compounds between
Homologous Series

2.4 Isomers and Naming based on IUPAC Nomenclature




CONCEPT MAP


Carbon Compound Inorganic compound




Organic compound




Hydrocarbon Non hydrocarbon



Saturated Unsaturated Alcohol Carboxylic acid

React to produce

Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Ester



141





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 141 29/03/2022 2:27 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
Table 2.1 Examples of organic compounds and
Types of Carbon
inorganic compounds
2.1 Compounds Organic Inorganic
compounds compounds
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1. Carbon compound is a substance that • Glucose • Calcium carbonate
contains carbon. • Protein • Hydrogen cyanide
2. Carbon compounds can be classified • Palm oil • Carbon monoxide
• Calcium hydrogen
• Methane gas
into organic compounds and inorganic carbonate
compounds.
(a) Organic compounds are normally 4. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds
found in living organisms. that consist of only hydrogen and
(b) Inorganic compounds are carbon, while non hydrocarbons
normally found in non-living consist of carbon, hydrogen and
organisms. other elements (oxygen, nitrogen,
3. Examples of organic compounds and halogen).
inorganic compounds are shown in 5. Hydrocarbons are classified
Table 2.1. into saturated hydrocarbon and
unsaturated hydrocarbon as in
Diagram 2.1.


Hydrocarbon

Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon


The carbon atoms in a compound are bonded The carbon atoms in a compound are bonded
with one another by single bonds. with one another by at least a double bond
H H or triple bond.
& & H H
H!C!C!H C"C
& &
H H H H
Single bond Double bond
H!C#C!H
Triple bond
Form 5
Diagram 2.1 Difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

6. The main source of hydrocarbons is simple hydrocarbons and long-chain
petroleum and natural gas, which are hydrocarbons.
also known as fossil fuels.
7. Fossil fuels are formed from the
decomposition of animals and plants Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
that died million years ago. Quiz
Why is butane classified as a
8. Petroleum can be broken into saturated hydrocarbon?

142





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 142 29/03/2022 2:27 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
9. Petroleum needs to undergo refining 12. Therefore, long-chain hydrocarbons
process before it can be used. The with higher boiling point will
refining process of petroleum involves accumulate at the bottom of the
two stages: tower and condense into liquid.
(a) Fractional distillation
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(b) Cracking 13. Hydrocarbons with shorter chains
remain as gas and moves to the top
10. Fractional distillation is the of the tower. Hydrocarbon fractions
separation of petroleum according will condense at different levels
to the size of the hydrocarbons at according to their own boiling point.
different boiling points.
14. The hydrocarbon at the highest part
11. Petroleum is heated in an evaporating of the tower is the one with the
furnace and channeled to a fractional lowest boiling point and remains as
tower. The temperature at the gas.
bottom of the tower is the highest
and gets cooler towards the top of
the tower.
Petroleum gas
C – C <40 °C
Fractional 1 4
distillation
tower Petrol
C – C 40–75 °C
5
9
Naphtha
C – C 75–150 °C
10
5
Kerosene
C – C 160–250 °C
10
16
Diesel
C – C 125–300 °C
14 20
Petroleum Lubricating oil
C – C 300–350 °C
29
50
Fuel oil
C – C 350–500 °C
20
70
Furnace
Bitumen
>C >500 °C
Fractional distillation 70
column Form 5
Diagram 2.2 Fractional tower
15. The fractions of hydrocarbons
derived from fractional distillation Thermometer
are used as:
(a) Fuels Round Water out
(b) Raw materials for petrochemical bottom flask Liebig condenser
products
Petroleum
16. Petroleum fractional distillation can Water in
be carried out in the laboratory as Porcelain Distillate
chips
in Diagram 2.3.
Diagram 2.3 Petroleum fractional distillation
143





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 143 29/03/2022 2:27 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
17. Petroleum is processed through 22. Alternative source of hydrocarbon
fractional distillation to produce is obtained through the chemical
smaller hydrocarbon molecules process carried out on biomass.
according to different boiling points.
23. Biomass is the organic matter of
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18. Based on the experiment: plants and animals containing stored
(a) The higher the boiling point of energy derived from the sun that is
petroleum fraction, the darker renewable.
its colour.
(b) The higher the boiling point of
petroleum fraction, the higher
Quiz
Quiz
Quiz
its viscosity. Quiz
(c) The higher the boiling point of
examples
petroleum fraction, the higher Give three sources of
of
alternative
its sootiness. hydrocarbon.
(d) Petroleum fractions at
temperatures of 30 – 80 °C are
the most flammable.
19. Cracking is a process to break long- Homologous
chain hydrocarbons into simpler and 2.2 Series
useful hydrocarbons.
H H H H H H H 1. Homologous series is a group of
H C C C C C C C H organic compounds with members of
the same chemical properties and
H H H H H H H physical properties that gradually
Long-chain hydrocarbon change as the number of carbon
atoms per molecule increases.
2. The similarities and differences of
H H H H H H H the homologous series are shown in
Table 2.2 while the characteristics
C C H C C C C C H
of homologous series are shown in
H H H H H H H Table 2.3.
Ethene Pentene
Table 2.2 Similarities and differences in the
Diagram 2.4 Cracking process of petroleum homologous series
20. Long-hydrocarbon is heated in the Similarities Differences
Form 5
presence of catalyst (mixture of
aluminium oxide, Al O and silicon(IV) • General formula • Physical properties
2
3
oxide, SiO ) at high temperature and • Functional group • Consecutive
2
pressure. • Chemical members differ by
properties –CH 2
21. Cracking process is important to • Preparation
meet the higher demands for simple method
hydrocarbons such as diesel and
petrol.




144





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 144 29/03/2022 2:27 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
Table 2.3 Characteristics of homologous series
Homologous series General formula Functional group
C H 2n+2 , & &
n
Alkane n = 1, 2, 3…… Carbon-carbon single bond !C!C!
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& &
C H , & &
2n
n
Alkene n = 2, 3, 4…… Carbon-carbon double bond !C"C!
C H ,
n
2n–2
Alkyne n = 2, 3, 4…… Carbon-carbon triple bond & &
C#C
C H OH,
Alcohol n 2n+1 !OH
n = 1, 2, 3…… Hydroxyl
C H COOH,
Carboxylic acid n 2n+1 Carboxyl !COOH
n = 0, 1, 2,……
C H COOC H ,
n 2n+1 m 2m+1
Ester n = 0, 1, 2,…… Carboxylate !COO!
m = 1, 2, 3……

Molecular Formula, Structural Formula and IUPAC Nomenclature of
Homologous Series Members
1. Molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the actual number of every
element in a molecule.
2. Structural formula is a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms and the
type of bond in a molecule.

Molecular formula of methane Structural formula of methane
H
CH &
4
H!C!H
&
H
Each ‘—‘ represents one pair of electrons shared. Form 5
3. Naming the members of each homologous series in a straight chain according to
the IUPAC nomenclature:

Root name
Suffix
Represents the number of carbon Represents the homologous series
atoms in the longest chain
4. Root name of the members of homologous series according to the number of
carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain.

Number of carbon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
atoms
Root name Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec


145





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 145 29/03/2022 2:27 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
5. Suffix of homologous series members.

Homologous Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alcohol Carboxylic Ester
series acid
Suffix “ane” “ene” “yne” “ol” “oic” “oate”
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Example 1

Write the molecular formula and name the hydrocarbon with the general formula C H , n = 4.
n 2n–2
Solution
When n = 4,
Molecular formula = C H
4 6
Root name = but Suffix = yne
IUPAC nomenclature for the hydrocarbon with the general formula C H , n = 4 is butyne
n 2n–2
but yne
Alkane, Alkene dan Alkyne
1. Molecular formulae and IUPAC nomenclature for alkane, alkene and alkyne.

Homologous series
Number Alkane Alkene Alkyne
of
carbon General formula General formula General formula
atoms C H 2n+2 , C H , C H 2n–2 ,
n
n
2n
n
per n = 1, 2, 3… n = 2, 3, 4… n = 2, 3, 4…
molecule Molecular Molecular Molecular
Name Name Name
formula formula formula
1 Methane CH 4 – – – –
2 Ethane C H Etene C H Ethyne C H
2 6 2 4 2 2
3 Propane C H 8 Propene C H 6 Propyne C H 4
3
3
3
4 Butane C H 10 But-1-ene C H 8 But-1-yne C H 6
4
4
4
5 Pentane C H 12 Pent-1-ene C H 10 Pent-1-yne C H 8
Form 5
5
5
5
6 Hexane C H 14 Hex-1-ene C H 12 Hex-1-yne C H 10
6
6
6
7 Heptane C H Hept-1-ene C H Hept-1-yne C H
7 16 7 14 7 12
8 Octane C H Oct-1-ene C H Oct-1-yne C H
8 18 8 16 8 14
9 Nonane C H 20 Non-1-ene C H 18 Non-1-yne C H 16
9
9
9
10 Decane C H 22 Dec-1-ene C H 20 Dec-1-yne C H 18
10
10
10
146
02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 146 29/03/2022 2:27 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
2. Structural formulae and IUPAC nomenclature for alkanes:

H H H H H H
& & & & & &
H!C!H H!C!C!H H!C!C!C!H
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& & & & & &
H H H H H H
Methane Ethane Propane
(CH ) (C H ) (C H )
4 2 6 3 8
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H!C!C!C!C!H H!C!C!C!C!C!H H!C!C!C!C!C!C!H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Butane Pentane Hexane
(C H ) (C H ) (C H )
4 10 5 12 6 14
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!H H!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Heptane Octane
(C H ) (C H )
7 16 8 18
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!H H!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Nonane Decane
(C H ) (C H )
9 20 10 22
3. Structural formulae and IUPAC nomenclature for alkenes:

H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & &
H!C"C!H H!C"C!C!H H!C"C!C!C!H Form 5
& & &
Ethena H H H
(C H )
2 4
Propene But-1-ene
(C H ) (C H )
3 6 4 8
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H!C"C!C!C!C!H H!C"C!C!C!C!C!H H!C"C!C!C!C!C!C!H
& & & & & & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H H H H H
Pent-1-ene Hex-1-ene Hept-1-ene
(C H ) (C H ) (C H )
5 10 6 12 7 14





147





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 147 29/03/2022 2:27 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H!C"C!C!C!C!C!C!C!H H!C"C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!H
& & & & & & & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H H H H H H
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Oct-1-ene Non-1-ene
(C H ) (C H )
9
18
8
16
H H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & & &
H!C"C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!C!H
& & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H
Dec-1-ene
(C H )
10 20
4. Structural formulae and IUPAC nomenclature for alkynes:
H H H H H H H
& & & & & & &
C#C C#C!C!H C#C!C!C!H
Ethyne & & &

H
H H
(C H )
2 2
Propyne But-1-yne
(C H ) (C H )
4
4
3
6
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
C#C!C!C!C!H C#C!C!C!C!C!H C#C!C!C!C!C!C!H
& & & & & & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H H H H H
Pent-1-yne Hex-1-yne Hept-1-yne
(C H ) (C H ) (C H )
5 8 6 10 7 12
Homologous series
Number Alcohol Carboxylic acid
of carbon General formula General formula
atoms per C H OH, C H COOH,
Form 5
n
n
2n+1
2n+1
molecule n = 1, 2, 3… n = 0, 1, 2…
Name Molecular formula Name Molecular formula
1 Methanol CH OH Methanoic acid HCOOH
3
2 Ethanol C H OH Ethanoic acid CH COOH
3
2
5
3 Propan-1-ol C H OH Propanoic acid C H COOH
5
2
7
3
4 Butan-1-ol C H OH Butanoic acid C H COOH
3
9
4
7
5 Pentan-1-ol C H OH Pentanoic acid C H COOH
4
11
9
5
6 Hexan-1-ol C H OH Hexanoic acid C H COOH
11
13
5
6
148
02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 148 29/03/2022 2:27 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
5. Structural formulae and IUPAC nomenclature for alcohols:

H H H H H H
& & & & & &
H!C!OH H!C!C!OH H!C!C!C!OH
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& & & & & &
H H H H H H
Methanol Ethanol Propan-1-ol
(CH OH) (C H OH) (C H OH)
3 2 5 3 7
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H!C!C!C!C!OH H!C!C!C!C!C!OH H!C!C!C!C!C!C!OH
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol Hexan-1-ol
(C H OH) (C H OH) (C H OH)
4 9 5 11 6 13
6. Structural formulae and IUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids:

O H O H H O
' & ' & & '
H!C!OH H!C!C!OH H!C!C!C!OH
& & &
Methanoic acid H H H
(HCOOH)
Ethanoic acid (CH COOH) Propanoic acid (C H COOH)
3 2 5
H H H O H H H H O H H H H H O
& & & ' & & & & ' & & & & & '
H!C!C!C!C!OH H!C!C!C!C!C!OH H!C!C!C!C!C!C!OH
& & & & & & & & & & & &
H H H H H H H H H H H H
Butanoic acid (C H COOH) Pentanoic acid (C H COOH) Hexanoic acid (C H COOH)
3 7 4 9 5 11
7. Physical properties of alkanes, – molecular size increases.
alkenes and alkynes – van der Waals attraction
• Members of alkane, alkene and force between molecules
alkyne homologous series are becomes stronger. Form 5
neutral molecules. – more heat energy is needed
• Have low melting point and boiling to overcome the van der
point Waals attraction force.
• Odourless (b) Viscosity of molecules
• Less dense than water increases.
• Soluble in organic solvents (c) Density of molecules increases.
• Insoluble in water (d) Molecules become less
• Cannot conduct electricity in any flammable.
state 8. Physical properties of alcohols
• When the number of carbon atoms • Alcohols are non-hydrocarbon
per molecule increases, organic compounds containing
(a) Melting point and boiling point carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
will increase because atoms.


149





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 149 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
• Exist as colourless liquid at room • Exist as colourless liquid at room
temperature temperature with a sharp smell
• Have a sharp smell and highly and sour taste
volatile • Have pH value lower than 7
• Have low boiling point • Corrosive
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• Smaller alcohol molecules like • Low boiling point
methanol, ethanol and propanol • Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid
are miscible with water. and propanoic acid are soluble in
• However, solubility in water water.
decreases when the molecular size • However, solubility in water
increases. decreases when the molecular size
• When the number of carbon atoms increases.
per molecule increases, • When the number of carbon atoms
(a) Boiling point increases because per molecule increases,
- molecular size increases. (a) Boiling point increases because
– van der Waals attraction - molecular size increases.
force between molecules - van der Waals attraction
becomes stronger. force between molecules
- more heat energy is needed becomes stronger.
to overcome the van der - more heat energy is needed
Waals attraction force. to overcome the van der
(b) Viscosity of molecules Waals attraction force.
increases. (b) Density of molecules increases.
(c) Density of molecules increases. • Carboxylic acid can conduct
(d) Molecules become less electricity in aqueous solution due
flammable. to the presence of free moving
9. Physical properties of carboxylic ions.
acids SPM TIP
• Carboxylic acids are non-
hydrocarbon organic compounds • Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
containing carbon, hydrogen and are not soluble in water. All three
oxygen atoms. hydrocarbons are highly flammable.
• Carboxylic acids have the same
chemical properties as strong acids.

2.3 Chemical Properties and Interconversion of
Compounds between Homologous Series
Form 5

Alkane

Nickel, Hydrogenation
180 °C
Hydration Oxidation
Alkene Alcohol Carboxylic acid
60 atm, 300 °C, Acidified KMnO (aq)/
4
H PO (aq) Acidified K Cr O (aq)
3 4 2 2 7
Platinum Hydrogenation Concentrated Esterification
H SO (aq)
4
2
Alkyne Ester
150





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 150 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
Alkane Alkene
1. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons 1. Alkenes are more reactive
with carbon-carbon single bond that hydrocarbons compared to alkanes
is very stable. because they have at least one
2Rights Reserved.
carbon-carbon double bond.
2. A large amount of heat is needed 2. Alkenes undergo combustion in
to break the stable single covalent oxygen. The combustion produces
bond. sooty yellow flame:
(a) Alkenes undergo complete
3. Alkanes are the least reactive combustion in excess oxygen
organic compounds because they do to produce carbon dioxide and
not react with most of the chemical water.
substances. C H (g) + 3O (g) →
2
4
2
4. Alkanes undergo combustion in 2CO (g) + 2H O(l)
2
2
oxygen. The combustion produces (b) Alkenes undergo incomplete
sooty yellow flame: combustion to produce carbon
(a) Alkanes undergo complete monoxide or carbon and water.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All
combustion in excess oxygen • C H (g) + 2O (g) →
to produce carbon dioxide and 4 2 2CO(g) + 2H O(l)
water. 2
CH (g) + 2O (g) → CO (g) + • C H (g) + O (g) →
2
4
2
4
2
2
2H O(l) 2C(s) + 2H O(l)
2
2
(b) Alkanes undergo incomplete 3. Alkenes undergo six different
combustion to produce carbon addition reactions to convert carbon-
monoxide or carbon and water. carbon double bond to carbon-carbon
• CH (g) + 3 O (g) → single bond.
(a) Hydrogenation
2
4
2
CO(g) + 2H O(l) • Ethene gas reacts with
2
• CH (g) + O (g) → hydrogen gas in specific
conditions to produce ethane.
4
2
C(s) + 2H O(l) • Specific conditions needed:
2
o
5. In the presence of ultraviolet (UV) (i) Temperature: 180 C
rays, alkanes undergo substitution (ii) Catalyst: nickel or
reaction with halogen: platinum powder Form 5
Catalyst
• CH (g) + Cl (g) UV • C H (g) + H (g) ⎯⎯→ C H (g)
2
2
6
180 °C
2
4
4
2
CH Cl(g) + HCl(g)
3
H H H H
• CH Cl(g) + Cl (g) UV Catalyst
2
3
CH Cl (g) + HCl(g) H C C H + H H 180 °C H C C H
2
2
• CH Cl (g) + Cl (g) UV H H
2 2 2
CHCl (g) + HCl(g) • Used to convert vegetable
3
oil (unsaturated fat) into
• CHCl (g) + Cl (g) UV margarine (saturated fat).
3
2
CCl (g) + HCl(g)
4
151
02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 151 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
(b) Halogenation (ii) Pressure: 60 atm
• Bromine solution reacts (iii) Catalyst: Phosphoric acid
with ethene at room H PO
3
4
temperature to produce 1,2- • C H (g) + H O(g) 300 C,
4
2
2
o
dibromoethane. 60 atm
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• Addition of bromine to alkene C H OH(l)
is known as bromination. 2 5
• C H (g) + Br (aq) → C H Br (l) H H H H
2
2
2
2
4
4
& &
& &
3
H H H H H!C"C!H + H!O!H H PO 4 H!C!C!H
& & & & 300 °C, 60 atm & &
H!C"C!H + Br!Br H!C!C!H H O!H
& &
Br Br (e) Oxidation
• Ethene reacts with • Ethene reacts with acidified
chlorine gas to produce potassium manganate(VII)
1,2-dichloroethane. solution to produce
• Addition of chlorine to alkene ethane-1,2-diol.
is known as chlorination. • Dilute sulphuric acid is added
• C H (g) + Cl (g) → C H Cl (g) as a catalyst in this oxidation
4
2
2
2
2
4
reaction.
H H H H • During the reaction, the
& & & &
H!C"C!H + Cl!Cl H!C!C!H purple colour of acidified
& & potassium manganate(VII)
Cl Cl solution turns colourless.
(c) Addition of hydrogen halides • C H (g) + H O(l) + [O]
4
2
2
(HCl, HBr, HI) KMnO /H + C H (OH) (l)
4
• Ethene reacts with hydrogen 2 4 2
chloride to produce H H H H
chloroethane, an example of & & KMnO /H + & &
4
haloalkane. H!C"C!H + H!O!H + [O] H!C!C!H

& &
• C H (g) + HCl(g) → C H Cl(g) O O
2
2
4
5
& &
H H H H H H
& & & &
H!C"C!H + H!Cl H!C!C!H (f) Addition polymerisation
& & • Ethene is normally used
H Cl as a monomer in additional
(d) Hydration polymerisation to produce
• A well-known industrial various types of plastic in our
Form 5
process to manufacture daily lives.
alcohols. - Ethene is heated under
• Ethene reacts with hot specific conditions:
steam in specific conditions (i) Temperature: 200 °C
to produce ethanol. (ii) Pressure: 1200 atm
• Specific conditions needed:
(i) Temperature: 300 °C
152
02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 152 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound

H H
H H & &
n C"C !!C!C!!
& &
H H
H H n
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Comparison between physical and chemical properties of alkane and alkene
Alkane Alkene
Similarities
• Both are hydrocarbons.
• Both have low melting point and boiling point.
• Both are less dense than water.
• Both are insoluble in water.
• Both are soluble in organic solvents.
• Both are non-conductors.
Differences
• Saturated hydrocarbon • Unsaturated hydrocarbon
• Has carbon-carbon single bond • Has carbon-carbon double bond
• Unreactive • Reactive
• Undergoes combustion in oxygen, burns with • Undergoes combustion in oxygen, burns with
less sooty yellow flame more sooty yellow flame
• Undergoes substitution reaction • Undergoes addition reaction
• Does not react with bromine water • Reacts with bromine water
• Does not react with acidified potassium • Reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII)
manganate(VII) solution solution





Quiz
Quiz Combustion
Quiz
Quiz
of Carbon
What is the chemical substance that can Compounds
differentiate propane from propene? INFO
Form 5
ExpERIMENt 2.1


(A) Reaction with oxygen gas Variables:
(a) Manipulated: Hexane and hexene
Aim: (b) Responding: Sootiness of flame
To study the comparison of sootiness of produced
flames between alkane and alkene during (c) Fixed: Volume of hexane and hexene
combustion.
Procedure:
Hypothesis: 1. 2 cm of hexane is poured into an
3
Hexane produces less sooty flame compared evaporating dish.
to hexene.




153





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 153 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound


Bromine water, Br in
2
Filter paper 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
CH CCl
3 3
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Evaporating Hexane, C H 14
6
dish
Hexane, C H 14 Hexene, C H 12
6
6
Diagram 2.5 Diagram 2.6
(C) Reaction with acidified potassium
2. A lighted wooden splinter is brought
close to the evaporating dish to ignite manganate(VII) solution, KMnO 4
hexane. Aim:
To study the comparison of the reaction
3. A piece of filter paper is placed above using acidified potassium manganate(VII)
the flame when hexane burns. solution between alkane and alkene.
4. The colour and sootiness of the flame Hypothesis:
are observed and recorded. Hexane does not decolourise the purple
colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII)
5. Steps 1 – 4 are repeated with hexene.
solution while hexene decolourise the purple
colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII)
(B) Reaction with bromine water solution.
Aim:
To study the comparison of the reaction with Variables:
bromine water between alkane and alkene. (a) Manipulated: Hexane and hexene
(b) Responding: Colour change of acidified
Hypothesis: potassium manganate(VII) solution
Hexane does not decolourise the brown (c) Fixed: Volume of hexane and hexene,
colour of bromine water while hexene volume and concentration of acidified
decolourises the brown colour of bromine potassium manganate(VII) solution.
water. Procedure:
3
Pemboleh ubah: 1. 2 cm hexane is poured into a test tube.
(a) Manipulated: Hexane and hexene 2. Two drops of acidified potassium
(b) Responding: Colour change of bromine manganate(VII) solution are added into
water the test tube.
(c) Fixed: Volume of hexane and hexene, 3. The mixture is shaken and the colour
volume and concentration of bromine change of the solution is observed.
water 4. The observation is recorded.
Form 5
Procedure: 5. Steps 1 – 4 are repeated with hexene.
1. 2 cm of hexane is poured into a test
3
tube. Acidified potassium
2. Two drops of bromine water in manganate(VII)
1,1,1-trichloroethane are added into the solution, KMnO 4
test tube.
3. The mixture is shaken and the colour Hexane, C H
change of the solution is observed. 6 14
4. Observation is recorded.
5. Steps 1 – 4 are repeated with hexene. Diagram 2.7


154





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 154 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
Tabulation of data:
Observation
Set Test
Hexane Hexene
= 85.7 %Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
A Reaction with • Burns with yellow flame. • Burns with bright yellow flame.
oxygen gas • A little soot is formed on • More soot is formed on the
the filter paper. filter paper.
B Reaction with • Brown colour of bromine • Brown colour of bromine
bromine water water remains brown. water turns colourless.
C Reaction with • Purple colour of • Purple colour of acidified
acidified potassium acidified potassium potassium manganate(VII)
manganate(VII) manganate(VII) solution solution turns colourless.
solution remains purple.

Discussion: 4. Hexane does not react with both
1. Hexene which is an example of alkene bromine water and acidified potassium
burns with more soot compared to manganate (VII) solution because it is a
hexane which is an example of alkane saturated hydrocarbon.
of the same number of carbon atoms 5. Hexene reacts with both bromine water
per molecule. and acidified potassium manganate(VII)
2. Chemical equation for the combustion solution because it is an unsaturated
of both hexane and hexene: hydrocarbon.
• 2C H (l) + 19O (g) → • C H (l) + Br (aq) → C H Br (l)
6 14 2 6 12 2 6 12 2
12CO (g) + 14H O(l) • C H (l) + H O(g) + 2[O] →
2
2
12
6
2
• C H (l) + 9O (g) → C H (OH) (l)
6 12 2 6 12 2
6CO (g) + 6H O(l)
2
2
3. Percentage of carbon in both hexane Conclusion:
and hexene: 1. Both hexane and hexene undergo
(a) Percentage of carbon in hexane combustion.
6(12) 2. Hexene produces more soot than
= × 100% hexane.
6(12) + 14(1)
= 83.7 % 3. Hexane does not react with both
bromine water and acidified potassium
(b) Percentage of carbon in hexene manganate(VII) solution.
6(12) × 100% 4. Hexene reacts with both bromine water Form 5
=


Penerbitan
6(12) + 12(1)
and acidified potassium manganate(VII)


solution.
SPM TIP
• Alkane is a cleaner fuel compared to alkene because alkane has a lower percentage of
carbon.
• Alkane and alkene can be easily differentiated by using a few drops of brown bromine
water.
• The colour change of bromine water is very effective to identify the presence of carbon-
carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond.
155





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 155 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
Alcohol
1. Preparation of alcohol through two chemical reactions:
(a) Fermentation
• Carbohydrate which is sugar or starch undergoes fermentation in the
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absence of oxygen by using a catalyst called zymase enzyme (yeast) to
produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• C H O (aq) Zymase enzyme 2C H OH(l) + 2CO (g)
6
2
5
6
12
2
• Fractional distillation is carried out to produce pure ethanol.
Thermometer
Water out
Liebig
Fractionating condenser
column Filtered
fermentation
product
Water Water in

Glucose Limewater Ethanol,
solution Heat C H OH
2
5
+ yeast
(a) Set up of apparatus for fermentation (b) Set up of apparatus for distillation
Diagram 2.8
Type of Apparatus Observation
carbohydrate set-up
Rice • Colourless bubbles are observed in the fermentation solution.
(a)
• Colourless bubbles turn limewater cloudy.
(b) • The distillate is a colourless liquid and has a sharp smell.
Pineapple juice • Colourless bubbles are observed in the fermentation solution.
(a)
• Colourless bubbles turn limewater cloudy.
(b) • Distillate formed is a colourless liquid and has a sharp smell.

• Equation for the organic molecules to simple
fermentation of rice and compounds.
Form 5
pineapple juice: • The mixture solution must
C H O (l) → 2C H OH(l) be placed in a closed conical
6
5
6
12
2
+ 2CO (g) flask because fermentation
2
• Glucose fermentation will is an anaerobic process.
produce ethanol and carbon • Presence of oxygen during
dioxide. fermentation oxidises
• Yeast is added into rice ethanol to ethanoic acid.
and pineapple solution to • Enzyme zymase denatures at
produce zymase enzyme the end of the fermentation
that can convert complex when the percentage of
ethanol increases to 14%.
156





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 156 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
• Fractional distillation is • Alcohol burns in excess
carried out to produce oxygen to produce carbon
ethanol with a higher purity. dioxide and water, burns
• Fermentation is very with a blue flame without
effective when carried out soot.
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at an optimal temperature • C H OH(l) + 3O (g) →
2
2
5
of 37 °C because a higher 2CO (g) + 3H O(g)
2
2
temperature causes enzyme
to be denatured. (b) Oxidation
(b) Hydration • Alcohol undergoes oxidation
• Alcohol is produced through to produce ethanoic acid in
hydration by passing hot the presence of oxidising
steam over ethene. agents.
• The conditions needed for • Two commonly used oxidising
hydration: agents are:
(i) Temperature: 300 C (i) Acidified potassium
o
(ii) Pressure: 60 atm dichromate(VI) solution,
(iii) Catalyst: Phosphoric acid K Cr O .
2
2
7
• C H (g) + H O(g) (ii) Acidified potassium
2
4
2
H PO 4 manganate(VII) solution,
3
C H OH(l) KMnO .
300 °C, 60 atm 2 5 4
2. Alcohols undergo three chemical • C H OH(l) + 2[O] →
2
5
reactions: CH COOH(aq) + H O(l)
3
2
(a) Combustion
Boiling tube
Test tube
Acidified potassium
dichromate(VI),
K Cr O solution Cold
2
2
7
and ethanol, water
C H OH
2 5
Distillate
Heat Form 5
Diagram 2.9
Test on the distillate (ethanoic acid) Observation
Colour change if the solution used is:
(a) Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution Orange to green
(b) Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Purple to colourless
Colour of the distillate Colourless
Smell of the distillate Sour smell
Colour change of litmus paper Blue litmus paper turns red
Red litmus paper remains red



157





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 157 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
(c) Dehydration of alcohol with acidified potassium
• Alcohol undergoes dichromate(VI) solution.
dehydration by passing • C H OH(l) + 2[O] →
5
2
alcohol vapour over a heated CH COOH(l) + H O(l)
3
2
catalyst (porcelain chips,
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aluminium oxide, alumina or
concentrated sulphuric acid)
to produce alkene gas. Water out
• The heated catalyst is used
to remove water molecules
from ethanol. Water Liebig condenser
• C H OH(g) → in
2
5
C H (g) + H O(g)
2
2
4
Ethanol, C H OH +
5
2
H H H H oxidising agent
& &
H!C!C!H C"C + H O
2
& & H H Water
H OH
Porcelain chips Heat
Glass wool
soaked in Diagram 2.11
ethanol,
C H OH
2 5 Gas
Heat 2. Carboxylic acid undergoes four
chemical reactions:
Water
(a) Carboxylic acid + base →
carboxylate salt + water
Diagram 2.10
• The gas released and 1.0 mol dm –3
collected in the test tube aqueous
is tested with the following hydroxide
solution
reagents to show that the
gas is alkene gas.
Diluted
Reagent used Observation ethanoic
acid
Bromine water The brown colour of
Form 5
bromine water turns Diagram 2.12
colourless.
Acidified The purple colour of Type of Observation
potassium acidified potassium base
manganate(VII) manganate(VII) Copper(II) • Black powder dissolves
solution solution turns oxide in ethanoic acid forming
colourless. a blue solution.
• Blue solid is formed.
Carboxylic acid Sodium • Colourless solution is
formed.
1. Carboxylic acid can be prepared in hydroxide • White solid is formed.
solution
the laboratory through oxidation

158





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 158 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
• Ethanoic acid reacts with • Ethanoic acid reacts with
copper(II) oxide forming sodium carbonate producing
copper(II) ethanoate and sodium ethanoate, carbon
water. dioxide and water.
• 2CH COOH(aq) + CuO(s) → • 2CH COOH(aq) + Na CO (s)
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3
3
3
2
(CH COO) Cu (aq) + H O(l) → 2CH COONa(aq) + CO (g)
2
2
2
3
3
• Ethanoic acid reacts with + H O(l)
2
sodium hydroxide solution
producing sodium ethanoate (c) Carboxylic acid + metal →
and water. carboxylate salt + hydrogen
• CH COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)
3
→ CH COONa(aq) + H O(l)
3
2
Lighted
(b) Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate wooden
splinter
→ carboxylate salt + water +
carbon dioxide
Dilute ethanoic
acid
Magnesium
ribbon
Diluted Limewater
ethanoic Diagram 2.14
acid Calcium
carbonate
Type of
Diagram 2.13 metal Observation
Magnesium • Magnesium powder
Type of
carbonate Observation dissolves in ethanoic
acid forming a
Calcium • White powder dissolves colourless solution.
carbonate forming a colourless • Colourless bubbles are
solution. formed.
• Colourless bubbles • A “pop” sound is heard
observed turns when a lighted wooden
limewater cloudy. splinter is inserted into
Sodium • White powder dissolves the test tube.
carbonate forming a colourless Zinc • Zinc powder dissolves Form 5
solution. in ethanoic acid
• Colourless bubbles forming a colourless
observed turns solution.
limewater cloudy. • Colourless bubbles are
formed.
• Ethanoic acid reacts with • A “pop” sound is heard
calcium carbonate producing when a lighted wooden
calcium ethanoate, carbon splinter is inserted into
dioxide and water. the test tube.
• 2CH COOH(aq) + CaCO (s)
3
3
→ (CH COO) Ca(aq) + CO (g)
2
3
2
+ H O(l)
2
159



02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 159 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
• Magnesium powder reacts Ester
with ethanoic acid producing
magnesium ethanoate and 1. Ester is produced through the
hydrogen. esterification reaction between
• Mg(s) + 2CH COOH(aq) → alcohol and carboxylic acid.
the surface of water.Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
3
(CH COO) Mg(aq) + H (g) 2. The general formula of ester is
3
2
2
• Zinc reacts with ethanoic C H COOC H , m = 0, 1, 2 … and
2m+1
m
acid producing zinc ethanoate n = 1, 2, 3… n 2n+1
and hydrogen.
• Zn(s) + 2CH COOH(aq) → 3. The functional group of ester is
3
(CH COO) Zn(aq) + H (g) carboxylate group, —COO—.
3
2
2
(d) Carboxylic acid + alcohol →
ester + water Carboxylic acid Alcohol
Ending with –oate Ending with –yl
Concentrated
sulphuric acid, State the IUPAC nomenclature for an ester
H SO with general formula C H 2m+1 COOC H 2n+1 ,
m
n
2 4
m = 1, n = 2.
Step 1: Determine the molecular formula.
Ethanol, C H OH
2
5
+ ethanoic acid, CH COOC H 5
2
3
CH COOH
3
Step 2: Draw the structural formula.
Heat H O H H
Diagram 2.15 & ' & &
H!C!C!O!C!C!H
Type of & & &
alcohol Observation H H H
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Ethanol • A colourless layer floats on Step 3: Identify and name the alcohol part
in the ester.
• A liquid with fruity smell is
formed. H O H H Ethyl
Propanol • A colourless layer floats on H C C O C C H
the surface of water.
• A liquid with fruity smell is H H H
formed.
• Ethanoic acid reacts with Step 4: Identify and name the carboxylic
Form 5
ethanol to produce ethyl acid part in the ester.
ethanoate and water.
• CH COOH(aq) + C H OH(aq) Ethanoate H O H H
2
3
5
→ CH COOC H (l) + H O(l) H C C O C C H
2
2
5
3
• Ethanoic acid reacts with
propanol to produce propyl H H H
ethanoate and water. Step 5: IUPAC nomenclature = ethyl
• CH COOH(aq) + C H OH(aq) ethanoate
7
3
3
→ CH COOC H (l) + H O(l)
2
3
7
3
• Concentrated sulphuric acid
acts as a catalyst in the
esterification reaction.
160
02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 160 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound

Homologous series
Ester
Number Number of
of carbon carbon atoms General formula is
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atoms per per molecule C H 2m+1 COOC H 2n+1 ,
m
n
molecule (m) (n) m = 0, 1, 2…
n = 1, 2, 3…
Name Molecular formula
0 1 Methyl methanoate HCOOCH
3
1 2 Ethyl ethanoate CH COOC H 5
3
2
2 3 Propyl propanoate C H COOC H
2 5 3 7
3 4 Butyl butanoate C H COOC H
3 7 4 9
4 5 Pentyl pentanoate C H COOC H
4 9 5 11
Physical properties of ester Solution
1. Exists as a colourless liquid at room IUPAC
temperature with a sweet fruity Structural formula nomenclature
smell
H H H H
2. Has a pH value of 7 & & & &
H!C!C!C!C!OH Butan-1-ol
3. Less dense than water & & & &
H H H H
4. Insoluble in water but soluble in
organic solvents H H H O
& & & ' Butanoic
5. Easily vaporises at room temperature H!C!C!C!C!OH
& & & acid
H H H
Example 2
H O H
Complete the following table by filling in the & ' & Methyl Form 5
structural formulae of: H!C!C!O!C!H ethanoate

&
&
(a) Butan-1-ol H H
(b) Butanoic acid
(c) Methyl ethanoate H H O H H H
(d) Propyl propanoate & & ' & & & Propyl
(e) Propyl ethanoate H!C!C!C!O!C!C!C!H propanoate
& & & & &
H H H H H
H H H O H
& & & ' & Propyl
H!C!C!C!O!C!C!H
& & & ethanoate
H H H




161





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 161 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
2. Isomers are compounds with the
Isomers and same molecular formula but different
2.4 Naming based structural formulae.
on IUPAC 3. Isomers show:
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Nomenclature (a) Same chemical properties
because they have the same
functional group.
(b) Different physical properties
1. Structural isomerism is a phenomenon because the more branches they
where a compound has the same have, the lower their melting
molecular formula but with different point and boiling point.
structural formulae.


Structural Isomerism



Chain isomerism Position isomerism
• Arrangements of carbon chains are • Positions of functional group are different
different (straight chain / branched chain) on the same carbon chain



H H H H H Chain H H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C H H C C C C H H C C C C H
H H
H H H H H H H H
H C C C H
Double bond on
Straight chain Double bond on the second carbon
the first carbon
H H H
Branched chain

4. Steps in drawing isomers:



Form 5
Alkane • Draw an atomic structure in a straight chain.
• Draw a branched chain.



Alkene • Draw an atomic structure in a straight chain.
• Change the position of the double bond (=) or triple bond (≡).
Alkyne • Draw a branched chain in every straight chain with different
positions of double bond (=) or triple bond (≡).






162





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 162 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
5. Steps to identify and name isomers according to IUPAC nomenclature:
 Identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
 Carbon 1 from the longest straight chain of carbon atoms normally starts
from:
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(a) the carbon that is the nearest to the branched chain (alkyl group) for
alkane
(b) the carbon that is the nearest to the functional group for alkene, alkyne
and alcohol.
 Use prefixes such as di- (2), tri- (3), tetra- (4), or penta- (5) to indicate the
number of alkyl or functional group present in the compound. The numbers
indicating the alkyl or functional group must be separated by a comma (,).

–CH–CH 3 3 H H –C H–C H H HH H –C H–C H 7 7 H H HH H H
H
–C
–C
–CH
H

H H


H H
H
H
3
5 2
3
2
2
7 3
3
5 5



& & & && & & & && & &
&
&
& &
& &
Structural formula H!C!C! H!C!C!C! H!C!C!C!C!
C
C
C
H
H
C
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
C
C
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
& & & && & & & && & &



& &
&
& &
&
H

H H
H H H HH H H H HH H H
H

H H
Group Methyl Ethyl Propyl
 Complete the IUPAC nomenclature according to the format:
(Number of position of branch)-(name of branch)(name of parent chain)
Isomerism in Alkane Isomerism in Alkyne
Draw and name all the isomers from Draw and name all the isomers from
butane, C H . butyne, C H .
4 10 4 6
H H H H
H H
H C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 H
H C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 H
H H H H
H H
Form 5
Butane But-1-yne
H
Methyl H H
H C H
H H
H H C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4
H H
H C 1 C 2 C 3 H
But-2-yne
H H H
2-methylpropane
163
02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 163 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
Isomerism in Alkene

Draw and name all the isomers from butene, C H .
8
4
H H
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H H H H
H C 1 C 2 C 3 H
H C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 H
H
H H H C H
But-1-ene 2-methylprop-1-ene
H

H H H H
H C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 H
H H
But-2-ene

Isomerism in Alcohol

Draw and name all the isomers from butanol, C H OH.
4
9
H H H H H H H H
H C C 2 C 3 C 4 H H C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 H
OH H H H H OH H H
Butan-1-ol Butan-2-ol


H H H H
methyl
H C 1 C 2 C 3 H H C H
OH H H H
H C H H C 1 C 2 C 3 H
methyl
H H OH H
Form 5
2-methylpropan-1-ol 2-methylpropan-2-ol

Uses of homologous series in daily life
1. Alkane
Alkane Uses
Methane, CH Cooking gas
4
Ethane, C H 6 Used in anti-freeze coolants
2
Propane, C H Used as fuel to heat the air in the hot air balloons
3 8
Butane, C H Used as fuel in lighters
4 10
164





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 164 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
2. Alkene
• Ethene
– Speeds up the process of fruit ripening
- Monomer to produce plastic such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
– Monomer to produce polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) inTeflon.
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3. Alcohol
Use Example
Solvent Alcohol solvent dissolves a wide range of non-polar compounds
such as oil and oil paint.
Medicine As an antiseptic, disinfectant and medicine as they are able to kill
bacteria.
Cosmetic As a preservative so that cosmetics last long and used in the
making of perfumes.
Fuel Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol are used
as fuel for engines.
Food and beverage Found in Tapai and Tuak.

• Misuse of alcohol
– Excessive intake of alcoholic beverages can damage the liver, kidney, heart
and brain.
– Drink-driving leads to accident.
– Addiction and mental disorder
– Pregnant women who consume alcohol may cause birth defects.
4. Carboxylic acid
• Used as a preservative.
• Used to manufacture detergents.
• Used to make herbicides and pesticides.
• Used as an industrial solvent.
5. Ester
Use Explanation
Solvent Ethyl acetate is used as a solvent in nail polish, plastics Form 5
Adhesive Polyvinyl acetate is normally used as paper glue and wood glue
Food flavouring • Banana: 1-methylbutyl ethanoate
• Pineapple: butyl butanoate
• Apple: ethyl-2-methylbutanoate
• Strawberry: methyl trans-cinnamate
Perfume • Rose smell: pentyl nonanoate
• Berry smell: propyl hexanoate
• White lily smell: ethyl benzanoate









165





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 165 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Practice




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Objective Questions 4. What is the percentage of carbon by
mass per molecule in pentene?
1. Which of the following homologous [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12]
series is used as combustion fuel? A 85.7% C 30.8%
I Alkane B 83.3% D 21.2%
II Alkyne
III Carboxylic acid 5. Ethene gas reacts with hot steam
IV Ester at 300 °C to produce compound X.
A I and II C II and III Concentrated phosphoric acid is used
B I and IV D II and IV as a catalyst in this reaction. What is
compound X?
2. Which of the following is the conversion A Ethane C Ethanoic acid
process of ethanol to ethene gas? B Ethanol D Ethyl ethanoate
A Hydration
B Combustion 6. Diagram 2 shows a device used by
C Dehydration the traffic police to detect alcohol on
road users.
3. Diagram 1 shows the molecular formula
of hydrocarbon P and hydrocarbon Q.

C H C H
6 12 6 14
P Q
Diagram 1
Which of the following statements
is true about hydrocarbon P and Diagram 2
hydrocarbon Q?
What is the substance used in the
Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon device?
P Q A Bromine water
A Soluble in Insoluble in B Potassium chloride solution
water water C Acidified potassium manganate(VII)
solution
B Reacts with Does not react
Form 5
bromine water with bromine 7. Diagram 3 shows the structural formula
water of ester in banana.
H H H
C Produces little Produces a lot & & & O
soot when it of soot when it H!C!C!C!C ' H H
& &
burns burns & & & & O!C!C!H
H H H & &
D Does not react Reacts with H H
with acidified acidified
potassium potassium
manganate manganate
(VII) solution (VII) solution Diagram 3


166





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 166 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
What is the name of the alcohol and (c) The reaction between liquid
carboxylic acid that form the ester in CH COOH and propanol produces
3
Diagram 3? compound R.
(i) Draw the structural formula of
Carboxylic compound R.
(i) Name the process that Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
Alcohol
acid [1 mark]
A Butanol Ethanoic acid (ii) Name compound R according
B Butanol Butanoic acid to IUPAC nomenclature.
[1 mark]
C Ethanol Ethanoic acid
D Ethanol Butanoic acid
Section B
Subjective Questions 2. (a) Compound X is a hydrocarbon. The
molecular formula of compound X
Section A is C H .
8
5
(i) Draw the structural formula for
1. (a) Diagram 4 shows the conversion the three isomers of X. State
of glucose to ethanoic acid.
the name of the isomers.
acidified [6 marks]
potassium
dicromate(VI) (ii) Compound X undergoes
+ yeast Compound solution
Glucose CH COOH complete combustion to form
Q 3 carbon dioxide gas and water.
Diagram 4 Write a balanced chemical
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn
equation for the reaction.
produces compound Q. Calculate the volume of carbon
[1 mark] dioxide gas at room conditions
(ii) Write a chemical equation for when 17.0 g of compound X
the formation of compound burns completely.
Q. [2 marks] [Relative atomic mass: H = 1;
(iii) Name compound Q. C = 12, 1 mole of gas occupies
3
[1 mark] a volume of 24 dm at room
temperature.]
(b) Compound Q is heated with [6 marks]
acidified potassium dichromate(VI) Form 5
solution to form liquid CH COOH. (b) Propyne is a hydrocarbon. A few
3
(i) Write a balanced chemical drops of bromine water are added
equation to show the into 2.0 g of propyne to form
conversion of compound Q to compound P.
liquid CH COOH. (i) Write a balanced chemical
3
[2 marks] equation for the reaction
(ii) State the colour change. between propyne and bromine
[1 mark] water.
[2 marks]
(iii) Give one daily use of liquid
CH COOH. (ii) Name the reaction between
3
[1 mark] propyne and bromine water.
[1 mark]


167





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 167 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
(iii) State the colour change for (i) Identify P, Q, R and S.
bromine water. [4 marks]
[1 mark]
(ii) Name the catalyst used in
(iv) Draw and name the compound esterification. Then, write a
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P formed. balanced chemical equation
[2 marks] for the esterification.
(v) What is the mass of compound [3 marks]
P?
3
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; (c) 10 cm of compound Q is then
C = 12, Br = 80] added into a boiling tube followed
3
[4 marks] by 2 cm of acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) solution. The
mixture solution is then heated
Section C until a colour change is observed.
(i) Name the conversion process
3. Alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that occurs. State the colour
with the general formula of C H . change observed.
n
2n
(a) (i) State the operational definition [2 marks]
for unsaturated hydrocarbon
when n = 4. (ii) A cleaned magnesium tape
[2 marks] is placed into the boiling
tube. Colourless bubbles are
(ii) Draw and name all the isomers observed. Name the colourless
of alkene with n = 4.
[6 marks] bubbles formed. Then, write a
balanced chemical equation for
the chemical reaction.
(b) Compound P undergoes hydration
to produce compound Q. Compound [3 marks]
Q is then heated under reflux with
ethanoic acid through process S
to produce ester R.








Form 5

















168





02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 168 29/03/2022 2:28 PM

Answers
Jawapan


10. Making a conclusion
Form 4 11. Preparing a report
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(c) (i) Calcium carbonate (eggshells) and
acetic acid
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chemistry (ii) Colourless gas bubbles are formed
(iii) Manipulated variable: Mass of eggshells
Responding variable: Quantity of gas
Quiz Page 2 bubbles produced
Manipulated variable and responding variable Fixed variable: Type of eggshell
Quiz Page 3 Section C
Face mask Field Example
SPM PRACTICE Food • Acetic acid is used as vinegar
Objective Questions • Sucrose as sugar
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. C
6. C 7. D 8. B Medicine • Penicillin as antibiotics
Subjective Questions • Propanol as antiseptics
Section A Industry • Copper in wires
• Ceramics in construction materials
1. (a) Does water show the alkaline property of
toothpaste? Agriculture • Urea in fertilisers
(b) Manipulated variable: Presence of water • Calcium hydroxide is used to
Responding variable: Colour change on the neutralise acidic soil
red litmus paper
Fixed variable: Type of toothpaste (b) (i) • Inform the teacher immediately
(c) When water is present, the red litmus paper • Clean the eye with water
turns blue. • To dilute the acid and reduce injury in
(d) • Dry blue litmus paper remains blue the eye
• Dry red litmus paper remains red • Remove laboratory coat immediately
• Moist blue litmus paper remains blue • Shower the body if the acid wets the
• Moist red litmus paper turns blue clothes
[Any three answers] (ii) • Many chemicals burn easily and they
(e) Toothpaste dissolves in water to form are poisonous.
hydroxide ions. • Prevent chemical pollution
Presence of hydroxide ions causes the moist • Reduce the risk of death
red litmus paper turns blue.
Section B
2. (a) • Reactive substances (Li, Na, K) must be CHAPTER 2 Matter and the Atomic
stored in paraffin oil. Structure
• Flammable and volatile hydrocarbons and
organic solvents are kept far from heat Quiz Page 8
sources or sunlight. Condensation
• Corrosive substances (pH < 5 or pH > 9) SPM PRACTICE
must be locked in the cabinet.
• Substances that decompose easily are Objective Questions
stored in a dark place. 1. A 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. C
(b) 1. Making observations 6. C 7. B
2. Making an inference Subjective Questions
3. Identifying the problem Section A
4. Making a hypothesis 1. (a) 3
5. Identifying the variables (b) Natural abunandce is the percentage of
6. Controlling the variables isotopes in a natural sample of an element.
7. Planning an experiment (c) 24 Mg, Mg, Mg
25
26
12
8. Collecting data (d) 12 12 12
9. Interpreting data
235





ANS RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 235 29/03/2022 2:55 PM

Chemistry SPM Answers
(e) 24 Mg – 79%, 4. Place one container filled with seawater
12
under the tilted mirror.
25 Mg – 10%,
12 5. Place another empty container at the
26 Mg – 11% lower end of the mirror.
12 6. Cover the whole set-up with the plastic
(f) Relative atomic mass of magnesium bag and wait until water evaporates and
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[(24 × 79) + (25 × 10) + (26 × 11)] condenses to form water droplets.
= 100 (c) (i) Uranium-235
= 24.32 (ii) Positive effects:
• Nuclear power stations do not
24.32
(g) = 2.02 contribute to greenhouse effect.
12
• A small amount of nuclear material
Section B can generate a large amount of
2. (a) • Water molecules receive heat from the energy.
surroundings. Negative effects:
• Water molecules at the surface of water • Radioactive waste can cause serious
have higher kinetic energy. health problems.
• Water molecules move faster and thus • Uranium is a non-renewable resource.
weaken the attraction force between the (iii) Medicine
molecules. • Cobalt-60: To kill cancer cells
• Therefore, water evaporates to the • Iodine-131: To treat thyroid cancer
surroundings. • Sodium-24: To study blood flow
(b) 1. Cut the mineral bottle into half to make Archaeology
two containers. • Carbon-14: Radiocarbon dating
2. Collect branches as a stand for the mirror. • Lead-210: To determine the age of
3. Place the mirror tilted over the branches. sand
Section C
3. (a) Name of process: Evaporation
State of matter State X State Y

Diagram of the
arrangement of particles




Closely packed but not in orderly
Arrangement of particles Closely packed in orderly manner
manner
Movement of particles Vibrate and rotate in a fixed position Vibrate, rotate and move freely
Have higher kinetic energy
Amount of kinetic energy Have very low kinetic energy
compared to state X
Attraction force between Have very strong attraction force Have weaker attraction force
particles compared to state X

(b) Field Isotope Function
Agriculture Phosphorus-32 To study the metabolism of plants

Archaeology Carbon-14 To determine the age of artifacts and fossils
Medicine Cobalt-60 To treat cancer





236





ANS RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 236 29/03/2022 2:55 PM

Form

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