Focus PT3 2020 Science ( BI Version )

Focus PT3 - T123 Science [FOR PRINTING w FOCUS].pdf 1 13/11/2019 5:30 PM







FOCUS 1•2•3 CC037940

Form




PT3 KSSM FOCUS PT3 PT3





Form
1•2•3

REVISION
REVISION FOCUS PT3 KSSM Form 1 • 2 • 3 – a complete and
precise series of reference books with special KSSM
 Infographics  Science Info features to enhance students’ learning as a whole.
 Tips  Common Mistakes SCIENCE SCIENCE
 Concept Map This series covers the latest Kurikulum Standard
Sekolah Menengah (KSSM) and integrates
Pentaksiran Tingkatan 3 (PT3) requirements.
REINFORCEMENT
REINFORCEMENT A great resource for every student indeed!
& ASSESSMENT

 Formative Practices  Complete Answers REVISION
FREE
 PT3 Practices FREE REINFORCEMENT
DIGITAL RESOURCE
DIGITAL RESOURCE
EXTRA FEATURES
EXTRA FEATURES ASSESSMENT

 HOTS Challenge  PAK-21 VIDEO EXTRA FORM 1 • 2 • 3 KSSM
 Daily Application  QR Codes INFO
 TIMSS Challenge

TITLES IN THIS SERIES:
TITLES IN THIS SERIES:
 Bahasa Melayu  Sains  Bahasa Cina  Mathematics
 English  Geografi  Pendidikan Islam  Science
 Matematik  Sejarah  Reka Bentuk dan Teknologi








Dual


W.M: RM31.95 / E.M: RM32.95 L anguage
CC037940
Programme
ISBN: 978-967-2375-06-7

Maznah Omar (Textbook Writer) • Jariah Khalib (Textbook Writer)
PELANGI Badariah Hamzah (Textbook Writer) • Chien Hui Siong • Tan Din Ding

CONTENTS








FORM 1
THEME 3 Exploration of Elements in Nature
THEME 1 Scientific Methodology Chapter Matter 85

Chapter Introduction to Scientific 5
1 Investigation 1 5.1 Matter in Nature 86

5.2 Three States of Matter 90
PT3 Practice 5 98
1.1 Science is Part of Daily Life 2
1.2 Your Science Laboratory 4
1.3 Physical Quantities and Their Units 7 Chapter Periodic Table 100
1.4 The Use of Measuring Instruments, Accuracy, 6
Consistency, Sensitivity and Errors 9
1.5 Density 18 6.1 Classification of Elements 101
1.6 Steps in a Scientific Investigation 22 6.2 Mixtures 109
1.7 Scientific Attitudes and Values in Carrying Out 6.3 Compounds 115
Scientific Investigation 25 PT3 Practice 6 120
PT3 Practice 1 26
Chapter Air 121

Maintenance and Continuity of 7
THEME 2 Life 7.1 Composition of Air 122
7.2 Combustion 126
Chapter 7.3 Air Pollution 130
2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life 28 PT3 Practice 7 132


THEME 4 Energy and Sustainability of Life
2.1 Cell – Structure, Function and Organisation 29
2.2 Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 38
PT3 Practice 2 44 Chapter
8 Light and Optics 134

Chapter 8.1 The Use of Mirrors 135
3 Coordination and Response 45 8.2 Properties of Light 141
8.3 Reflection of Light 142
8.4 Refraction of Light 144
3.1 Homeostasis in Living Things 46 8.5 Dispersion of Light 148
PT3 Practice 3 54 8.6 Scattering of Light 151
8.7 Addition and Subtraction of Light 153
PT3 Practice 8 159
Chapter THEME 5 Exploration of Earth and Space
4 Reproduction 55
Chapter
4.1 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction 56 9 Earth 161
4.2 Human Reproductive System 61
4.3 The Menstrual Cycle 65 9.1 The System and Structure of the Earth 162
4.4 Fertilisation and Pregnancy 67 9.2 Composition of the Earth 166
4.5 Factors Affecting the Development of a 9.3 Main Processes of the Earth 168
Foetus and Baby 70 9.4 Geohazard Phenomena 170
4.6 Infertility and Contraception 71 9.5 Age of the Earth 176
4.7 Plant Reproduction 74 9.6 Earth Resources and Applied Geology 179
PT3 Practice 4 82 PT3 Practice 9 184
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00 Contents Foc PT3 Scicence.indd 2 11/19/19 10:52 AM

FORM 2 THEME 3

Maintenance and Continuity of Energy and Sustainability of Life
THEME 1 Life Chapter

Chapter 7 Electricity and Magnetism 274
1 Biodiversity 185 7.1 Electricity 275
7.2 Flow of Electric Current in Series Circuit and
Parallel Circuit 284
1.1 Diversity of Organisms 186 7.3 Magnetism 289
1.2 Classification of Organisms 189 PT3 Practice 7 295
PT3 Practice 1 196
Chapter Chapter 8 Force and Motion 297
2 Ecosystem 198

8.1 Force 298
2.1 Energy Flow in Ecosystem 199 8.2 Effects of Force 301
2.2 Nutrient Cycle in Ecosystem 201 PT3 Practice 8 312
2.3 Interdependence and Interaction Among
Organisms and between Organisms and
the Environment 203 Chapter Heat 314
2.4 Role of Human in Maintaining a Balanced 9
Nature 211
PT3 Practice 2 212 9.1 Relationship between Temperature and Heat 315
9.2 Heat Flow and Thermal Equilibrium 317
Chapter 9.3 Principle of Expansion and Contraction of
3 Nutrition 214 9.4 Matter 323
Relationship between Types of Surface of
Object, and Heat Absorption and Emission 328
3.1 Classes of Food 215 PT3 Practice 9 332
3.2 Importance of a Balanced Diet 220
3.3 Human Digestive System 223 Chapter
3.4 Process of Absorption and Transportation 10 Sound Waves 334
of Digested Food and Defecation 227
PT3 Practice 3 230
10.1 Characteristics of Sound Waves 335
Chapter 10.2 Loudness and Pitch of Sound 339
10.3 Phenomena and Applications of Reflection
4 Human Health 232 of Sound Waves 342
PT3 Practice 10 344
4.1 Infectious and Non-infectious Disease 233
4.2 Body Defence 236
PT3 Practice 4 241 THEME 4 Earth and Space Exploration
Chapter Stars and Galaxies in the
THEME 2 Exploration of Elements in Nature 11 Universe 345

346
Chapter 11.1 Star and Galaxies in the Universe 351
PT3 Practice 11
5 Water and Solution 243
Chapter
5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water 244 12 Solar System 353
5.2 Solution and Rate of Solubility 252
5.3 Water Purification and Water Supply 256 12.1 Solar System 354
PT3 Practice 5 259 PT3 Practice 12 363
Chapter Chapter
6 Acid and Alkali 261 13 Meteoroid, Asteroid, Comet 364

6.1 Properties of Acids and Alkali 262 13.1 Other Bodies in the Solar System; such
6.2 Neutralisation 270 as Meteoroids, Asteroids and Comets 365
PT3 Practice 6 273 PT3 Practice 13 370
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00 Contents Foc PT3 Scicence.indd 3 11/19/19 10:52 AM

FORM 3 THEME 3 Energy and Sustainability of Life

Maintenance and Continuity of
THEME 1 Life Chapter

Chapter 6 Electricity and Magnetism 458
1 Stimuli and Responses 371 6.1 Generation of Electricity 459

6.2 Transformer 464
1.1 Human Nervous System 372 6.3 Transmission and Distribution of Electricity 468
1.2 Stimuli and Responses in Human 374 6.4 Calculate the Cost of Electricity Consumption 476
1.3 Stimuli and Responses in Plant 384 PT3 Practice 6 480
1.4 Importance of Responses towards Stimuli
in Other Animals 389 Chapter
PT3 Practice 1 391 7 Energy and Power 482
Chapter
2 Respiration 394 7.1 Work, Energy and Power 483
7.2 Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy 486
7.3 Principle of Conservation of Energy 490
2.1 Respiratory System 395 PT3 Practice 7 492
2.2 Movement and Exchange of Gases in the
Human Body 400
2.3 Health of Human Respiratory System 402
2.4 Adaptation in Respiratory System 405 Chapter
2.5 Gaseous Exchange in Plants 408 8 Radioactivity 494
PT3 Practice 2 411
Chapter 8.1 History of the Discovery of Radioactivity 495
8.2
Atom and Nucleus
499
3 Transportation 413 8.3 Ionising and Non-ionising Radiation 500
8.4 The Use of Radioactive Rays Radiation 506
3.1 Transport System in Organisms 414 PT3 Practice 8 509
3.2 Blood Circulatory System 414
3.3 Human Blood 420
3.4 Transport System in Plants 423
3.5 Blood Circulatory System in Animals and THEME 4 Earth and Space Exploration
Transport System in Plants 431
PT3 Practice 3 432
Chapter
THEME 2 Exploration of Elements in Nature 9 Space Weather 511

Chapter 9.1 The Sun’s Activities that Affect the Earth 512
9.2
Space Weather
517
4 Reactivity of Metals 434 PT3 Practice 9 519
4.1 Variety of Minerals 435 Chapter
4.2 Reactivity Series of Metals 438 10 Space Exploration 521
4.3 Extraction of Metals from Its Ore 443
PT3 Practice 4 447
10.1 Development in Astronomy 522
Chapter 10.2 Development and Technology in Space 523
Exploration
5 Thermochemistry 449 PT3 Practice 10 529


5.1 Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions 450
PT3 Practice 5 456 Answers 531





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00 Contents Foc PT3 Scicence.indd 4 11/19/19 10:52 AM

Chapter Pengenalan kepada Form 1
Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life

2 Penyiasatan Saintifik
Cell as the Basic Unit of Life















Made up of many cells Multicellular organisms Systems








Unicellular organisms Cells Tissues Organs
form form

Made up of single cell
are


Basic unit of life






similarities
Animal cell Plant cell

has chloroplasts and
a large vacuole
have


occurs in chloroplasts

occurs in
mitochondria
Cellular respiration Nucleus, cell membrane, Photosynthesis
cytoplasm and mitochondria







Makes food from carbon dioxide
Produces energy by and water in the presence of
breaking down food.
chlorophyll and sunlight.



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02 Fokus Science F1.indd 28 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

2.1 Cell – Structure, Function and 5. When a cell divides rapidly without control,
it can form a tumour or cancer.
Organisation

What is a Cell? Form Form


A cell is the basic unit that makes up all Cell division
living things. Normal Cancer cell 1
cell
1. Cells are too small that they cannot be seen
with the naked eye; they can only be clearly
seen under a microscope.



Cell size and scale Normal cell division
stops
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cancer cell division
An English scientist, Robert Hooke was the Figure 2.2 Normal cell and cancer cell division
first person to discover cells. He was observing
a slice of cork under a simple microscope 6. If not destroyed, cancer cells will divide
made by him when he found the cork consisted uncontrollably to form a tumour, an
of an arrangement of small units which were
separated by walls. He named these small units abnormal lump of cells.
as cells, which means small rooms in Latin.
What is a cell? What is done by a cell? Formation of tumour
2. Cells carry out life processes like respiration,
growth, reproduction and excretion.
3. Cells also undergo cell division, a process by
which a single cell divides into two or more Cancer cell Normal cell
cells. division
Figure 2.3 The formation of tumour
7. Tumours can destroy surrounding cells.
8. A tumour can invade surrounding cells and
spread from one part of the body to another
which then leads to the malfunctions of the
body parts. This is called cancer.
Figure 2.1 Cell division
4. Cell division is essential for the growth of
living things and in producing new cells to
replace damaged or dead cells.
29


02 Fokus Science F1.indd 29 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Structures of Animal Cell and Plant Cell

1. Cells are very tiny and can only be clearly seen under a microscope.

2. A microscope is used to observe the structures of animal and plant cells in Activities 2.1 and 2.2.
Steps
Form
Form
1 Eyepiece magnifies the image of the specimen Place the microscope in
to about ten times (10x) magnification.
Tube connects the eyepiece to the objective 1 a bright place.
lenses.
Coarse focus knob is used to move the Crank the low power
low power objective lens. 2 objective lens down so
Fine focus knob is used to move the that it is clicked into
position.
high power objective lens to bring the
specimen into better focus.

Low power objective lens Adjust the diaphragm
magnifies the image of the 3 and mirror so that there
specimen to 4x. is sufficient light to view
the specimen through
Medium power objective the microscope.
lens magnifies the image
of the specimen to 10x.
4 Place the slide on the
High power stage and use the clips
objective lens to hold the slide.
magnifies the image
of the specimen to
40x.
5 Turn the coarse focus
Diaphragm controls knob to lower the body
the amount of tube as close to the
light reaching the specimen as possible
specimen. without touching it.




Mirror reflects 6 Look through the
eyepiece, and turn
light towards the coarse focus knob
the diaphragm. anticlockwise to move
the body tube up until
the image comes into
focus.
Stage is the
platform to place the
slides.

Clips hold the slides 7 Turn the fine focus
knob for fine focusing.
in place.

Figure 2.4 The structure of a microscope and the way to use it


30






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 30 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

Eksperimen 2.1
Eksperimen 2.1
Activity 2.1
Aim: To prepare an animal cell slide and to examine animal cells
(human cheek cells). Form Form
Materials and apparatus: Methylene blue solution, distilled water,
toothpick, filter papers, glass slide, cover slip, light microscope, dropper, 1
mounting needle and forceps.

Procedure:
1. A drop of distilled water is placed on the centre of a clean slide.
2. The blunt end of a toothpick is used to gently scrape the inner Distilled
lining of the cheek. water Toothpick
3. The scrapings are placed in the middle of the water drop on the Cheek
scrapings
slide.
4. A cover slip is lowered slowly on the specimen using a mounting
needle to ensure that air bubbles are not trapped under the cover
slip. Mounting
5. A drop of methylene blue solution is placed on one edge of the Cover slip needle
cover slip and a piece of filter paper is placed on the other edge of
the cover slip. The filter paper will draw the methylene blue solution
across the slide to stain the cells.
6. Excess methylene solution is absorbed using another piece of filter
paper.
7. The slide is observed under the low power objective lens of the
light microscope, followed by the high power objective lens.
8. The structure of the cheek cells is drawn and labelled accordingly.
Observations: Methylene
blue solution Filter
paper
Cytoplasm Figure 2.5 Preparing the slide of
human cheek cells
Cell membrane
TIMSS Challenge 1
Nucleus
Why do we need to add a drop of
methylene blue solution onto the
cheek cells when preparing the
Figure 2.6 Human cheek cells slide of cheek cells?

Discussions:
1. Methylene blue solution stains the cheek cell, so that the
structure of the cell can be seen clearly. Common Error
2. Human cheek cells do not have a fixed shape. All living things
3. The structures of the human cheek cells as seen under the light contain cells.
microscope are the nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm. All living things are
made up of cells.
Conclusion:
An animal cell does not have a fixed shape, and has a nucleus, cell membrane and cytoplasm.




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02 Fokus Science F1.indd 31 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

Eksperimen 2.1
Activity 2.2
Eksperimen 2.1
Aim: To prepare a plant cell slide and to examine plant cells (epidermal
cells of an onion bulb) Onion
scale
Materials and apparatus: Onion bulb, iodine solution, distilled water,
Form
Form
1 filter papers, glass slide, cover slip, light microscope, dropper, mounting Epidermal layer of onion
needle, scalpel and forceps.
Procedure:
1. A drop of distilled water is placed on the centre of a clean slide.
2. An onion scale is cut using a scalpel and an epidermal layer from it
is peeled off using a forceps.
3. The epidermal layer is then placed in the middle of the water drop on
the slide.
Epidermal layer
4. A cover slip is lowered slowly on the specimen using a mounting needle of onion
to ensure that air bubbles are not trapped under the cover slip.
5. A drop of iodine solution is placed on one edge of the cover slip and
a filter paper is held at the other edge of the cover slip to draw the Mounting
needle
iodine solution across the slide to stain the cells.
6. Excess iodine solution is absorbed using another piece of filter paper. Cover slip
7. The slide is observed under the low power objective lens of the light
microscope, followed by the high power objective lens.
8. The structure of the epidermal cells is drawn and labelled
accordingly.

Observations: Figure 2.7 Preparing the
slide of epidermal cells
Membrane cell
Cell wall Tips

Nucleus Methylene blue solution is
Cytoplasm usually used to stain animal
Vacuole cells, while iodine solution is
used to stain plant cells.
Figure 2.8 Epidermal cells of an onion bulb
Discussion: TIMSS Challenge 2
1. Iodine solution stains the nucleus brown so that the structure of
epidermal cells can be seen clearly. Name two structures that are
2. Epidermal cells of onion bulb have a fixed shape. found in plant cells but not in - 21
animal cells.
AK
PAK-21
P
3. The structures of the epidermal cells as seen under the light
microscope are the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
and vacuole.
4. Onion cells do not contain chloroplasts.
Conclusion:
A plant cell has a fixed shape, a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall and vacuole.



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02 Fokus Science F1.indd 32 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Functions of Structures in Animal Cells and
Plant Cells Common Error

1. There are many similarities and differences between All plant cells contain chloroplasts.
animal cells and plant cells. Not all plant cells have Form Form
chloroplasts. For example, the
2. Both cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane epidermal cells of an onion
and mitochondria. bulb which do not carry out 1
photosynthesis do not contain
3. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuole. chloroplasts.
4. The structures of cells have different functions.


Cell membrane
• A thin layer which forms the external boundary of the cell.
• Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

Nucleus
• Oval or spherical in shape.
• Controls all the activities of the cell.
• Contains chromosomes that are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which
carries genetic information that determines the characteristics of an organism.


Cytoplasm
• A jelly-like substance.
• As a medium where chemical processes occur.


Mitochondrion
• Cylindrical-shaped.
• The site of cellular respiration to generate energy.















The difference
between animal Animal cell Plant cell
VIDEO and plant cells
Chloroplast
Vacuole Cell wall • Contains a green
• A fluid-filled sac containing • An outer layer which pigment called
cell sap. surrounds the cell chlorophyll that
• Absorbs water and keeps membrane of a plant cell. absorbs sunlight
the cell turgid. This turgidity • Provides support and helps for the process of
provides support to the cell. protect the cell, and gives photosynthesis in
a fixed shape to the cell. green plants.
Figure 2.9 Functions of animal and plant cell structures


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02 Fokus Science F1.indd 33 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Comparison between Animal Cells and Plant Cells


Animal cell Plant cell
Similarities
Icon Focus KSSM Science form 1 English ver.
Both have a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria
Form
Form
1
Differences
Does not have a cell wall Cell wall Has a cell wall made of cellulose
Plural
Does not have chloroplast Chloroplast Has chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll
Usually absent, but if present, the vacuoles Vacuole Has one or a few large vacuoles
are small and scattered
Does not have a fixed shape Shape Has a fixed shape

Figure 2.10 Similarities and differences between animal cells and plant cells




Singular Plural
Plural
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms Mitochondrion Mitochondria

Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms

Unicellular organisms are organisms that Multicellular organisms are organisms that
consist of only one cell. consist of more than one cell.

• Although consisting of only one cell, unicellular • Humans, animals and plants are examples of
organisms are able to perform all living processes multicellular organisms.
within a single cell - they can move, feed, reproduce, • Multicellular organisms are made up of many
grow, respond to stimuli, excrete and respire. types of cells which differ in terms of structure and
• Unicellular organisms are also known as function.
microorganisms because of their tiny size and can
only be seen under a microscope. • Some multicellular organisms are microorganisms
• Amoeba and Paramecium are unicellular that are very tiny and cannot be seen clearly by the
animals, whereas yeast and Chlamydomonas are naked eye.
unicellular plants.
• Euglena can be classified as a plant because it can
make its own food in the presence of sunlight.
• Euglena can also be classified as an animal
because it can feed and move by using flagella.
Hydra Spirogyra Mucor
Figure 2.12 Multicellular microorganisms


Paramecium Chlamydomonas • Most multicellular organisms are bigger in size and
complex compared to unicellular organisms.
• Mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds and fish are
examples of multicellular animals.
• Algae, ferns and most of the flowering plants are
Euglena Amoeba examples of multicellular plants.
Figure 2.11 Unicellular organisms

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02 Fokus Science F1.indd 34 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
The Types and Functions of Animal Cells and Plant Cells

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1. Humans, animals and plants are multicellular organisms in SC I I I I I E N C E INFO
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large size, and they are made up of different types of cells for
various life processes. Humans are made up of Form
more than 50 trillion
2. These cells have different shapes and structures to carry out (50 000 000 000 000) cells.
Form
different functions. They are called specialised cells. 1
Specialised cells are cells that have become differentiated to carry out a particular function.
3. Figures 2.13 and 2.14 show various types of specialised cells in humans and plants with their
special features and functions.
Nerve cells Epithelial cells
• Also known as neurons. • Epithelial cells that
• Have long, thin fibres. line the trachea Cilia
• Carry information in the form (respiratory tract)
of nerve impulses to different have a thin layer of
parts of the body. tiny moving ‘hairs’
called cilia.
• Cover the outer surface of the
body and line the surfaces of
Red blood cells organs.
• Have biconcave disc
shape which provides
a large surface area.
• Contain no nucleus. White blood cells
• Contain haemoglobins (red • Do not have a fixed
pigments) which combine with shape.
oxygen. • Destroy bacteria that
• Transport oxygen from the lungs enter the body and
to the whole body, and transport protect the body against
carbon dioxide from the body cells diseases.
back to the lungs which is then
expelled during exhalation.
Muscle cells Reproductive cells
• Muscle cells along • Sperm cell is the male
the wall of intestine reproductive cell that has a
(digestive system) are long tail which allows it to swim
elongated cells, whereas towards the egg cell (ovum),
muscle cells in the heart the female reproductive cell.
(cardiac muscle) have a • Sperm contains genetic
branched shape. information from the father,
• Muscle cells contract whereas ovum contains genetic
and relax to produce information from the mother.
movements of various
body parts.
Sperm Ovum
Figure 2.13 Various types of specialised cells in humans and their functions
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02 Fokus Science F1.indd 35 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

Epidermal cells Palisade cells
• Epidermal cells are flat and Cuticle layer • Contain lots of Cell wall
have a large vacuole. chloroplasts which Chloroplast
• Coated by a waxy cuticle layer contain chlorophyll.
on top, this reduces water loss. • Absorb sunlight to Vacuole
• Epidermal cells are transparent carry out photosynthesis. Cytoplasm
Form
Form
1 to allow light to penetrate the Nucleus
cell for photosynthesis.
Plant cells
Root hair cells Guard cells A pair of guard cells
• Have a long thin extension, • Kidney-shaped cells.
the root hair which provides Root hair • Two guard cells surround Chloroplast
a large surface area for an opening called stoma. Stoma
absorption of water and • Guard cells help to regulate
nutrients from the soil. gas exchange by opening
and closing the stoma.

Figure 2.14 Various types of specialised cells in plants and their functions

Formation of an Organism

1. Cells in multicellular organisms are 4. Several specialised organs work together
organised to form tissues, organs and to form a system which performs a major
systems which all together form an function.
organism.
5. All the systems combine to make up what
2. Cells of the same structure that carry out a is known as a multicellular organism.
similar function make up a tissue.

3. A group of different tissues that work
together to perform a particular function
forms an organ.


HOTS Challenge
Praktis Formatif 1 1
• Evaluating
Is blood a cell or a tissue? Why?
Human

Digestive system Multicellular
organism
All the systems
Stomach System combine to form
Several organs a multicellular

Epithelial tissue Organ work together to organism.
perform a major
Two or more
types of tissues function.
Epithelial cell Tissue work together to
A group of perform a particular
Cell specialised cells function.
Basic unit of life. with a similar
function. Figure 2.15 Cell organisation in a
multicellular organism


36






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 36 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Systems in the Human Body
1. There are various systems in the human body that work together to carry out different
functions.
2. All these systems are coordinated to form a complete life. Form Form
Blood circulatory Respiratory system Digestive system Excretory system
system 1
Nose Mouth
Trachea Oesophagus Lung
Lung Liver
Heart Kidney
Stomach
Blood Small intestine Ureter
vessels Large intestine
Urinary
bladder
Skin
Breaks down complex
Transports respiratory Absorbs oxygen and food into smaller form so Removes excretory
gases, nutrients, releases carbon dioxide. that the nutrients can be products such as urea
hormones and waste easily absorbed into the and uric acid from the
products. body. body.
Integumentary system Muscular system Skeletal system Lymphatic system

Skull
Skin Thymus gland
Muscles Lymph
Lymph node
Bone Lymphatic
vessels



Made up of human Defends the body
skin that protects the Assists humans in Provides support to against infections.
body from infection and movement. the body and protects
keeps the body from internal organs such as
losing water excessively lungs and brain.
(dehydration).
Nervous system Endocrine system Reproductive system
Brain
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Spinal cord Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Nerves Ovary (female)
Uterus
Testis (male) Vagina
Ovary Testis
Penis


Carries information in the Secretes hormones to
form of nerve impulses coordinate the body Produces sperm cells, ova and hormones to produce
and coordinates all the activities together with offspring.
body activities. the nervous system.

37






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 37 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Appreciating the Existence of Cellular Respiration and
Various Organisms 2.2 Photosynthesis

1. We should appreciate the existence of wide Respiration can be divided into two stages:
variety of organisms on Earth as a sign of
the glory of God. (a) External respiration or breathing
Form
Form
1 2. Various organisms live together, interact and (b) Internal respiration or cellular respiration
depend on one another for their survival.
External respiration (breathing) is the
3. Organisms also interact with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
environment to create a balanced between an organism and its environment.
ecosystem.
Cellular Respiration
Formative Practice 2.1 1. We require energy to carry out various
activities and living processes.
1. Arrange the steps in preparing a plant cell slide
in the correct sequence. 2. The energy is obtained from the food we
( ) The slide is observed under the take.
microscope.
( ) A thin epidermal layer is peeled off from 3. Our body cells are able to break down the
the onion. food to release energy stored in it. This is
( ) The specimen is covered with a cover called cellular respiration.
slip using a mounting needle.
( ) A drop of iodine solution is added to the
slide to stain the structures of the cell. Internal respiration (cellular respiration)
( ) The epidermal layer is placed on a slide is the oxidation and breakdown of glucose
in a drop of water. that occur in the living cells to release
energy.
2. Match the human cells to their functions.
Nerve cells ► ◄ Involved in reproduction
Sperm cells ► ◄ Allow body movement 4. Cellular respiration uses oxygen we breathe
Muscle cells► ◄ Transport oxygen in and glucose from the food to release
energy.
Red blood ► ◄ Receive and send nerve
cells impulses
5. Carbon dioxide and water are formed as
3. State three differences between animal cells by-products during cellular respiration.
and plant cells.
4. What is meant by unicellular organism and 6. Cellular respiration can be defined as the
multicellular organism? process that needs oxygen and glucose to
release energy, carbon dioxide and water.


C H O + 6O → 6CO + 6H O + 2898 kJ
6
2
2
2
12
6
HOTS Challenge 2 Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water Energy
Praktis Formatif 1
• Evaluating dioxide
Predict what would happen to the number of
white blood cells produced if we are attacked
by flu. State the inference for your prediction.


38






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 38 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Photosynthesis

1. Green plants are able to make their own Ethanol
food through the process of photosynthesis. Leaf Boiling Hot water
water
Photosynthesis is the process by which Bunsen burner Form
green plants make food from carbon (turned off)
Form
dioxide and water in the presence of light 1
and chlorophyll. A leaf is immersed The leaf is placed
into a beaker of into a boiling
boiling water for a tube containing
2. Chloroplasts are the cell structures involved few minutes to break ethanol which is
in photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll down the cell walls then placed into a
that absorbs sunlight. and soften the leaf. beaker of hot water
for a few minutes
3. Green plants use carbon dioxide and to decolourise the
water in the presence of sunlight and leaf (to remove
chlorophyll to make food in the form of chlorophyll).
glucose. Oxygen is released as the by-
product of photosynthesis.




Iodine
Carbon dioxide Hot solution
water
is absorbed
Sunlight White
tile
Chlorophyll The decolourised The leaf is placed
Glucose leaf is then dipped on a white tile. A
produced into a beaker of few drops of iodine
hot water for a few solution are added
Oxygen released seconds to get the on to the leaf to test
ethanol off the leaf. for starch.
Water absorbed
by roots

Figure 2.17 Steps involved in the iodine test for starch
Figure 2.16 The process of photosynthesis
7. The presence of starch in the leaf can be
4. The whole process of photosynthesis can be tested using iodine solution after removing
summarised by the following equation: the chlorophyll using an alcohol.

Sunlight 8. Starch is present if the brown colour of
6H O + 6CO C H O + 6O 2
2
2
12
6
6
Water Carbon Chlorophyll Glucose Oxygen iodine solution turns blue-black.
dioxide
9. Experiments 2.1 – 2.4 are carried out to
show the factors required for photosynthesis
5. Excess glucose is stored in the form of such as light, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll
starch in leaves, stems, fruits and roots.
and water.
6. We can determine whether photosynthesis
has taken place in a plant by testing the
presence of starch in the leaf using the
iodine test.

39






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 39 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

Eksperimen 2.1
Eksperimen 2.1
Experiment 2.1
Problem statement: Does photosynthesis require sunlight?
Hypothesis: Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.
Formo investigate whether sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.
Aim: T
Form
1 Manipulated variable: Presence of sunlight
Responding variable: Colour change of iodine on the leaf
Constant variable: Type of plants
Plant K
Materials and apparatus: Two similar potted green plants, boiling tube, beaker,
Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, forceps, dropper, white tile, ethanol, iodine (In the dark)
solution and hot water.
Procedure:
1. Two similar potted plants are prepared and labelled as plant K and plant L.
2. Plant K is exposed to sunlight whereas plant L is kept in the dark.
3. After one week, a leaf is plucked from each plant and then tested for the presence
of starch.
Plant L
Observations: Figure 2.18
Presence of Observation for
Leaf Inference
sunlight the test for starch
The leaf turns Photosynthesis takes place in the presence of
Plant K Yes
blue-black sunlight.
Photosynthesis does not take place in the dark
Plant L No No change
(absence of sunlight).
Discussion:
1. Starch is present in the leaf of plant K that is exposed to the sunlight whereas starch is absent in the leaf
of plant L that is not exposed to the sunlight.
2. Plant L does not receive sunlight, therefore photosynthesis does not take place.
Conclusion:
The hypothesis is accepted. Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.


Experiment 2.2
Eksperimen 2.1
Eksperimen 2.1
Problem statement: Does photosynthesis require carbon dioxide?
Hypothesis: Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.
Aim: To investigate whether carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.
Manipulated variable: Presence of carbon dioxide
Responding variable: Colour change of iodine on the leaf
Constant variable: Type of plants
Materials and apparatus: Two similar potted green plants, bell jars, glass plates coated with vaseline, beaker,
boiling tube, white tile, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, forceps, dropper, ethanol, hot water, iodine
solution and potassium hydroxide solution.
Procedure:
1. Two potted plants are kept in a dark place for two days to remove the starch.
2. The apparatus is set up as shown in Figure 2.19 and kept under the Sun.

40






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 40 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

Sunlight
Sunlight




Air without Air Form Form
carbon dioxide Bell jar
1


Potassium hydroxide solution
Glass plates with vaseline
Green plant M Green plant N
Figure 2.19 The set-up of apparatus
3. After a few days, the leaves from both plants are tested for the presence of starch.
Observations:

Presence of Observation for the
Leaf Inference
carbon dioxide test for starch
Photosynthesis does not take place in the
Plant M No No change
absence of carbon dioxide.
The leaf turns Photosynthesis takes place in the presence of
Plant N Yes
blue-black carbon dioxide.
Discussion:
1. No starch is formed in the leaf of plant M which is exposed to the air without carbon dioxide.
2. Potassium hydroxide solution absorbs carbon dioxide inside the bell jar.
Conclusion:
The hypothesis is accepted. Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis.



Eksperimen 2.1
Experiment 2.3
Eksperimen 2.1
Problem statement: Does photosynthesis require chlorophyll?
Hypothesis: Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
Aim: To investigate whether chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
Manipulated variable: Presence of chlorophyll
Responding variable: Colour change of iodine on the leaf
Constant variable: Type of plants
Materials and apparatus: A variegated leaf, beaker, boiling tube, white
tile, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, forceps, dropper, ethanol, hot
water and iodine solution.
Procedure:
1. A variegated leaf is plucked from a plant which has been exposed to
the sunlight for several hours.
2. A sketch to show the green and non-green colour distributions on the
leaf is drawn.
3. The leaf is tested for the presence of starch. Figure 2.20 Variegated leaves
4. The observations are recorded.


41






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 41 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
Observations:

Blue-black
Green
region (starch present)
White
Brown
region
(starch absent)
Figure 2.21 Sketches of the variegated leaf before and after the test for starch
Form
Form
1 Discussion:
1. A variegated leaf is a leaf with different colours (pigments) on it.
2. Starch is present only in the green region of the leaf that contains chlorophyll.
3. No starch is formed in the non-green region of the leaf due to the absence of chlorophyll.

Conclusion:
The hypothesis is accepted. Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.



Eksperimen 2.1
Experiment 2.4
Eksperimen 2.1
Problem statement: Does photosynthesis require water?
Hypothesis: Water is essential for photosynthesis.
Aim: To investigate whether water is essential for photosynthesis.
Manipulated variable: Presence of water
Responding variable: Colour change of iodine on the leaf
Constant variable: Type of plants Plant P Plant Q
Materials and apparatus: Two similar potted green plants, water,
boiling tube, white tile, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, forceps, Figure 2.22 The set-up of
apparatus
dropper, ethanol, hot water and iodine solution.
Procedure:
1. Two similar potted green plants are exposed to sunlight.
2. Plant P is watered every day whereas plant Q is not watered.
3. After one week, a leaf is plucked from each plant and then tested for the presence of starch.
Observations:
Presence of Observation for the
Leaf Inference
water test for starch
The leaf turns Photosynthesis takes place in the presence of
Plant P Yes
blue-black water.
Photosynthesis does not take place in the
Plant Q No No change
absence of water.
Discussion:
Starch is present in the leaf of plant P that is watered every day whereas starch is absent in the leaf of plant Q
that is not watered.
Conclusion:
The hypothesis is accepted. Water is essential for photosynthesis.




42






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 42 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
The Differences between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

1. Cellular respiration and
photosynthesis are opposite
processes that complement each
other in the environment. Form Form

2. Photosynthesis by green plants 1
produces food (glucose) for other Light energy
organisms and releases oxygen absorbed Photosynthesis occurs
into the atmosphere. in the chloroplast of
plant cells
3. The oxygen and glucose produced
are used by other organisms for
cellular respiration to obtain
energy. Glucose Chloroplast Carbon dioxide
+
+
4. Cellular respiration releases carbon Oxygen Water
dioxide which is used by green
plants to carry out photosynthesis,
and this cycle continues.
5. Therefore, both processes of
photosynthesis and cellular Mitochondrion Cellular respiration occurs
respiration are important and in the mitochondrion of
complement each other for Energy is released living cells of all organisms
ATP
(a) the survival of living things.
(b) maintaining the balance of
oxygen and carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere. Figure 2.23 Relationship between photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
Table 2.1 Differences between cellular respiration and
photosynthesis Formative Practice 2.2

Cellular respiration Photosynthesis 1. Why do we test for the presence
of starch to determine if
Occurs in all the plant cells photosynthesis has occurred?
Occurs in all the living cells. that contain chlorophyll. 2. Based on the diagram below,
answer the following questions.
Process of breaking down Process of making food (a) What are processes X and Y?
food (glucose). (glucose). (b) What are the purposes of
processes X and Y?
Takes place in mitochondria. Takes place in chloroplasts. (c) Which process also occurs in
animal cells?
Carbon dioxide and water are Carbon dioxide and water Process X
released. are used. Carbon dioxide (day)
Oxygen
Light
Oxygen is used. Oxygen is released. Carbohydrates
Water
Occurs all the time (day and Occurs only in the presence Energy
night). of light.
Oxygen Process Y
Energy is released during the Light energy is absorbed to Water Carbon dioxide (day and night)
breakdown of food. make food.



43






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 43 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Science PT3 Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

PT3 Practice 2



SECTION A


Form
Form
1 1. The following statement describes the A Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
+ Energy
characteristics of cell P.
B Water + Carbon dioxide → Glucose + Oxygen
• No cell wall + Energy
• No nucleus C Oxygen + Water → Carbon dioxide + Glucose
+ Energy
D Energy + Oxygen → Glucose + Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is cell P?
A Nerve cell 3. Which of the following is the importance of
B Palisade cell photosynthesis and cellular respiration process?
C Red blood cell A To preserve the balance of oxygen and carbon
D Onion epidermis cell dioxide content in the atmosphere.
B To preserve the balance of nitrogen in the
2. Cellular respiration is the energy generating atmosphere.
process. Which of the following is the correct C To maintain the cleanliness of the environment.
word equation for the cellular respiration process? D To avoid the increase in global temperature.

SECTION B

1. (a) Diagram below shows two types of cells. Name the cells.

(i) (ii)









[2 marks]
(b) Underline the correct statements regarding the photosynthesis.
(i) Carbon dioxide and water are (used / produced) in the process of photosynthesis.
(ii) Light energy is (absorbed / released) to synthesise food molecules.
[2 marks]
SECTION C

1. Teacher Ali showed a video about the process of photosynthesis and its importance to the students in class
1 Arif. The following statement is one of the quotes in the video:

Photosynthesis is the food-making process by green plants from water and carbon dioxide with the
presence of light and chlorophyll.

(a) State the word equation for the process of photosynthesis. [3 marks]
(b) Carbon dioxide is a substance that is required in the process of photosynthesis.
From where do plants get this supply of carbon dioxide? [1 mark]
(c) State two importance of the process of photosynthesis. [2 marks]
(d) State how deforestation interrupts the process of photosynthesis. [2 marks]


44






02 Fokus Science F1.indd 44 11/19/19 11:41 AM

Form 1 of a ream of paper is divided by 450. In SECTION B
this way, the mass of 1 sheet of paper
is estimated. 1. (a) (i) Beaker Form Form
Chapter Introduction to Scientific (ii) Filter funnel
1 Investigation Daily Application (b) (i) Measures the time
Form
Form
(ii) Measures the length 1 1
Air conditioner is best placed at the top of
Formative Practice 1.1 the wall of a room because it produces cold SECTION C
air. The cold air which is denser than warm 1. (a) (i) Measuring cylinder
1. A natural phenomenon is an observable air will go down in the room and replace the (ii) To determine the volume of liquids
event which is not man-made. warm air. At the same time, the less dense (iii) 22.0 cm 3
2. • Invention of telephone allows people warm air goes up and the room is cooled (iv) Burette, pipette
to communicate at a distance. very quickly. (v) Water displacement method
• Invention of Internet allows people to (b) (i) Density = Mass
search and access a vast amount of Volume
information from home. HOTS Challenge (ii) The density of gold = 20
Praktis Formatif 1 1
3. Doctor, forensic scientist, botanist 1 -3
(Accept other reasonable answers) = 20 g cm
-3
The densitiy of pure water is 1 g cm and the The density of glass = 2 1
3
Formative Practice 1.2 volume of water given is 73.6 cm . = 2 g cm -3
Mass of water
= Density of water x Volume of water (ii) Gold is denser than glass
1. The bottle contains chemical that = 1 x 73.6 (iv) The mass of gold is higher than
catches fire easily / flammable. = 73.6 g that of glass.
2. A fire may occur. When water turns into ice, its mass remains
3. Get out as quickly and safely as unchanged. Therefore, 73.6 cm of water will Chapter Cell as the Basic Unit of
3
possible from the fire to a safer place. freeze to form 73.6 g of ice. 2 Life
Formative Practice 1.3 Mass of water = Mass of ice = 73.6 g.
As given, the density of ice = 0.92 g cm . TIMSS Challenge 1
-3
1. Hence, the volume of ice can be calculated:
Physical S.I. unit Symbol of Mass of ice
quantity S.I unit Volume of ice = ____________ Methylene blue solution is used to colour
Density of ice (dye) the cheek cell so that the structure can
Mass kilogram kg 73.6 g be seen clearly under a microscope.
= ______ -3
Time second s 0.92 g cm TIMSS Challenge 2
= 80 cm 3
Temperature Kelvin K
Formative Practice 1.5 Chloroplast and cell wall
2. (a) 1 200 m
(b) 10.08 m 1. Density of water HOTS Challenge 1
Praktis Formatif 1
(c) 0.57 m 1 000 g
1 000 kg
= ________ x ___________ 3 Blood is not a cell but a connective tissue
3
Formative Practice 1.4 1 m 1 000 000 cm because it contains different cells (red blood
= 1 g cm -3 cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets)
1. Measuring tape that work together to achieve a specific
3
2. A clinical thermometer is more accurate Hence, 1 cm of water has a mass of 1 g. function in our body.
than a laboratory thermometer because 2. (a) Egg is denser than water.
clinical thermometer can measure (b) The egg will float on the water. Formative Practice 2.1
temperature accurately up to 0.1°C, (c) Ice floats on the ocean water.
whereas laboratory thermometer can 1. 5 → 1 → 3 → 4 → 2
measure with the accuracy of only 1°C. 2. Nerve cells – Receive and send nerve
3. (a) Vernier calipers Formative Practice 1.6 impulse
(b) 2.53 cm Sperm cells – Involved in reproduction
(c) To obtain a more accurate reading, Make a new hypothesis and carry out an Muscle cells – Allow body movement
zero error has to be taken into experiment to test the hypthothesis.
consideration. Red blood cells – Transport oxygen
(d) • If the zero error is a positive zero Formative Practice 1.7 3. The differences between an animal cell
and plant cell are as below.
error, the actual reading should
be 2.53 – 0.04 = 2.49 cm. No. Aishah should be honest while recording Animal cell Plant cell
• If the zero error is a negative and validating data.
zero error, the actual reading No cell wall Has cell wall
should be = 2.53 – (-0.04)
= 2.57 cm PT3 Practice 1 No chloroplast Has chloroplast
4. Weigh the mass of a ream of A4 paper SECTION A
(450 sheets of paper). Then, the mass No fixed shape Has fixed shape
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C
531


00 Answer Fok Science PT3.indd 531 11/19/19 11:31 AM

Science PT3 Answers
4. Unicellular organisms are organisms
Praktis Formatif 1
Praktis Formatif 1 3
that consist of only one cell while HOTS Challenge 2 HOTS Challenge
multicellular organisms are organisms
that consist of more than one cell. Reptiles and amphibians are found less Yellowish and concentrated urine is a sign of
in the Arctic because of the extreme cold dehydration. Be sure to drink enough water to
HOTS Challenge 2 temperatures in the Arctic. Reptiles and maintain very light-coloured urine.
Praktis Formatif 1
amphibians are unable to maintain their body
temperature. The body temperature of reptiles
The number of white blood cells produced will and amphibians will change according to the PT3 Practice 3
Form
Form
1 increase to fight or destroy the pathogen that external environment. When the temperature SECTION A
enters our body.
is too low, their body temperature will also
decrease. This will affect their body function 1. A 2. C 3. D
Formative Practice2.2 and can lead to death. Therefore, reptiles and SECTION B
amphibians are difficult to survive in the Arctic.
1. (a) (i) Stoma
1. The food (glucose) made by the plants (ii) Guard cells
is kept in the form of starch. Therefore, Daily Application (b) (i) guard cells
one of the ways to test if photosynthesis Emergency treatments that can be done if a (ii) increase
has occurred is to test for the presence friend is attacked by a heatstroke:
of starch. • Fan the friend while wetting his or her SECTION C
2. (a) X: Photosynthesis skin with water. 1. (a) (i) Homeostasis
Y: Cellular respiration • Apply ice packs on the friend’s armpits, (ii) While jogging, more oxygen is
(b) X: To make food / glucose groin, neck, and back. needed for cellular respiration.
Y: To produce energy • Provide cool drinks or isotonic drinks to Therefore, the heart need to
(c) Process Y the friend. pump more blood to cells in
• Loosen the friend's clothing. the body. Thus, the rate of
Heatstroke prevention: heartbeat will increase.
PT3 Practice 2 • • Drink more water. (b) Cause: The plant lost a lot of
Wear lightweight, light-coloured, loose-
water.
SECTION A fitting clothing, and a wide-brimmed hat if Adaptation: The stoma pores on
must do outdoor activities on a hot day.
1. C 2. A 3. A the leaves are closed to reduce
additional water loss from the leaf
Formative Practice 3.1
to the environment.
SECTION B (c) (i) Kidney
1. We do not sweat a lot on a rainy day.
1. (a) (i) Plant cell Therefore, the excess water in the body (ii) Less than 58 ml/h. The body
(ii) Animal cell loses a lot of water through
(b) (i) used will be removed from the body through sweat.
urine.
(ii) absorbed
2. When our body temperature drops, the Chapter
SECTION C heat production will increase and heat 4 Reproduction
loss will decrease through these actions:
1. (a) Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose • Blood vessels constrict.
+ Oxygen • Sweat less.
Praktis Formatif 1 1
(b) Cellular respiration process • Hairs stand erect. HOTS Challenge
(c) • Can keep the balance • Skeletal muscles will contract and
of oxygen content in the relax actively. Tiger: Internal fertilisation
atmosphere. • Hormones will be secreted to Toad: External fertilisation
• To support organism's life. increase the body metabolism. External fertilisation is less efficient because:
(d) Photosynthesis process cannot be 3. Dogs cannot remove much heat • A large number of gametes are
carried out without plants. When released into the water and wasted.
plants are depleted, the process through sweating, so they always stick • Gametes live for only a short time, and
of photosynthesis also decreases, out their tongue which allows saliva to many are lost in the water.
resulting in lack of oxygen supply evaporate from the tongue to reduce
the body temperature. • Offspring are often eaten by predators
4. • Transpiration is the process of and reduces the chances of surviving
Chapter losing water from the surface of into adulthood.
3 Coordination and Response plant leaves in the form of water
vapour to the atmosphere through Formative Practice4.1
stomata.
HOTS Challenge 1 • Transpiration helps plants to absorb 1. (a) Sexual reproduction is the
Praktis Formatif 1
and transport water and minerals production of offspring through the
from the soil to all parts of the fusion of a male gamete and a
Skin is the organ that plays an important role plants to replace the water lost to female gamete, whereas asexual
in regulating body temperature. Skin injuries the surrounding through the leaves. reproduction is the production
will affect the function of skin to sweat Transpiration also helps in cooling of offspring from a single parent
when the surrounding is hot. This will affect down the plants when water gets without involving any gametes.
the homeostasis of Sally's body because evaporated on a hot day. This (b) Internal fertilisation occurs inside
she cannot regulate her body temperature means transpiration helps plants the body of the female parent
well. Therefore, Sally can only stay in an to regulate water content and after the male parent deposits his
environment where the temperature can be maintain the water content to be in sperms into the female’s body,
maintained at a constant temperature. a balanced and stable condition. whereas external fertilisation
occurs outside the body of the
532

00 Answer Fok Science PT3.indd 532 11/19/19 11:31 AM

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