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ISBN: 978-629-7557-19-9
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PELANGI
Format: 190mm X 260mm TPTV Focus 2023 Sc BI version F1_pgi CRC
Science FORM
Dual Language Programme 1 KSSM
• Tan Moi Ho
• Tan Din Ding
• Fauziah Mo'men
• Chang See Leong
© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2023
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
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ISBN: 978-629-7557-19-9
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First Published 2023
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CONTENTS
Chapter
Theme 1 Scientific Methodology 6 Periodic Table 100
Chapter Introduction to Scientific Concept Map 100
1 Investigation 1 6.1 Classification of Elements 101
6.2 Mixtures 109
Concept Map 1 6.3 Compounds 115
1.1 Science is Part of Daily Life 2 Summative Practice 6 120
1.2 Your Science Laboratory 4
1.3 Physical Quantities and Their Units 7 Chapter
1.4 The Use of Measuring Instruments, Accuracy, 7 Air 121
Consistency, Sensitivity and Errors 9
1.5 Density 18 Concept Map 121
1.6 Steps in a Scientific Investigation 22 7.1 Composition of Air 122
1.7 Scientific Attitudes and Values in Carrying Out 7.2 Combustion 126
Scientific Investigation 25 7.3 Air Pollution 130
Summative Practice 1 26
Summative Practice 7 132
Maintenance and Continuity of
Theme 2
Life
Theme 4 Energy and Sustainability of Life
Chapter
2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life 28 Chapter
8 Light and Optics 134
Concept Map 28
2.1 Cell – Structure, Function and Organisation 29 Concept Map 134
2.2 Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 38 8.1 The Use of Mirrors 135
Summative Practice 2 44
8.2 Properties of Light 141
Chapter 8.3 Reflection of Light 142
3 Coordination and Response 45 8.4 Refraction of Light 144
8.5 Dispersion of Light 148
Concept Map 45 8.6 Scattering of Light 151
3.1 Homeostasis in Living Things 46 8.7 Addition and Subtraction of Light 153
Summative Practice 3 54 Summative Practice 8 159
Chapter
4 Reproduction 55
Theme 5 Exploration of Earth and Space
Concept Map 55
4.1 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction 56 Chapter
4.2 Human Reproductive System 61 9 Earth 161
4.3 The Menstrual Cycle 65
4.4 Fertilisation and Pregnancy 67 Concept Map 161
4.5 Factors Affecting the Development of a 9.1 The System and Structure of the Earth 162
Foetus and Baby 70 9.2 Composition of the Earth 166
4.6 Infertility and Contraception 71 9.3 Main Processes of the Earth 168
4.7 Plant Reproduction 74 9.4 Geohazard Phenomena 170
Summative Practice 4 82 9.5 Age of the Earth 176
9.6 Earth Resources and Applied Geology 179
Summative Practice 9 184
Exploration of Elements in
Theme 3
Nature
ANSWERS 185
Chapter
5 Matter 85 UPSA Model Paper https://qr.pelangibooks.
com/?u=dvJZM8c0
Concept Map 85
5.1 Matter in Nature 86
5.2 Three States of Matter 90 UASA Model Paper https://qr.pelangibooks.
Summative Practice 5 98 com/?u=0r1HQthm
ii
00 Contents.indd 2 07/03/2023 9:11 AM
Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life
Chapter Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
3 Coordination and Response
CONCEPT MAP
Coordination and Response
important for survival of
Homeostasis organisms
is
Regulation of the internal environment of an organism so that it will function at an
optimum condition.
In humans In animals In plants
Regulation of water Regulation of body Regulation of water
content temperature content
Regulation of body Different animals Transpiration
temperature have different ways
of regulating body
temperature.
Stoma opens: Stoma is
More water is closed: Less
evaporated water is
evaporated
Access to
INFOGRAPHIC
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
3.1 Homeostasis in Living Things
1. The internal environment of an organism always changes due to the changes that occur inside
and outside of the body.
2. When the internal environment of an organism changes, homeostasis occurs in the body.
Homeostasis (Homeo: similar, stasis: standing still) is a process of regulating the internal
environment of the body to be in a balanced and stable condition.
Detected
by
Control Corrective
centre mechanism Decreases
Increases
CHAPTER
3
Normal level
Decreases
Control Corrective Increases
centre mechanism
Detected
by
Figure 3.1 Homeostasis through corrective mechanisms
Homeostasis in Human Body SC I I I I I E N C E INFO
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1. 70% of our body mass is water. Estimation of water intake and loss of
water in an adult:
2. Every day, a large amount of water is lost
from the body which needs to be replaced. Water intake Loss of water
(2400 ml) (2400 ml)
3. Excessive loss of water makes us feel thirsty
and this can be fatal in the long term.
Water drunk Urine
4. Our body temperature needs to be always (1500 ml) (1400 ml)
maintained at 37°C.
5. An extra 6°C rise in the body temperature Water vapour
can affect the functions of body cells and lost through
this can cause death. Water from the skin and lungs
food (700 ml) (350 ml)
Sweat
6. Therefore, regulation of water content (450 ml)
and body temperature are important Water of Water in faeces
metabolism
homeostasis to sustain life. (200 ml) (200 ml)
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
Regulation of Water Content 3. As a result, high volume of diluted urine will
be produced. Hence, the water level in the
1. The systems involved in the regulation of body will decrease to the normal level.
water content are excretory system and
endocrine system.
2. Regulation of water content in the body can Decrease in Water Level
be achieved by controlling the volume of
urine production from the kidneys through 1. On the other hand, when we drink less
corrective mechanisms. water or sweat a lot, the water content in
our body will decrease.
Increase in Water Level 2. The decrease in water level in our body
is detected by the brain and corrective
1. When we drink a lot of water and sweat less, mechanisms occur to stimulate the
the water content in our body will increase. CHAPTER
secretion of a hormone so that the kidneys
2. The increase in water level in our body will reduce the urine production.
is detected by the brain and corrective 3
mechanisms occur to reduce the secretion 3. As a result, very less and concentrated urine
of a hormone so that the kidneys will will be produced. The water level in our
increase the urine production. body will increase to the normal level.
Corrective mechanism
• The brain will stimulate the
reduction of the secretion of a
Detected by the brain
hormone so that the kidneys can
increase the production of urine. Water
content
• High volume of diluted urine. decreases
Increases when we drink a lot
of water and sweat less
Normal water level
Decreases when we drink less
water and sweat more
Corrective mechanism
Water
content
• The brain will stimulate the secretion increases
of a hormone so that the kidneys
can reduce the production of urine.
• Less and concentrated urine.
• Feel thirsty.
Detected by the brain
Figure 3.2 Regulation of water content
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
Regulation of Body Temperature
1. The skin in the excretory system and hormone secreted by the endocrine
system play an important role in regulating the body temperature.
2. When the body temperature deviates from 37°C, the change in the body
temperature will be detected by the brain and corrective mechanisms
will act to restore the body temperature to the normal range.
3. Corrective mechanisms control the production of heat and loss of heat
which involve the actions of blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs, skeletal
muscles and hormone.
4. In a hot environment or during exercise, heat loss will increase and heat
production will decrease. Hence, the temperature will decrease and return
to normal.
5. On the other hand, when the environment is cold, the heat production
will increase and heat loss will decrease. So, the temperature will increase
CHAPTER
and return to normal.
3
Increase in heat loss and decrease in heat production
Dilate, more Secrete more Lie flat on the Do not contract Hormone that
blood flows sweat to cool skin, so heat or relax rapidly. increases
to the skin, down the escapes easily. The body does the body
more heat is body as heat not shiver and metabolism
Hot released. is lost when no energy is is secreted
weather the sweat produced. less.
or during evaporates. Metabolism
exercise rate decreases
and less heat
is produced.
Blood vessels Sweat glands Hairs Skeletal muscles Hormone Normal
body
Constrict, Secrete Erect, a thick Contract and Hormone that temperature
less blood flows less sweat, layer of air is relax rapidly. increases 37°C
Detected to the skin, less heat is trapped on Thus, the body the body
by the less heat is released. the skin, so shivers and heat metabolism
brain
released. less heat is is produced. is secreted
released. more.
Metabolism
rate increases
and more heat
is produced.
Cold Decrease in heat loss and increase in heat production
weather
Figure 3.3 Regulation of body temperature
6. Humans shiver when the environment is cold and sweat when the environment is hot.
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
Homeostasis in Humans
VIDEO
Formatif 1 1
SC I I I I I E N C E INFO HOTS Challenge 1 • Analysing
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Sally suffers third-degree burns where a huge
Hypothalamus is the posterior region of the part of the epidermis, dermis and the layer of
forebrain that regulates the dynamic equilibrium skin cells that form the hairs and nerves were
of the internal environment of the body. damaged in a fire.
Explain the impact
of the injury to the
homeostasis of
Sally and her life. CHAPTER
PAK-21
P AK - 21
Hypothalamus 3
Heartbeat Rate
1. Heartbeat rate is how many times the heart beats in a minute and is usually measured by
counting the pulse on the wrist for a minute.
60 seconds
Figure 3.4 The way to measure the pulse rate
2. Pulse rate at rest in the range of 60 to 90 is considered as a normal heartbeat rate.
3. Pulse rate increases when doing heavy tasks.
4. When doing heavy tasks such as skipping, more oxygen are needed for cell respiration. Therefore,
the heart needs to pump more blood to the body cells. Thus, the heartbeat rate and pulse rate
will increase.
5. Our body temperature also increases when we do heavy tasks like walking and skipping. Sweating
occurs to cool down the body so that the increased body temperature could be restored to the
normal body temperature.
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
Homeostasis in Animals
Formatif 1 2
HOTS Challenge
Pr
1. Homeostasis also occurs in animals. • Evaluating
2. The examples of animal homeostasis are as follows: Reptiles and amphibians are found
less in Arctic. Why?
PAK-21
P AK - 21
Cats’ skin is covered in fur, so cats cannot
remove much heat through sweating. Cats have
the most sweat glands on their paw pads, but
their paws have too small surface area to do
much cooling. Therefore, cats always lick their
fur. When the saliva evaporates, it provides Reptiles
a cooling effect, much like sweat would. like
This helps to reduce the body lizards and geckos
temperature are cold-blooded animals. In a
efficiently. cold environment, the activities
and movements of their body
will be slower, the metabolism
CHAPTER
rate will also decrease and the
muscles will work at a lower rate
3
to reduce the heat loss. In a hot
environment, the movement is
Homeostasis faster, the heart beats faster and
in animals the metabolism rate increases.
Snails produce mucus that coats
their bodies and reduces the
evaporation of water from their
Bees can reduce the skin surface. Snails also seek
loss of water through shelter in damp places.
spiracles on their body
by closing the spiracles
between two breathing
Dogs cannot remove much heat movements.
through sweating because they only
have sweat glands on the nose and
paw pads. Therefore, they always stick
out their tongue which allows saliva
to evaporate from the tongue. This
reduces the body’s temperature.
40
SC I I I I I E N C E INFO 30
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Like humans, mammals and birds are warm-blooded Body temperature (°C)
animals (homeotherms) that can regulate their body 20
temperature to be constant at normal level without
being affected by the surrounding temperature.
Fish, amphibians and reptiles are cold-blooded
animals (poikilotherms) that cannot regulate their body 10
temperature. The body temperature of these animals
varies with the temperature of their surroundings.
0
10
20
30
40
Surrounding temperature (°C)
50
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
Homeostasis in Plants Transpiration
1. Homeostasis helps plants to regulate their Transpiration is the process of losing water
water content when the surroundings or from the surface of plant leaves in the form
weather changes. of water vapour to the atmosphere through
stomata.
2. Homeostasis allows plant cells to store
sufficient water. This could help the plants 1. Transpiration helps in cooling down the
to prevent withering or death during plants when water gets evaporated.
droughts. 2. At the same time, transpiration causes
movement of water to occur in plants, from
3. Plants lose water to the surroundings roots to leaves. This helps to transport
through a process called transpiration. water and minerals in plants. CHAPTER
Leaf 3
Stoma
Stem
Xylem
Root hair Stoma
Xylem
Water Water vapour
Water
Soil water
Root
1 Water is taken 2 minerals are Water
Water and
from soil into the
through the
xylem tissue of transported 3 evaporates
roots by the root to the stem stoma in the
hairs. through xylem. form of water
vapour.
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Figure 3.5 Transpiration and transport of water from on the leaf
Xylem is the tissue in roots to leaves produces a
plants that transports force that
water and minerals draws water
from roots to leaves from the stem
and is the main xylem up to the
supporting tissue in Singular Plural leaves.
plants. Stoma Stomata
51
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
Stoma
Guard cell
A stoma is a tiny pore on the surface of leaf and is used
for gas exchange and absorption of water vapour. Stoma
Chloroplast
1. A stoma is a tiny pore between a pair of cells called guard Figure 3.6 A stoma of a plant
cells on the leaf.
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2. Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stoma. SC I I I I I E N C E INFO
3. The opening of stoma will increase the transpiration rate Some plants can also eliminate
and the rate of water absorption, while the closing of the excess water in the form of
liquid through hydathodes, tiny
stoma will reduce the water loss. pores at the edge of leaves.
CHAPTER
3
Guard Opening of stoma
cells
During the day, the stoma opens to allow gas exchange to
occur. At the same time, water vapour is also lost through
Stoma the stoma of the leaf through transpiration. This increases
opens the rate of water intake by the roots. The leaf looks fresh.
Guard Closing of stoma
cells
During a very hot day (high temperature), the
stoma is closed to reduce the water loss through
transpiration. The leaf wilts under a hot sun.
Stoma
closed
Figure 3.7 Opening and closing of the stoma
Activity 3.1
Activity 3.1
Aim: To collect information and make observations on transpiration.
Materials and apparatus: Two potted plants of the same type
Procedure:
1. The leaves of plant A are coated with vaseline.
2. Plants A and B are placed under the sunlight for 8 hours and the observations are recorded.
3. The condition of plants A and B are observed after 1 week and recorded.
Results and discussion:
1. The leaves of plant A are coated with vaseline to prevent water loss through transpiration.
2. The leaves of plant A look fresh after 8 hours.
3. The leaves of plant B shrivel up after 8 hours.
4. However, plant A does not remain healthy for long as transpiration does not occur, and this prevents the
upward movement of water from roots to leaves. Blocking the stomata with vaseline would also cease the
process of photosynthesis as it would prevent the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Conclusion: Transpiration plays an important role in regulating water content in plants.
52
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
Importance of Homeostasis to Humans and Living Things
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Prepares an optimum Maintains a stable
internal environment so and balanced internal All biochemical reactions
that all life processes environment despite in our body are catalysed
in an organism will the changes in the by enzymes, which are
function properly. external environment. biological catalysts that
accelerate the biochemical
reactions in the cells.
Enzymes in our body
Importance can function optimally at
of 37°C, which is the normal CHAPTER
Enables homeostasis Allows the human body temperature.
reactions
organisms to live to humans catalysed by An increase in the body
in a wide range and living enzymes to occur temperature (more than 3
of habitat. things at an optimal rate. 40°C) will slow down the
reactions of enzymes and at
around 60°C, the reactions
Controls the will stop. Without enzymes,
metabolism rate of biochemical reactions will be
an organism to be too slow to maintain the life
efficient according processes in the body.
to the body’s
needs.
Figure 3.8 The importance of homeostasis to humans and living things
1. Homeostasis is very important to PAK-21
21
-
P
AK
Daily Application
Daily Application
humans and other living things. Daily Application
2. When homeostasis is disrupted, the When our body temperature is not regulated to normal
functions of our body cells will be temperature, heatstroke will occur. The patient will
disrupted too. This can lead to illness experience an abrupt increase in the body temperature
and death. until 41°C within 10 to 15 minutes and will not be able
3. So, we should be grateful and to produce sweat. If heatstroke cannot be controlled,
appreciate to have been granted with death or permanent disability might happen.
homeostasis which is essential for What are the emergency treatments that can be done
survival. if your friend is attacked by heatstroke? What should
we do to prevent heatstroke?
Formative Practice 3.1
Formatif 1 3
1. Why do we urinate more often during a rainy day? HOTS Challenge
Pr
2. What is the corrective mechanism that will occur when our • Applying
body temperature drops? Explain. What should be done when the
3. Why do dogs always stick out their tongue? urine excreted is yellowish and
4. What is transpiration? What is the relationship between concentrated? P AK - 21
PAK-21
transpiration and homeostasis?
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Science Form 1 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response
Summative Practice 3
SECTION A
1. What organ in the human body that is involved in 3. The following information explains a process in
homeostasis? plants.
A Kidneys and skin
B Lungs and kidney Water is lost in the form of water vapour
C Heart and skin through evaporation on the stoma.
D Lungs and heart
What is the importance of this process?
2. Which of the following is a corrective mechanism A To increase the turgidity of the cell
when our body temperature decreases? B To prevent the plant from wilting
A Sweating
B Urinating a little bit C To heat the plants during cold weather
C Body hair rises D To help plants absorb water and mineral salts
CHAPTER
D Blood vessels expand through the root
3
SECTION B
1. (a) (i) Figure 1 shows the structure of a stoma during the day. Label the structure on the figure below.
(i)
(ii)
Figure 1
[2 marks]
(b) Underline the correct answer.
(i) The opening and closing of the stoma is controlled by (guard cells, palisade cells).
(ii) The opening of the stoma will (increase, decrease) the rate of transpiration and water absorption.
[2 marks]
SECTION C
1. Anisa is a very active student. Every evening after returning from school, she will jog in her housing area.
(a) While Anisa is jogging, she felt that her heart is beating faster than normal.
(i) Name the mechanism that causes the change in Anisa’s heartbeat. [1 mark]
(ii) Explain why Anisa’s heart beats faster than normal while jogging. [3 marks]
(b) Anisa’s neighbour likes to plant trees. While passing by the neighbour’s house, Anisa saw several wilting
trees. State the cause of those trees’ wilting and explain the adaptations of plants to avoid wilting.
[3 marks]
(c) Through her reading from a health magazine, Anisa learnt about the loss of water from the human body
in two different situations as shown in the following table.
Water loss
Method of water loss
During rest (ml/h) During continuous exercise (ml/h)
Respiration 15 100
Sweating 4 1200
Urination 58
(i) Name the organ that produces urine. [1 mark]
(ii) Predict the amount of urine upon continuous exercise. Explain your answer.
HOTS [2 marks]
Analysing
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Theme 3: Exploration of Elements in Nature
Chapter Science Form 1 Chapter 7 Air
7 Air
CONCEPT MAP
Air
Combustion Air pollution Composition of air
Fire triangle Definition Mixture of water vapour,
Air pollution is indicated by the presence dust, microorganisms and
of pollutants in the atmosphere which gases (78% of nitrogen,
21% of oxygen, 0.03% of
Oxygen Fuel are harmful to our health and cause carbon dioxide and 0.97%
damage to the environment.
of inert gases).
Heat
maintain
The principle of fire Sources and types of pollutants Carbon and oxygen cycles
fighting Human activities especially combustion
To remove one or more of fossil fuels that releases excessive
of the three conditions smoke, soot, dust, carbon monoxide,
required for combustion sulphur dioxide and the oxides of
to occur. nitrogen.
Pollution control
Problems
Deterioration of health, acid rain, greenhouse effect, global Control human activities
warming, depletion of ozone layer and climate change. that would pollute the air
through law enforcement,
education, and eco-friendly
technology.
Access to
INFOGRAPHIC
121
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Science Form 1 Chapter 7 Air
7.1 Composition of Air
Air is a mixture of various gases, water vapour, dust and microorganisms.
Oxygen
(21%) Nitrogen
(78%)
Inert gases Carbon dioxide
(0.97%) (0.03%)
Argon Other inert gases such as neon,
(0.93%) helium, krypton dan xenon (0.04%)
Figure 7.1 Air composition according to the volume of major gases
1. Generally, 99% of air is made up of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).
2. Only 1% of air is made up of carbon dioxide (0.03%), inert gases (0.97%) and other components.
3. An inert gas is a gas that is chemically stable and non-reactive.
4. The inert gases in the air include argon, neon, helium, krypton and xenon.
5. Argon is the most abundant inert gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.
6. The quantity of water vapour, dust, and microorganisms Gas jar Air
in the air is very low and varies with respect to the time Mark of
and location. marker pen Burning candle
Water
7. Dust in the air comes from soil and exhaust from factories Gas jar stand
CHAPTER
and motorised vehicles.
7
Figure 7.2 The set-up of apparatus
8. There are also suspended microorganisms in the air such
as virus and bacteria.
9. In an activity, the apparatus is set up as shown in Figure
7.2. The candle is lit up and the gas jar is inverted over it.
The rise of water level in the gas jar is observed when the
candle extinguishes.
10. The rise of water level in the gas jar shows that one-fifth
of the air is used up in the burning. The air used up is
oxygen as only oxygen is required for burning. Figure 7.3 The water level when the
candle extinguishes
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Science Form 1 Chapter 7 Air
Is Air a Mixture?
Air is a mixture and not a compound.
The components of air are not chemically combined and can be
Air easily separated by physical method such as fractional distillation.
is a The properties of air are the same as the properties of its components.
Each gas retains its original properties when separated.
because
Mixture
The proportion of the gases is not fixed and may vary from place
to place and from time to time.
Air can be obtained easily by mixing the correct gases together in the
right ratio without any chemical reaction or change in energy.
Figure 7.4 Air is a mixture
The Importance of Gases
1. Gases in the air play an important role in (b) Carbon dioxide is used to produce the
our life. fizz effects in carbonated drinks.
(c) Carbon dioxide is used in fire
2. Oxygen
extinguishers to put out fires.
(a) Oxygen is required by all living things (d) Carbon dioxide that is compressed
to breathe in order to sustain life.
into solids (dry ice), is used in the
(b) Oxygen is used to oxidise digested food food industries to cool ice creams
in the body through cell respiration to and to ensure the freshness of food
obtain energy. products.
(c) Oxygen aids in the combustion of fossil (e) Carbon dioxide in the form of liquid is
fuels such as coals and natural gas used used to produce decaffeinated coffee.
for cooking. CHAPTER
4. Nitrogen
(d) Oxygen is supplied to patients that have
breathing difficulties in the hospital. (a) Liquid nitrogen acts as a cooling agent
to store ova or embryos. 7
(e) Oxygen stored in cylinders is used by
astronauts and deep sea divers as a life (b) Nitrogen is used in the manufacture of
support system. ammonia and nitric acid.
(f) The mixture of liquid oxygen and (c) Nitrogen gas is used in the food
hydrogen is used as a fuel source in packaging industry to help preserve the
rockets. freshness of the product. Manufacturers
often use a nitrogen gas purge to
displace oxygen from the package. This
3. Carbon dioxide is to prevent food oxidation.
(a) Carbon dioxide is required by green
plants to carry out photosynthesis.
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5. Inert gases (e) Xenon is used in photographic flashes
(a) Argon is used in light bulbs as the and as anesthetic during surgery.
filament will not burn in argon, thereby (f) Radon is radioactive and is used to
prolonging its life. treat cancer.
(b) Neon is used in signboard lightings
to produce brightly glowing orange The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
lights.
(c) Helium is used to fill weather balloons 1. The carbon cycle and oxygen cycle are
and hot air balloons. important to maintain the content of gases
(d) Krypton is used in lasers, some in the air.
fluorescent lights and to light up airport 2. Both processes are closely interconnected
runways. in maintaining the balance of air
composition.
Carbon cycle and
oxygen cycle
The Carbon Cycle VIDEO
The carbon cycle is the cycle that involves the intake, consumption and release of carbon
continuously into the atmosphere.
1. The content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are maintained by processes such as
photosynthesis, respiration, combustion and decomposition.
2. These processes maintain the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at a rather fixed level
of 0.03% by continuously taking carbon dioxide from the air and returning it to the air.
Photosynthesis: Green plants use carbon dioxide and Respiration: Most of the carbon is exhaled
sunlight to make their own food and grow. The carbon as carbon dioxide during respiration by
becomes part of the plants. Animals feed on the plants organisms such as humans, animals and
pass the carbon compounds along the food chain. plants.
CARBON DIOXIDE
IN THE
ATMOSPHERE
CHAPTER
7
Combustion: When humans burn Decomposition: When animals and
fossil fuels like coal and oil, most of the plants die, they are decomposed by
carbon quickly enters the atmosphere microbes such as bacteria and fungi
as carbon dioxide. and release carbon dioxide into the air.
Figure 7.5 The carbon cycle
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The Oxygen Cycle OXYGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Oxygen
The oxygen cycle is the cycle that involves (O ) 2
the intake, consumption and release of
oxygen continuously into the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis Respiration
Dead
1. Oxygen required for respiration,
combustion, rusting and decomposition is Combustion
produced in photosynthesis. Rusting
2. At the same time, the carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Decomposition
released from respiration, combustion, (CO ) 2
rusting, and decomposition is used in
photosynthesis. Figure 7.6 The oxygen cycle
Ways to Prevent Interferences in the Oxygen and Carbon Cycles
1. The oxygen and carbon cycles are closely 3. Burning of fossil fuels is the leading cause
related in maintaining the percentage of of the increase in the percentage of carbon
oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the dioxide in the air.
atmosphere. This is important to maintain
the carbon-oxygen balance in the Earth. 4. High amount of carbon dioxide has been
released from factories, exhaust of motor
Oxygen cycle vehicles, forest fires and open burnings.
5. At the same time, illegal logging and
By Oxygen By deforestation have been carried out widely
photosynthesis (O ) respiration for the development of various facilities and
2
infrastructures.
6. The destruction of green plants, also known CHAPTER
as ‘green lungs’ causes fewer trees to release
Intake of
carbon dioxide Intake of oxygen oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide from the
and release of (CO ) and release of atmosphere during photosynthesis. As a
2
oxygen Carbon dioxide carbon dioxide 7
result, the oxygen content in the atmosphere
decreases while carbon dioxide increases.
Carbon cycle
7. The increase in carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere is closely related to the
Figure 7.7 Relationship between the oxygen and greenhouse effect leading to global
carbon cycles
warming, a process capable of changing
2. Unfortunately, the oxygen and carbon cycles the world’s climate significantly.
are disrupted due to human activities that
cause the increase of carbon dioxide in the 8. If this situation remains uncontrolled,
atmosphere. it may result in the disruption of
ecosystems.
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9. Therefore, suitable measures should be
taken to ensure balanced amount of oxygen 7.2 Combustion
and carbon in the atmosphere.
10. These measures include: Combustion is a chemical reaction
(a) Law enforcement and environment between a substance and oxygen to
quality act to prevent illegal logging produce carbon dioxide, heat and light.
and open burning of forests.
(b) Preservation of forests by establishing
reserves. Other gases
(c) Conservation of forests is done through
scheduled logging and tree replanting Carbon
dioxide
programs. Fuel
(d) Use of technology to reduce and
overcome problems related to excessive
smoke emissions from motorised Oxygen
vehicles and industrial factories. Combustion
Heat energy +
(e) Education on resource management light energy
includes the 3R concept of recycling, Figure 7.8 Combustion
reusing and reducing.
1. Combustion can only occur when fuel,
(f) Efficient use of energy. oxygen and heat are present at the same
(g) Use of renewable energy to replace the time.
use of fossil fuels.
2. Combustion cannot happen if any one of
Formative Practice 7.1 these conditions is not present.
1. State the composition of air. Enough oxygen Fuels are
2. Air is a mixture. Give two reasons to support to sustain combustion
this statement. combustion. materials.
3. Explain the oxygen cycle and carbon cycle. Oxygen
4. Name three processes that increase the level Fuel
of carbon dioxide gas in the air.
Heat
Enough heat to raise the materials to its ignition
CHAPTER
temperature.
7
Figure 7.9 The fire triangle shows the
three conditions for combustion to occur
Activity 7.1
Activity 7.1
Aim: To prove that fuel, oxygen and heat are needed for combustion.
A To prove that fuel is needed for combustion.
1. A glass rod is placed in a flame of a Bunsen burner using a pair of tongs.
2. The glass rod is observed whether it burns or not.
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3. Steps 1 to 2 are repeated using a tree branch, paper, candle, stone,
coal and paper clip. Glass rod
Observation:
1. Tree branch, paper, candle and coal burned.
2. Glass rod, stone and paper clip do not burn.
Conclusion:
Fuel is needed for combustion. Tree branch, paper, candle and coal are
fuels, while glass rod, stone and paper clip are not fuels. Figure 7.10 The set-up of
apparatus
B To prove that oxygen is needed for combustion.
Gas jars
Burning
candle
Burning
candle Water Plasticine
Plasticine
Set P Set Q
Figure 7.11 The set-up of apparatus
Observation:
1. The candle in set P remains ignited as there is a constant supply of oxygen from the surrounding air.
2. The candle in set Q extinguishes after a while and the water level rises to one-fifth of the gas jar. This
shows that approximately oxygen in the gas jar is used up for the combustion.
Conclusion:
Oxygen is needed for combustion. CHAPTER
C To prove that heat is needed for combustion. Tongs
Observation: 7
The bottom part of paper cup R is not burnt but the Paper cup R Paper cup S
without water
with water
bottom part of paper cup S is burnt.
Discussion:
1. Paper cup R that is filled with water is more
difficult to be burnt compared to paper cup S Figure 7.12 The set-up of apparatus
without water.
2. The rise in temperature of paper cup R that is filled with water is slower and more difficult to reach its
ignition temperature to cause combustion.
Conclusion:
Heat is needed for combustion.
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Fire Extinguisher
A fire extinguisher is a tool to put out fire.
1. The principle in firefighting is to remove one or more of the three conditions required for
combustion to occur.
Starving Smothering Cooling
Removal of fuels or combustible Cutting off the supply of oxygen. Lower the temperature.
materials.
Oxygen Fuel Oxygen Fuel Oxygen Fuel
is removed
is removed
Heat Heat Heat is removed
Relocating unburnt trees in the vicinity Spraying carbon dioxide or foam onto the Cooling the burning fuel using water.
of the fire. source of flame.
Turning off the gas supply. Smothering the fuel with a fire blanket. Using aircraft to fight wildfires.
CHAPTER
Figure 7.13 The principles and methods of firefighting
7
2. Different materials are used in the manufacture of fire extinguishers based on the sources of
fire.
3. There are several types of portable fire extinguishers that contain different fire extinguishing
materials based on different sources of fire.
4. Table 7.1 shows the types of portable fire extinguishers suitable for different sources of fire.
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Table 7.1 Types of portable fire extinguishers suitable for different sources of fire
Source of fire Types of portable fire extinguisher
Water Foam Carbon Dry
dioxide powder
(Red label) (Cream label) (Black label) (Blue label)
Solids such as paper, cloth, plastic and wood ✓ ✗ ✗ ✓
Flammable liquids such as paraffin, petrol and oil ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓
Flammable gases such as propane, butane and methane ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓
Electrical equipments ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓
Metals such as potassium, sodium and magnesium ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓
Safety Measures to Prevent the Occurrence of Fire
We have to practise fire safety measures to prevent the risks of fire which can lead to the destruction
of life and properties.
Ensure there are no overloaded sockets. Install smoke alarm and fire extinguishers in the
house.
Be careful with candles, oil lamps and mosquito Keep all flammable materials at a safe distance, at
repellent incense, keep them away from wind least three feet or one metre from the heater.
flows and flammable materials.
Switch off and unplug all electrical appliances Have electrical equipment serviced regularly by a
when not in use. competent person to prevent sparks and fires. CHAPTER
Ensure cooking food is always attended. Ensure matches and lighters are out of children’s 7
reach.
Figure 7.14 Safety measures to prevent fire
Formative Practice 7.2
1. Draw and label the fire triangle.
2. What elements are removed by Khalid when he tries to save himself as shown
in the figure on the right?
3. Water is not suitable to extinguish a fire started by oil. Why?
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7.3 Air Pollution
Air pollution is indicated by the presence of pollutants in the atmosphere.
Air pollutants are any chemical substances, particles or microorganisms in the air which are
harmful to our health and cause damage to the environment.
1. Air pollution occurs when the atmosphere contains an increased level of pollutants such as
gases, smoke, smog, and dust. These substances are harmful to human beings, animals and
plants.
2. Air pollution is the result of various human activities. Several sources of pollution and examples
of pollutants that are released into the atmosphere are shown below.
Source: Source: Source: Source:
Combustion of fossil Industrial emissions Open burning and Agricultural activities
fuels in vehicles forest fires
Air pollutants: Air pollutants: Air pollutants: Air pollutants:
• Smoke and soot • Smoke and soot • Smoke and soot • Pesticides
• Carbon monoxide • Sulphur dioxide • Dust • Chemical fertilisers
• Carbon dioxide • Carbon dioxide • Carbon dioxide
• Hydrocarbon • Carbon monoxide
• Lead
• Sulphur dioxide
• Nitrogen dioxide
CHAPTER
7
Source: Source: Source:
Aerosol sprays, refrigerators Nuclear power plant Construction sites, asbestos
and air conditioners factories, and limestone quarries
The release of
cholorfluorocarbons
(CFCs)
Air pollutants: Air pollutants: Air pollutants:
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) • Radioactive substances • Dust particles
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Science Form 1 Chapter 7 Air
Adverse Effects and Solutions of Air (d) Climate
Pollution • Smoke and dust from factories,
vehicles and open burning cause
1. Air pollution causes harmful effects not haze.
only to living things, but also to the
environment. • The increase of greenhouse gases
such as carbon dioxide trapped in
2. The effects of air pollution are as follows: the atmosphere prevents heat from
escaping into space. This causes
(a) Human health the greenhouse effect and global
• Smoke and soot irritate the lungs warming.
and cause breathing difficulties.
• Global warming, the rise in
• Sulphur dioxide affects the Earth‘s temperature may result in
respiratory system and causes climate change. Certain places may
itchiness and redness in the experience droughts.
eyes.
• The increase of chlorofluorocarbons
• Carbon monoxide reduces the (CFCs) in the atmosphere causes
amount of oxygen carried by the depletion of ozone layer. This allows
blood and causes headaches and more harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays to
brain damage. reach the Earth.
• Radioactive substances are
carcinogenic. 3. Various steps to prevent and control air
pollution need to be taken in order to
(b) Buildings and infrastructures reduce its harmful effects.
• Dust makes buildings dirty.
• Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen 4. The steps include:
dioxide dissolve in rainwater to (a) Law enforcement
form acid rain. Acid rain corrodes
concrete and limestone structures, • Introduce environment quality act
and accelerates the rusting process. and laws in Malaysia.
• Impose fines on individuals who
(c) Plants and animals practise open burning, smoke in
• When acid rain flows into the water restricted areas, and those who do CHAPTER
systems, it turns water acidic which not abide by the rules of vehicle
is not suitable for aquatic plants emission standards. 7
and animals.
• Prohibit construction of factories in
• Acid rain causes soil to be acidic residential areas.
and infertile.
(b) Education
• Smoke and haze decrease the
penetration of sunlight to the • Educate the public on the practices
surface of the Earth and this, in turn, to reduce air pollution especially in
reduces the rate of photosynthesis schools.
by green plants.
• Participate in local utility energy
conservation programs such as
‘Love our environment’ and ‘No
smoking’ campaigns.
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Science Form 1 Chapter 7 Air
• Limit driving by carpooling, using • Use hybrid vehicles.
public transportation, biking, • Install electrostatic filters in
and walking which can help in factory smokestacks and build the
conservation of energy.
smokestacks to at least 30 metres
• Adopt the 3Rs of solid waste tall.
management: Reduce, reuse, and
recycle. • Install catalytic converters in all
motor vehicles.
(c) Science and technology • Use biological methods to control
• Use unleaded petrol and low- pests.
sulphur petrol.
Formative Practice 7.3
1. State the meaning of air pollution.
2. State the causes, effects and steps to overcome air pollution related to acid rain.
Summative Practice 7
SECTION A
1. Air contains gases such as oxygen and nitrogen 3. Which of the following process gives out the
as well as other substances such as water vapour, carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
dust and microorganisms. Therefore, air is a I Photosynthesis
A mixture II Rusting
B compound III Decomposition
C element IV Respiration
D molecule A I and II
2. Figure 1 shows the combustion of fuel. B III and IV
C II and III
D I and IV
CHAPTER
4. Which of the following matched correctly?
7
Pollutant Cause
Figure 1 I Carbon monoxide Vehicle exhaust
What is the word equation for the combustion
process? II Sulphur dioxide Factory
A Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide III Chemical fertiliser Limestone quarry
B Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Heat
energy + Light energy IV Chlorofluorocarbon Nuclear power plant
C Carbon + Carbon dioxide → Oxygen A I and II
D Carbon + Carbon dioxide → Oxygen + Heat B III and IV
energy + Light energy
C II and III
D I and IV
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SECTION B
1. (a) Match the fire extinguishing technique with its principle.
Technique Principle
(i) Cover the surface of the fuel with a fire blanket • • Heat is removed
• Fuel is removed
(ii) Spray a layer of carbon dioxide onto the fuel • • Oxygen is removed
[2 marks]
(b) Mark (✓) on the fuel that is suitable to be extinguished using foam fire extinguisher.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Metal
[2 marks]
2. The pie chart below shows the composition of air.
(a) Label X and Y.
Inert gases X Y
Carbon dioxide Other
substance
[2 marks]
X
(b) Mark (✓) on the box provided to indicate a process that only occurs
in the presence of X.
Y
Respiration Photosynthesis Combustion
[2 marks]
SECTION C CHAPTER
1. Figure 1 shows the release of smoke from an electric power plant that uses coal. 7
Figure 1
(a) What is meant by air pollutants? [1 mark]
(b) Name two pollutants in gaseous form that are found in the released smoke. [2 marks]
(c) Explain the effects of the pollutants based on your answer in (a) to the environment. [3 marks]
(d) Amir likes to bike to work. Amir’s activity reduces air pollution. Explain. [2 marks]
(e) As an environment lover, state two other method to reduce air pollution. [2 marks]
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07 Focus Science F1 Chapter 7.indd 133 07/03/2023 9:20 AM
ANSWERS
(b) (i) Measures the time
Chapter
1 Introduction to Scientific Daily Application (ii) Measures the length
Investigation
Air conditioner is best placed at the top SECTION C
Formative Practice 1.1 of the wall of a room because it produces 1. (a) (i) Measuring cylinder
1. A natural phenomenon is an observable cold air. The cold air which is more dense (ii) To determine the volume of liquids
3
event which is not man-made. than warm air will go down in the room and (iii) 22.0 cm
2. • Invention of telephone allows people replace the warm air. At the same time, the (iv) Burette, pipette
less dense warm air goes up and the room
to communicate at a distance. (v) Water displacement method
Mass
• Invention of Internet allows people to is cooled very quickly. (b) (i) Density = Volume
search and access a vast amount of (ii) The density of gold = 20
Formatif 1 1
information from home. HOTS Challenge 1
Pr
3. Doctor / Botanist / Nurse / Zoologist = 20 g cm -3
(Accept other reasonable answers) 2
The densitiy of pure water is 1 g cm and the The density of glass =
-3
volume of water given is 73.6 cm . 1
3
Formative Practice 1.2 Mass of water = 2 g cm -3
= Density of water x Volume of water (iii) Gold is more dense than glass
1. The bottle contains chemical that = 1 x 73.6 (iv) The mass of gold is higher than
catches fire easily / flammable. = 73.6 g that of glass.
2. A fire may occur. When water turns into ice, its mass remains
3. Get out as quickly and safely as unchanged. Therefore, 73.6 cm of water will Chapter
3
2
possible from the fire to a safer place freeze to form 73.6 g of ice. Cell as the Basic Unit of Life
and report to the teacher.
Mass of water = Mass of ice = 73.6 g.
Formative Practice 1.3 As given, the density of ice = 0.92 g cm . TIMSS Challenge 1
-3
Hence, the volume of ice can be calculated:
1. ____________ Methylene blue solution is used to colour
Mass of ice
Physical S.I. unit Symbol of Volume of ice = Density of ice (dye) the cheek cell so that the structure can
quantity S.I unit 73.6 g be seen clearly under a microscope.
Mass kilogram kg = 0.92 g cm -3 TIMSS Challenge 2
Time second s = 80 cm 3
Chloroplast and cell wall
Temperature Kelvin K Formative Practice 1.5
2. (a) 1 200 m 1. Density of water HOTS Challenge 1
Formatif 1
Pr
(b) 10.08 m
1 000 g
1 000 kg
(c) 0.57 m = ________ x ___________ Blood is not a cell but a tissue because it
1 m 3 1 000 000 cm 3 contains different cells (red blood cells, white
Formative Practice 1.4 = 1 g cm -3 blood cells, plasma and platelets) that work
together to achieve a specific function in our
3
1. Measuring tape Hence, 1 cm of water has a mass of 1 g. body.
2. A clinical thermometer is more accurate 2. (a) Egg is denser than water.
than a laboratory thermometer because (b) The egg will float on the water. Formative Practice 2.1
clinical thermometer can measure (c) Ice floats on the ocean water.
temperature accurately up to 0.1°C, 1. 5 → 1 → 3 → 4 → 2
whereas laboratory thermometer can Formative Practice 1.6 2. Nerve cells – Receive and send nerve
measure with the accuracy of only 1°C. impulse
3. (a) Vernier calipers Make a new hypothesis and carry out an Sperm cells – Involved in reproduction
(b) 2.53 cm experiment to test the hypthothesis. Muscle cells – Allow body movement
(c) To obtain a more accurate reading, Red blood cells – Transport oxygen
zero error has to be taken into Formative Practice 1.7
consideration. 3. The differences between an animal cell
(d) • If the zero error is a positive zero No. Aishah should be honest while recording and plant cell are as below.
and validating data.
error, the actual reading should Animal cell Plant cell
be 2.53 – 0.04 = 2.49 cm.
• If the zero error is a negative Summative Practice 1 No cell wall Has cell wall
zero error, the actual reading
should be = 2.53 – (-0.04) SECTION A No chloroplast Has chloroplast
= 2.57 cm 1. B 2. A 3. C
4. Weigh the mass of a ream of A4 paper 4. D 5. C No fixed shape Has fixed shape
(450 sheets of paper). Then, the mass
of a ream of paper is divided by 450. In SECTION B 4. Unicellular organisms are organisms
this way, the mass of 1 sheet of paper that consist of only one cell while
is estimated. 1. (a) (i) Beaker multicellular organisms are organisms
(ii) Filter funnel that consist of more than one cell.
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Science Form 1 Answers
amphibians are unable to maintain their body 3
HOTS Challenge 2 temperature. The body temperature of reptiles Summative Practice
Formatif 1
Pr
and amphibians will change according to the
external environment. When the temperature SECTION A
The number of white blood cells produced will
increase to fight or destroy the pathogen that is too low, their body temperature will also 1. A 2. C 3. D
enters our body. decrease. This will affect their body function
and can lead to death. Therefore, reptiles and SECTION B
Formative Practice 2.2 amphibians are difficult to survive in the Arctic. 1. (a) (i) Stoma
1. The food (glucose) made by the plants Daily Application (ii) Guard cells
is kept in the form of starch. Therefore, (b) (i) guard cells
one of the ways to test if photosynthesis Emergency treatments that can be done if a (ii) increase
has occurred is to test for the presence friend is attacked by a heatstroke: SECTION C
of starch. • Fan the friend while wetting his or her
2. (a) X: Photosynthesis skin with water. 1. (a) (i) Homeostasis
Y: Cell respiration • Apply ice packs on the friend’s armpits, (ii) While jogging, more oxygen
groin, neck, and back.
(b) X: To make food / glucose • Provide cool drinks or isotonic drinks to is needed for cell respiration.
Y: To produce energy the friend. Therefore, the heart need to
(c) Process Y • Loosen the friend's clothing. pump more blood to cells in
Heatstroke prevention: the body. Thus, the rate of
heartbeat will increase.
Summative Practice 2 • Drink more water. (b) Cause: The plant lost a lot of
• Wear lightweight, light-coloured, loose-
SECTION A fitting clothing, and a wide-brimmed hat if water.
must do outdoor activities on a hot day. Adaptation: The stoma pores on
1. C 2. A 3. A the leaves are closed to reduce
SECTION B Formative Practice 3.1 additional water loss from the leaf
to the environment.
1. (a) (i) Plant cell 1. We do not sweat a lot on a rainy day. (c) (i) Kidney
(ii) Animal cell Therefore, the excess water in the body (ii) Less than 58 ml/h. The body
(b) (i) used will be removed from the body through loses a lot of water through
(ii) absorbed urine. sweat.
2. When our body temperature drops, the
SECTION C Chapter
heat production will increase and heat 4 Reproduction
1. (a) (i) Chloroplast loss will decrease through these actions:
(ii) Green • Blood vessels constrict.
(b) Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose • Sweat less. Formatif 1 1
Pr
+ Oxygen • Hairs stand erect. HOTS Challenge
(c) Cell respiration process • Skeletal muscles will contract and
(d) • Can keep the balance relax actively. Tiger: Internal fertilisation
of oxygen content in the • Hormones will be secreted to Toad: External fertilisation
atmosphere. increase the body metabolism. External fertilisation is less efficient because:
• To support organism's life. 3. Dogs cannot remove much heat • A large number of gametes are
(e) Agree. Photosynthesis process through sweating, so they always stick released into the water and wasted.
cannot be carried out without out their tongue which allows saliva to • Gametes live for only a short time, and
plants. When plants are depleted, evaporate from the tongue to reduce many are lost in the water.
the process of photosynt hesis the body temperature. • Offspring are often eaten by predators
also decreases, resulting in lack of 4. • Transpiration is the process of and reduces the chances of surviving
oxygen supply. losing water from the surface of into adulthood.
plant leaves in the form of water
vapour to the atmosphere through Formative Practice 4.1
Chapter
3 Coordination and Response stomata. 1. (a) Sexual reproduction is the
• Transpiration helps plants to absorb production of offspring through the
and transport water and minerals fusion of a male gamete and a
HOTS Challenge 1 from the soil to all parts of the female gamete, whereas asexual
Formatif 1
Pr
plants to replace the water lost to reproduction is the production
the surrounding through the leaves. of offspring from a single parent
Skin is the organ that plays an important role Transpiration also helps in cooling
in regulating body temperature. Skin injuries down the plants when water gets without involving any gametes.
will affect the function of skin to sweat evaporated on a hot day. This (b) Internal fertilisation occurs inside
when the surrounding is hot. This will affect means transpiration helps plants the body of the female parent
the homeostasis of Sally's body because to regulate water content and after the male parent deposits his
she cannot regulate her body temperature maintain the water content to be in sperms into the female’s body,
well. Therefore, Sally can only stay in an a balanced and stable condition. whereas external fertilisation
environment where the temperature can be occurs outside the body of the
maintained at a constant temperature. female parent where both sperms
HOTS Challenge and eggs are released into the
Formatif 1 3
Pr
water simultaneously by the male
Formatif 1
HOTS Challenge 2 and female parents.
Pr
Yellowish and concentrated urine is a sign of 2. Amoeba / Paramecium / Bacteria
Reptiles and amphibians are found less dehydration. Be sure to drink enough water to 3. To ensure survival and continuity of a
in the Arctic because of the extreme cold maintain very light-coloured urine. species.
temperatures in the Arctic. Reptiles and
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Science Form 1 Answers
Formative Practice 4.2 Formative Practice 4.5 – Nora may ask the doctor
to insert Intrauterine
1. (a) Sperm duct 1. Calcium and phosphorus are contraceptive device (IUCD)
(b) Testis needed for healthy, strong bones, to prevent the implantation
(c) Penis cartilages and teeth. Low calcium diet of an embryo.
2. Ovary causes problems to the growth and (ii) Yes
3. Similarities: development of bones, cartilages and – To enable married couples
to plan the amount of
• Both are sexual reproductive cells. teeth of the mother and foetus. children and choose the
• Both carry genetic information. 2. • Miscarriage right time to have children.
Differences: • Premature birth – To help couples limit the
• Sperm is the smallest human cell, • Stillbirth size of the family to ensure
whereas ovum is the largest human • Low birth weight and mentally retarded the stability of the family's
cell. economy and to increase
• Sperm is the male gamete, whereas Formative Practice 4.6 the family's quality of life.
ovum is the female gamete. – To ensure that the mother's
• Sperm is produced by testis, 1. Take hormone pills or injections to health is not affected due to
whereas ovum is produced by ovary. enhance the production of healthy and the frequent of pregnancy.
• Sperms is able to move but ovum is mature reproductive cells. (c) The nutrition of a pregnant woman
not able to move. 2. No.This permanent contraception need to be rich with
4. (a) • Increased penis size method requires minor surgery and is • Sufficient carbohydrates to
• Growth of body hair, pubic hair, irreversible. supply energy.
facial hair (beard, moustache or Formative Practice 4.7 • Proteins to build new tissues
sideburns) and armpit hair. and to repair damaged tissue.
(b) • Development of breasts and 1. (a) P and Q • Calcium and phosphorus
widening of hips. (b) Q minerals to strengthen bones
• Development of fat tissue under (c) Q develops into seeds while S and teeth.
the skin. develops into fruit. • Iron to avoid anaemia.
(c) • Reproductive systems become 2. Advantages of cross-pollination: • Vitamins to preserve the mother's
health.
mature. • The new plants are healthier and
• Produce reproductive cells and more resistant to diseases and pests.
secrete sex hormones. • New varieties of plants may be Chapter
5
produced. Matter
• Seeds produced are with improved
HOTS Challenge 2 quality and more viable.
Formatif 1
Pr
Formatif 1
• High-yield and better quality of fruits HOTS Challenge 1
Pr
Urethra in the male serves as the pathway are produced.
for both semen and urine and is a part of the 3. Sufficient water, suitable temperature The density of ice is 0.92 g cm . Therefore,
-3
male reproductive system. For the female, and adequate oxygen supply. the ice will float on water and mercury but will
urethra only functions to excrete urine. sink in turpentine.
Summative Practice 4
Formative Practice 4.3
SECTION A Daily Application
1. (a) 24 April 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C
th
(b) 22 – 27 April Milk or other substances that contain alcohol.
nd
th
(c) The ovum will die and will be 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. A Formative Practice 5.1
discharged as menstruation 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. B
2. • Take bath or shower at least once a SECTION B 1. Matter is anything that has mass and
day. occupies space.
• Use clean undergarments and 1. (a) ii and iii 2.
change them regularly. (b) (i) pollination agent Matter Non-matter
• Change sanitary pad regularly, once (ii) quality • Salt • Rainbow
• Shadow
• Shirt
every six hours to avoid the feeling 2. (a) (i) and (ii) • Duck • Bell sound
of discomfort. (b) Small.
Has a long style. • Coconut tree • Light
Formative Practice 4.4 SECTION C 3. Iron
1. Fertilisation occurs in the Fallopian tube
when a sperm fuses with an ovum to 1. (a) (i) The menstrual cycle is a Formative Practice 5.2
series of changes that take
form a zygote.
2. Foetus is a more developed embryo by place in the walls of uterus 1.
and the ovaries that involve
the end of 2 months of pregnancy, with the formation and release of a Matter Arrangement Movement of
all the essential external and internal mature ovum. of particles particles
structures formed. (ii) Phase L. One mature ovum is Solid • Orderly • Vibrate
3. (a) Waste substances such as carbon released from the ovary in this and closely about fixed
dioxide and urea. phase. packed positions
(b) Nutrients, oxygen and antibodies (b) (i) – Ali can wear a condom Liquid • Disorderly and • Move freely
before having sex to prevent quite closely throughout
HOTS Challenge 3 the sperm from entering the packed the liquid
Formatif 1
Pr
vagina during ejaculation.
– Nora may consume a Gas • Very far apart • Move
Fertilisation will occur and will produced two contraceptive pill to prevent and not in randomly in
different zygotes. The zygotes will develop ovulation. order all directions
and form a pair of non-identical twins.
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Science Form 1 Answers
2. The smell of durian spreads when its (b) 6
small discrete particles mix with the air Element Difference Compound Summative Practice
particles. The particles of durian smell
move randomly in various directions as Consists Consists of SECTION A
they diffuse from a higher concentration of only atoms of
region to a lower concentration region. one kind Component two or more 1. A 2. D
Therefore, we can detect the smell of of atom. different
durian when we are some distance elements. SECTION B
away from a durian stall. Ability to be
3. Condensation broken down 1. (a) (i) Floatation
Cannot into simpler Can Distillation
substances
Summative Practice 5 by physical or (b) (i) and (iii)
chemical method SECTION C
SECTION A
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C TIMSS Challenge 2 1. (a) Electron
(b) (i) 3
SECTION B (ii) Atoms are neutral because
D they have the same amount of
1. (a) (i) Condensation protons and electrons. If the
(ii) Melting HOTS Challenge amount of electrons is 3, then
Formatif 1 1
(b) (i) and (iv) Pr the number of protons is also 3.
SECTION C Food X is not safe to be sold in the market (c) Group: 1
Period: 2
1. (a) Density is the mass of a substance because it contains dye C which is harmful (d) Proton and neutron
in one unit of volume. to the health of the public. (e) (i) Neutron
(b) (i) The air in the float is less (ii) Electron
dense than water. Therefore, Formative Practice 6.2
the float can float on water. 1. Cocktail / Sandwich / Air / Blood / Soil
(ii) The block of wood is less dense / Sea water / Petroleum / Milk / Orange Chapter
7
than water. Therefore, the block juice / Bronze Air
of wood can float on water and 2. (a) Distillation
be carried along the river. (b) Sedimentation method Formative Practice 7.1
(c) Because air is less dense than water. (c) Floatation method
(d) • Salt is formed when seawater 1. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
evaporates (Liquid → Gas). Formative Practice 6.3 inert gases, water vapour, dust and
• Water boils and turn into steam microorganisms.
when heated (Liquid → Gas). 1. Sodium and chlorine 2. • The components of air are not
• Chocolate melts in hot weather 2. Burning of paper is a chemical change chemically combined.
(Solid → Liquid). and not a physical change because • The components of air can be easily
• new substances are formed. separated by a physical method.
• the properties of the original • The properties of air are same as the
Chapter
6 Periodic Table substance and products are not the properties of its components.
same. • Each gas retains its original
• the original substance and products properties when separated.
TIMSS Challenge 1 have different chemical compositions 3. • The oxygen cycle is the process that
• the reaction is irreversible. involves the intake, consumption and
3. (a)
Element P and Element R. release of oxygen continuously into
Physical change Chemical change the atmosphere. The required oxygen
Formative Practice 6.1 • Type and • Type of atoms is is obtained from photosynthesis.
1. Atom is neutral because the number arrangement unchanged. • The carbon cycle is the process that
of electrons in an atom is equal to the of atoms are • Arrangement involves intake, consumption, and
number of protons. Thus, the negative unchanged. and combination release of carbon continuously into
Logam Perbezaan Bukan logam the atmosphere and is maintained by
charge of the electrons cancels out the • Type of molecules of atoms are
Kekilauan positive charge of the protons. is unchanged but changed, involves processes such as photosynthesis,
Berkilau Pudar 2. Periodic Table is a list of elements the arrangement making or respiration, combustion and
permukaan of molecules breaking of bonds decomposition.
arranged in the order of increasing
between atoms.
Ya Kemuluran Tidak proton numbers. and the distance • Type of molecules 4. Combustion / Rusting / Decomposition
between
3. (a) of waste materials and dead organisms
molecules are is changed. / Respiration
Metal Difference Non-metal changed.
Shiny Appearance Dull (b) Formative Practice 7.2
Ductile Ductility Brittle Mixture Compound 1.
Malleable Malleability Non-malleable Can be separated Can only be
High Tensile strength Low easily by physical separated by
Good Heat conductivity Low methods such as chemical methods Oxygen Fuel
such as electrolysis
filtration, distillation,
Electrical Poor except separation and thermal
Good conductivity carbon using magnet, decomposition.
Melting point and sedimentation Heat
High Low 2. Oxygen and heat.
boiling point method, floatation
High Density Low method and 3. Water is denser than oil and will sink
chromatography
Solid Solid, liquid or method. below the oil. Oil floats on water, and
except State of matter with the oxygen from the atmosphere,
mercury gas.
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Science Form 1 Answers
it keeps burning. Therefore, the fire smoke.
Formatif 1
started by an oil cannot be extinguished • The smoke from cars contain HOTS Challenge 1
Pr
by water. various pollutants such as
carbon monoxide gas, carbon
Formative Practice 7.3 dioxide, sulphur dioxide and 7.45 am / 7.45 pm
nitrogen oxide.
1. The condition in which air contains a (e) • Carpool to work
high concentration of pollutants that • Use public transport Formative Practice 8.3
may harm living things or damage non- • Use renewable energy sources
living things • Switch off electrical appliances 1. (a) 30º
2. Causes: when not in use (b) 30º
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from (c) Ray box
industrial emissions and combustion of Chapter
fossil fuels in vehicles. 8 Light and Optics
Effects:
• Acid rain corrodes concrete and 30° 30°
limestone structures, and accelerates TIMSS Challenge 1
the rusting process. 60° 60°
• Turns water acidic which becomes Position Q
not suitable for aquatic plants and Plane mirror
animals. Formative Practice 8.1
• Causes soil to be acidic and infertile. 2. When the light ray from other vehicles
Steps to overcome: 1. A real image is the image that can strikes the reflective stripes on the
• Introduce environment quality act be formed on a screen while a virtual safety jacket of a motorcyclist, the light
and laws in Malaysia. image is the image that cannot be ray will be reflected into the eye of the
• Educate the public on the practices formed on a screen. driver. So, the motorcyclist is easily be
to reduce air pollution. 2. Virtual and upright seen by the driver of the other vehicle
• Install electrostatic filters in 3. (a) in front or behind him. This can reduce
45º
factory smokestacks and build the Plane Object the risk of crashing by other vehicles at
smokestacks to at least 30 metres mirror night.
tall.
Formative Practice 8.4
Summative Practice 7 1. (a) changes direction
SECTION A (b) greater
Plane (c) refraction of light
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A mirror 2. Refraction of light
45º 3. Twice
SECTION B
(b) Allows the viewer to see over
1. (a) (i) Cover the surface of the fuel obstacles. Formative Practice 8.5
with a fire blanket: Oxygen is (c) Modify the simple periscope 1. (a) refracted
removed. as below to observe the object (b) glass prism, spectrum
(ii) Spray some carbon dioxide behind: 2. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo
layers onto the fuel: Heat is 45º and violet.
removed. Plane Object
(b) Liquid and gas mirror 3. Dispersion of light is the splitting of
2. (a) X: Oxygen white light into its component colours.
Y: Nitrogen
(b) Respiration, Combustion HOTS Challenge 2
Formatif 1
Pr
SECTION C
1. (a) Air pollutants are substances that Plane White light is observed on the screen
are released into the air and can mirror because the second prism recombines the
cause harm to living things and the 45º seven colours to form a beam of white light.
environment.
(b) Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, Formative Practice 8.2 HOTS Challenge 3
Formatif 1
nitrogen dioxide Pr
(c) • Increase in the release of 1. (a) light
(b) straight line
sulphur dioxide gas and No, because sugar solution does not have
nitrogen oxide from industrial 2. When light that travels in a straight line any suspended particles in it.
factories will increase the is blocked by an opaque object, the
concentration of pollutants in light cannot pass through it. Thus, a Formative Practice 8.6
the atmosphere. shadow is formed behind the opaque 1. Observer A: Blue
• These gases will dissolve in object. Observer B: Reddish
rain water and form acid rain. 2. • The colour of the sky observed by
• Acid rain causes ponds and TIMSS Challenge 2 them are different because they
ground water to be acidic. observe the sky at a different time.
• This will threaten plant life and Observer A observers the sky at
aquatic organisms. Light travels much faster than sound, so noon while observer B observes the
(d) • Bicycles cannot release smoke we can see the lightning before hearing the sky at dusk.
but the burning of fossil fuels thunder. • At noon, the Sun is vertically above
in the engine of a car produces the head, so the path of the
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10 Answer.indd 189 07/03/2023 9:30 AM
Science Form 1 Answers
sunlight through the atmosphere Chapter 2. The estimated age of the Earth is 4.5
to reach the observer is short. The 9 Earth billion years.
blue light with a short wavelength 3. As age indicators / As paleoclimate
is scattered the most in all indicators / As evidence of evolution /
directions by the fine particles in Formative Practice 9.1 As record of the survival of spesies.
the atmosphere. Therefore, the sky
looks blue. 1. Troposphere is heated by the heat Formative Practice 9.6
• At dusk, the sunlight shines reflected by the Earth’s surface.
horizontally, so the path of the Thus, the temperature decreases 1. Flood will occur if surface water
sunlight through the atmosphere to when the layer is further away from increases.
reach the observer is longer. The the Earth’s surface. In other words, 2. Economic minerals are minerals with
red and orange light with longer high ecomomic values which are
wavelength are less scattered the temperature in the troposphere extracted from the earth and processed
along the light path and will reach decreases with altitude.
the Earth without hindrance. Other 2. The dark zone of the ocean is very for various applications in industries,
lights such as blue light with deep and no light can reach it. construction and manufacturing.
shorter wavelength are scattered Therefore, it is rare to find plants in the 3. • Dead marine organisms were buried
away and will disappear along the dark zone because photosynthesis is in the seabed millions of years ago.
long distance. Therefore, the sky unable to take place without light. • After millions of years, the dead
looks reddish.
3. The temperature of inner core is higher organisms became more embedded
than the outercore. into the earth below thick layers of
Formative Practice 8.7 stone and mud.
Formative Practice 9.2 • Through the action of bacteria, partial
1. Yellow decomposition occurred due to the
2. Addition of light is the mixing of primary 1. Igneous rock, sedimentary rock and lack of oxygen.
coloured lights to produce secondary metamorphic rock. • The continuous decomposition
coloured lights, while substraction of 2. • Igneous rocks do not contain fossils by bacteria under high pressure
light is the process that occurrs when while sedimentary rocks often and temperature finally produced
an opaque object reflects the light of contain fossils.
the same colour with it and absorbs the • Igneous rocks are unlayared while petroleum and natural gas.
lights of other colours. sedimentary rocks are layered.
• Igneous rocks are formed from the Summative Practice 9
Summative Practice 8 process of cooling and freezing
of magma that flows out of the SECTION A
SECTION A mantle while sedimentary rocks are
formed by compression of deposited 1. A 2. B
1. A 2. B 3. D materials carried by rivers, glaciers SECTION B
4. B 5. A and wind.
3. Metamorphic rocks are formed when 1. (a) (i) Crust
SECTION B
igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks (ii) Outer core
1. (a) Convex lens: The size of the image are exposed to very high pressure and (b) (i) constant
is smaller than the size of the temperature. (ii) water vapour
object. Formative Practice 9.3 SECTION C
Plane mirror: The size of the image
is the same as the size of the 1. Endogenic process is caused by forces 1. (a) (i) Biosphere
object. from within the Earth while exogenic (ii) The hydrosphere supplies
(b) (ii) and (iii) process occurs on the Earth’s surface. water to human.
2. Rainwater / Frosting / Sunlight / (iii) Rock / Mineral / Soil
SECTION C
Microorganisms (iv) Prevents dangerous ultraviolet
1. (a) (i) Figure 1.1: Magenta 3. Mantle convection is a slow creeping rays from reaching the surface
Figure 1.2: Cyan motion of mantle materials caused of the Earth.
(ii) Yellow by convection currents carrying heat (v) – Ultraviolet rays that reach
(b) (i) Figure 1.3: Green in the asthenosphere layer. These the Earth can cause cancer.
Figure 1.4: Blue currents are able to move the Earth’s – Ultraviolet rays can lower
(ii) The primary colour filter only crust resulting in phenomena such as the rate of photosynthesis of
allows the same light colours earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. green plants.
as it to pass through. Other (b) – A body fossil is a remnant of
light colours will be absorbed Formative Practice 9.4 the body of an animal or plant
or rejected. 1. When someone steps into quicksand, that became a fossil.
(iii) Yellow only his feet would sink, but panicked – A trace fossil is a remnant of the
(iv) Green body movements will cause the person activities of an animal such as
(v) Yellow is the mixture of green to sink deeper. foot prints, egg shells and many
and red. Therefore, the yellow 2. Advances in science and technology more that can be seen in fossils.
filter allows yellow light which allow the invention of devices that could (c) Fossil records reveal the species that
is the same colour as it is as provide early warning for the occurrence become extinct.
well as red and green light that of tsunami. This let the public to be Answers for UPSA &
formed it to pass through. The better prepared to face the disaster.
green filter only allows green UASA Model Papers
light through it. Therefore, Formative Practice 9.5 https://qr.pelangibooks.com/?u=qKUwRRg8
green is formed on the white
screen. 1. Humans first appeared on Earth during
the Cenozoic Era.
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10 Answer.indd 190 07/03/2023 9:30 AM
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