Focus SPM 2022 - Chemistry

Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry  

Anti allergy (d) Liver and kidney failure
(e) Illness becomes more serious especially
1. Anti allergy is a medicine used to avoid or
prevent the effects of histamine produced by for patients with chronic diseases
the body.
4. Consumers should get medication from certified
2. Histamine causes allergic symptoms such as premise and not from the night markets,
rashes, itch, watery eyes, cough, runny nose bazaars and five-foot-ways and online.
and sneezing.
5. Abuse of modern medicine or traditional
3. Types of anti allergy include antihistamine medicine such as excessive dose, continuous
such as diphenhydramine, desloratadine, use, taking many types of medication at one
chlorpheniramine and loratadine. time without doctor’s monitoring can harm the
health of the consumer.
4. The side effects of anti allergy medicine are
drowsy, dizzy, stomachache and trembling. 6. Consumer must always refer to the label
and contents of the product before using a
Corticosteroid medicine.

1. Corticosteroid treats infection for arthritis, Cosmetics
lupus, eczema and psoriasis patients. This
medicine is used to impede the body immune 1. Generally, cosmetics refer to any substance
system that is too active. used externally for cleansing, nice smelling
and enhance one’s appearance.
2. Corticosteroids include antiinfection medication
such as prednisolone, dexamethasone and Cosmetics
betamethasone.Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved
Form 5MakeupTreatmentFragrances
3. Corticosteroid does not cure diseases but cosmetics cosmetics
reduce the swellings and pain at the joints
and other organs. Powder Creams Deodorants
Perfumes
4. Several side effects of corticosteroid are Lipstick Facial
hypertension, diabetes, severe gastric, masks
emotional disturbance, increase body weight Eyebrow
and insomnia. liner Moisturisers

Effectiveness and Drug Abuse or Misuse Eyeliner

1. Although traditional medicine originated from Eyeshadow
natural sources, sometimes the side effects like
diarrhoea and itching exist for a short period. Mascara

2. Treatment using modern medicine is faster Blusher
compared to traditional medicine. Figure 5.6 Types of cosmetics

3. However, misuse of modern medicine can give
rise to negative effects to consumer such as:
(a) addiction
(b) illness reoccurs
(c) toxic effect

439

  Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry

2. Basic ingredients for cosmetics are water, emulsifier, preservatives, thickeners, moisturisers, dyes
and fragrances.

Table 5.14 Basic ingredients for cosmetics, function and example with explanations

Basic Function Example Explanation
cosmetics
ingredients

Water As a solvent to dissolve Distilled water, ionised water Water used is pure water free
other substances from microorganism, toxin and
other pollutants.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved
Emulsifiers Stabilise the mixture of • Non-synthetic emulsifier like Cheap cosmetic products must
water and oils so that they phospholipid, fatty acids, bees be avoided because it contains
will not separate wax, jojoba and candela excessive emulsifier to stabilise
the mixture of water and oil
• Synthetic emulsifier like
organosilicon, polysorbate and
lauret-4

Preservatives Prevent the growth of • Paraben, benzyl alcohol, Each cosmetic formula is unique,
microorganism so that the
cosmetics last longer salicylic acid and formaldehyde and the preservative used should

be effective, safe and stable.

Thickeners Improve the texture of • Natural thickener like Thickener helps product sticks
product hydroxyethyl cellulose, gelatin, onto the surface of skin
xanthan gum and guar gum

• Synthetic thickener like
carbomer

Moisturisers Maintains the moisture • Jojoba oil, olive oil, coconut oil, Moisturiser can be divided into
sunflower oil, glycerin, collagen, two types, hydrophilic moisturiser
hyaluronic acid and vitamin B5 (water soluble) and lipophilic
moisturiser (fats soluble)

Dyes Dyes alter the original • Natural dyes like caramel, Natural dyes are less suitable
colour of certain parts of turmeric, anthocyanin and because they degrade easily or
the body so that they are carotenoid destroyed during processing and
more attractive storage
• Synthetic colours such as beta
carotene, canthaxanthin and
apo carotene

Fragrances Neutralise unpleasant Lavender oil, rose extract, lemon, There are individuals with skin
smells that are given out linalool, citronellol, limonene, sensitive to fragrances, so need
Form 5 by its original substances geraniol, eugenol oil to avoid using them

Usage of Cosmetics in Everyday Life (b) Hydroquinone that is used to prevent
skin pigmentation reduce the protection
1. Most consumers are less aware or less of skin from harmful ultraviolet rays and
knowledgeable about the contents in a cosmetic increases the risk of skin cancer.
product.
(c) Betamethasone valerate results in
2. Sometimes, cosmetic product contains changes to skin pigmentation, irritation
substances that are harmful to the health of and acne.
consumers.
(a) Mercury that is used as a skin whitener (d) Tritenoin causes the skin to become red,
can harm the kidneys, nervous system sore, flaky and very sensitive to sunlight.
and disrupt the brain development of an
unborn or newborn baby. (d) Substances such as lead, arsenic and
cyanide can cause allergies and skin
irritations.

440

Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry  

3. Cosmetic products can be homemade using 5.5 Application of Nanotechnology in
natural substances or ingredients. Industry

Table 5.15 Organic materials to produce homemade Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
cosmetic products and their functions
1. Nano means very small.
Organic Function
materials 2. Nanoscience is the study of processing
substances at nanoscale.
Aloe vera Moisturise, reduce skin pigmentation
problems and stimulate growth of new 3. Nanotechnology is the development of
skin cells substances or gadgets using the properties of
nanoparticles.

4. Nanoparticle is a particle with the size
between 1 to 100 nanometres (1 nm = 10 − 9
metre).

5. The smaller the size of the particle, the bigger
the ratio of the surface area to its volume.

6. The extremely small size of the particle enables
it to penetrate the skin layer, blood circulation,
lymphatic system and others.

7. This phenomenon has enabled inventions of
various interesting materials as well as their
uses.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights ReservedTurmericRemove scars, helps reduce uneven
Form 5skin tones and avoid pigmentation

Milk Freshen the skin

Mayonnaise Moistening effect on skin

Coconut oil Encourage hair growth and can be
applied on skins problems like eczema
and dandruff

Cucumber Relieve swollen eyes and reduce tired
lines below the eyes

Lemon Its antioxidant content can solve the
problem of dark spots on face

4. Among the advantages of homemade cosmetic Application of Nanotechnology in Daily
products are: Life
(a) can be prepared easily and quickly with a
little knowledge of the preparation process 1. Nanotechnology is 21-st century technology
(b) materials used can be controlled that gives a strong impact on human lives.
(c) cheaper than buying commercial products
(d) environment friendly 2. National Nanotechnology Centre (NNC) is
an agency under the Ministry of Science,
Checkpoint 5.4 Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) set up to
coordinate research activities and development
Q1 State two differences between traditional and (R&D) as well as all activities related to
modern medicine. nanotechnology in Malaysia.

Q2 State the function of corticosteroid that is 3. Development in nanotechnology in developing
commonly used in medicine. products transcend all sectors. Table 5.16
shows the application of nanotechnology in
Q3 Penicillin and streptomycin are examples of several industries.
antibiotic.
(a) What is the function of antibiotic? Table 5.16 Application of nanotechnology
(b) Why are penicillin and streptomycin injected
and not taken orally? Field Application

Q4 Psychotic drug can be classified into stimulants, Semiconductor Rapid movement of electrons in
antidepressant an antipsychotic. and electronic graphene made it most suitable
for use in nano electronic devices.
For each group in the classification, Nano electronic refers to the use
• state its function of nanotechnology in electronic
• give an example components.
• give one side effect

Q5 State the basic ingredients of cosmetic materials.

441

  Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry

Energy and • Graphene is used in manufacture of Carbon
electricity supercapacitor for energy storage. atoms

Agriculture • Graphene electrode is used in the Covalent
Textile manufacture of cheaper, lighter and bonds
more flexible solar cells.
Figure 5.7 Graphene structure
Nanotechnology approach can be
used to detect quickly plant diseases. 2. Graphene (two dimension) is the basic building
block for graphite (three dimension).
Nanoparticles used in textile industry
can increase the resistance of fabric
towards bacteria, protection from
ultraviolet rays and has anti-wrinkle
properties.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved
Food Nanosilver particles with antimicrobial Three layers of
properties are used to coat raw food graphene
packaging materials so that the food
last longer.

Medicine • Nanoparticles are used to transport Figure 5.8 Graphite structure consists of layers of
Cosmetics medication, light and other things graphene
to diseased cells to enable direct
treatment without destroying the 3. Graphene is considered as a network of carbon
healthy somatic cells and allow early atoms in two dimensions because it does not
detection of diseases. have actual depth.

• By combining graphene directly to 4. There are roughly 3 million layers of graphene
cells in the body, doctor can monitor in 1 mm graphite.
the body of a person from the inside
with the aid of nanobot. Nanobot 5. The layers of graphene in graphite are held
function as a surgeon is used to together by Van der Waals forces.
repair damaged cells.
6. Graphene is one of the thinnest substances in
• Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide with the world.
nano sizes are used in sunscreens to
Form 5 protect the skin from ultraviolet rays. 7. Physical properties of graphene:
These particles are transparent, less (a) Transparent and absorb only 2.3% of the
odour, less oily and easily absorbed reflected light
by the skin. (b) The thinnest substance, which is one atom
thick.
• Nanoliposome is used to transport (c) The lightest substance, which is roughly
vitamin A and E and antioxidant into 0.77 mg each meter cube.
skin. (d) Very strong and hard compared to
diamonds or steel
• Nanogold is used in toothpaste (e) More elastic than rubber
because of its antibacterial (f) It is impermeable, even the smallest atom
properties. (helium) cannot penetrate a single layer of
graphite
• Nanosilver particles are used (g) Good conductor of heat and electricity
in deodorant because it has than copper
antibacterial properties.

Development in the Field of 8. Chemical properties of graphene:
Nanotechnology (a) Movement of its electrons are rapid
(b) The most reactive carbon allotropes
1. Graphite is a carbon allotrope that consists of a (c) Burns at low temperatures
single layer of carbon atoms that are strongly
bonded to form a hexagon lattice resembling
a honeycomb and measuring 0.1 nm.

442

Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry  
Table 5.17 The uses of graphene

Field Properties of graphene Application
Censors
Electronics All atoms are exposed to their environment • Censor to detect explosives substances
Energy • Biocensors to detect bacteria

Biomedical Electrons move very fast due to the unique • Flexible device
Membrane
arrangement of carbon atoms in graphene • High frequency electrical equipment
Composites
• Graphene electrodes produce cheap, light and
flexible solar cells

• High capacity graphene battery with faster
charging rate
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved
Form 5High surface area, fast electron movement• Bielectronic

The impermeable nature of graphene is modified • Water cleaning
so that only certain gas or water molecules are • Wind barrier in food packaging
allowed to pass through it

Lightweight and impermeable • Thin film that is transparent, flexible and conductive
• Corrosion protection

Checkpoint 5.5 (g) Information and communications
technology(ICT) sector
Q1 What is meant by nanotechnology?

Q2 What is graphene? Green Technology in Waste and
Wastewater Management
Q3 State two physical properties of graphene.

Waste Management Waste
Management

5.6 Application of Green Technology VIDEO
in Industrial Waste Management
1. Indirectly, generation, disposal and break down
Development of Green Technology of solid waste contribute to the generation of
greenhouse gases and world climate change.
1. Green Technology is the development and the
application of products or equipment, and a 2. Green Technology approach by waste
system to conserve the environment in order management sector can contribute to the
to minimise the negative effects from human reduce usage of fossil fuels and the emission
activities. of greenhouse gases.
(a) Using aerobic and anaerobic biological
2. Green Technology is technology that is treatment technology, organic waste
environment friendly and has a lesser rate can be recovered and converted to soil
of carbon emission to the air. stabiliser and organic fertiliser.
(b) By composing, organic waste such as
3. In the year 2009, National Green Technology agricultural waste, food wastes and kitchen
Policy (NGTP) is launched to emphasise the wastes can be broken down naturally to
aspect of driving the development of national compose manure.
economy and sustainable growth. (c) By incinerator, waste is prevented from
filling up space in the disposal site.
4. NGTP gave focus to several main sectors: Environmental pollution is reduced
(a) Energy sector because the leachate from disposal site is
(b) Waste and wastewater management sector avoided.
(c) Building sector (d) Anaerobic digestion of organic waste
(d) Transportation sector generate biogas specifically methane that
(e) Agriculture and forestry sector can be used in the kitchen and ignite
(f) Industrial and manufacturing sector electrical generator.

443

  Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry

Wastewater Management VIDEO Wastewater carried to the surface of water while
Treatment others sank and accumulate at the
Process bottom.
(b) Effluent treatment plants are set up to
1. Wastewater consists of wastewater from treat wastewater. Pollutants like organic
industrial and commercial sectors, domestic substances are removed from water so
wastewater and stormwater. that pollutants and water borne diseases
like typhoid, cholera and hepatitis A can
2. Efficient management of wastewater can solve be avoided.
problems like eutrophication that results from (c) Treatment of raw water, wastewater and
the release of wastewater to surrounding areas industrial wastewater will produce waste
like rivers and lakes. deposits which is semi solid waste. In
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved Malaysia, wastewater treatment companies
3. Example of Green Technology approach in such as Indah Water Consortium process
wastewater management: waste deposits to become bio solids that
(a) Electrocoagulation process system based are used as fertiliser for plants.
on the principle of electrolysis is used in
palm oil industry, textile, and petroleum. The Importance of Green Technology in
Electrocoagulation is a method of treating Life
wastewater especially leachate that that
contains high and complex pollutants. 1. Application of Green Technology can
(a) protect the ecosystem and natural
Floct that +– e– Cathode resources
floats such as (b) improve quality of air and water
Floc that floats in carbon (c) reduce disposal of pollutants
Metal anode hydrogen gas bubbles
such as e– Hydrogen 2. In several developed countries, Green
aluminium gas Technology was practiced to generate energy
AI3+ 4 bubbles based on natural resources such as wind, air
and sunlight.
H2
3. The concept of green vehicles and green
1 2 buildings was introduced to give minimum
impact to the environment.
AI3+ OH– H+ (a) Hybrid car is one of the examples of green
vehicle. This vehicle has two sources of
3 OH– H+ energy to move it; fuel and electrical
energy. So that polluting smoke can be
Pollutants reduced and can save on fuel use.
(b) Example of green building in Malaysia
Floc 5 is the Energy Commission Building, also
known as Diamond Building, which is
Wastewater Floc that situated in Putrajaya. This green building
sank is equipped with building-integrated
photovoltaic (BIPV). The approach
Form 5 Figure 5.8 Electrocoagulation used by BIPV is the use of photovoltaic
materials to replace the elements of
Electrolysis process conventional building so that solar energy
• At anode, metal electrode such as can be utilised as a source of electrical
aluminium ionises in electrolyte to energy. So, pollution can be reduced, and
produce aluminum ions, Al3+ that are can save on the use of fossil fuel.
positively charged.
• At cathode, hydrogen ions, H+ are
chosen to be discharged to form
hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas bubbles
are released from cathode and rise to
the surface of water.
Coagulation process
• Aluminium ions, hydroxide ions and
pollutants in wastewater combine to
form clots known as floc.
• Floc trapped in hydrogen gas bubbles
break away from cathode and are

444

Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry  

Checkpoint 5.6

Q1 Name three sectors that becomes the focus in National Green Technology Policy (NGTP).

Q2 (a) How is batik industrial wastewater processed by the leaching method from disposal site?
(b) Explain the effect of the wastewater to human and the environment especially underground water if the

wastewater is not processed.

CONCEPT MAPPenerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved
Form 5
Oils and fats

Soap Detergent Food additives

Cleaning agent CONSUMER AND • Preservative
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY • Antioxidant
Traditional • Flavourings
medicine • Stabilisers
• Emulsifiers
• Thickeners
• Dyes

Medicine and Application of Green Application of
cosmetics Technology in industrial nanotechnology in industry

Modern medicine waste management Application of
• Analgesic nanotechnology in:
• Antimicrobial • Disposal • Semiconductor &
• Psychotic drugs • Disposal site electronic
• Corticosteroid • Wastewater treatment • Energy and electricity
• Agriculture
• Textile
• Food
• Medicine

445

  Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry 5

SPM Practice

Objective Questions 5.2 Cleaning Agents 8. Why is detergent more
effective than soap in hard
Choose the correct answer. 4. Which of the following is the water?
formula for soap molecule? A Detergent can dissociate
5.1 Oils and Fats A CH3(CH2)14COOH while soap cannot.
B CH3(CH2)2COONa B Detergent reduces the
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved 1. How do unsaturated fats beC CH3(CH2)14COONa surface tension of water
converted to saturated fats? D CH3(CH2)14COOCH3 while soap does not.
C Detergent dissolves in
A Hydrogenation 5. Which of the following grease while soap does
B Esterification chemical equation represents not.
C Neutralisation the reaction for soap D Detergent does not form
preparation? scum in hard water while
2. Figure 1 shows the general A Ethanoic acid + ethanol soap forms scum in hard
structure of fats and oils. → ethyl ethanoate + water.
water
OH B Oil + sodium hydroxide 9. An experiment on the
→ glycerol + sodium effectiveness of the cleansing
R1 C OC H palmitate action of soap on oily stains
O C Glucose + yeast → in soft and hard water is
ethanol + carbon dioxide carried out as shown in
R2 C O C H D Alkylbenzene sulphonate Figure 3.
O acid + sodium hydroxide
→ sodium alkylbenzene
R3 C O C H sulphonate + water
H
6. Which statements are true Soap and soft water
Figure 1 about soap?
I Hydrophobic part of soap Cloth with oily stains
Fats and oils are esters dissolves in grease. Basin I
formed from the reaction II Soap does not form scum
in hard water. Soap and hard water
between two organic III Soap is prepared by
hydrolysis of fats in Cloth with oily stains
compounds. What are the alkaline condition.
IV Soap reduces the ability Basin II
compounds? of water to wet a surface. Figure 2
A I and II
A Fatty acid and propanol B I and III Which of the following is true
B Fatty acid and glycerol C II and IV about the observations in
C Butanoic acid and D III and IV Basin I and Basin II?

pentanol 7. Which of the following are Basin I Basin II
detergents?
D Butanoic acid and I Potassium palmitate
glycerol II Sodium dodecyl sulphate
III Potassium
Form 5 3. Which of the following dodecylbenzene A Oily stains Oily stains
statements are true about sulphonate
fats and oils? IV Sodium carboxylate removed remain
I Fats and oils are esters. A I and II
II Fats and oils are obtained B I and III B Oily stains Oily stains
from animal source. C II and IV
III Fats are solid while D III and IV remain removed
oils are liquid at room
temperature. C Oily stains Oily stains
IV Unsaturated fats can be
converted to saturated removed removed
fats by oxidation.
A I and II D Oily stains Oily stains
B I and III
C II and IV remain remain
D III and IV

446

Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry  

10. Which detergent additive 5.4 Medicines and Cosmetics A W – analgesic
is used to improve its B X – stimulant
effectiveness by softening 16. Which statement is true C Y – antidepressant
water? about traditional medicine? D Z – antibiotic
A Carboxymethylcellulose A Traditional medicine are
B Sodium tripolyphosphate made by scientists in the 21. Which of the following is
C Sodium sulphate laboratory. the side effect of barbiturate
B All traditional medicine is abuse?
5.3 Food Additives safe. A Irritate the stomach wall
C Traditional medicine can B Heart disease
11. Which food additive makes be obtained from plants C Addiction
food tastier by adding its and animals. D Diarrhea
original taste? D Traditional medicine is
A Sodium benzoate processed before sale.
B Ascorbic acidPenerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved 5.5 Application of
C Monosodium glutamate Form 5Nanotechnology in Industry
D Gelatin
17. What traditional medicine is 22. What is the size of nano
12. Lecithin is used in milk used to treat malaria? particle?
powder as a stabiliser. What
is the function of a stabiliser? A Ginger A Between 1 to 100 nm
A Prevents oils from turning B Aloe vera B Between 10 to 1000 nm
rancid C Quinine C Between 1 to 100 mm
B Prevents the formation of D Pennywort (pegaga) D Between 10 to 1000 mm 
an emulsion
C Prevents growth of 18. Which medicine can treat 23. Which is true about graphene?
bacteria diseases caused by bacteria? A Reflects 2.3% of light that
D Thickens food A Codeine goes through it
B Penicillin
13. What is the function of C Methylphenidate B A good heat and electrical
sodium nitrite as a food D Haloperidol insulator
additive?
A Stabilises emulsion 19. A patient always feels sad C Consists of layers of
B Retards the growth of and depressed. Which sulphur atoms
microorganisms medicine is suitable to treat
C Prevents oxidation of food the patient? D More elastic than rubber
D Improve the texture of A Codeine
food B Penicillin 5.6 Application of Green
C Imipramine Technology in Industrial
14. What is the purpose of D Paracetamol Waste Management
adding azo compound and
triphenyl compounds in food? 20. Figure 3 shows the 24. What is the importance of the
A Stabilises the oils in water classification of modern Green Technology concept?
B Improve the taste of food medicine. I Increase the level of
C Prevents food from being human health
oxidised Modern medicine II Increase the content of
D Correct the appearance carbon dioxide in the air
of food by recovering its WX III Conserve the
colour. • Streptomycin • Codeine environment
IV Reduce the use of
15. A baker wants his bread to Psychotic drugs renewable energy
last longer and free from resources
fungus. What must be added Y Z A I and II
to the bread? • Tranqulliser • Amphetamine B I and III
A Thickener C II and IV
B Emulsifier • Antipsychotic D III and IV
C Preservative Figure 3
D Antioxidant
Which is true about W, X, Y
and Z?

447

  Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry

25. Which of the following is C Minimal disposal of waste 26. Which of the following
focused by the energy and wastewater to the processes is used to process
sector involved in Green environment
Technology? wastewater into treated
A Monitor the nutrients of D Practice of green
soil information technology water?
B Use of alternative energy and communications in
to replace the use of the forms of computer A Electrocoagulation
fossil fuels tools. B Electrolysis
C Saponification

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights ReservedSubjective Questions

Section A
1. (a) The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap.

O

CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3 CH2OH

O

CH O C (CH2)14CH3 + 3NaOH CHOH +
O

CH2 O C (CH2)14CH3 CH2OH
Glycerol
Palm oil Concentrated sodium Sodium palmitate
hydroxide solution


(i) Name the process used to make soap. [1 mark]

(ii) Why is sodium chloride added to the reacting mixture during the preparation of the soap? [1 mark]

(iii) Why is the soap formed, rinsed with water? [1 mark]

(iv) A student wants to prepare potassium palmitate soap. [1 mark]
What alkali should he use? [1 mark]

(v) Draw the structural formula for sodium palmitate in the space provided.

(vi) One of the property of soaps is they can form lather with water. [1 mark]
What is the function of lather?

Form 5 (b) Figure 1 shows the structural formula of a particle of detergent.

O [2 marks]

CH3(CH2)nCH2 O S O –Na+ [2 marks]
O [1 mark]

Figure 1

(i) Draw the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the detergent particle.
(ii) The relative formula mass of the detergent particle is 330.Calculate the value of n.
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12; H, 1; O, 16; Na, 23; S,32] HOTS
(iii) State one advantage of using detergent compared to soap.

448

Chemistry SPM  Chapter 5 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry  

Section B
2. (a) Figure 2.1 shows part of the label on a bottle of food.

2011 Blackcurrant Jam
Ingredients: Blackcurrant, sugar, pectin, citric acid

Figure 2.1

(i) State two types of food additives found on the label and state their functions respectively.
[4 marks]

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved
Form 5 (ii) One of the ingredients in the food is not suitable for a diabetic patient.[2 marks]
State the ingredient and suggest another food additive that can replace it.

(b) Figure 2.2 shows the apparatus used to investigate how to remove grease stain from a cloth and the
observations made from that investigation.

Experiment I II
Apparatus
CleansinCgleaagnesnint gXagent X CleansinCgleaagnesnint gYagent Y
++ ++

hard wahtearrd water hard wahtearrd water

Greasy Gstraeinasy stains Greasy Gstraeinasy stains
Cloth Cloth Cloth Cloth

Observations Greasy stains remain Greasy stains removed

Figure 2.2

(i) Based on Figure 2.2, compare and contrast the cleansing action of both cleansing agents in hard

water.

Explain your answer. HOTS [5 marks]

(ii) What are cleansing agents X and Y? [1 mark]

(c) A piece of cloth with grease stains is washed using detergent. [8 marks]
Describe the cleansing action of the detergent on the grease stain.

Section C [8 marks]
[3 marks]
3. (a) State four classes of food additives and their respective functions.

(b) Patients A, B and C suffer from joint pain, tuberculosis and depression respectively.
What are the medicines that can be used to treat these patients?

(c) Based on your answer in (b), HOTS

(i) state the precautions that should be followed by patient A while taking the medicine.

Give reasons for your answer. [3 marks]

(ii) explain why patient B must complete the whole course of the medicine prescribed by his doctor even
[4 marks]
if he feels better.

(iii) state two side effects of the medicine taken by patient C. [2 marks]

449

JAWAPAN

Form 4 B – The solution/ liquid chemical Section B
should not be sucked using
mouth. A pipette should be used 2. (a) • Hypothesis is a statement
to suck up the solution/ liquid
1Chapter chemical into the apparatus. that links the manipulated

Answers Form 4 Introduction to Chemistry Q3 He should remove his laboratory variable to the responding
coat immediately. If the acid wets his
clothes, he should rinse his whole variable. [1]
body under the safety shower. At the
same time, he should ask his friend • Manipulated variable is
to report the incident to the teacher.
the factor that is purposely
CheckpointPenerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved1.1
changed in an experiment.

Q1 Chemistry is a branch of science [1]
that studies the composition,
structure, characteristics and • Responding variable is the
interaction of matter.
factor that changes with the

manipulated variable. [1]

Q2 Iron: It is used to make nails, screws • Constant variable is the
and nuts; Chlorine: It is used to treat
tap water; Calcium carbonate: It is SPM Practice 1 factor that is kept constant
used as construction material/ to Objective Questions
manufacture cement. in an experiment. [1]

4

(b) • List out all the materials and

1. D 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A apparatus needed to be
6. D 7. C 8. C
Q3 To carry out research and used. [1]
development of food products/ To Subjective Questions
carry out analysis to check the • Determine how to control
quality of products/ To provide
technical support to the marketing the manipulated and
section.
constant variables. [1]

Section A • Determine how to measure

1. (a) (i) Long hair that is not tied up the responding variable. [1]

easily catches fire. [1] • Determine how to collect,

Checkpoint 1.2 (ii) Closed-up shoes will be analyse and interpret data.
able to protect the feet from
Q1 Make observations, make an chemical spills or injury due [1]
inference, identify the problem, make to glass apparatus falling
a hypothesis, identify the variables, onto the feet or floor. [1] 4
control the variables, plan and carry
out an experiment, collect data, (c) (i) Manipulated variable –
interpret data, make a conclusion,
write a report. Mass of salt added to pure

water. [1]

(iii) If the excess solution is Responding variable – Time

contaminated, the action taken to freeze the water [1]

of pouring it back into 2

Q2 (a) The more water is added to the its reagent bottle will (ii) The larger the mass of salt
acid, the higher the pH of the
acid. contaminate all the solution added to pure water, the longer

(b) Manipulated variable: Volume of in the bottle. [1] time it takes for the water to
water added to the acid
3 freeze. [1]
Responding variable: pH value
of acid (b) I will report the incident to the (iii) Volume of pure water used. [1]

Constant variable: Type and teacher immediately. Then, Type of container used. [1]
volume of acid, pH paper
using gloves, I will dispose Type of freezer used. [1]

of the broken test tube into (any two) 2

a specific container that is (d) (i) The larger the mass of salt

Checkpoint 1.3 prepared and clean up the spill added to pure water, the

as instructed by the teacher. [3] higher is its density. [1]

Q1 Goggles – to protect the eyes from (c) A fume cupboard is a (ii) • The manipulated variable
chemicals
cupboard where the air in it is the mass of salt added
Safety shower – to remove
chemicals that the body comes in is always being sucked out. to pure water. [1]
contact by showering all parts of the
body A fume cupboard is used • So, different mass of salt

Fire blanket – to put out the fire on a to carry out activities that is added to pure water, for
victim’s body
involve volatile, inflammable example 1 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g
Q2 A – Chemicals should not be sniffed
directly. Instead, the individual or toxic chemicals so that the and 5 g. [1]
should use his hands to waft the
smell to his nose. vapour from the chemicals is • The responding variable is

disposed of immediately from the density of water. [1]

the fume cupboard and does • So, he can measure the

initial mass and final mass

not contaminate the air in the of each mixture of water

laboratory. [3] and salt.

The density of the mixture

is calculated as follows:

464

  Chemistry SPM  Answers 

Density = system using X-ray. Patients Q2 (a) 0°C

Mass of mixture (g) will have a drink of the salt (b) This is because the heat energy

Volume of mixture (cm3) before X-ray images are absorbed by the molecules of ice

[1] taken. [1] is used to overcome the forces

• The constant variables (any 10 examples of between molecules so that ice can
other chemicals are also turn into water.
are pure water and type

of salt used. [1] accepted) (c)
10 Temperature (°C)
• So, pure water is used

every time. Only one type (b) Hypothesis : Painting prevents Answers Form 4

of salt is used throughout rusting of iron [1] 120
100
the experiment, for
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved Manipulated variable:
example sodium chloride.
Presence of a layer of paint on
[1]
iron [1]
6
Responding variable: Rusting
Section C 15 S
3. (a) • of iron [1] R
–03 Q
• We use various chemicals Constant variable: Presence of P
in many aspects of our
• lives such as in foods, water [1] Time (min)
• agriculture, industries and
• medicine. Procedure:
•
• Checkpoint 2.2

• For example, we use Water pipes Q1 (a) Hydrogen atom has 1 proton
with relative charge +1 and 1
• sodium chloride and electron with relative charge -1.

• monosodium glutamate Painted Hence the net charge of H atom
iron nail is (+1) + (-1) = 0
• (MSG) as flavourings in our
(b) All the protons and neutrons
dishes. [1] [1] of an atom are found in the
nucleus.
Sucrose or sugar is used 1) Two iron nails are cleaned
A proton or neutron is
in various foods such with sand paper. [1] approximately 2000 times
2Chapter heavier than an electron.
as desserts, cakes and 2) One iron nail is painted with

delicacies. [1] a layer of paint and left to

Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) dry. [1]

is used as vinegar to pickle 3) Both nails are placed Q2 An atom is a discrete particle, very
small and indivisible.
foods. [1] in separate test tubes
Q3 (a) Electron
In agriculture, ammonia is containing tap water and are (b) Thomson’s atom is a positively-

used to make fertilisers for left aside for three days. [1]

crops. [1] Observation: charged sphere embedded with
electrons.
Slaked lime (calcium The painted iron nail does not Rutherford discovered the proton
which is positively charged.
hydroxide) is used to treat rust while non-painted iron nail Q4 • He proposed the atomic model
• which consists of a positively-
acidic soil. [1] rusts. [1]

Hydrocarbons from Conclusion:
petroleum are separated
by fractional distillation and Painting prevents rusting of iron.
are important fuels. For
example, petrol and diesel [1] charged nucleus and negatively-
are fuels for vehicles. [1] charged electrons orbiting
10 around the nucleus.

Matter and the Atomic • He stated that the mass of an
Structure atom is concentrated in the
nucleus.
We also use various

petrochemical products Checkpoint! 2.1 Q5 • Bohr introduced the concept of
• shells.
such as plastics, detergents, Q1 • The particles in a gas are very far He stated that electrons orbit the
apart from each other and in random
synthetic textiles and motion. The particles can vibrate,
rotate and move freely. They have
synthetic rubber. [1] high energy content. nucleus in fixed shells.

Metals such as copper, zinc, Q6 (a) Neutron

aluminium and iron are used (b) • Proton and neutron are
found in the nucleus.
in various machines and • When the gas is cooled, the particles
of the gas lose energy and move
important metal equipment slower. • Neutrons contribute half the

in industries. [1] overall mass of an atom.

Various salts are used to • Eventually, the gas changes into
a liquid. The particles of the liquid
treat malnutrition diseases are packed closely together but Checkpoint 2.3
not in an orderly arrangement. The
such as iron(II) sulphate is particles can vibrate, rotate and
move throughout the liquid. They
used to treat lack of iron in have low energy content. Q1 (a) Proton number = 9

anaemic patients. [1] Nucleon number = 19

Barium sulphate salt is (b) F19
used to check our digestive 9

Q2 (a) 2.8.4

465

SPM CC038642 FOCUS SPM
FORM
4∙5
KSSM
CHEMISTRY Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved

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