Focus SPM 2021 Biology

PELANGI BESTSELLER

BIOLOGY SPM
Form

4∙5

KSSM

Jariah Khalib (Textbook Writer) NEW SPM ASSESSMENT
Sudani Sudin (Textbook Writer)
Rodiah Abd Wahid (Textbook Writer) FORMAT 2021
Noor Haniyatie Ibrahim (Textbook Writer) • Tan Moi Ho

CONTENTS

FORM 4

1Chapter Introduction to Biology and 1 5Chapter Metabolism and Enzymes 63
Laboratory Rules

1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology 2 5.1 Metabolism 64
1.2 Safety and Rules in Biology Laboratory 3
1.3 Communicating in Biology 4 5.2 Enzymes 64
1.4 Scientific Investigation in Biology 10 5.3 Applications of Enzymes in Daily Life 72
11
SPM Practice 1 SPM Practice 5 73

2Chapter Cell Biology and Organisation 13 6Chapter Cell Division 76

6.1 Cell Division 77
6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis 78
2.1 Cell Structure and Function 14 6.3 Meiosis 83
2.2 Living Processes in Unicellular
Organisms 19 6.4 Issues of Cell Division on Human
2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular Health 87
Organisms 21 SPM Practice 6 89
2.4 Levels of Organisation in Multicellular
Organisms 25 7Chapter Cellular Respiration
27 92
SPM Practice 2

3Chapter Movement of Substances 7.1 Energy Production through Cellular
across the Plasma Membrane Respiration 93
30 7.2 Aerobic Respiration 94

3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane 31 7.3 Fermentation 96
3.2 Concept of Movement of Substances
Across a Plasma Membrane 32 SPM Practice 7 101

3.3 Movement of Substances Across a 8Chapter Respiratory Systems in
Plasma Membrane in Living Organisms 37 Humans and Animals 103
3.4 Movement of Substances Across a
Plasma Membrane and its Application 8.1 Types of Respiratory System 104
in Daily Life 45 8.2 Mechanisms of Breathing 110

SPM Practice 3 47 8.3 Gaseous Exchange in Humans 114

4Chapter Chemical Composition in a Cell 51 8.4 Health Issues Related to the Human 116
Respiratory System

SPM Practice 8 118

4.1 Water 52 9Chapter Nutrition and the Human 121
4.2 Carbohydrates 53 Digestive System
4.3 Proteins 56
4.4 Lipids 57 9.1 Digestive System 122
4.5 Nucleic Acids 59 9.2 Digestion 123
61 9.3 Absorption 130
SPM Practice 4

iii

9.4 Assimilation 131 12.5 Health Issues Related to the
Nervous System 190
9.5 Defaecation 133
9.6 Balanced Diet 133 12.6 Endocrine System 191
12.7 Health Issues Related to the Endocrine
9.7 Health Issues Related to Digestive System 194
System and Eating Habits 137
SPM Practice 12 196
SPM Practice 9 140

1 0Chapter Transport in Humans 143 1 3Chapter Homeostasis and the Human 199
and Animals Urinary System

10.1 Types of Circulatory System 144 13.1 Homeostasis 200

10.2 Circulatory System of Humans 150 13.2 The Urinary System 205
13.3 Health Issues Related to the
10.3 Mechanism of Heartbeat 155 Urinary System 209

10.4 Mechanism of Blood Clotting 156 SPM Practice 13 211
10.5 Blood Groups of Humans 158
10.6 Health Issues Related to the Human
Circulatory System 160 1 4Chapter Support and Movement in
10.7 Lymphatic System of Humans 163 Humans and Animals 214

10.8 Health Issues Related to the Human 165 14.1 Types of Skeletons 215
Lymphatic System
SPM Practice 10 167 14.2 Musculoskeletal System of Humans 215
14.3 Mechanism of Movement and
Locomotion 221
1 1Chapter 14.4 Health Issues Related to the Human
Immunity in Humans 171 Musculoskeletal System 226

11.1 Body Defence 172 SPM Practice 14 228

11.2 Actions of Antibodies 175 1 5Chapter Sexual Reproduction,
11.3 Types of Immunity 176 Development and Growth
11.4 Health Issues Related to Immunity 178 in Humans and Animals 231

SPM Practice 11 178 15.1 Reproductive System of Humans 232

1 2Chapter Coordination and Response 15.2 Gametogenesis in Humans 233
in Humans 15.3 Menstrual Cycle 236
181 15.4 Development of a Human Foetus 239

12.1 Coordination and Response 182 15.5 Formation of Twins 242
12.2 Nervous System 183 15.6 Health Issues Related to the Human
12.3 Neurones and Synapse 185 Reproductive System 244
12.4 Voluntary and Involuntary Actions 188 15.7 Growth in Humans and Animals 245

SPM Practice 15 250

FORM 5

1Chapter Organisation of Plant Tissues 254 2Chapter Leaf Structure and Function 263
and Growth
255 2.1 Structure of a Leaf 264
1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues 258 2.2 Main Organ for Gaseous Exchange 273
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 260 2.3 Main Organ for Transpiration 277
1.3 Growth Curves 262 2.4 Main Organ for Photosynthesis 281
2.5 Compensation Point 285
SPM Practice 1 SPM Practice 2 287

iv

3Chapter Nutrition in Plants 8.2 Biodiversity 412

288 8.3 Microorganisms and Viruses 414
SPM Practice 8 417

3.1 Main Inorganic Nutrients 290 9Chapter

3.2 Organ for Water and Mineral Salts Ecosystem 421
Uptake 304
3.3 Diversity in Plant Nutrition 305
9.1 Community and Ecosystem 426
SPM Practice 3 308
9.2 Population Ecology 427
SPM Practice 9 431
4Chapter Transport in Plants
313 1 0Chapter

4.1 Vascular Tissues 314 Environmental Sustainability 437
4.2 Transport of Water and Mineral Salts 318
4.3 Translocation 327 10.1 Threats to the Environment 438
4.4 Phytoremediation 333 10.2 Preservation, Conservation and
335 Restoration of Ecosystems 442
SPM Practice 4 10.3 Practices in Environmental

5Chapter Response in Plants Sustainability 445
10.4 Green Technology 446
336 SPM Practice 10 454

5.1 Types of Responses 351 1 1Chapter
5.2 Phytohormone 352
5.3 Application of Phytohormones in Inheritance 460

Agriculture 358 11.1 Monohybrid Inheritance 468
SPM Practice 5 362
11.2 Dihybrid Inheritance 471
11.3 Genes and Alleles 473
6Chapter Sexual Reproduction in 11.4 Inheritance in Humans 474
Flowering Plants 364 SPM Practice 11 477

6.1 Structure of a Flower 365 1 2Chapter
6.2 Development of Pollen Grains and
Embryo Sac 370 Variation 478

6.3 Pollination and Fertilisation 378 12.1 Types and Factors of Variation 479
6.4 Development of Seeds and Fruits 383
6.5 Importance of Seeds for Survival 393 12.2 Variation in Humans 482
12.3 Mutation 484
SPM Practice 6 395 SPM Practice 12 489

7Chapter Adaptations of Plants in 398 1 3Chapter Variation 490
Different Habitats

7.1 Adaptations of Plants 399 13.1 Genetic Engineering 491
SPM Practice 7 404
13.2 Biotechnology 493

8Chapter Biodiversity SPM Practice 13 494

406 pre-spm model paper 495

8.1 Classification System and Naming 407 answers 509
of Organisms

v

1Chapter Introduction to Biology and
Laboratory Rules

Tie your long hair Report to the teacher Do not taste
when using Bunsen immediately if there or smell the
burner. is accident inside the chemicals unless
laboratory. permitted by
Do not dispose the teacher.
chemicals
into the sink
randomly.

Do not eat or
drink inside
the laboratory

Do not mix Distance
chemicals without apparatus
teacher’s order. containing
chemicals from
CHAPTER FOCUS the eyes and
1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology other people.
1.2 Safety and Rules in Biology
Laboratory Wear safety goggles
1.3 Communicating in Biology when mixing or
1.4 Scientific Investigation in heating chemicals.
Biology

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  Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

Chapter 2. Biology is the study of living organisms,
Chapter which comprise their physiology, morphology,
1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology anatomy, behavior, origin and distribution.
It also includes interactions among living
1. The word Biology originates from two Greek organisms and their interactions with
environments.
1 words, namely ‘bios’ and ‘logos’.
(a) ‘Bios’ means life 3. Biology is divided into various research
(b) ‘Logos’ means study, areas. Biological researches facilitate the
therefore, Biology means the study of life. understanding of organisms, their structure
Biology and function as well as appreciating the
interactions among organisms with their
Bios Logos environment.

Life Study

• Botany Study on living Study on the changes • Genetics
• Entomology organism and development in living
• Microbiology • Ecology
• Mycology Research Areas organism • Biogeography
• Zoology in Biology
• Ornithology Study on • Anatomy
• Taxonomy organism and its • Biochemistry
• Cytology
• Biotechnology environment • Histology
• Dentistry
• Medicine Study on Study on structure and
• Pharmacy applied biology function of organism
• Veterinary

Science

Figure 1.1 Types of research areas in biology

Contributions of Biology in Our Daily 3. Field of Food Production
Lives • Food production technology such as
canning, pasteurisation and vacuum
1. Field of Medicine packaging prevent rotting of food caused
• Medical researches have helped many by bacteria.
women without children to conceive • This field also make use of bacteria and
through in vitro fertilisation, hormonal microorganisms to produce food like
treatment and surgery. cheese, yogurt, soy sauce and bread.
• Accident victims can also repair damaged
parts of the body through plastic surgery. 4. Field of Agriculture
• Agricultural innovations such as
2. Field of Pharmacy hydroponic, aeroponic and fertigation have
• Continuous pharmaceutical researches increased food production to cater for the
have improved the production of modern growth in human population.
medications such as synthetic pills and
vitamins. 5. Biotechnology
• Vaccines containing active antigens are • This technology has facilitated the
injected into the body of healthy person to development of novel methods and software
provide protection against certain types of to analyse and interpret biological data.
diseases in a long run.

2

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Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

6. Bioinformatics Checkpoint 1.1 Chapter
• This field aims to facilitate discoveries in Chapter
fields such as agriculture, medicine and 1. Describe three research fields in biology.
food production.
2. Biotechnology is currently a widely used field
of technology. List five biotechnology products 1
available in your home.

Doctor Ecologist

Agriculture Biochemist 1.2 Safety and Rules in Biology
officer Physiotherapist Laboratory

Biology Careers 1. Safety measures in biology laboratory have
teacher in Biology to be followed to avoid accidents or any
unforeseen mishaps due to negligence.
Nutritionist Environment
engineer 2. Potential laboratory accidents include fire,
explosion, electric shock, gas leak and
chemical spillage.

Figure 1.2 Example of careers related to biology

Face Mask Safety goggles
To filter particles bigger than 5 μm To be worn while performing
such as bacteria, spores and fungi activities using dangerous materials

Laboratory gloves Laboratory coat
Protect hands from heat and • Laboratory coat should be
chemicals
comfortable and easy to disrobe
during accidents or chemical
contamination
• All other clothing such as shirt
collar, tie or scarf should be
neatly placed

Laboratory shoes 3
To be worn to avoid injuries from
glass splinters and chemical spillage 2/24/20 4:49 PM

Figure 1.3 Protective equipments and their functions

01 Chapter 1.indd 3

  Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

Safety shower station
To wash and rinse body part or
clothing that has been splashed
with copious or concentrated
hazardous chemicals.

1
Chapter Fire extinguisher
Chapter • Used for initial control of fire.
• Its usage depends on the

source of fire.

Eyewash station First aid box
Used to rinse and wash eyes Used to keep lotions and other
that have been splashed with first aid materials for emergency
chemical. treatment purposes only.

Fireproof blanket
Used to cover fire to prevent
oxygen from reaching it until it
extinguishes.

Fume hood
• Used when working with volatile chemicals and

toxic gases such as bromine to prevent the gas
from leaking into the laboratory.
• It has to be well-maintained to ensure that
whatever available gas is efficiently sucked out
of the laboratory.

Biosafety cabinet Laminar flow cabinet
• A working space used to handle infectious • A ventilated cabinet with working

agents or pathogens. space that prevents contamination
• It confers protection to the handler, of biological materials.
• All apparatus need to be sterilised
environment, and research materials. before being brought in and out of
the cabinet.

Figure 1.4 Laboratory safety equipments and their functions

Disposal of Laboratory Wastes Category of waste that can be discarded into sink:
(a) Materials with pH between 5 and 9.
1. Laboratory wastes such as chemical waste (b) Liquid or solutions with low concentration and are
and biological waste have to be well-managed
to ensure that these wastes do not cause harm harmless.
to other users.
Category of waste that cannot be discarded into sink:
2. There are laboratory wastes which can be (a) Solid waste (chemical, glass, rubber)
discarded by flushing down the sink and (b) Materials with pH less than 5 or more than 9
also wastes which have to be disposed
professionally.

4

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Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

(c) Organic solvent 2. Actions to be taken during accidents inChapter
(d) Chemicals (acid, grease, oil, oil-based paint, hydrogen laboratory: Chapter

peroxide) Report immediately to your teacher. 1
(e) Toxic materials Contact firefighters in case of mercury spillage.
(f) Heavy metals
(g) Organic wastes (microorganisms, carcass) Make the spillage area as a restricted area.
(h) Volatile materials
(i) Reactive materials Ensure laboratory doors and windows are opened
to allow good ventilation.
3. All laboratory wastes that cannot be discarded
into sink must be collected and kept in special Pour sand onto spillage. Replace sand with
container. These waste materials are dangerous sulphur if it involves mercury spillage.
to the environment and detrimental to health.
They can kill beneficial microorganisms
needed for water treatment.

4. Moreover, corrosive chemical wastes can
damage the outlet sink pipes.

5. These wastes can also mix and react to form
toxic materials.

Steps to Manage Accidents in Laboratory Scoop up chemical spillage using appropriate
apparatus. Vacuum cleaner may be used to clean
1. Examples of laboratory accidents:
(a) Explosion and fire caused by reactive mercury spillage.
materials.
(b) Allergy towards experimental materials. Dispose safely
(c) Injury due to chemical spillage.
(d) Poisoning caused by inhalation of toxic Figure 1.5 Steps to manage chemical spillage
gas.

INFO Steps to be taken to
manage laboratory
accident by NIOSH

Good Practices in Biology Laboratory
1. Safe biology laboratory can create a conducive and comfortable environment for scientific investigation.
2. We should prioritise safety aspects to avoid accidents or any unforeseen mishaps due to negligence.

Clothing Ethics
(a) Always wear laboratory coat and shoes
(b) Wear safety goggles when performing experiments that have the potential to damage the eyes
(c) Wear face mask when working with materials with fine sizes

(d) Wear gloves to protect skin from heat and chemicals

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  Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

Chapter Actions to be taken during fire First aid
Chapter
Stop working immediately and activate the alarm or Whenever there is an accident in a laboratory, the biology
emergency fire bell teacher and the laboratory assistant have to immediately
perform first aid to the victim before sending him/her to

1 Ensure all electrical switches are turn off the hospital.

Handling life specimen

Immediately evacuate all pupils according to the (a) Wear gloves while handling life animal because it may
emergency route plan carry pathogen.

(b) Wash hands with soap before and after the experiment.

(c) Insect and small animal have to be placed in a safe
container.

Assemble at a designated open space (d) After surgery, the animal has to be buried immediately.
Contact firefighter’s department
(e) If bitten or scratched by the animal, treat the wound
with antiseptic then seek further treatment at the
hospital.

If clothing or body caught fire, instruct the victim to Handling chemical
lie down. Use fireproof blanket to extinguish the fire
Read the label on the reagent bottle carefully to ensure that
the chemical is used correctly.

Handling glassware

(a) Always place glassware in the middle of the laboratory bench to avoid breakage if it drops on the floor.
(b) Use wire gauze mesh to protect glassware during heating.

(c) Wash glassware after use. Dry it on a drying rack before keeping it in a rack.

Checkpoint 1.2 3. The result of the experiment is known as data.
Data is obtained during the observation and
1. List three self-protective equipments and their measurement. Data can exist in various forms
functions. including numbers and drawing.

2. Classify the materials given below into materials 4. During scientific investigation, data has to be
which can be discarded and materials which recorded.
cannot be discarded into laboratory sink.
5. Data is considered as strong evidence which
(a) 100 ml of distilled water can be used as reference. It is often shown in
(b) Concentrated sulphuric acid the form of table.
(c) 0.1 M sodium hydroxide
(d) Matchstick 6. Features needed to build a table
(a) Build columns and rows for a table
1.3 Communicating in Biology (b) Label the left column as manipulated
variable, and the right column(s) as
1. Scientific investigation is a process to obtain responding variable(s). Scientific units
information through systematic investigation. must be stated for each variable.
(c) Record the data in the appropriate
2. During the investigation, thinking skill, columns
science process skill, manipulative skill,
scientific attitude and moral values are used
to collect and analyse data.

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Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

(d) Numerical values are written in uniform number of decimal places and not in fraction.
Chapter
Column for Column for Stating the scientific Chapter
manipulated variable responding variable units of variables

Duration of running Final air column Percentage of carbon 1
on the spot (minute) reading (cm) dioxide in air sample (%)

Resting 9.9 1

1 9.8 Numerical value 2
2 written with

3 9.7 uniform decimal 3
places

9.6 4

Figure 1.6 Example of table showing length of air column after treatment with potassium hydroxide solution

Analysing and Interpreting Data
1. Recorded data has to be analysed and interpreted to determine its trend and pattern.
2. Data is commonly presented in the forms of line graph, histogram and pie chart.

Responding Title of graph
variable

Graph of final reading of air Relevant features when plotting a graph
column against type of activity
Title of graph
Final reading of Graph of responding variable versus
air column (cm)
manipulated variable
9.9

9.8 Labelling of graph axes
Vertical axis: Responding variable

Horizontal axis: Manipulated variable
9.7

9.6 Uniform scale for both axes

9.5 Duration of Points on the graph should correlate with the data
running on in the table. Each point should be plotted with
At rest the spot appropriate symbol such as ‘x’.
(minute)
Running in Running in Running in
place for place for place for Manipulated variable
1 minute 2 minutes 3 minutes

Figure 1.7 Example of line graph where final reading of air column is plotted against duration of running on the spot

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  Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

Chapter Comparison between bar chart and histogram
Chapter
Number of pupils according Frequency Number of chilli plants
to blood group 40 according to height
30 Title
Frequency Title
No
1 14 space
12
Number of pupils
Number of plants10

8 Space 20
6 10
4

2 BO AB 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0A Blood group Height (cm)

Category Range

Figure 1.8 Comparison between bar chart and histogram

Bar Chart Histogram
It is used to compare different categorical data It is used to show frequency distribution for data within
a specific range of values
There is a space between two adjacent bars
The width of each bar is the same Each bar touches the one beside it

The width of each bar may not necessarily be the same

Biological Drawing Cytoplasm Onion epidermal
Cell wall cell with
1. Drawing is a method to collect data as it magnification
involves recording data from specimen. power of 40x

2. Characteristics of a biological drawing:
(a) Big and accurate using sharp pencil
drawn on white paper without lines. Figure 1.9 Example of onion epidermal cell drawing
(b) Avoid artistic shading.
(c) Lines drawn should be clear, neither (h) Detailed drawing: Drawing that shows
overlap nor cross, and unbroken. small details of the biological specimen.
(d) All biological structures should be labelled
using straight lines which do not overlapped. (i) Plan drawing: Drawing that shows only
(e) Labelling lines should not have arrow the outline of the biological specimen.
heads.
(f) Appropriate title should be given for the (a) (b)
biological sketch.
(g) If the drawing is based on a microscope
observation, the magnification scale must
be given.

Cytoplasm Onion epidermal
Cell wall cell with
magnification Figure 1.10 Example of a detailed drawing
Nucleus power of 10x (a) and plan drawing (b) of Chlamydomonas sp.



8

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Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

Identify the body planes of organism
Chapter
Chapter

Sagittal plane 1
• Body is divided into left and right
• Involves forward and backward movement

Horizontal plane
• Body is divided into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
• Involves rotating movement

Frontal plane
• Body is divided into front and back
• Involves lateral (side) movement

Figure 1.11 Types of body planes in organism

Identify the Sections of Organism
In studying the anatomy of animal and plant, cross sectioning and longitudinal sectioning have to be
performed to observe the internal structures of the organism.

Cross section involves cutting the Longitudinal section involves cutting
body of animal, plant, organ or tissue the body of animal, plant, organ or

horizontally tissue vertically.

Figure 1.12 Type of sections in organism

Identify the Directions of Organism
Direction is used to illustrate the location or position of body structure.

Midline

Right Left • Superior (above) and inferior (below)
Proximal Superior • Anterior or ventral (towards the front) and posterior or

Medial dorsal (towards the back)
Lateral • Medial (to the midline) and lateral (to the side)

Distal Anterior Posterior Checkpoint 1.3
Proximal (Ventral) (Dorsal)
1. What is represented by vertical axis and horizontal
Distal Inferior axis for a graph?

2. Draw the dorsal view of a fish.
3. Suggest way to present data for the number of

students in your class based on the first term
biology test score. Elaborate your answer.

Figure 1.13 Types of directions in organism

9

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  Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

Chapter
Chapter
1.4 Scientific Investigation in Biology

1. Scientific investigation involves step performed by scientist to collect data or information to explain a

1 phenomenon.

Identify the problem Construct a hypothesis Identify and control variables

Plan the investigation Perform experiment Collect and present data

Analyse data Interpret data Make conclusion and write
report

Figure 1.14 Steps in carrying out a scientific investigation


2 Full written report based on the result of (g) Results of observations
the experiment must be clearly presented, (h) Discussion which involves analysis and
accurate and honest.
data interpretation
3. Full report should consist of the following (i) Conclusion
aspects:
(a) Problem statement Checkpoint 1.4
(b) Hypothesis
(c) Research objectives 1. List three things that are needed in the procedure
(d) Variables when planning an experiment.
(e) List of materials and apparatus
(f) Procedure 2. Why is it necessary to prepare a report after
performing an investigation?

cCONCEPT MAP INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY AND
LABORATORY RULES

Meaning of Biology Apparatus and equipment Record data Steps in scientific
investigation method
Research areas Disposal of chemical waste Analyse and
interpret data
Careers in Biology Steps in managing
laboratory accident Biological drawing
Advancement in
Biology Good practices in biology Body plane,
laboratory sectioning and
directions of
organism

10

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Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

SPM Practice 1 Chapter
Chapter
Objective Questions 4. While performing an Which of the following shows
experiment in a school the mistake in the drawing? 1
1. What is the correct meaning laboratory, Prabitha A Presence of crossed
of Biology? eyes were splashed with label lines
chemical. What is the first B Nucleus was not shaded
A Study of human being aid that can be given to C No title
B Study of plant Prabitha before she is taken D Organelles are wrongly
C Study of living and non- to the hospital? labelled
A Apply eye drops
living things B Dab her eyes with wet 8. Figure 2 shows a bottle of
tissues ethidium bromide.
D Study of living things and C Neutralise her eyes with
the interactions among acid or alkali
D Cleanse and rinse her
living things and their eyes with eye wash
solution
environment
5. In an investigation, a pupil
2. Which of the following is the recorded the experimental
correct match between type data in a table and plotted
of biological field and its in on the x-axis. What is
definition? the type of variable that is
represented by the data?
Biological Definition A Fixed variable Ethidium
Field B Constant variable bromide
C Responding variable
A Histology Study of D Manipulated data
viruses Figure 2
6. Which of the following Ethidium bromide is a
B Virology Study of data is most suitable to be
fungi presented in bar chart? carcinogen, which can
A Caloric value of five cause cancer. Which of the
C Study of types of food following warning symbols
Mycology tissues of B Height of pupils in is most appropriate for the
5 Sentosa chemical?
organisms C Rate of photosynthesis A
from 6 am until 6 pm
D Study of D Percentage of burst red C
blood cells in different
Taxonomy classification concentrations of B
of animals sucrose solutions
D
and plants 7. Figure 1 shows a detailed
drawing by Parvesh.
3. Which of the following is the
correct personal protective Nucleus
equipment? Plasma
A Laboratory coat, gloves, membrane
covered shoes and mask
B Laboratory coat, gloves, Cytoplasm
covered shoes and fire
extinguisher Cell wall
C Laboratory coat, fire
proof blanket, covered Figure 1
shoes and safety
goggles
D Laboratory coat, first aid
box, covered shoes and
safety goggles

11

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  Biology Form 4  Chapter 1  Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

9. A pupil performed a scientific investigationChapter 10. Which of the following statements are correct
correctly. Which of the following scientificChapter
about hypothesis?
attitudes is practiced by the pupil?
I Hypothesis must be tested
A Patience
B Honest II Hypothesis is a form of prediction

1 C Systematic III Hypothesis begins with observation
D Compromising
IV Hypothesis is a probable explanation about

an observation

A I and II C II and III

B III and IV D I, II, III and IV

Subjective Questions
Section A

1. A group of pupils performed an experiment to study the effect of fitness activities on pulse rates. Table 1
shows the experimental results.

Pupil Pulse counts
(counts per minute)

Resting period Walking Jogging

Husna 50 70 100

Zulfati 50 80 110

Sarah 60 70 100

Table 1 [1 mark]
(a) State the problem statement of the experiment. [2 marks]
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis for the experiment.

(c) State: [2 marks]
(i) the manipulated variable and describe how to control it. [2 marks]
(ii) the responding variable and describe how to describe it.
[2 marks]
(d) Draw a bar chart to show the pulse rate of each pupil versus type of activity.

(e) Based on your results in (d), explain the relationship between pulse rates and types of activity.
[2 marks]


(f) Besides pulse rate, suggest another possible method of measurement to study the effect of fitness
[1 mark]
activity.

Section B

2. (a) State the meaning of the following terms: [3 marks]
(i) Ecology
(ii) Nanotechnology
(iii) Longitudinal section

(b) By using appropriate examples, explain the development of biological fields and the contributions of
[7 marks]
biotechnology to human beings.

(c) State a list of personal protective equipments that should be worn while performing a surgical experiment
[5 marks]
on rat in a laboratory. Justify the usage of all protective equipments mentioned.

(d) State a list of steps required in planning a scientific investigation. [5 marks]

12

01 Chapter 1.indd 12 2/24/20 4:49 PM

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