BIOLOGY PELANGI ONLINE TEST PELANGI ONLINE TEST 4 5 KSSM FORM Bonus Problem Solving AUDIO Chapter Reflection SPM QUICK REVISION Bibiana Toh Siew Siew (Guru Cemerlang) Rodiah Abdul Wahid (Textbook Author) N. Nair Noor Haniyatie Ibrahim (Textbook Author) HOTS PELANGI
Form 4 1 CHAPTER Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules 1 1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology 2 1.2 Safety and Rules in Biology Laboratory 3 1.3 Communicating in Biology 5 1.4 Scientific Investigation in Biology 8 SPM Practice 8 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 2 CHAPTER Cell Biology and Organisation 9 2.1 Cell Structure and Function 10 2.2 Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms 15 2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular Organisms 17 2.4 Levels of Organisation in Multicellular Organisms 23 SPM Practice 25 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 3 CHAPTER Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane 27 3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane 28 3.2 Concept of Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane 29 3.3 Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane in Living Organisms 32 3.4 Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane and its Application in Daily Life 34 SPM Practice 35 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 4 CHAPTER Chemical Composition in a Cell 37 4.1 Water 38 4.2 Carbohydrates 38 4.3 Proteins 41 4.4 Lipids 42 4.5 Nucleic Acids 43 SPM Practice 45 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 5 CHAPTER Metabolism and Enzymes 47 5.1 Metabolism 48 5.2 Enzyme 49 5.3 Application of Enzymes in Daily Life 53 SPM Practice 54 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code ii
6 CHAPTER Cell Division 57 6.1 Cell Division 58 6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis 60 6.3 Meiosis 63 6.4 Issues of Cell Division on Human Health 66 SPM Practice 67 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 7 CHAPTER Cellular Respiration 69 7.1 Production of Energy Through Cellular Respiration 70 7.2 Aerobic Respiration 71 7.3 Fermentation 73 SPM Practices 77 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 8 CHAPTER Respiratory Systems in Humans and Animals 79 8.1 Types of Respiratory System 80 8.2 Mechanisms of Breathing 85 8.3 Gaseous Exchange in Humans 89 8.4 Health Issues Related to the Human Respiratory System 90 SPM Practice 91 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 9 CHAPTER Nutrition and the Human Digestive System 93 9.1 Digestive System 94 9.2 Digestion 94 9.3 Absorption 99 9.4 Assimilation 100 9.5 Defaecation 101 9.6 Balanced Diet 101 9.7 Health Issues Related to Digestive System and Eating Habits 104 SPM Practice 105 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 10 CHAPTER Transport in Humans and Animals 107 10.1 Types of Circulatory System 108 10.2 Circulatory System of Humans 110 10.3 Mechanism of Heartbeat 113 10.4 Mechanism of Blood Clotting 114 10.5 Blood Groups of Humans 115 10.6 Health Issues Related to the Human Circulatory System 116 10.7 Human Lymphatic System 117 10.8 Health Issues Related to the Human Lymphatic System 118 SPM Practice 119 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 11 CHAPTER Immunity in Humans 121 11.1 Body Defence 122 11.2 Actions of Antibodies 125 11.3 Types of Immunity 126 11.4 Health Issues Related to Human Immunity 127 SPM Practice 128 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code iii
12 CHAPTER Coordination and Response in Humans 131 12.1 Coordination and Response 132 12.2 Nervous System 133 12.3 Neurones and Synapse 136 12.4 Voluntary and Involuntary Actions 139 12.5 Health Issues Related to the Nervous System 141 12.6 Endocrine System 142 12.7 Health Issues Related to the Human Endocrine System 145 SPM Practice 146 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 13 CHAPTER Homeostasis and the Human Urinary System 149 13.1 Homeostasis 150 13.2 Urinary System 156 13.3 Health Issues Related to the Urinary System 160 SPM Practice 160 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 14 CHAPTER Support and Movement in Humans and Animals 163 14.1 Types of Skeleton 164 14.2 Musculoskeletal System of Humans 164 14.3 Movement and Locomotion 171 14.4 Health Issues Related to the the Human Musculoskeletal System 175 SPM Practice 177 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 15 CHAPTER Sexual Reproduction, Development and Growth in Humans and Animals 179 15.1 Reproductive System of Humans 180 15.2 Gametogenesis in Humans 181 15.3 Menstrual Cycle 184 15.4 Development of a Human Foetus 186 15.5 Formation of Twins 189 15.6 Health Issues Related to the Human Reproductive System 190 15.7 Growth in Humans and Animals 190 SPM Practice 194 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code Form 5 1 CHAPTER Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 197 1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues 198 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 200 1.3 Growth Curves 206 SPM Practice 208 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code iv
2 CHAPTER Leaf Structure and Function 211 2.1 Structure of a Leaf 212 2.2 Main Organ for Gaseous Exchange 212 2.3 Main Organ for Transpiration 215 2.4 Main Organ for Photosynthesis 217 2.5 Compensation Point 226 SPM Practice 227 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 4 CHAPTER Nutrition in Plants 229 3.1 Main Inorganic Nutrients 230 3.2 Organ for Water and Mineral Salts Uptake 232 3.3 Diversity in Plant Nutrition 234 SPM Practices 236 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 4 CHAPTER Transport in Plants 239 4.1 Vascular Tissues 240 4.2 Transport of Water and Mineral Salts 241 4.3 Translocation 245 4.4 Phytoremediation 245 SPM Practice 248 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 5 CHAPTER Response in Plants 250 5.1 Types of Responses 251 5.2 Phytohormone 255 5.3 Application of Phytohormones in Agriculture 259 SPM Practice 261 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 6 CHAPTER Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 264 6.1 Structure of a Flower 265 6.2 Development of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac 266 6.3 Pollination and Fertilisation 267 6.4 Development of Seeds and Fruits 269 6.5 Importance of Seeds for Survival 271 SPM Practice 271 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 7 CHAPTER Adaptations of Plants in Different Habitats 274 7.1 Adaptations of Plants 275 SPM Practice 278 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 8 CHAPTER Biodiversity 280 8.1 Classification System and Naming of Organisms 281 8.2 Biodiversity 287 8.3 Microorganisms and Viruses 289 SPM Practice 295 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code v
9 CHAPTER Ecosystem 298 9.1 Community and Ecosystem 299 9.2 Population Ecology 315 SPM Practice 317 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 10 CHAPTER Environmental Sustainability 320 10.1 Threats to the Environment 321 10.2 Preservation, Conservation and Restoration of Ecosystem 327 10.3 Practices in Environmental Sustainability 327 10.4 Green Technology 329 SPM Practice 331 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 11 CHAPTER Inheritance 335 11.1 Monohybrid Inheritance 336 11.2 Dihybrid Inheritance 340 11.3 Genes and Alleles 342 11.4 Inheritance in Humans 342 SPM Practice 352 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 12 CHAPTER Variation 355 12.1 Types and Factors of Variation 356 12.2 Variation in Humans 360 12.3 Mutation 362 SPM Practice 368 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code 13 CHAPTER Genetic Technology 371 13.1 Genetic Engineering 372 13.2 Biotechnology 374 SPM Practice 378 HOTS Problem Solving QR Code SPM Model Paper 380 vi
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 4 Form Concept Map Cell Biology and Organisation Chapter Reflection Theme 1 Fundamentals of Biology 2 CHAPTER Chapter Outline 2.1 Cell Structure and Function 2.2 Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms 2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular Organisms 2.4 Levels of Organisation in Multicellular Organisms Cell Biology and Organisation Cell Structure and Function Levels of Organisation Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms Living Processes in Multicellular Organisms Characteristics and functions of cell components Comparison and differences of components in animal cell and plant cell Organisation in multicellular organisms Cell organisation in multicellular organisms Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. • Movement • Response to stimuli • Nutrition • Respiration • Growth • Excretion • Reproduction Structure and function of cells in multicellular organisms Density of certain cell components and functions of specialised cell 9
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 10 4 Form 2.1 Cell Structure and Function 1. Cells are the basic units of all living organisms. 2. Examples of cell components include nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondrion, Golgi body, vacuole and chloroplast. 3. Animal cells and plant cells have several common components. 4. Plant cells have several additional components such as vacuole, chloroplast and cell wall which surrounds the plasma membrane. Aim: To prepare and observe plant cell slide Materials and apparatus: Iodine solution, filter paper, distilled water, onion, scalpel, light microscope, glass slides, forceps, cover slips, mounting needle and dropper Epidermis 1. Succulent scale leaf of onion was cut using scalpel. A pair of forceps were used to remove the transparent epidermis of onion. 2. A drop of distilled water was added to the centre of glass slide. Epidermis A drop of distilled water 4. Iodine solution was dropped onto one side of cover slip, on the opposite side, filter paper was placed to draw the iodine solution to stain the entire epidermis. Filter paper Iodine solution 5. The slide was observed through light microscope on low-power objective followed by high-power objective. Structure of onion cell was drawn and labelled. 3. Epidermis of onion was placed onto the water droplet on the glass slide. Mounting needle Cover slip Observation: Cell wall Nucleus Cell membrane Cytoplasm Vacuole Steps to Prepare Plant Cell Slide
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 11 4 Form Discussion: 1. Iodine solution causes a brown stain on nucleus. 2. Onion cells have a fixed shape. 3. Onion cell contains nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, plasma membrane and cell wall. Conclusion: Plant cells have a fixed shape and contain nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall and a large vacuole. Steps to Prepare Animal Cell Slide Aim: To prepare and observe animal cell slide Materials and apparatus: Cheek cell, methylene blue solution, distilled water, filter paper, toothpick, glass slides, cover slips, light microscope, dropper and mounting needle 1. Inner side of cheek was scrapped gently using toothpick. 6. The slide was observed through light microscope on low-power objective followed by high-power objective. Structure of cheek cell was drawn and labelled. 2. A drop of distilled water was added to glass slide. A thin layer of cheek cell was smeared on the slide. Distilled water Scraped cheek cell Toothpick 3. A drop of methylene blue solution was added to the specimen. Methylene blue solution Glass slide 5. Excess methylene blue solution was absorbed using filter paper. 4. Cover slip was placed slowly onto the slide using mounting needle. Mounting needle Cover slip Filter paper Methylene blue solution Observation: Cytoplasm Cell membrane Nucleus
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 12 4 Form Discussion: 1. Methylene blue solution was used to stain cheek cell so that the cell structures can be seen more clearly. 2. Cheek cell does not have a fixed shape. 3. Cheek cells contain nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Conclusion: Animal cells do not have a fixed shape and contain nucleus, plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Components of Animals Cells and Plant Cells Nucleus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Centriole Lysosome Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Ribosome Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Figure 2.1 Animal cell Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Vacuole Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Nuclear membrane Golgi apparatus Ribosome Rough endoplasmic reticulum Figure 2.2 Plant cell History of Cell Theory VIDEO
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 13 4 Form Table 2.1 Cellular components and functions of animal cells and plant cells Cellular component Characteristic Function Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) • Consists of a network of folded membranes forming interconnected tubules • Does not contain ribosomes • Synthesises and transports lipids and glycerols • Detoxifies drugs and metabolic byproducts Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Covered with ribosomes on its surface • Transports proteins which are synthesised by ribosomes Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane • Largest cellular component which is densed and spherical • Enclosed by a nuclear membrane • Contains nucleoplasm, nucleolus and chromosomes • Contains genetic information that determines the characteristics and functions of a cell • Controls the activities in the cell Mitochondrion • Small, spherical or cylindrical shape • Site for cellular respiration • Energy released is stored in the form of ATP to be used by the cells Cytoplasm • Jelly-like matrix that contains organic and inorganic substances • Contains organelles • Acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in the cell • Provides substances obtained from outside the cell to the organelles Centrioles • A pair of small cylindrical structure located just outside the nucleus • Composed of microtubules • Form spindle fibres during cell division in animal cells
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 14 4 Form Plasma membrane • Membrane at the surface which encloses the contents of a cell • Made of proteins and phospholipids • Partially permeable • Forms a boundary that separates the contents of a cell from the outer environment • Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell Lysosome Hydrolytic enzyme • Membrane-bound sacs • Contains hydrolytic enzyme, lysozyme • Breaks down components of damaged cells • Hydrolyses complex organic molecules Ribosome Small subunit (40S) Large subunit (60S) • Attached to the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum or suspend freely in the cytoplasm • Comprises of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein • Synthesis of proteins takes place at the ribosomes Golgi apparatus • Consists of a stack of flattened membranous sacs • Processes, modifies, packs and transports carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids and glycoproteins Vacuole Tonoplast Vacuole • A fluid-filled sap • Surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane called a tonoplast • Fluid in the vacuole is called cell sap • Acts as a storage place in a cell • The cell sap provides support for herbaceous plants Chloroplast • Disc-shaped organelle • Contains green pigment, chlorophyll • Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and converts into chemical energy in photosynthesis Cell Wall Cell wall • Rigid outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells • Composed of cellulose • Fully permeable • Gives shape to plant cell • Provides mechanical strength and support for the plant cell
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 15 4 Form Comparison between Components of Animal Cell and Plant Cell SIMILARITIES ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Both types of cells have nuclei, cytoplasm, cell membranes, mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Chloroplasts are only found in palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and guard cells. SPM TIPS DIFFERENCES ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURE PLANT CELL Do not have a fixed shape Shape Has a fixed and regular shape Do not have a cell wall Cell wall Has a cell wall Usually none. Some animal cells have small vacuoles Vacuole Has a large vacuole Do not have chloroplasts Chloroplast Has chloroplasts Stores glycogen Food storage Stores starch Has centrioles Centriole Do not have a centriole Figure 2.3 Comparison between the structure of an animal cell and a plant cell Name the cellular component which contains hydrolytic enzymes. Quiz 2.2 Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms Unicellular Organisms 1. Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell. 2. Example: Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. 3. These organisms are able to carry out all the functions within a single cell. Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms INFO
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 16 4 Form Example of unicellular organism: Amoeba sp. Example of unicellular organism: Paramecium sp. Nucleus Contractile vacuole Pseudopodium Endoplasm Plasma membrane Food vacuole Anterior contractile vacuole Macronucleus Posterior contractile vacuole Micronucleus Cilium Oral groove Food vacuole Table 2.2 Characteristics and life processes of Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. Characteristic and life process Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp. Habitat Lives freely in freshwater Lives freely in freshwater Shape It has no fixed shape and is enclosed by the plasma membrane It has a shape like a shoeprint and enclosed by plasma membrane and cilia Growth Grow by synthesising new cytoplasm Grow by synthesising new cytoplasm Movement Moves by extending temporary pseudopodium (false feet). This is followed by the flow of cytoplasm into the projected pseudopodium Moves using rhythmic beating of water by the cilia Nutrition Engulfs food by phagocytosis (a) Amoeba sp. moves forward by extending its pseudopodium. (b) Pseudopodium surrounds and engulfs the food particle. (c) Food vacuole is formed and fuses with a lysosome. Hydrolytic enzyme is secreted into the vacuole. (d) Food is digested and nutrients are absorbed. (e) Undigested substances are expelled through the anal pore. Rhythmic beats by cilia helps food particles to enter oral groove. (a) The cilia in the oral groove attracts the food into the gullet. (b) After entering the cytoplasm, food vacuole is formed. (c) Food vacuole fuses with lysosome. Lysozyme enzyme is secreted into the vacuole. (d) Food is digested and nutrients are absorbed. (e) Undigested substances are expelled through the anal pore.
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 17 4 Form Respiration Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through the plasma, membrane by simple diffusion. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through the plasma, membrane by simple diffusion. Excretion (a) Waste substances such as carbon dioxide and ammonia are eliminated through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion. (b) Excess water is expelled from the cell as the vacuole contracts. This process is known as osmoregulation. (a) Waste substances such as carbon dioxide and ammonia are eliminated through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion. (b) Excess water is expelled from the cell as the vacuole contracts. This process is known as osmoregulation. Reproduction Reproduces asexually by binary fission. Under adverse conditions, the Amoeba sp. forms spores. Reproduces asexually by binary fission through mitosis. Under adverse conditions, the Paramecium sp. reproduces by conjugation. 2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular Organisms Specialised Cells in Humans 1. Multicellular organisms need specialised cells to carry out specific function due to its large size. 2. Table 2.3 shows types of human cells, structure and their functions. Table 2.3 Types of human cells, structure and their functions Type of human cells Structure and Function Epithelial cell • Thin and flat cells compactly arranged • Coats the surface of organs • Aids in gas diffusion and absorption of nutrients • Produces secretion Nerve cell • Fine and long projections • Transmits nerve impulse from one part of body to another part of the body White blood cell • Can change the shape • Destroys pathogens Red blood cell • Biconcave disc-shaped • Does not have a nucleus • Increases efficiency of oxygen transportation Muscle cell • Consists of protein fibres. The cells are multinucleated and striated. • Contracts and expands to produce movement Sperm cell • Has a long tail to help it to swim towards the ovum in Fallopian tube • Sperm head contains nucleus which carries a set of chromosome from the male parent
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 18 4 Form Specialised Cells in Plants 1. Figure 2.4 shows the types of plant cells, structures and their functions. Cell Organisation in Humans 1. Multicellular organisms consists of various types of cells which have specific functions. 2. Cells of the same type which carry out the same function are organised into tissues. 3. Tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function arranged together to perform a specific function. 4. There are four types of tissues in body, which are epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue and connective tissue. Types of Tissue VIDEO Figure 2.4 Types of plant cells, their characteristics and functions Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem • Hollow cells that are continuous from end to end • Transports water and mineral salts from the root to the leaves • Elongated cylindricalshaped cells, arranged closely together in vertical manner to optimise sunlight absorption for photosynthesis • Have high chloroplast density Transports synthesised organic substances from leaves to other parts of the plant Xylem vessels Mesophyll cell Sieve tubes • Has long and thin projections • Provides a bigger surface to volume ratio for absorption of water and mineral ions Root hair cell • Modified epidermal cell with thicker inner cell wall • Controls the size of the stoma Guard cells
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 19 4 Form Epithelial Tissue 1. Function of epithelial tissues: (a) Cover inner or outer surface of body, organs or body cavities (b) Provides protection against infection, mechanical injury and dehydration. 2. Figure 2.5 shows types of epithelial tissues. • The cells in the lining of the small intestine form mucus-secreting goblet cells. • The tissue that lines the trachea consists of cells with cilia. • Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces (skin and lining of mouth and oesophagus) and inner lining of cavities (lining of lungs, body cavities, heart and blood vessels). • Forms the lining of kidney tubules, glands and ducts. Figure 2.5 Types of epithelial tissues Muscle Tissue Contraction and relaxation of these muscles are responsible for involuntary movements such as peristalsis in the digestive tract. Involves controlled movement. This muscle contracts and relaxes to enable movement of bones and limbs. Makes up the wall of heart that contracts and pumps blood to entire body. Contraction of cardiac muscle is involuntary. Muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Figure 2.6 Types of muscle tissues in human body
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 20 4 Form Connective Tissue 1. Consists of various tissues and fibres. 2. This type of tissue is distributed throughout the body and has many functions. Table 2.4 Types of connective tissues and their functions Types of connective tissues Structure and function Loose connective tissue • Binds tissue to tissue and holds organs in place. • Found in tendons which connect muscles to bones, and in ligaments. Dense fibrous connective tissue • Forms tendons and ligaments. • Tendons connect muscles to bones, whereas ligaments join bones to bones. Blood tissue • Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones and waste products. • Has protective functions in the immune system. Bone • Consists of cells in a matrix of collagen which are hardened by mineral deposits such as calcium. • Provides protection for organs. • Provides support for the body. Adipose tissue • Consists of tightly packed cells that stores fat. • Found in the dermis of skin and around organs. Acts as an energy storage. • Provides insulation and protection. Cartilage • Provides support to the nose and ear. • Covers the ends of bones. • Discs between the vertebra act as cushion to absorb pressure.
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 21 4 Form Nerve Tissue 1. There are three types of neurons, sensory neuron, motor neuron and interneuron. 2. Nerve tissue sends and receives electrical signal to regulate and coordinate body activities. Tissue Organisation in Plants PLANT TISSUE Apical meristem tissue Lateral meristem tissue Dermal tissue Ground tissue • Parenchyma tissue • Collenchyma tissue • Sclerenchyma tissue Vascular tissue • Xylem tissue • Phloem tissue Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue Table 2.5 Types of permanent tissues and their functions Plant tissue Structure and function (a) Ground tissue (i) Parenchyma tissue • Forms the bulk of a plant. • Found in all plant organs. • The cells have thin primary walls and large vacuoles. • Used to store sugar and starch. • Carries out photosynthesis. (ii) Collenchyma tissue • Cells have thickened cell walls at the corners. • Supports herbaceous plants and young stems. (iii) Sclerenchyma tissue • The cells have cell walls uniformly thickened by lignin. • The cells are dead. • Provides support and mechanical strength to mature regions of a plant. Name two vascular tissues in plants. Quiz Figure 2.7 Nerve tissue
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 22 4 Form (b) Vascular tissue Xylem Phloem Xylem Phloem Xylem • Transports water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant. • Cell walls of xylem vessels are thickened with lignin to provide support and mechanical strength. Phloem • Consists of sieve tubes arranged end to end to form a long and continuous tube. • Transports organic compounds synthesised in the leaf to other parts of the plant. Density of Certain Cell Components and Specialised Cell Functions 1. There are a few types of cells with high density cellular components to carry out different functions. 2. The density of the organelles in the specialised cell depends on its specific function. Table 2.6 Relationship between cellular component and its specific function Types of cell Cell component found in abundance Function Sperm cell Mitochondria Sperm cell needs energy to swim towards ovum. Muscle cell Muscle cells need energy for contraction and relaxation Plant meristem cell Plant meristem cells need energy for cell division. Palisade mesophyll cell Chloroplast Absorbs more sunlight Spongy mesophyll cell Pancreatic cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Synthesises dan secretes enzymes and hormones Goblet Cell Secretes mucus to trap foreign particles in respiratory system Liver cell For detoxification of drugs and toxins from the blood
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 23 4 Form 3. The function of organelle can be disrupted if there is deficiency or absence of organelle in specific cell in multicellular organism. Table 2.7 The effect of deficiency, absence and failure in the function of the cell components Organelle Effect of deficiency or absence Lysosome Causes Tay-Sachs disease Mitochondrion Causes stunted growth, weak muscles, hearing and vision impairment Ribosome • Protein cannot be synthesised by the cell • Causes abnormal cell growth Golgi Apparatus • Secretion of protein and lipid stops • Causes nerve degeneration disease such as Alzheimer disease 2.4 Levels of Organisation in Multicellular Organisms Cell Organisation in Multicellular Organisms 1. There are 11 main systems that carry out functions of body. Testis Ovary Penis Brain Pituitary gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Thyroid gland Nose Trachea Lungs Diaphragm Reproductive system Endocrine system Respiratory system Nails Skin Hair Muscle Spinal cord Nerves Lymphatic system Integumentary system Muscular system Nervous system The Main Organ Systems VIDEO
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 24 4 Form Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Kidney Urinary bladder Skull Bone Heart Blood vessels Digestive system Urinary system Skeletal system Blood circulatory system Table 2.8 Main organ systems in human System Organ Function Digestive system Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus Digests big and complex food into simple substances that can be absorbed by the body Respiratory system Nose, trachea, lungs, diaphragm Exchange of respiratory gas, that is, oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and external surroundings Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves • Transmits nerve impulse • Coordinates the body’s activities Endocrine system Endocrine glands Secretes hormones to coordinate the body’s activities together with the nervous system Blood circulatory system Heart, blood vessels (artery, vein and blood capillaries) Transports oxygen, nutrient, carbon dioxide, hormones, excretory wastes and other substances Lymphatic system Spleen, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus gland and bone marrow • Returns the tissue fluid into the blood circulatory system • Protects the body from disease infection Muscular system Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle • Contracts and relaxes the muscles to enable movement of body parts Skeletal system Bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon • Supports the body • Protects the internal organs Urinary system Kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder • Eliminates excretory products (urea and uric acid) from the body • Controls the blood osmotic pressure Female reproductive system Ovary, uterus, Fallopian tube, vagina, cervix • Produces ovum • Produces and secretes female sex hormones Male reproductive system Testis, prostate gland, penis, seminal vesicle, vas deferens • Produces sperms • Produces and secretes male sex hormones
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 25 4 Form 2. The flow of cell organisation in multicellular organism is shown in Figure 2.8. Cell Tissue Organ System Organism Figure 2.8 The flow of cell organisation in multicellular organism System in Plants 1. Examples of organs in plants are: (a) the leaf, which is made up of epidermal tissue, ground tissue and vascular tissue (b) the stem, which is made up of epidermal tissue and vascular tissue (c) the root, which is made up of meristematic tissue and vascular tissue 2. A flowering plant has two main systems: (a) The root system consists of the roots of a plant (b) The shoot system consists of stems, leaves, buds, flowers and fruits System in Plants INFO Objective Questions 1. How does a plant cell differ from an animal cell? A It has a cell wall called a plasma membrane B It has a cell wall made of cellulose C It is filled with a gel-like substance called protoplasm D It contains small round particles called ribosomes. 2. Which of the following cell components, is the site for cell respiration? A Cytoplasm B Mitochondrion C Golgi apparatus D Ribosome 3. What is the function of ribosomes in a cell? It controls A the inheritance of characteristic. B the passage of food into cells. C the conversion of water, carbon dioxide and minerals into food. D the conversion of amino acids into proteins. 4. Which of the following cell components contains chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane? A Cytoplasm B Mitochondrion C Nucleus D Chloroplast SPMPRACTICE
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Cell Biology and Organisation 26 4 Form 5. Which of the following cells have a high density of mitochondria? I Sperm cells II Flight muscle cells in insects III Meristematic cells IV Palisade mesophyll cells A I and II C II and IV B I and III D III and IV Subjective Questions Section A 1. Figure 1 shows a cheek cell and an onion cell. A B C E D F Human cheek cell Onion scale leaf cell Figure 1 (a) Name the parts labelled A – F. [3 marks] (b) State two main components of protoplasm. [2 marks] (c) What is the function of the part labelled A? [1 mark] (d) (i) Name the membrane that surrounds the structure labelled E. [1 mark] (ii) State the function of the part labelled F. [1 mark] (e) Which labelled part on Figure 1 is responsible for controlling the activities in the cell? [1 mark] Section B 2. A plant cell was observed under a high-power microscope. (a) Draw a plant cell and label all the structures. [5 marks] (b) Based on the labelled cell, explain the structures and their functions. [10 marks] (c) Discuss the differences between animal cell and plant cell. [5 marks] Section C 3. (a) Unicellular organisms are single-cell organisms capable of carrying out basic life processes. Based on this statement, explain how (i) Amoeba sp. obtain their source of food. (ii) osmoregulation occurs in Paramecium sp. (iii) asexual reproduction occurs in Amoeba sp. [10 marks] (b) What is the meaning of cell specialisation? Using at least one example, describe the terms of tissue, organ and system in plants and animals. [10 marks] HOTS Answers Problem Solving Chapter 2 HOTS CHAPTER 2
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 5 Form Concept Map Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues Organisation of Plant Tissues Meristematic Tissues and Growth Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth Growth Curves Biennial plants Annual plants Perennial plants Zone of Cell Growth Zone of cell elongation Zone of cell division Zone of cell differentiation Primary growth Secondary growth Types of Growth Chapter Outline 1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1.3 Growth Curves Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth Chapter Reflection Theme 1 Physiology of Flowering Plants 1 CHAPTER 197
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 198 5 Form 1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues 1. Plants, like many animals, are made up of cells, tissues, and organs. 2. Generally, plants are made up of a root system and a shoot system. 3. There are two types of plant tissues, namely meristematic tissues, and permanent tissues. 4. Meristematic cells are cells which divide actively by mitosis and do not differentiate. 5. Meristematic cells divide and produce new cells, which develop and group together to form permanent tissues. 6. Figure 1.1 shows organisation of plant tissues. Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues Apical meristematic tissues Lateral meristematic tissues Plant Tissues Epidermal tissues Vascular tissues Xylem tissues Phloem tissues Ground tissues Parenchyma tissues Collenchyma tissues Sclerenchyma tissues Figure 1.1 Organisation of plant tissues Ground tissues Epidermal tissues Vascular tissues Ground tissues Epidermal tissues Vascular tissues Shoot system: Stems, leaves, shoot, flowers and fruits Root system: Tap root, root hairs and lateral roots Leaf organ Stem organ Root organ Ground tissues Epidermal tissues Vascular tissues Figure 1.2 Positions of permanent tissues – epidermal tissues, ground tissues and vascular tissues
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 199 5 Form Table 1.1 Characteristics and functions of permanent tissues Type of permanent tissues Characteristic of tissues Function Epidermal tissues Epidermal tissues Root hairs Root hair cell Epidermal tissues Guard cell Guard cell Stoma • Layer of tissues with closely arranged cells. • Tissues which cover all the outer surfaces of a plant. • Thin and transparent. • The outer surfaces of leaves and stems are covered with cuticle, a layer of wax which is impermeable (waterproof) to water. • Some epidermal cells modified for specific functions such as root hair cell and guard cell. • Protect plants from being infected by pathogens such as fungi, and mechanical injuries. • Allow sunlight to penetrate so that the cells beneath can carry out photosynthesis. • Cuticle helps to reduce loss of water through transpiration. • Cells of root hair increase the uptake of water and mineral salts from soil. • Guard cells control the opening of stoma. Type of ground tissues Characteristic of tissues Function Parenchyma tissues Thin cell wall Vacuole Nucleus • The simplest cells which have not undergone differentiation. • Cell walls are thin and flexible. • Matured cells have large vacuoles. • Carry out most metabolic functions of plants such as photosynthesis, storage of starch, oil droplets, water, and salt, as well as produce resins, tannin, hormones, enzymes, and nectars. Collenchyma tissues Thick cell wall Vacuole Nucleus • Cell walls are made of pectin and hemicellulose. • Cell walls are thicker than cell walls of parenchyma cells. • Uneven thickness of cell walls. • Provide elasticity and structural supports to plants. Sclerenchyma tissues Very thick cell wall • Normally, matured sclerenchyma cells are dead cells. • Among the ground tissues, their cell walls are the thickest, and contain lignin. • Provide support and strength to plant; they are also more rigid than collenchyma tissues. • Assist in transport of water and nutrients.
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 200 5 Form Type of vascular tissues Characteristic of tissues Function Xylem tissues Unidirectional movement Water and mineral salt No dividing wall between cells Thick and lignified xylem wall • Consist of tracheids and xylem vessels. • Produced from dead cells which do not have cytoplasm. • Xylem walls are thickened with lignin. • Consist of xylem vessels which are long continuous hollow tubes from roots to leaves. • Transport water and dissolved minerals from roots to all parts of the plant. • Provide strength and mechanical support to plant. Phloem tissues Organic substance Companion cell Sieve tube Movement in two opposite directions • Consist of companion cells and sieve tubes. • A sieve tube is a living cell with cytoplasm but without nucleus, ribosomes, and vacuoles. • Sieve tubes are arranged from end to end of phloem to produce a long and continuous tube. • Transport sugar and organic substances from leaves to all parts of the plant. ✗ Phloem transports starch / food / nutrients from leaves to all parts of plant. ✓ Phloem transports products of photosynthesis / sugar / glucose / sucorse / organic compounds from leaves to all parts of plant. SPM TIPS Which plant tissues transports water? Quiz 1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth 1. Meristematic tissues are living tissues that have not undergone differentiation and are responsible for the growth of a plant. 2. Meristematic tissues consist of meristematic cells. Each meristematic cell is a small cuboid-shaped cell with packed cytoplasm containing small vacuoles and a big nucleus.
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 201 5 Form Thin cell wall Large nucleus Small vacuole Packed cytoplasm Figure 1.3 Meristematic cells 3. Meristematic tissues are actively dividing by mitosis, which enable a plant to grow throughout its lifespan. 4. There are two types of meristematic tissues, namely apical meristematic tissues, and lateral meristematic tissues. 5. Apical meristematic tissues are found in shoot tips and root tips. 6. Lateral meristematic tissues consist of vascular cambiums and cork cambiums. Shoot apical meristem Cork cambium Vascular cambium Lateral meristematic tissues Root apical meristem Root apical meristem Root cap Root hair Figure 1.4 Positions of meristematic tissues Zone of Cell Growth 1. Shoot tip and root tip of plant can be divided into three zones of cell growth, namely: (a) Cell division zone: Cells are actively dividing (b) Cell elongation zone: Cells increase in length / size (c) Cell differentiation zone: Cells differentiate to produce specialised cells 2. A plant experiences two types of growth, namely primary growth and secondary growth. 3. All plants experience primary growth but not all experience secondary growth. Primary Growth 1. Primary growth increases length of stems and roots of plant. 2. This type of growth is carried out by apical meristems, which are found in shoot tip and root tip. Shoot apical meristem Root apical meristem 5 mm Leafy shoot develops from shoot apical meristem Root system develops from root apical meristem 250 mm Figure 1.5 Primary growth
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 202 5 Form Zone of cell division Zone of cell elongation Zone of cell differentiation Matured tissues Cortex Epidermis Phloem Xylem Vascular tissues start to develop Leaf primordium Shoot apical meristem Young leaf Figure 1.6 Zones of cell growth at shoot tip Root cap Matured tissues Zone of cell differentiation Zone of cell elongation Zone of cell division Cortex Root apical meristem Vascular tissues start to develop Root hair Phloem Xylem Figure 1.7 Zones of cell growth at root tip Zone of Cell Division • This zone occurs in apical meristems where the meristematic cells divide actively by mitosis. • The active division of the cells increase the number of cells. • When new cells are produced, the cells before them are pushed towards the zone of cell elongation. Zone of Cell Elongation • Cells in this zone increase in length, which cause increase in size of cells. • Absorption of water by osmosis and absorption of nutrients into the small vacuoles cause the vacuoles to increase in size. The process is called vacuolation. Small vacuoles Nucleus Cell wall Cytoplasm Enlarging vacuoles Small vacuoles fused to form a large vacuole Figure 1.8 Cell elongation Zone of Cell Differentiation • Cells in this zone differentiate after attaining their maximum size. • Cells that undergo differentiation mature by changing their shapes and structures, and these differentiated cells have specific functions. 2 3 1
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 203 5 Form Secondary Growth 1. All gymnosperms, most eudicots and a few monocots undergo secondary growth. 2. Secondary growth increases the diameters of stem and roots of plants. 3. This type of growth involves lateral meristematic tissues in stems and roots. 4. Lateral meristematic tissues consist of vascular cambium tissues and cork cambium tissues. 5. Table 1.2 shows the types of lateral meristems. Table 1.2 Types of lateral meristems Vascular cambium tissues Cork cambium tissues Located in between phloem tissues and xylem tissues of vascular bundles. Located below the epidermal layer Produce secondary tissues; secondary xylem and secondary phloem Produce secondary tissues; cork tissues Secondary Growth in Roots • Vascular cambium tissues divide outwards to produce secondary phloem and divide inwards to produce secondary xylem. • Cork cambium tissues divide by mitosis, then produce cork tissues which protect root tissues. • Secondary growth of roots occurs continuously through the years and produce woody tissues. • Produce annual rings. • Secondary growth in eudicot roots begins when vascular cambium tissues divide actively by mitosis, and fuse to produce a complete ring. Primary phloem Cortex Primary xylem Secondary xylem Cork tissues Secondary phloem Cork cambium Vascular Primary cambium phloem Xylem Pericycle Cortex Epidermis Secondary phloem Primary xylem Secondary Primary xylem phloem Cortex Epidermis Cork cambium Figure 1.9 Secondary growth in roots
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 204 5 Form Secondary Growth in Stems • Compression of secondary xylems increases the rings of stem. This condition stretches the epidermis of stem and causes the crack. • Cork cambium beneath the epidermis divides actively by mitosis to form cork tissues on the outer side and cortex on the inner side. • Mature cork cells are dead cells, with thick walls which consist of waxy substance called suberin. • Cork tissues layer protects stem from water loss, attacks by insects and pathogens as well as physical damage. • Secondary growth begins when vascular cambium tissues divide actively by mitosis. Vascular cambium Primary phloem Xylem Cortex Epidermis Pith • During formation of secondary tissues, primary xylem is pushed towards the pith whereas primary phloem is pushed towards the epidermis. • Since secondary growth occurs throughout the year, the secondary xylem layer is compressed to form a layer of strong wood that provides mechanical support to the plant. • The strength is due to the thickening of the walls of secondary xylem vessel by lignin, a substance which is both impermaeble (waterproof) and strong. Primary phloem Secondary phloem Primary xylem Secondary xylem Cork cambium Secondary cortex Cork tissues Cork cambium Vascular cambium • Vascular cambium tissues fuse to form a complete cambium ring. • Tissues in the cambium ring divide inwards to produce secondary xylem and divide outwards to produce secondary phloem. Vascular cambium ring Cork cambium Figure 1.10 Secondary Growth in Stems Where does secondary growth occur in plants? Quiz Types of Growth VIDEO
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 205 5 Form The Necessity of Primary Growth and Secondary Growth 1. The necessity of primary growth: (a) Allow elongation of stems to enable the leaves to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis. (b) Allow elongation of roots to enable absorption of water and minerals for photosynthesis. 2. The necessity of secondary growth: (a) Stabilise the plant by increasing its stem diameter appropriate with its height. (b) Thickening of xylem with lignin provide strength and mechanical support to plants. (c) Production of more xylem and phloem tissues to transport more water and nutrients needed by plants. (d) Produce strong and thick bark to protect the stem from water loss, attacks by insects and pathogens as well as physical damage. Comparison between Primary Growth and Secondary Growth in Eudicots Table 1.3 Comparison between primary growth and secondary growth in eudicots Similarities • Both types of growth constantly increase size of plants. • Both types of growth are found in woody plants. • Both types of growth involve cell division by mitosis. Differences Primary Growth Aspects Secondary Growth Apical meristematic tissues Meristematic tissue involved Lateral meristematic tissues (vascular cambium tissues and cork cambium tissues) Occur in stems and roots Parts of plant which experience growth Occur in stems and roots that have already undergone primary growth Elongated growth Direction of growth Radial growth Increase length of stems and roots Effect of growth Increase diameter of stems and roots Produce epidermis, cortex, and primary vascular tissues (primary xylem and primary phloem) Production of tissues and structures Produce secondary tissues (secondary xylem, secondary phloem) and periderm – cork cells and cork parenchyma Do not produce annual ring Production of annual rings Produce annual rings in stems Do not produce woody tissues Production of wood tissues Secondary xylem produces woody tissue
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 206 5 Form Wood (secondary xylem) Vascular cambium Wood bark Annual ring (growth ring) Inner wood bark (secondary phloem) Outer wood bark (periderm) Figure 1.11 Cross-section of eudicot stem The Economic Importance of Plants that Have Undergone Secondary Growth 1. Logs and mangrove trees are plants that undergo secondary growth that have high economic value. 2. Strong and hard wood tissues are used as building materials such as building pillars, furniture, and doors. 3. Wood and barks of certain trees can produce resin and oil which have commercial values as varnish, glue, perfume, and medicines. 4. Income from selling fruits produced by gymnosperms can generate source of income and economy. 1.3 Growth Curves Types of Plants Based on Life Cycles 1. Based on life cycle, plants can be classified into annual plants, biennial plants and perennial plants. Annual Plants 1. Annual plants are herbal plants which have one life cycle beginning from germination until production of flowers or seeds within a period of one season or one year, then they die. 2. Example of annual plants are maize plant, paddy plant and sunflower plant. Biennial Plants 1. Biennial plants are plants that take two years to complete their life cycles, also known as a two-season growth, before they die. 2. Examples of biennial plants are onion plant, salad plant and carrot plant. 3. During the first season growth, biennial plants undergo primary growth, in which leaves, stems and roots are produced. 4. During the first season, plants produce more carbohydrates which will later be used for the second season growth. 5. During the second season growth, the plants produce flowers and reproduce. Perennial Plants 1. Perennial plants are plants which live more than two years. 2. Perennial plants can be classified into: (a) Perennial woody plants (b) Perennial herbal plants 3. Examples of perennial woody plants are rambutan tree and bougainvillea tree. 4. Examples of perennial herbal plants are pudina plant and strawberry plant. 5. Perennial plants can produce flowers and fruits numerous times during their life cycles.
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 207 5 Form Growth Curve of Plants Growth Curve of Biennial Plants Dry mass / kg Time / Week First season growth Second season growth 1. The growth curve is a combination of two sigmoid curves to form a double sigmoid growth curve. 2. First season growth: Plant produces leaves for photosynthesis. Food is stored in corm, tuber or bulb. 3. Second season growth: Stored food is used to produce flowers and seeds, as well as for reproduction. Growth Curve of Perennial Plants 1. Its growth curve consists of a sequence of many small sigmoid curves. 2. A growth curve for each year is a sigmoid shape. Growth occurs throughout a plant lifespan. 3. Growth rate is high during the spring and summer seasons. During these two seasons, light intensity is high, which increases the rate of photosynthesis. 4. Growth rate decreases during the winter season.Height / m Time / Year Mean growth Growth Curve of Annual Plants 1. Sigmoid shape growth curve. 2. Stage A: Reduction of dry mass Food stored in cotyledons are used for germination before leaves are produced to carry out photosynthesis. 3. Stage B: Increase in dry mass Growth rate increases rapidly because plant can carry out photosynthesis. 4. Stage C: Constant dry mass Growth rate is zero. Plant matures at this stage. 5. Stage D: Reduction in dry mass Growth rate gradually decrease due to aging, lower rate of photosynthesis, shedding of leaves and flowers, as well as dispersion of seeds. Dry mass / kg Time / Week 0 5 1 2 3 4 A B C D 10 15 20 25 Figure 1.12 Growth curve of plants
208 5 Form Objective Questions 1. Which is collenchyma tissue? A B C 2. The following statement explains about tissue X. • A permanent tissue • Possess a layer of cuticle • Thin and transparent • Protect organs of plant from infections by pathogens What is tissue X? A Phloem tissue B Epidermal tissue C Parenchyma tissue D Collenchyma tissue 3. Which zone consists of meristematic tissues? A Zone of cell division B Zone of cell elongation C Zone of cell differentiation 4. Which tissue is involved in primary growth that increases height of plant? A Vascular tissue B Apical meristematic tissue C Cork cambium tissue D Lateral meristematic tissue 5. Which tissue transports organic substance in paddy plant? A Tracheid B Companion cell C Sieve tube D Xylem vessel 6. Carrot is a vegetable which stores food in tuber. Which of the following are true about carrot? I Annual plant II Biennial plant III Growth stops during winter season IV Complete life cycle in a year A I and III B I and IV C II and III D II and IV 7. Which of the following statement is true about root system? A Root system does not undergo secondary growth. B Root system undergoes secondary growth but does not produce wood bark. C Root system only consists of elongation zone and division zone. D Root system stores food in fibres. SPMPRACTICE
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 209 5 Form 8. Figure 1 shows a 10-year-old Ahmad playing on a swing, which was tied to a tree branch. Figure 1 After 20 years, Ahmad realised that the height of the swing remained the same as when he was 10 years old. What is the inference for his observation? A The branch did not undergo secondary growth. B The branch did not undergo primary growth. C The tree did not have apical meristems that enable it to grow tall. Subjective Questions Section A 1. Figure 1.1 shows two examples of plant tissues. Meristematic tissues Collenchyma tissues Figure 1.1 (a) Based on Figure 1.1, state one characteristic of each tissue. [2 marks] (b) State an importance of root cap. [1 mark] (c) Based on Figure 1.2, what are the observations in Zone C? Explain. [3 marks] Mature tissues Zone C Zone B Zone A Figure 1.2 Section B 2. (a) Fruit is an organ because it is developed from permanent tissues. Explain the functions of the permanent tissues on fruit. [5 marks] (b) Figure 2 shows an observation under a light microscope of a cross-section of vascular tissues of a type of plant. Determine the type of plant then justify your answer. [5 marks] Phloem Sieve tube Companion cell Xylem Xylem vessel Figure 2 HOTS
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth 210 5 Form (c) Compare and contrast between primary and secondary growths. [10 marks] Section C 3. (a) Figure 3.1 shows part of cell division zone whereas Figure 3.2 shows cells which have been differentiated for specific function. Meristematic cell Cell division Cell elongation Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Explain how cell growth in Figure 3.1 results in production of the cells in Figure 3.2. [6 marks] (b) Figure 3.3 shows a bicycle which has been planted about 1 metre from the ground. HOTS Figure 3.3 Based on your knowledge in biology, explain how such situation occurs. [4 marks] (c) Figure 3.4 shows a growth curve of a plant that is found in a temperate country with four seasons. Height (m) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Time (year) Figure 3.4 Based on Figure 3.4, name an example of a plant that undergoes such growth curve. Explain the growth curve. [10 marks] Answers Problem Solving Chapter 1 HOTS CHAPTER 1
380 SPM Model Paper 1. Pancreatic cells secrete hormones. Which organelles are found in abundant in pancreatic cells? A Lysosomes B Golgi apparatus C Mitochondrion D Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 2. Which plant cells do not have chloroplasts? I Root hair cell II Companion cell III Xylem vessel IV Palisade mesophyll cell A I and II B I and III C II and III D III and IV 3. Figure 1 shows two substances, P and R crossing plasma membrane of a cell. P R Figure 1 PAPER 1 1 hour 15 minutes [40 marks] This question paper consists of 40 questions. Choose the correct answer for each question. What are substances P and R? P R A Vitamin A Glucose B Water Sodium ion C Carbon dioxide Amino acid D Calcium ion Oxygen 4. A housewife uses a few slices of young papaya to tenderise meat when she wants to cook for dinner. Among the following steps, which is the correct sequence in tenderising meat. P : Add a few slices of young papaya Q : Boil the meat R : Leave the meat for half an hour S : Cut the meat into small slices A Q → R → S → P B S → P → R → Q C P → Q → R → S D R → S → Q → P SPM MODEL PAPER
Biology SPM SPM Model Paper 387 SPM Model Paper 38. In Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), allele R for red eye is dominant and allele r for white eye is recessive. 50 female flies with white eyes were crossed with 50 male flies with red eyes. A total of 340 of their offspring were found to have white eyes. How many of the offspring had red eyes? A 113 B 340 C 840 D 1020 39. The difference in shape of horns of deer and mousedeer is not considered a variation because A deer and mousedeer are two different species B deer and mousedeer have different body sizes C deer and mousedeer live in different habitats D deer and mousedeer have different genotypes 40. Which statement shows the advantage of planting soy bean plants that are resistant to herbicides? A Less herbicides will be needed to spray on the crop B Less competition between soy bean plants and weeds in the environment C Less risk of the crop being harmed by diseases D Less damage of the crop by pests PAPER 2 2 hours 30 minutes Section A [60 marks] Answer all questions in this section. 1. Figure 1 shows two types of protozoa, X and Y. M X Y Figure 1 (a) State the level of organisation of protozoa X and Y. [1 mark] (b) Explain the role of M in controlling water equilibrium in X and Y. [2 marks] (c) In an experimental activity, a pupil placed protozoa X in water that contained respiratory inhibitor. Predict what happens to protozoa X. Explain your answer. [3 marks]
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