Ranger SPM 2022 Biology

Form
4.5 KSSM KC118442 PELANGI





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4.5 KSSM




www.PelangiBooks.com Bibiana Toh Siew Siew

• Kedai Buku Online • Perpustakaan Online • (Guru Cemerlang)
W.M: RM19.95 / E.M: RM19.95 N.Nair
KC118442 Noor Haniyatie Ibrahim
ISBN: 978-967-2806-92-9
(Textbook Author)
Rodiah Abdul Wahid
PELANGI Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (89120-H) (Textbook Author)





02.indd 1 29/03/2022 4:43 PM

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Quick Revision SPM
Quick Revision




Form


4.5 KSSM



Biology





Bibiana Toh Siew Siew
(Guru Cemerlang)
N.Nair
Noor Haniyatie Ibrahim
(Textbook Author)
Rodiah Abdul Wahid
(Textbook Author)

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2022
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, mechanical, recording
or otherwise, without the prior permission of Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

ISBN: 978-967-2806-92-9
eISBN: 978-967-2856-05-4 (eBook)
First Published 2022

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (89120-H)
Lot 8, Jalan P10/10, Kawasan Perusahaan Bangi,
Bandar Baru Bangi, 43650 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Tel: 03-8922 3993 Faks: 03-8926 1223 / 8920 2366 E-mail: [email protected]
PELANGI Enquiry: [email protected]
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Please log on to https://plus.pelangibooks.com/errata for up-to-date adjustments to the contents of the book (where applicable).






T_pages.indd 1 28/03/2022 11:20 AM

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Form 4 3.3 Movement of Substances
Across a Plasma Membrane
in Living Organisms 32
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Biology and 3.4 Movement of Substances
1
Laboratory Rules
Across a Plasma Membrane
in Daily Life 34
1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology 2 SPM Practices 35
1.2 Safety and Rules in the Biology
Laboratory 3
1.3 Communicating in Biology 5 CHAPTER Chemical Compositions
1.4 Scientific Investigation 4 in a Cell 37
in Biology 8

SPM Practices 8 4.1 Water 38
4.2 Carbohydrates 38
CHAPTER Cell Biology and 4.3 Proteins 41
2
Organisation 9 4.4 Lipids 42
4.5 Nucleic Acids 43
2.1 Cell Structure and Function 10 SPM Practices 45
2.2 Living Processes in
Unicellular Organisms 15
2.3 Living Processes in CHAPTER
Multicellular Organisms 17 5 Metabolism and Enzymes 47
2.4 Levels of Organisation in
Multicellular Organisms 23 5.1 Metabolism 48
SPM Practices 25 5.2 Enzymes 49
5.3 Application of Enzymes
in Daily Life 53
CHAPTER 3 Movement of Substances SPM Practices 54
Across a Plasma
Membrane 27


3.1 Structure of Plasma CHAPTER 6 Cell Division 57
Membrane 28
3.2 Concept of Movement of
Substances Across a 6.1 Cell Division 58
Plasma Membrane 29 6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis 60


ii





Contents.indd 2 3/29/22 2:56 PM

6.3 Meiosis 63 9.5 Defaecation 101
6.4 Issues of Cell Division on 9.6 Balanced Diet 101
Human Health 66 9.7 Health Issues Related to the
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SPM Practices 66 Digestive System and Eating
Habits 104
SPM Practices 105
CHAPTER 7 Cellular Respiration 69



7.1 Energy Production through CHAPTER Transport in Humans
10
Cellular Respiration 70 and Animals 107
7.2 Aerobic Respiration 71 10.1 Types of Circulatory System 108
7.3 Fermentation 73 10.2 Circulatory System

SPM Practices 77 of Humans 110
10.3 Mechanism of Heartbeat 113
10.4 Mechanism of Blood Clotting 114
CHAPTER 8 Respiratory Systems in 10.5 Blood Groups of Humans 115

Humans and Animals 79 10.6 Health Issues Related to the
Human Circulatory System 116
8.1 Types of Respiratory System 80 10.7 Lymphatic System
8.2 Mechanisms of Breathing 85 of Humans 117
8.3 Gaseous Exchange in Humans 89 10.8 Health Issues Related to the 118
Human Lymphatic System
8.4 Health Issues Related to the
Human Respiratory System 90 SPM Practices 119
SPM Practices 91

CHAPTER 121
11 Immunity in Humans
CHAPTER 9 Nutrition and the Human

Digestive System 93 11.1 Body Defence 122
11.2 Actions of Antibodies 125
9.1 Digestive System 94 11.3 Types of Immunity 126
9.2 Digestion 94 11.4 Health Issues Related
9.3 Absorption 99 to Immunity 127
9.4 Assimilation 100 SPM Practices 128








iii





Contents.indd 3 3/29/22 2:56 PM

CHAPTER Coordination and 14.4 Health Issues Related to the
12
Response in Humans 131 the Human Musculoskeletal
System 175
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12.1 Coordination and Response 132 SPM Practices 177
12.2 Nervous System 133
12.3 Neurons and Synapse 136
12.4 Voluntary and Involuntary CHAPTER Sexual Reproduction,
Actions 139 15 Development and Growth
12.5 Health Issues Related to in Humans and Animals 179
the Nervous System 141
12.6 The Endocrine System 142 15.1 Reproductive System 180
of Humans
12.7 Health Issues Related to 15.2 Gametogenesis in Humans 181
the Endocrine System 145
15.3 Menstrual Cycle 184
SPM Practices 146
15.4 Development of Human
Foetus 186
15.5 Formation of Twins 189
CHAPTER 15.6 Health Issues Related to
13 Homeostasis and the
Human Urinary System 149 the Human Reproductive 190
System
15.7 Growth in Humans
13.1 Homeostasis 150 and Animals 190
13.2 The Urinary System 156 SPM Practices 194
13.3 Health Issues Related to
the Urinary System 160

SPM Practices 160
Form 5
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 1 Organisation of Plant 197
Tissues and Growth
14 Support and Movement
in Humans and Animals 163
1.1 Organisation of Plant
14.1 Types of Skeleton 164 Tissues 198
14.2 Musculoskeletal System 1.2 Meristematic Tissues
of Humans 164 and Growth 200
14.3 Movement and 1.3 Growth Curve 206
Locomotion 171 SPM Practices 208






iv





Contents.indd 4 3/29/22 2:56 PM

CHAPTER 2 Leaf Structure and 211 5.2 Phytohormone 255
Function
5.3 Application of Phytohormones
in Agriculture 259
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2.1 Structure of a Leaf 212
2.2 Main Organ for Gaseous SPM Practices 261
Exchange 212
2.3 Main Organ for
Transpiration 215 CHAPTER Sexual Reproduction
2.4 Main Organ for 6 in Flowering Plants 264
Photosynthesis 217
2.5 Compensation Point 226 6.1 Structure of a Flower 265
SPM Practices 227 6.2 Development of Pollen
Grains and Embryo Sac 266
6.3 Pollination and
CHAPTER 3 Nutrition in Plants 229 Fertilisation 267
6.4 Development of Seeds
and Fruits 269
3.1 Main Inorganic Nutrients 230 6.5 Importance of Seeds
3.2 Organ for Water and for Survival 271
Mineral Salts Uptake 232 SPM Practices 271
3.3 Diversity in Plant Nutrition 234
SPM Practices 236
CHAPTER 7 Adaptations of Plants

CHAPTER 4 Transport in Plants 239 in Different Habitats 274

7.1 Adaptations of Plants 275
4.1 Vascular Tissues 240 SPM Practices 278
4.2 Transport of Water
and Mineral Salts 241
4.3 Translocation 245
4.4 Phytoremediation 245 CHAPTER 8 Biodiversity 280
SPM Practices 248
8.1 Classification System and
Naming of Organisms 281
CHAPTER 5 Response in Plants 250 8.2 Biodiversity 287

8.3 Microorganisms and Viruses 289

5.1 Types of Responses 251 SPM Practices 295


v





Contents.indd 5 3/29/22 2:56 PM

CHAPTER 9 Ecosystem 298 11.3 Genes and Alleles 342

11.4 Inheritance in Humans 342
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9.1 Community and Ecosystem 299 SPM Practices 352
9.2 Population Ecology 315
SPM Practices 317
CHAPTER 355
12 Variation
CHAPTER
10 Environmental
Sustainability 320 12.1 Types and Factors 356
of Variation
12.2 Variation in Humans 360
10.1 Threats to the Environment 321
10.2 Preservation, Conservation 12.3 Mutation 362
and Restoration of SPM Practices 368
Ecosystems 327
10.3 Practices in Environmental
Sustainability 327
10.4 Green Technology 329 CHAPTER 371
13 Genetic Technology
SPM Practices 331
13.1 Genetic Engineering 372
13.2 Biotechnology 374
CHAPTER 335 SPM Practices 378
11 Inheritance
SPM Model Paper 380
11.1 Monohybrid Inheritance 336
11.2 Dihybrid Inheritance 340























vi





Contents.indd 6 3/29/22 2:56 PM

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules



AND LABORATORY RULES

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Theme 1: Fundamentals of Biology





CHAPTER OUTLINE
Form 4


1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology 1.3 Communicating in Biology


1.2 Safety and Rules in Biology 1.4 Scientific Investigation in
Laboratory Biology


CONCEPT MAP




Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules



Fields and Safety and Communicating Scientific
Careers in Biology Rules in a Biology in Biology Investigation
Laboratory in Biology

What is biology? Personal protective Table Steps in
equipment and scientific
Fields and their functions Graph investigation
careers in
biology Methods for Bar chart
managing biological
wastes
Histogram
Accidents in
laboratory Biological
drawing
Practices
in biological Plane, section
laboratory and direction



11





F4 Chapter 1.indd 1 3/29/22 3:10 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology


What is Biology? (c) The study of variation and
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1. Biology is a detailed study of living evolution of organisms (genetics)
things and natural environment. (d) The study of interaction between
2. The word ‘Biology’ is derived from organisms and its environment
(ecology, biogeography)
the Greek words: (e) The study of structures and
(a) bios – life functions of organisms (anatomy,
(b) logos – study biochemistry, cytology, histology)
3. Fields in biology can be divided into:
(a) The study of living organisms Fields and Careers in Biology
(botany, entomology, microbiology, 1. Figure 1.1 shows several careers
Form 4
zoology) related to Biology.
(b) The study of applied biology
(biotechnology, dentistry,
medicine, pharmacy)





Doctor Ecologist




Agricultural Biochemist
officer

Careers in
Biology



Biology teacher Physiotherapist




Environmental
Nutritionist
engineer



Figure 1.1 Careers in Biology






2





F4 Chapter 1.indd 2 3/29/22 3:10 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

1.2 Safety and Rules in the Laboratory


1. Figure 1.2 shows personal protective equipment in the laboratory and their functions.
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GOGGLES
To protect eyes from hazardous chemical substances.


FACE MASK
To prevent inhalation of smoke, fumes and dust.
Form 4
LABORATORY GLOVES
To protect the hands when handling biological samples.

LAB COAT
To protect the body and clothes from hazardous chemical splashes.


LAB SHOES
To prevent injury due physical or chemical hazards.

Figure 1.2 Personal protective equipment and their functions












Biological Safety Cabinet Laminar Flow Cabinet Fume Hood
To protect the surrounding To provide a sterile To protect from toxic fumes,
from pathogen area for experiment with vapours and dust
filtered air flow





Emergency Shower Station
To wash and rinse part of the body Eye Wash Station
which has been exposed to large To rinse and flush
quantity or highly concentrated away chemicals that
hazardous chemicals splashed into eyes.

Figure 1.3 Laboratory equipment and their functions





3





F4 Chapter 1.indd 3 3/29/22 3:10 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules
2. There are substances that can and cannot be disposed into the sink in a biology
laboratory.

Substances that can be disposed into Substances that cannot be disposed
the sink: into the sink:
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• Substances with pH level of 5 to 9 • Organic solvent
• Liquids or solutions with low concentration • Substances with pH level of less than 5 or
and non-hazardous more than 9
• Chemical substances
• Solid waste
• Heavy metals
• Volatile substances
Laboratory • Organic waste
Rules • Toxic, reactive and radioactive substances
INFO
Form 4
3. Table 1.1 shows methods for managing biological wastes according to category.
Table 1.1 Methods for managing biological wastes according to category


Waste substances Example Method of handling the biological
category waste


Category A Sharp equipment that can Inserted into a container that is
(Sharp wastes) cause injury when touched specially prepared for sharp wastes
and does not need to be sterilised.


Category B Biological solid wastes Packed first into a biohazard
(Non-sharp wastes) plastic bag that is autoclave
resistant, sterilised in an autoclave
to decontaminate and put into a
biohazard bin.

Category C Carcass, organ, tissue Wrapped in absorbent material (such
(Animal carcasses) remains of laboratory as tissue paper), packed neatly into a
animal or test animals biohazard plastic bag and frozen.


Category D Broth culture, liquid All biological liquid wastes must be
(Liquids) medium decontaminated by autoclaving before
being disposed. Biological liquid waste
that has been sterilised must be
disposed immediately.










4





F4 Chapter 1.indd 4 3/29/22 3:10 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules
4. Steps to handle laboratory accidents is shown in Figure 1.4.
Steps to handle general chemical spills


Mark the Scoop the
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chemical Prevent the chemical
Inform the spill area as spill from spill using Dispose
teacher spreading by safely
restricted using sand appropriate
area tool

Steps to handle mercury spills
Form 4


Mark the Sprinkle
Inform the spill area as sulphur to Call the fire
and rescue
teacher restricted cover the department
area mercury spills



Figure 1.4 Steps to handle laboratory accidents

5. Some of the scientific attitudes (d) Have interest and curiosity
and noble values to practise during towards the surrounding.
scientific investigation: (e) Follow the procedure if an
(a) Adhere to laboratory attire. accident happens.
(b) Be determined and patient when (f) Identify the safety symbols on
carrying out an experiment. chemicals and equipment before
(c) Dispose wastes according to using.
procedure.



1.3 Communicating in Biology


Tables

1. While carrying out an experiment, the data
Rate of
obtained from the experiment is recorded in a Temperature evaporation
table. (°C) (s )
–1
2. The data is arranged systematically in a table to
make the data analysis process easier. 15 16.2
3. The information in the table includes manipulated 20 18.8
variable, responding variable and their units. 25 24.3
4. Example of a table: 30 30.8




5





F4 Chapter 1.indd 5 3/29/22 3:10 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules
Graph
1. Elements needed to plot a line graph are:
(a) Title of graph
‘Graph of (responding variable) against (manipulated variable)’
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(b) Axes labels of graph
Horizontal axis: Manipulated variable with the unit
Vertical axis: Responding variable with the unit
(c) Uniform scale on both axes
(d) Plot all the points by referring to the data in the table with a suitable symbol
such as ‘x’.

Bar chart and Histogram
1. Table 1.2 shows the differences between a bar chart and histogram.
Form 4
Table 1.2 Differences between a bar chart and histogram
Bar chart Histogram

Concentration of vitamin C Number of leaves against
against types of fruit juices length of leaves


Concentration of vitamin C (mg cm –3 ) Number of leaves







Types of fruit juices Length of leaves/ cm

• Used to show frequency distribution of data
• Used to compare different categories of data
in a range of values
• Equal space between bars • No space between bars
• Equal bar width • May have non-uniform bar width


Biological Drawing 4. No labels using arrowheads
Characteristics of Biological Drawing 5. Drawings must have suitable title
1. Drawings must be drawn big and 6. Plan drawing: Line drawing that
accurate using sharp pencil shows outline of a structure
2. No artistic shading 7. Detailed drawing: Drawing that
3. Lines drawn must be clear, continuous shows cells of a structure
and without overlapping





6





F4 Chapter 1.indd 6 3/29/22 3:10 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules
Plane, Section and Direction
Plane

Sagittal Plane
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• Divides the body into two, left and right sections
• Forward and backward types of movement occur in this plane
Horizontal plane
• Divides the body into two, upper and lower sections
• Rotation type of movement occur in this plane

Form 4
Frontal Plane
• Divides the body into two, frontal and rear sections

Figure 1.5 Sagittal plane, horizontal plane and frontal plane
Section








Longitudinal section divides a structure Cross section divides a structure into
into left and right sections. upper and lower sections.

Figure 1.6 Types of section in organism
Direction
1. The term ‘direction’ is used to provide location of structures or other position of
body.
2. This is useful when studying anatomy as a communication method in biology.






The term ‘direction’ in organism based on anatomy:
• Superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
• Anterior or ventral (towards the front portion of the
body) and posterior or dorsal (towards the back
portion of the body)
• Medial (towards the midline) and lateral (towards the
side of the body)
• Proximal (towards the point of origin) and distal (away
from point of origin)


Figure 1.7 Types of direction
in organism


7





F4 Chapter 1.indd 7 3/29/22 3:10 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules

1.4 Scientific Investigation in Biology


1. Scientific investigation involves the following steps:
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Identifying Planning and
Identifying a Forming a and controlling carrying out an
problem hypothesis
variables experiment


Making a Analysing and Collecting and
Writing a report
conclusion interpreting data recording data


Form 4


Practice





Objective Questions
1. What is the meaning of ‘Biology’? 4. After formulating a hypothesis, a
A Study of plants scientist
B Study of animals A formulates a scientific theory
C Study of the environment B tests the hypothesis
D Detailed study of living things, the C prove whether the hypothesis is
environment and the interaction true or false
between living things and the D avoid having a control
environment
5. Which of the following scientific attitudes
2. The biological study about plants is and noble values must be shown when
known as conducting an experiment?
A entomology I Being subjective
B genetics II Dependent
C biotechnology III Systematic
D botany IV Honest
A I and II
3. A testable statement is a B I and III
A theory C principle C II and III
B hypothesis D critical question D III and IV




Chapter 1 Answers




8





F4 Chapter 1.indd 8 3/29/22 3:10 PM

CHAPTER 2 LEAF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function






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Theme 1: Physiology of Flowering Plants





CHAPTER OUTLINE



2.1 Structure of a Leaf 2.3 Main Organ for Transpiration


2.2 Main Organ for Gaseous 2.4 Main Organ for Photosynthesis
Exchange


2.5 Compensation Point Form 5
CONCEPT MAP


Leaf Structure and Function



Leaf Structure Main Organ for Compensation
Transpiration Point

Lamina Petiole
Upper epidermis Necessity of Factors Definition of Comparison
between
Palisade mesophyll transpiration that affect compensation photosynthesis
the rate of
point
Spongy mesophyll transpiration and
Lower epidermis transpiration
Vascular bundle Main Organ for
Photosynthesis
Main Organ for
Gaseous Exchange
Necessity of Structure of Factors
photosynthesis chloroplast that affect
Necessity Mechanism photosynthesis
of gaseous of stomatal
exchange opening and Adaptations Light-dependent reaction
closing of leaf for and light-independant
photosynthesis reaction in photosynthesis


211
211




F5 Chapter 2.indd 211 3/29/22 4:35 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

2.1 Structure of a Leaf


1. Leaf is the main organ of plant for gaseous exchange, transpiration, and
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photosynthesis.
2. The external structure of leaf consists of leaf veins, lamina, and petiole (Figure 2.1).

Leaf veins
Transport water to lamina for
photosynthesis and transport Middle vein
products of photosynthesis A transport route which contains
from lamina, as well as provide xylem and phloem tissues
mechanical support for leaf




Lamina Petiole
Section of a leaf which is wide Section of a leaf that joins
and flat with large surface area lamina to the stem of a plant
for absorption of sunlight
Form 5
Figure 2.1 Outer structure of leaf
3. A cross-section at a leaf lamina shows three main layers, namely upper epidermis,
mesophyll layer and lower epidermis (Figure 2.2).

Cuticle

Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll Xylem Vascular
Spongy mesophyll Phloem bundle
Air spaces
Stoma Lower epidermis
Figure 2.2 Internal structure of leaf

2.2 Main Organ for Gaseous Exchange


1. Plants obtain essential gases through leaves. Plants need oxygen for respiration
and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
2. The gases diffuse through tiny pores called stomata into air spaces among the
cells of leaf.
3. Opening and closing of stomata are controlled by the changes in turgidity of the
guard cells.



212





F5 Chapter 2.indd 212 3/29/22 4:35 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

Opening of stomata Closing of stomata

H O H O H O
H O 2 2 2
2 H O
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K + 2 + K +
Open K K + Close
stoma stoma
H O H O
2 H O 2 H O
2 2
• In the presence of light or during daytime, • At night, photosynthesis does not occur in
photosynthesis occurs in guard cells. guard cells.
• Glucose is produced and energy is generated • Glucose is not produced and active transport
for active transport. does not occur in guard cells.
• Potasium ion is pumped into guard cells from • Potasium ions diffuse out from guard cells into
the surrounding epidermal cells by active the surrounding epidermal cells.
transport. • This increases water potential in the guard
• This causes reduction of water potential in the cells.
guard cells. • Water diffuses out from guard cells by
• Water diffuses into guard cells by osmosis. osmosis, and the guard cells become more
Guard cells become turgid. flaccid. Form 5
• The guard cells curve outwards and open the • Guard cells are less curvy and the stoma
stoma. closes.

Figure 2.3 Opening and closing of stomata
4. During hot and dry weather, a plant loses a lot of water through transpiration. This
causes the guard cells to lose their turgidity which in turn causes the stomata to
close. Closing of the stomata is to prevent the plant from losing excessive amount
of water.





There are less number of Eudicot leaves
stomata in monocot leaves have more
than in eudicot leaves. stomata than
However, the stomata monocot leaves.
distributions in both the Most stomata
upper epidermis and are found in the
lower epidermis are even. lower epidermis to
Therefore, monocot leaves prevent excessive
roll up during hot weather loss of water from
to prevent excessive loss the plant.
of water from the plant.
Monocotyledonous Eudicot plant
plant


Figure 2.4 Distribution of stomata on leaves of monocots and eudicots





213





F5 Chapter 2.indd 213 3/29/22 4:35 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

Aim: To compare the distributions of stomata on upper epidermis and lower epidermis
of monocot leaf and eudicot leaf.
Hypothesis: Distributions of stomata on the lower epidermis of monocot leaf and
eudicot leaf are denser than the distributions of stomata on their respective upper
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epidermis.
Procedure:
Leaf surface of hibiscus is
observed under a low power
light microscope
Forceps Cover slips
A transparent nail varnish The dried nail
is applied on about
5 mm × 5 mm of varnish is
epidermis of peeled off
hibiscus leaf Leaf peel Glass slide
The experiment using maize
plant leaf is repeated
Figure 2.5 Experimental procedure

Type of plant Name of plant Part of plant Number of stomata
Form 5
Upper epidermis 2
Eudicot Hibiscus
Lower epidermis 10

Upper epidermis 4
Monocot Maize
Lower epidermis 5

Discussions:
1. The lower epidermis of hibiscus leaf has more stomata than its upper epidermis.
This is to reduce excessive loss of water through the stomata during transpiration.
2. The hibiscus leaves are positioned perpendicular to sunlight. If more stomata
were to be found on the upper epidermis, the direct sunlight will cause excessive
evaporation of water from the leaves. Hence, photosynthesis cannot take place
at the maximum level.
3. The distributions of stomata in maize leaf on both the upper and lower epidermis
are almost even.
4. The position of maize leaves are parallel to sunlight. Maize leaves roll up during
hot weather to prevent excessive loss of water.
Conclusion: The lower epidermis of eudicot leaf has more stomata than its upper
epidermis. The stomata distribution of monocot leaf are almost the same on both
the upper and the lower epidermis.





214





F5 Chapter 2.indd 214 3/29/22 4:35 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

2.3 Main Organ for Transpiration


1. Transpiration is a process in which water is lost from plant to the environment in
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the form of water vapour through the stomata and lenticels of plants.
2. Transpiration rate increases when there is an increase in light intensity, temperature
and air movement or decrease in air humidity.


Opening of stomata Leaf veins transport
water to leaves






Xylem transport water
Water evaporates from roots to stems
to atmosphere and leaves Form 5
through stomata
H 2 O

H 2 O
Roots absorb H 2 O
water from soil H 2 O





Figure 2.6 Transpiration in plant
Table 2.1 Environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration
Light intensity Temperature
Transpiration rate Transpiration rate





Light intensity Temperature (ºC)

• As light intensity increases, transpiration rate • As temperature increases, transpiration rate
also increases. also increases.
• Increase in light intensity increases rate of • Increase in temperature increases evaporation
photosynthesis of guard cells, which causes rate from surface of mesophyll cells.
the stomata to open wider. • The rate of water diffusion to atmosphere
• More water vapour evaporates through through stomata increases. Therefore, the rate
stomata. Therefore, transpiration rate of transpiration increases.
increases.



215





F5 Chapter 2.indd 215 3/29/22 4:35 PM

Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

Air movement Relative air humidity
Transpiration rate Transpiration rate

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Speed of air Relative air humidity (%)
• As the movement of air increases, the rate of • As the relative humidity increases, the rate of
transpiration also increases. transpiration decreases.
• Moving air removes water vapour from the • High humidity causes air to be saturated with
surface of leaf. water vapour.
• The gradient of water vapour concentration • Less water is evaporated through stomata.
between the inside and outside of leaf Therefore, the rate of transpiration decreases.
increases. Therefore, the rate of transpiration
increases.


Aim: To study the effect of air movement on the rate of transpiration using a
potometer.
Hypothesis: Transpiration rate of hibiscus shoot is higher in an environment with
Form 5
moving air as compared to an environment with still air.
Materials and apparatus: Leafy hibiscus shoot, jelly petroleum, dry cloth, coloured
water, a pair of garden scissors, sharp knife, rubber tube (5 cm), capillary tube
(40 cm), beaker (250 ml), retort stand, metre rule, water basin and stopwatch
Procedure:
1. A leafy hibiscus shoot was chosen and cut with a pair of garden scissors.
2. A rubber tube was fixed onto a capillary tube.
3. The rubber tube and capillary tube was filled with water by immersing both into
a basin of water.
4. The cut end of the shoot was inserted into the rubber tube.
5. The end of the capillary tube was immersed in a beaker of water.
6. The hibiscus shoot and the capillary tube were made to stand upright using a
retort stand.
7. The end of the capillary tube was raised so that it is at the water surface level
in the beaker.
8. The rubber tube was pressed to remove a drop of water from the capillary
tube. Then, the end of the capillary tube was again immersed into the water.
An air bubble was formed in the capillary tube.
9. The original position of the air bubble in the capillary tube was marked with a
marker pen.
10. The potometer was placed near a standing fan in the school laboratory.
11. The stopwatch was started.




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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

Result:

Distance of movement by air bubble
Environmental in 5 minutes (cm) Transpiration
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conditions rate (cm/min)
1 2 3 Average
Windy 7.6 8.0 7.8 7.8 1.56

Still air 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 0.54

Discussions:
1. The transpiration rate was higher in the environment with air movement than
in still air.
2. Moving air removed water vapour on the leaf surfaces, which increased the
gradient of water vapour concentration between the inside and outside of the
leaves.
3. In this experiment, it was assumed that the transpiration rate measured by Form 5
the potometer was the same as the water intake rate by the hibiscus shoot.
The distance covered by the air bubble within a fixed time was the rate of water
intake by the plant, which was also an indirect measure of transpiration rate.
Conclusion:
The transpiration rate of the hibiscus shoot was higher in a windy environment as
compared to an environment where the air was still. The hypothesis was accepted.



2.4 Main Organ for Photosynthesis


1. Photosynthesis is a process carried (d) Release oxygen into the
out by green plants to produce atmosphere.
glucose and oxygen from carbon 3. Arrangement, shape, and structure
dioxide and water in the present of of leaves are adapted to receive
sunlight and chlorophyll. maximum sunlight and carbon dioxide
2. The necessity of photosynthesis in to optimise photosynthesis.
plants: 4. Leaves of most plants are arranged
(a) Synthesise food in the form of alternately to avoid overlapping.
glucose. Mosaic leaf arrangement decreases
(b) Produce structural component in shading of leaves by other leaves so
cell wall, namely cellulose. that as much sunlight as possible can
(c) Convert energy from the sun to be obtained.
energy that can be used by living
organisms.





217





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Biologi SPM Bab 2 Struktur dan Fungsi daun






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Palisade mesophyll cell • Long cylinder shaped cells which are vertically and closely arranged • Have highly packed chloroplasts to maximise absorption of sunlight • Cell wall covered with a layer of water to dissolve carbon dioxide before it is absorbed Spongy mesophyll cell • Uneven shaped cells which increase surface area for gaseous exchange • Cells are loosely arranged with lots of air s










into cell



Stomata • Opening for gaseous exchange between leaf and atmosphere • Most stomata are on lower epidermis to reduce water loss from leaf


• Protect leaves from physical injury and pathogen attacks • No chlorophyll • One cell thick layer which is transparent to allow sunlight to reach chloroplasts of cells beneath it Guard cells • Consist of chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis • Regulate transpiration rate by controlling the opening and closing of stomata
Form 5


Upper epidermis Figure 2.7 Adaptations of leaf structure for photosynthesis

















• A layer of water impermeable of sunlight Xylem • Transport water and minerals from roots to leaves for photosynthesis Phloem • Transport products of photosynthesis from leaves to other part of plant Lower epidermis • No chlorophyll except in guard cells




Cuticle wax to reduce water loss from • Transparent to allow penetration





leaf




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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function
cells of leaf. Two main parts of a Granum Consists of overlapping thylakoids and contains chlorophyll pigments to trap sunlight for light-dependent reactions What are the main products




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cells and guard Thylakoid Membrane structure in chloroplast where light-dependent reactions take place • Quiz of photosynthesis? Form 5







mesophyll • Lamellae Connect and isolate Figure 2.8 Chloroplast structure








• grana





chloroplast are stroma and granum. Photosynthesis takes place mainly in chloroplast of Outer membrane Separates chloroplast from other cell components Inner membrane Forms a border for stroma and controls the movement of substances in and out of chloroplast Stroma A gel matrix that contains enzymes responsible for light-independant reactions


















5. • • •


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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function
Mechanism of Photosynthesis
1. There are two main stages in photosynthesis, namely light-dependent reactions,
and light-independent reactions (Figure 2.9).
2. Light-dependent reactions:
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• The light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid.
• During the light-dependent reactions, photosynthetic pigments on the surface
of thylakoid absorb light energy.
• Light energy is used to excite electrons in the chlorophyll pigments to a higher
level.
• The excited electrons from the chlorophyll will pass a series of electron carriers.
Energy produced from the electrons are used to generate energy in the form of
ATP.
• These electrons will finally be accepted by the final electron carrier, namely
NADP .
+
• Simultaneously, light energy will also be used to breakdown water molecule to
hydrogen ion (H ) and hydroxyl ion (OH ) by photolysis of water.
+
-
• NADP combines with hydrogen ion to from NADPH. Hydroxyl ion loses an electron
+
to form oxygen and water.
Form 5
• The products of light-dependent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. ATP
and NADPH then enters light-independent reactions, whereas oxygen is released
to the atmosphere.
3. Light-independent reactions:
• The light-independent reactions occur in stroma.
• During the light-independent reactions, carbon dioxide binds to the 5-carbon
organic compound to form a 6-carbon organic compound.
• NADPH and ATP produced from the light-dependent reactions reduce the
6-carbon organic compound to a glucose monomer.
• Glucose monomer is then condensed to form starch molecule which is kept in
stroma as granules.
4. The overall reaction of photosynthesis can be represented in the following equation:

Light energy
6H O + 6CO C H O + 6O
2
6
12
2
2
6
Water Carbon dioxide Chlorophyll Glucose Oxygen
Quiz

Photosynthesis What is the ratio of carbon dioxide
to water used in photosynthesis?
VIDEO




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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function
Table 2.2 Comparison between light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
Similarities

• Both occurs in chloroplast.
• Both are catalysed by enzymes.
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Differences
Aspects Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions
Reaction site Thylakoid Stroma

Substance required Water Carbon dioxide
Product of reactions Oxygen and water Glucose
Photolysis of water Present Absent
Reduction of carbon dioxide Absent Present
ATP and NADPH Produce ATP and NADPH Utilise ATP and NADPH
Form 5
Environmental Factors that Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis

• Light energy is needed for light photolysis and to
activate chlorophyll in light-dependent reactions.
• As light intensity increases, photosynthesis rate
increases until it reaches the saturation level at
point P (Graph I).
Photosynthesis rate (cm/ min) P Graph I at 30ºC 2 • Limiting factors such as carbon dioxide and
Graph II
• After point P, increase in light intensity no longer
0.13% CO
2
causes increase in photosynthesis rate.
0.03% CO
at 30ºC
temperature had limited the increase of
photosynthesis rate.
increasing concentration of carbon dioxide or
Light intensity (Lux) • Photosynthesis rate can be increased by
temperature (Graph II).
• When light intensity is too high, photosynthesis
rate slows down because chlorophyll pigments are
damaged by ultraviolet rays.
• Carbon dioxide is needed to synthesise glucose in
30ºC at high light • As the carbon dioxide increases, photosynthesis
light-independent reactions.
intensity
Photosynthesis rate (cm/ min) 30ºC at high • After the saturation point, increase in concentration
rate increases until it reaches saturation point.
of carbon dioxide no longer increases the rate of
photosynthesis.
light intensity
• Limiting factors such as light intensity and
temperature limit the increase in photosynthesis
Concentration of carbon dioxide (%)
rate after the saturation point.




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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

• Photosynthesis rate can be increased by
increasing light intensity.
• However, if light intensity is too high, the
stomata will close to reduce water loss through
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transpiration. This prevents carbon dioxide from
entering the leaf, which subsequently decreases
photosynthesis rate.


Temperature • Any changes in temperature will affect
Maximum
100 photosynthesis rate because light-independent
Photosynthesis rate (cm / min) 60 • As the temperature increases, the rate of
reactions are catalysed by enzymes.
80
photosynthesis will also increase until the optimum
temperature. Optimum temperature of most plants
40
are between 25 °C to 30 °C.
20
temperature, photosynthesis rate decreases
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 • At temperature higher than the optimum
Temperature (ºC) because the enzymes are denatured.

Form 5
Aim: To study the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis
Hypothesis: As light intensity increases photosynthesis rate also increases
Materials and apparatus: Hydrilla sp., 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution,
distilled water, 60 W light bulb, 500 ml beaker, stopwatch, thermometer, paper clip,
blade, table lamp, metre rule, filter funnel, boiling tube, retort stand and black paper


Oxygen
Retort stand
Gas bubbles
Boiling tube
60 W
light bulb 0.2% sodium hydrogen
Beaker carbonate solution
Filter funnel
Hydrilla sp.
Metre rule
Figure 2.10 Set-up of apparatus
1. Light intensity is calculated by using the following formula:
1
Light intensity =
Distance between light source and Hydrilla sp.





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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

2. Rate of photosynthesis is calculated based on the following formula:
Number of gas bubbles released
Rate of photosynthesis =
Time
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Result:
Distance of Number of gas bubbles released Photosynthesis
Light
Hydrilla sp. intensity in 2 minutes rate (number of
from light –1 gas bubbles /
source (cm) (cm ) 1 2 3 Average minute)
10 0.100 29 30 31 30 15
20 0.050 27 29 28 28 14

30 0.033 24 22 23 24 12
40 0.025 16 15 14 16 8
50 0.020 3 5 4 4 2
Form 5


Photosynthesis rate (Number of air bubbles/minute) 20 5
15
10

0
0.02 0.025 0.033 0.05 0.1
Light intensity (cm )
–1
Discussions:
1. As the light source is further away from the Hydrilla sp., the light intensity
decreases whereas as the light source is nearer to the Hydrilla sp., the light
intensity increases.
2. As the light source is further away from the Hydrilla sp., the lower light intensity
causes less gas bubbles to be released, hence the decrease in photosynthesis
rate.
3. As the light source is nearer to the Hydrilla sp., the higher light intensity causes
more gas bubbles to be released, hence the increase in photosynthesis rate.
4. This is because as the light intensity increases, more light energy is absorbed by
the chlorophyll to breakdown water molecules during photolysis of water and to
generate more ATP from ADP to synthesise carbohydrate in light-independent
reactions.
Conclusion:
As light intensity increases, photosynthesis rate of Hydrilla sp. also increases.
The hypothesis was accepted.




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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

Aim: To study the effect of temperature on rate of photosynthesis
Hypothesis: As temperature increases, photosynthesis rate also increases until the
optimum temperature
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Materials and apparatus: Water weeds (Hydrilla sp.), 0.2% of sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution, distilled water, 60 W light bulb, 500 ml beaker, water bath,
boiling tube, retort stand, stopwatch and metre rule
Results:

Temperature Total number of gas bubbles Photosynthesis (min )
–1
(°C) released in 5 minutes
10 2 0.4
20 10 2.0
30 25 5.0

35 30 6.0
40 3 0.6
50 0 0.0
Form 5

Rate of photosynthesis (min –1 ) 6 Temperature (ºC)
8

4
2
0


Discussions: 10 20 30 35 40 50
1. 0.2% of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution supplies carbon dioxide to the
water weeds.
2. Based on the results obtained, as the temperature increased (10 °C until 35 °C),
more gas bubbles were released per 5 minutes.
3. From the graph, photosynthesis rate decreased after the optimum temperature
until it became zero at 50 °C. The enzymes involved in photosynthesis were
denatured by the high temperatures.
Conclusion:
Rate of photosynthesis increases as the temperature increases until it reaches its
optimum temperature. The hypothesis was accepted.






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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function

Aim: To study the effect of concentrations of carbon dioxide on rate of photosynthesis
Hypothesis: As concentration of carbon dioxide increases, photosynthesis rate also
increases.
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Materials and apparatus: Water weeds (Hydrilla sp.), 0.0%, 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.12%,
0.16%, 0.2% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution, distilled water, 60 W light bulb,
500 ml beaker, water bath, boiling tube, retort stand, stopwatch and metre rule.
Result:

Concentration of sodium Total number of gas bubbles Photosynthesis rate
hydrogen carbonate solution (%) released in 5 minutes (min )
–1
0.00 0 0.0
0.04 6 1.2

0.08 10 2.0
0.12 12 2.4
0.16 18 3.6 Form 5
0.20 20 2.0

Rate of photosynthesis (min –1 ) 6.0

4.0

2.0
0.0
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.00
0.04
0.08
Concentration of sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution (%)
Discussions:
1. Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution supplies carbon dioxide to the water weeds.
2. Based on the results obtained, as the concentration of sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution increased, more gas bubbles were released per 5 minutes.
3. From the graph, when the concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
increased photosynthesis rate also increased, with the condition that light
intensity is not a limiting factor.
Conclusion:
Rate of photosynthesis increases when concentration of carbon dioxide increases.
The hypothesis was accepted.


The Effects of Different Light Colours on the Rate of Photosynthesis
1. Light colours play an important role in photosynthesis.
2. Plants only use a few types of light colours in photosynthesis.


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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function
3. Chlorophyll absorbs blue, red, and 2. At the compensation point,
purple lights. (i) Rate of carbon dioxide uptake
4. Photosynthesis rate is highest in blue is equal to the rate of carbon
light, followed by red light. dioxide release.
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5. Green light is not absorbed by plants, (ii) Rate of production of sugar is
therefore green light is not used in equal to rate of sugar being
photosynthesis. used. All sugar that is produced
during photosynthesis is oxidised
during respiration.
2.5 Compensation

Point
SPM TIP
1. The compensation point is the level Compensation point of plant in the
of light intensity at which the rate shade is lower than compensation
of photosynthesis is equal to the point of plant exposed to sunlight.
rate of respiration.

Compensation point
(Photosynthesis rate = Respiration rate)
Form 5
Photosynthesis rate (Sugar
production) exceeds repiration
rate (sugar used)
Increase CO2
uptake
Reduce CO2
released Respiration rate (sugar used)
exceeds photosynthesis rate
(sugar produced)

Low High
Increase in light intensity
Figure 2.11 Compensation point
Table 2.3 Comparison between photosynthesis and respiration
Aspect Photosynthesis Respiration
Organism involved Green plant All living organism
Occurence time In the presence of light All the time
Substance needed Water and carbon dioxide Glucose and oxygen
Product Glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide, water and energy
Site of process Chloroplast Mitochondrion
Energy conversation Light energy to chemical energy Chemical energy is converted to ATP
and heat is released
Aim To synthesise glucose and organic To generate energy for metabolic
compound in plants activities
Type of metabolism Anabolism Catabolism


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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function
Practice




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Objective Questions
1. What is the function of cuticle? 4. Among the following pairs, which is the
A Absorb sunlight correct response and effect of stoma?
B Carry out photosynthesis
C Allow gaseous exchange Stoma Effect
D Avoid water loss response
A Close Stoma becomes
2. How does carbon dioxide enter leaf so flaccid
that it can be used for photosynthesis? B Close No water transport
A Through xylem in plant
B Through phloem
C Through stoma C Open Carbon dioxide
D Through mesophyll cells diffuses into leaves
during daytime Form 5
3. Figure 1 shows guard cells and stoma D Open Oxygen and water
of a terrestrial plant. vapour diffuses out
from leaves during
Guard night - time
cell
Stoma
Subjective Questions
Section A
Figure 1
1. Figure 1.1 shows structure X which is
Which of the following activities cause found in lower epidermis of a hibiscus
opening of stoma? leaf.
I Potassium ions exit from guard
cells
II Guard cells become turgid Y X
III Glucose is produced in guard
cells
IV Water diffuses out from guard Z
cells
A I and II Figure 1.1
B II and III (a) (i) Identify structure X.
C III and IV [1 mark]
D I and IV
(ii) Explain functions of structure
X.
[2 marks]






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Biology SPM Chapter 2 Leaf Structure and Function
(b) State two differences between cell (i) Daytime
Y and cell Z. (ii) Night - time
[2 marks] [8 marks]
(c) Figure 1.2 shows effect (c) Gaseous exchange between the
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of temperature on rate of plant and atmosphere occurs
photosynthesis. through structure F. However,
Photosynthesis rate during night - time, structure F
is closed. Explain how gaseous
exchange occurs in the leaf at
night.
[4 marks]

Section C
Temperature (ºC)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 3. (a) (i) Describe how light energy
Figure 1.2 is converted to chemical
Based on Figure 1.2, explain the energy, which is then stored
relationship between temperature as carbohydrate in plants.
and rate of photosynthesis. [4 marks]
[4 marks] (ii) Plants are important to
Form 5
humans and our environment.
Section B
Describe the importance of
2. Figure 2.1 shows a cross-section of a plants to the environment.
leaf with its parts labelled as A, B, C, [6 marks]
D, E and F.
A (b) Figure 3 shows a greenhouse.
B
C
D




E F
Figure 2.1 Figure 3
(a) Describe how cells A, B, C and D In the greenhouse, suggest how
are adapted for photosynthesis. the conditions are controlled to
[8 marks] ensure that the plants grow at
(b) Explain the roles of structure E in maximum rate.
controlling the opening and closing [10 marks]
of structure F during the following
situation:




Chapter 2 Answers




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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper



Model Paper

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PAPER 1
1 hour 15 minutes
[40 marks]

This question paper consists of 40 questions. Choose the correct answer for each question.

1. Pancreatic cells secrete hormones. What are substances P and R?
Which organelles are found in
abundant in pancreatic cells? P R
A Golgi apparatus
B Lysosomes A Vitamin A Glucose
C Mitochondrion
D Smooth endoplasmic reticulum B Water Sodium ion

2. Which plant cells do not have C Carbon dioxide Amino acid
chloroplasts?
I Root hair cell D Calcium ion Oxygen
II Companion cell
III Xylem vessel 4. A housewife uses a few slices of young
IV Palisade mesophyll cell papaya to tenderise meat when she
A I and II wants to cook for dinner. Among the
C I and III following steps, which is the correct
B II and III sequence in tenderising meat.
D III and IV

3. Figure 1 shows two substances, P P : Add a few slices of young papaya
and R crossing plasma membrane of Q : Boil the meat
a cell. R : Leave the meat for half an hour
S : Cut the meat into small slices

A Q → R → S → P
B S → P → R → Q
C P → Q → R → S
D R → S → Q → P
P R
Figure 1









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Model Paper.indd 380 3/29/22 5:22 PM

Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
5. Figure 2 shows a biochemical reaction 9. Figure 3 shows part of a human
in a cell. digestive system.



+ P + H O P
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2
R
Glycerol Fatty acid molecule Q
S
Figure 2
What is substance P?
A Monoglyceride Figure 3
B Diglyceride Which organ correctly matches its
C Triglyceride
function?
6. An organism has 12 chromosomes.
What are the chromosome numbers of Organ Function
its gamete, somatic cell and embryonic A Secretes amylase
cell? P enzyme

Gamete Somatic Embryonic B Q Produces bile
cell cell cell
C R Digests cellulose
A 12 12 12
B 6 12 6 D S Secretes lipase
C 6 12 12 enzyme
D 12 6 12
10. Figure 4 shows three different types of
organisms.
7. Which of the following statements is
not a characteristic of mitosis?
A Mitosis produces genetic
variations
B New cells that are produced are P Q R
used for growth in multicellular
organisms Figure 4
C Mitosis is essential for replacing Which breathing surfaces correctly
dead cells match the organisms?
D Injured cells are replaced by
producing new cells which are P Q R
identical
A Skin Tracheole Alveolus
8. Which is the correct sequence
regarding the breakdown and storage B Alveolus Tracheole Skin
of carbohydrate when an animal eats C Alveolus Skin Tracheole
plant?
A Starch → Glycogen → Glucose D Tracheole Alveolus Skin
B Glucose → Glycogen → Starch
C Glycogen → Glucose → Starch
D Starch → Glucose → Glycogen


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Model Paper.indd 381 3/29/22 5:22 PM

Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
11. Which of the following statements Which is true about vertebrae X and
about cellular respiration is false? Y?
A Cellular respiration requires
energy to take place X Y
B Cellular respiration is influenced
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by temperature because it is A Lumbar Cervical
catalysed by enzymes B Lumbar Thoracic
C Cellular respiration takes place
as either aerobic respiration or C Cervical Thoracic
anaerobic respiration D Thorax Lumbar
D Cellular respiration only occurs in
living organisms
15. Figure 7 shows movement of a frog.
12. How many times does red blood cells in
human blood vessels transported from
liver to brain pass through the heart?
A One C Three
B Two D Four

13. Figure 5 shows structure Z in human
lymphatic system.
Figure 7
Which features enable the frog to make
the movement shown in Figure 7?
I Compact leg bones
II Hind legs are folded in the shape
of Z
Structure Z III Front legs have small muscles
IV Hind legs have strong muscles
A I and II
B II and III
Figure 5
C II and IV
What happens to a human body if Z D I, III and IV
fails to function?
A Fats from small intestine will 16. The information below explains the
accumulate at Z. functions of hormone K.
B Reduction of human antibody
concentration • Increase metabolic rate of most
C Increase in immunity body cells
D Blockage of lymphatic flow • Coordinate body growth and
development
14. Figure 6 shows two types of human
vertebrae, X and Y. What is hormone K?
A Thyroxine
B Insulin
C Adrenaline
D Aldosterone
X Y
Figure 6


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Model Paper.indd 382 3/29/22 5:22 PM

Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
17. Figure 8 shows a nephron structure. 19. Figure 9 shows a female reproductive
system.

Q
P
BAll Rights Reserved.

X

R






Figure 9
Figure 8
Where do fertilisation, implantation
Which activities cause X to be more and ovulation take place?
permeable to water?
Fertilisation Implantation Ovulation
P Drink a lot of water A P Q R
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Q Eat salty food
R Watch TV Q P R
S Active physical activities C R Q P
D P R Q
A P and R
B P and Q 20. Figure 10 shows a sperm development
C Q and R process.
D Q and S
2n
18. A mountain climber feels dizzy at
high altitude due to decrease in blood 2n 2n
oxygen level. What are the processes P
that take place in his respiratory 2n 2n 2n 2n
system to regain his normal oxygen
level? 2n
I Faster contraction and relaxation
of intercostal muscles Q
II Slower contraction and relaxation n n
of diaphragm R
III Increase in breathing and
ventilation rates n n n n
IV Decrease in blood pH S
A I and II
B I and III
C II and III Figure 10
D II and IV What are the processes which are
labelled P, Q, R and S?




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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper

P Q R S A
A Mitosis Differentiation Meiosis I Meiosis II
B Differentiation Meiosis I Meiosis II Mitosis B
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C Mitosis Meiosis I Differentiation Meiosis II
D Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II Differentiation

21. Which is the correct match between C
plant tissue and its structural
characteristic?
D
Tissue Structure Figure 11
A Parenchyma Thickening of cell 24. A plant wilted after it had been left
walls by pectin
without water for 6 days. Among
B Collenchyma Have the thinnest the following combinations, which
cell walls environmental conditions are most
likely to have caused the wilting?
C Sclerencyhma Have secondary
cell walls Temperature
Light
D Xylem Made up of intensity Humidity of
companion cells environment
and sieve tube A High High Low
B Low Low High
22. What is true about primary growth and
secondary growth? C High Low High
A Primary growth increases plant
height and secondary growth D Low High Low
increases plant diameter
B When secondary growth starts, 25. Which symptoms are caused by lack
primary growth stops of magnesium in plants?
C Primary growth starts at cork I Stunted growth of roots
cambium II Yellowing of parts between leaf
D Secondary growth starts at apical veins
meristems III Mature leaves are pale green
IV Red dots on leaf surfaces
23. Figure 11 shows a cross-section of a A I and II
leaf. Among the cells A, B, C, and D, B I and III
which has the highest concentration of C II and III
chlorophyll? D II and IV










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Model Paper.indd 384 3/29/22 5:22 PM

Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
26. What is the type of plant response?
Plant X lives on plant Y and A Geotropism
absorbs organic substances, B Hydrotropism
minerals, and water from plant Y. C Thigmotropism
D Phototropism
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Which is the most appropriate term to
describe plant X? 30. Figure 13 shows a fruiting method by
A Parasitic plant spraying auxin onto flowers.
B Epiphytic plant
C Carnivorous plant
Auxin
27. Which sequence is true about
movement of water molecules in
plant?
A Root cortex, root xylem, stem
xylem, leaf mesophyll cells
B Root hair cells, root cortex, xylem, Figure 13
leaf mesophyll cells, air spaces How are fruits produced by this
between mesophyll cells, stomata method differ from fruits produced by
C Stomata, air spaces in leaf, xylem, natural pollination?
root cortex, root hair cells A The fruits have thinner walls
D Xylem, root hair cells, leaf B The fruits are bigger
mesophyll cells, stomata C The fruits contain more nutrients
D The fruits are seedless
28. Which statement is true about the
difference between transpiration and 31. Figure 14 shows a longitudinal section
guttation? of a hibiscus flower.
A Transpiration occurs in all plants
whereas guttation only occurs in
herbal plants I
B Guttation occurs in dry condition II
whereas transpiration occurs in
moist condition
C Transpiration involves xylem sap III
whereas guttation involves water Figure 14
vapour
D Guttation causes wilting in plants Which option gives the correct names
whereas transpiration does not for structures I, II, and III?
cause plant to wilt
I II III
29. Figure 12 shows a type of plant
response. A Style Carpel Sepal
B Filament Carpel Stamen
C Filament Petal Sepal
D Style Petal Stamen
Figure 12




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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
32. Which statement is true about 35. Which food chain loses the most
fertilisation in flowering plant? amount of energy?
A Fertilisation occurs as soon as a A Maize → cattle → human
pollen grain is matured B Soy bean → human
B Fertilisation produces genetically C Grass → goat → human
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identical plants D Phytoplankton → crustacean larva
C Fertilisation in plants produce → small fish → tuna fish → human
diploid zygote and triploid nucleus
D Fertilisation occurs between a 36. A pupil made a 1 m × 1 m quadrat to
male gamete and two female study the density of Mimosa pudica in
gametes a school field. Based on 5 quadrats,
the results were obtained and recorded
33. Which are the most likely adaptive as shown in Table 1
features of a plant growing in habitat
with high concentration of salt? Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5
I Thorny leaves Number
II Have stomata which removes of
excess water Mimosa 2 3 4 6 5
III Have special structures which pudica
secrete salt
IV Dropping off of old leaves that Table 1
store salt What is the density of Mimosa pudica
A I and II C II and III in the school field?
B I and III D III and IV A 2 m –2 C 4 m –2

–2
34. Figure 15 shows part of a nitrogen B 3 m D 5 m –2
cycle. 37. An experiment was carried out to
Bacteria R determine the biochemical oxygen
demands (BOD) in different zones of
Atmospheric
Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate a river. Figure 16 shows a graph of the
nitrogen dissolved oxygen contents in zones A,
B, C, and D.
Process P Process Q
Figure 15 Concentration
of dissolved
What represent process P, process Q, oxygen
and bacteria R?

Proses P Proses Q Bakteria R
A Nitrogen Nitrification Nitrosomonas
fixation sp.
B Nitrification Nitrogen Nitrobacter sp. A B C D Zone
fixation
Figure 16
C Denitrification Nitrification Azotobacter sp.
Among zones A, B, C, and D, which
D Nitrification Denitrification Nitrobacter sp. has the highest BOD value?





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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
38. In Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), B deer and mousedeer have
allele R for red eye is dominant and different body sizes
allele r for white eye is recessive. C deer and mousedeer live in
50 female flies with white eyes were different habitats
crossed with 50 male flies with red D deer and mousedeer have
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eyes. A total of 340 of their offspring different genotypes
were found to have white eyes. How
many of the offspring had red eyes? 40. Which statement shows the advantage
A 113 of planting soy bean plants that are
B 340 resistant to herbicides?
C 840 A Less herbicides will be needed to
D 1020 spray on the crop
B Less competition between soy
39. The difference in shape of horns of bean plants and weeds in the
deer and mousedeer is not considered environment
a variation because C Less risk of the crop being harmed
A deer and mousedeer are two by diseases
different species D Less damage of the crop by pests









PAPER 2
2 hours 30 minutes
Section A
[60 marks]
Answer all questions in this section.

1. Figure 1 shows two types of protozoa, (b) Explain the role of M in controlling
X and Y. water equilibrium in X and Y.
[2 marks]
M
(c) In an experimental activity, a pupil
placed protozoa X in water that
contained respiratory inhibitor.
Predict what happens to protozoa
X Y X. Explain your answer.
Figure 1 [3 marks]
(a) State the level of organisation of
protozoa X and Y.
[1 mark]





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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
2. Figure 2 shows a process which takes (b) The above process is catalysed
place in green leaves of plants. by the enzyme sucrase. Only
a little sucrase is used in the
A B reaction.
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(i) By using the lock and key
hypothesis, explain how
sucrase catalyses the
process.
[2 marks]
(ii) Explain why only a little
C sucrase is needed for the
D above reaction.
Figure 2 [1 mark]

(a) (i) What is the process shown (c) Enzymatic reactions can be
in Figure 2? inhibited by chemicals called
[1 mark] inhibitors. Figure 3.2 shows a
box of statin, a medicine which is
(ii) Write an equation in words to prescribed by doctors to reduce
describe the process. the level of blood cholesterol
[1 mark] (LDL). Statin is an inhibitor for the
enzymatic reaction.
(b) Describe the pathways in which
molecules A and B enter cells of
leaves.
[2 marks]
(c) Explain what happens to molecule
D after it has been synthesised in
leaves.
[2 marks]

3. Figure 3.1 shows dissociation of a
sucrose molecule.
Figure 3.2
+ H O +
2
Based on your knowledge in
Figure 3.1 biology, explain how statin is
used to reduce blood cholesterol
Based on Figure 3.1, level.
[2 marks]
(a) Describe the above process.
[2 marks]









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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
4. Figure 4.1 shows a relationship Explain why an AIDS patient
between blood circulation system and does not have antibodies to fight
lymphatic system of humans. diseases.
[2 marks]
happens if fluid Z fails to return to Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
5. Figure 5 shows water movement in a
plant.
Fluid Z
Vessel X
Vessel Y
Process X





Figure 4.1
(a) Name vessels X and Y.
[2 marks]
(b) Explain how fluid Z is formed.
[2 marks] Figure 5

(c) Fluid Z has to be returned to the (a) Based on Figure 5, identify
blood circulation system. 85% of process X.
fluid Z enters vessel X and 15% [1 mark]
of fluid Z enters vessel Y. What
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(b) Explain how process X helps
both transport systems? plant to obtain water from soil.
[1 mark] [2 marks]

(d) Figure 4.2 shows HIV virus. (c) (i) Name the main type of plant
HIV infection causes Acquired cells involved in absorption
Immunodeficiency Syndrome of soil water.
(AIDS). [1 mark]
(ii) Explain the adaptation of
the cell structure named in
5(c)(i) that enable it to
function effectively.
[2 marks]

(d) A gardener planted a hibiscus
tree by using soil obtained from
a mangrove swamp. After a few
days, the hibiscus tree wilted and
Figure 4.2 died. Explain why the situation
took place.
[2 marks]





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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
6. Figure 6.1 shows one phase of (ii) State one specific symptom
meiosis in an animal cell. of the disease carried by the
baby.
[1 mark]
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(iii) Give one explanation on the
cause of the genetic disease.
[2 marks]

7. Figure 7 shows a few human organs.
X from oesophagus

Figure 6.1
Liver
(a) (i) Name the meiosis phase
shown in Figure 6.1.
[1 mark]
Gall
(ii) Describe the chromosome stone Pancreas
behaviour in this phase. Y to organ M
[2 marks]

(iii) State one importance of Figure 7
the chromosome behaviour
described in 6(a)(ii). (a) State two differences between
[1 mark] food X and food Y.
[2 marks]
(b) Figure 6.2 shows a karyotype of
a baby with a genetic disease. (b) (i) Name organ M.
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain two adaptive
structures of organ M for it to
function effectively.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
[2 marks]
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
(c) An individual has gall stone as
shown in Figure 7. Explain its
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
effect on digestion of lipids.
Figure 6.2 [2 marks]
(i) Name the disease carried by (d) Explain two possibilities that may
the baby. occur if a person’s liver is not
[1 mark] functioning.
[2 marks]









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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
8. Figure 8 shows a food chain in a freshwater lake.
Pelican


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Insects Fish



Algae


Decomposing bacteria
Figure 8


(a) Based on Figure 8, (i) Name the phenomenon that
caused the situation at the
(i) state the source of energy in lake.
the food chain. [1 mark]
[1 mark]
(ii) Which substance caused
(ii) build one pyramid of number algae to grow rapidly on the
for the food chain. surface of the lake? Explain
[1 mark] your answer.
[2 marks]
(b) Explain energy flow in the food
chain. (iii) Explain why the fish died in
[2 marks] the lake.
[2 marks]
(c) A farmer had planted many crops
and bred many livestock at the
lake. After a few months, he
noticed a layer of green algae
on the surface of the lake and
dead fishes floating on the lake
surface.


















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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
Section B
[20 marks]
Answer any one question in this section.
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9. (a) Figure 9.1 shows a menstruation cycle that is controlled by specific hormones
produced in pituitary glands and ovaries.


Ovarian cycle

FSH
Level of pituitary
hormones
LH


Level of ovarian
hormones Oestrogen
Progesterone
Changes in
endometrium
Endometrium


1 5 14 28
Days in a menstrual cycle

Figure 9.1
(i) Describe the changes and (c) Flower is a plant reproductive
functions of each hormone organ. Fertilisation occurs in
that is produced by pituitary ovule to produce fruit. Figure 9.2
glands and ovaries in a shows fertilisation process in a
menstrual cycle. flower.
[8 marks] Pollen grain

(ii) Four hormones involved in Stigma
a menstrual cycle are used Pollen tube
to either treat a woman
who wants to get pregnant
or to help a woman to
avoid pregnancy. Explain Ovary
the applications of these
hormones in both the Ovule
situations.
[4 marks]


Figure 9.2



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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
Explain how fertilisation takes (c) Figure 10.3 shows a plant at a
place in a flower after a pollen window growing towards sunlight.
grain lands on stigma to produce
fruit.
[8 marks]
climber at the peak of a mountain. Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
10. (a) Figure 10.1 shows a boy caught
in a forest fire.

Figure 10.3

Explain how the phenomenon
takes place.
[4 marks]

Section C
Figure 10.1
[20 marks]
Explain how his nervous system
and endocrine system coordinate Answer the question in this section.
to enable him to run from the
dangerous situation. 11. (a) Figures 11.1 and 11.2 show
[8 marks] the effects of human activities
on the quality of the natural
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(b) Figure 10.2 shows a mountain environments.
The climber has difficulty
breathing, headache, nausea and
is dizzy.




Rajah 11.1







Figure 10.2

Explain how the respiratory
system of the climber regulates
to adapt to the situation.
[8 marks]


Figure 11.2



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Biology SPM SPM Model Paper
Discuss the differences between the two environmental phenomena shown in
Figure 11.1 and Figure 11.2 based on the following aspects:
• Causes
• Effects
• Methods to overcome
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[10 marks]
(b) Figure 11.3 shows recycling bins that are used to collect different types of waste
materials such as papers, plastics, leftover foods, glass and aluminium.














Papers and Plastic bags, Food leftovers Glass bottles
paper food styrofoam and aluminium
containers and plastic cans
materials











Figure 11.3
Explain how the practices of recycling substances in Figure 11.3 contribute to
maintaining the environment.
[10 marks]















SPM Model Paper Answer




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Model Paper.indd 394 3/29/22 5:22 PM

Form
4.5 KSSM KC118442 PELANGI




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