Focus SPM 2021 Chemistry

PELANGI BESTSELLER

CHEMISTRY SPM
Form
4∙5
KSSM

Chien Hui Siong • Low Swee Neo NEW SPM ASSESSMENT
Lim Eng Wah • Salida Sani
FORMAT 2021

CONTENTS

Form 4

1Chapter 4.4 Elements in Group 1 69
4.5 Elements in Group 17 76
Introduction to Chemistry 1 4.6 Elements in Period 3 84
4.7 Transition Elements 90
1.1 Development in Chemistry Field and Its SPM Practice 4 92
Importance in Daily Life 2
1.2 Scientific Investigation in Chemistry 4
1.3 Usage, Management and Handling of 5Chapter
Apparatus and Materials 5
8 Chemical Bound 94
SPM Practice 1

2Chapter Matter and the Atomic 5.1 Basics of Compound Formation 95
Structure 11 5.2 Ionic Bond 98
5.3 Covalent Bond 103
2.1 Basic Concepts of Matter 12 5.4 Hydrogen Bond 107
2.2 The Development of the Atomic 18 5.5 Dative Bond 111
Model 20 5.6 Metallic Bond 113
2.3 Atomic Structure 26 5.7 Properties of Ionic Compounds 114
2.4 Isotopes and Its Uses 30 and Covalent Compounds 120
SPM Practice 2 SPM Practice 5

3Chapter The Mole Concept, Chemical 6Chapter Acid, Base and Salt 123
Formula and Equation 33
6.1 The Role of Water in Showing Acidic
and Alkaline Properties 124
3.1 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative 6.2 pH Value 130
Molecular Mass 34
3.2 Mole Concept 36 6.3 Strength of Acids and Alkalis 133
6.4 Chemical Properties of Acids and
3.3 Chemical Formula 42 Alkalis 135
3.4 Chemical Equation 52
57 6.5 Concentrations of Aqueous Solution 142
SPM Practice 3 6.6 Standard Solution 145

4Chapter 6.7 Neutralisation 147
6.8 Salts, Crystals and Their Uses in
The Periodic Table of Daily Life 154
Elements 60

4.1 The Development of the Periodic Table 6.9 Preparation of Salts 156

of Elements 61 6.10 Effect of Heat on Salts 170

4.2 The Arrangement in the Periodic 63 6.11 Qualitative Analysis 178
Table of Elements
4.3 Elements in Group 18 67 SPM Practice 6 189

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7Chapter Rate of Reaction 193 3Chapter Thermochemistry 418

7.1 Determining Rate of Reaction 194 3.1 Heat Change in Reactions 425
7.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Reactions 201
7.3 Application of Factors that Affect the 3.2 Heat of Reaction 431
3.3 Application of Endothermic and Exothermic
Rate of Reaction in Daily Life 212 Reactions in Daily Life 438

7.4 Collision Theory 213 SPM Practice 3 444

SPM Practice 7 220

8Chapter Manufactured Substances in 4Chapter Polymer Chemistry 448
Industry 223
4.1 Polymer 449
8.1 Alloy and Its Importance 224 4.2 Natural Rubber 468
8.2 Composition of Glass and Its Uses 229 4.3 Synthetic Rubber 475
8.3 Composition of Ceramics and Its 232 SPM Practice 4 487
Uses 235
8.4 Composite Materials and Its 239 5Chapter Consumer and Industrial
Importance Chemistry 498
SPM Practice 8

Form 5 5.1 Oils and Fats 499
5.2 Cleaning Agents 501
5.3 Food Additives 505
1Chapter 5.4 Medicines and Cosmetics 513
5.5 Application of Nanotechnology in
Redox equilibrium 318 Industry 523

1.1 Oxidation and Reduction 319 5.6 Application of Green Technology in
1.2 Standard Electrode Potential 331
1.3 Voltaic Cell 357 Industrial Waste Management 529

1.4 Electrolytic Cell 365 SPM Practice 5 547

1.5 Extraction of Metal from Its Ore 372
1.6 Rusting 375
SPM MODEL PAPER 551
SPM Practice 1 376

2Chapter Carbon Compound 377 ANSWERS 566
378
2.1 Types of Carbon Compound 384
2.2 Homologous Series
2.3 Chemical Properties and 392
399
Interconversion of Compounds 409
between Homologous Series
2.4 Isomers and Naming based on
IUPAC Nomenclature
SPM Practice 2

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1Chapter Form 4

Introduction to Chemistry

CHAPTER FOCUS
• Development in Chemistry Field and Its Importance in Daily Life
• Scientific Investigation in Chemistry
• Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Materials

Chemistry already existed thousands of years ago but man did not know or understand
the real chemical processes involved. Now, modern chemistry has enabled us to
understand all these processes.

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  Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Chapter 1.1 Development in Chemistry Field and Its Importance in Daily Life

1. Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the composition, structure, characteristics and interaction

1 of matter.
2. Chemistry enables us to produce various useful chemicals in our daily life.

In food In medicine

• Sodium bicarbonate – used in baking • Propan-1-ol (rubbing alcohol) – as
powder antiseptic

• Acetic acid – as vinegar • Paracetamol, aspirin – as analgesic
• Sucrose – as sugar (to reduce pain)
• Sodium chloride – as table salt • Penicillin – as antibiotic
• Monosodium glutamate (MSG) – as • Gypsum (calcium sulphate) – as
plaster of Paris
flavouring

Examples of common chemicals

In agriculture In industries

• Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) – to • Copper – as wires
neutralise acidic soil • Ceramics, synthetic polymers – as
building materials
• Urea, nitrate salts, ammonium salts, • Sulphuric acid – to produce detergents,
potassium salts and phosphate salts paint pigments and plastics
– as fertilisers • Ammonia – to produce nitrogen fertilisers,
as cooling agents in air conditioners
• Copper(II) sulphate – as fungicide

Figure 1.1  Examples of chemicals in daily life

3. The word ‘chemistry’ is believed to originate from the Arabic word ‘al-kimiya’ , which means alchemy,
an art of transforming common metals into gold and silver, and the production of elixir (substance that
prolongs life).

1600 1700 1800 1900

Before 17th century 17th century 18th century 19th century After 19th century
• Revolves around • Systematic • Antoine Laurent • Chemistry • Chemistry

alchemy. investigation Lavosier, one of developed vastly becomes more
• Man already began and the founder of with many more concrete and
differentiated modern chemistry works from developed.
knew how to chemistry from introduced a various scientists. • Fritz Haber
extract metals, alchemy. few important • John Dalton introduced the
to make glass • Robert Boyle concepts like introduced the production of
and ceramics, to introduced the law of mass theory of atoms. ammonia, a great
ferment grapes scientific method conservation and • Dimitri Mendeleev contribution in
into beer, to through his writing classification of produced the first agriculture.
extract medicine ‘The Sceptical elements. Periodic Table. • Albert Einstein
and perfumes Chymist’. • Alessandro Volta • J.J. Thompson explained
from plants. • Robert Boyle invented the first discoved Brownian
• However, the presented the chemical cell electrons. movement.
investigations earliest idea about • By the end of 18th • Ernest Rutherford • James Chadwick
were not atoms, molecules century, chemistry discovered discovered
systematic and and chemical was completely radioactive neutrons.
the chemical reactions. separated from sources.
processes alchemy.
were not fully
understood.

Figure 1.2  The development of chemistry

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Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry   Chapter

4. The development in chemistry produces various chemicals and chemical processes that are useful to
us. In fact, the contribution of chemical technology can be seen clearly in many aspects of life. Figure
1.3 shows a few examples of the contribution.

Examples of contribution of chemical technology 1

In nano technology In cosmetics In green In biotechnology
Chemistry enables technology Living organisms are
various nano The formulation and used to produce useful
substances being production of every The production of chemicals in medicine,
created. For example, cosmetic product products, appliances agriculture and food.
an opaque substance requires chemistry and systems that
that can turn transparent knowledge. preserves natural Biofuel
and carbon nanotube Cosmetic products environment such
that is many times include make-ups, as biodegradable
stronger than iron but is perfumes, toiletries plastics and paints
lighter. and skin care, teeth with less volatile
and hair products. carbon compounds.
Badminton racquets made
from carbon nanotube are In pharmaceutical
lighter and stronger.
Medicines are chemicals that are synthesised or
chemically extracted from natural substances.

Figure 1.3  Examples of contribution of chemical technology

5. To continue developing chemical technology in • Chemical engineering – Creates and
all areas, we need skilled workers in chemistry. supervises the operation of chemical
Here are some examples: plants in manufacturing.

• Chemist – Studies, formulates and carries • Cosmetologist – Expert in research of
out analysis in nearly all industries like cosmetics and their uses.
food industry, textile, nano technology
and green technology. • Food technologist – Studies and produces
new food products and develops food
• Pharmacist – Understanding the interaction processes.
between medical drugs with the body .
Checkpoint 1.1
• Forensic expert – Helps the police to solve
crimes by analysing proofs like blood Q1 What is the meaning of ‘chemistry’?
samples and weapons. Q2 Give one example of daily use of each of the

• Biochemist – Studies chemical processes following chemicals.
in living organisms such as those related
to DNA and enzymes. Iron, chlorine, calcium carbonate

Q3 Suggest the role of a chemist in a food
manufacturing industry.

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25/11/2020 9:15 AM

  Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Chapter 1.2 Scientific Investigation in Chemistry

1. Chemistry knowledge is acquired through scientific investigation, which is a systematic investigation

1 done objectively using analytical and critical thinking.
2. A hypothesis is tested through a set of planned and controlled procedures in an experiment.

3. Types of variables being controlled in an experiment:
• Manipulated variable – the factor that is purposely changed in an experiment
• Responding variable – the factor that changes with the manipulated variable
• Constant variable – the factor that are kept constant in an experiment

Make Make an Identify the Make a suitable Identify the Control the
observations inference problem based hypothesis variables related variables
using five senses based on the on the inference about the to the hypothesis involved

observations problem

Write a Make a conclusion Interpret data to Collect data Plan and carry out
report whether the find any relationship objectively through an experiment to
hypothesis is observations and test the hypothesis
between the
accepted or rejected variables measurements

Figure 1.4  Steps in a scientific investigation

EEkxsppeerrimimeennt 12.1

Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the solubility of salt in water.
Problem statement: Does the temperature of water affect the solubility of salt in water?
Hypothesis: As the temperature of water increases, the solubility of salt increases.
Manipulated variable: Temperature of water
Responding variable: Solubility of salt
Constant variable: Volume of water, size of salt particles
Material: Table salt, distilled water
Apparatus: Measuring cylinder, beaker, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod, Bunsen burner and thermometer
Procedure:

Stir Stir Stir

50 cm3 distilled water 50 cm3 distilled water 50 cm3 distilled water
(cooled) (at room temperature) (newly boiled)

Table salt Table salt Table salt

Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C

Figure 1.5 Studying the effect of temperature on solubility of salt in water

4

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Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry  

1. Beaker A is filled with 50 cm3 of distilled water that has been cooled in the refrigerator. Chapter

2. A spatula of salt is added to the beaker and the mixture is stirred until all salt is dissolved.

3. Step 2 is repeated until the salt does not dissolve anymore. The number of spatulas of salt added 1
is recorded.

4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated with beaker B and C using distilled water at room temperature for
beaker B and newly boiled water for beaker C.

Results: Table 1.1

Beaker A BC

Condition of distilled Cooled in refrigerator At room temperature Newly boiled
water

Amount of salt that can 1 spatula 3 spatulas 5 spatulas
dissolve in water

Discussion:

1. The solubility of salt refers to the amount of salt that can dissolve in water.

2. The amount of salt that can dissolve in water increases as the temperature of water increases.
Therefore, the solubility of salt in water increases with the temperature of water.

Conclusion:
The hypothesis is accepted. As the temperature of water increases, the solubility of salt increases.

Checkpoint 1.2

Q1 List the sequence of steps involved in a scientific investigation.

Q2 A student wants to carry out an experiment to study the effect of adding water on the pH value of an acid.
(a) Suggest one suitable hypothesis for the experiment.
(b) Identify all the variables in the experiment.

1.3 Usage, Management and Handling of Apparatus and Materials

1. Each individual that carries out an activity in a chemical laboratory must wear self-protecting equipment
and must be aware of the location of the emergency equipment in the laboratory.

Face mask Safety
Gloves goggles

Laboratory
coat

Laboratory 5
shoes
25/11/2020 9:15 AM
Figure 1.6  Self-protecting equipment protects users from chemicals

01 SPM CHEMISTRY F4.indd 5

  Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Chapter Table 1.2  Self-protecting equipment and its function

Self-protecting Function
equipment

Laboratory coat Protects the body and clothes from chemical spills.

1 Gloves Protect the hands from injuries and chemicals.

Safety goggles Protect the eyes from chemical splash and dust.

Face mask Protects the respiratory organs from chemicals such as powders or fumes.

Laboratory shoes Protect the feet from chemical spills, toxic substances or sharp objects.

Safety shower is used
to clean the body from
harmful chemical spill

Fume chamber is used to Eyewash is used to Fire extinguisher and
carry out experiments that clean the eyes from fire blanket is used for
release flammable or toxic vapors
chemicals extinguishing a fire

Figure 1.7  The location and function of safety equipment in the laboratory must be known to act quickly during an emergency

2. Apparatus and chemicals must be managed and Spill of • If the spill is a little, wipe it off with a
handled properly to avoid any accidents. volatile or cloth. Throw the cloth into appropriate
inflammable waste disposal container.
3. Steps in managing an accident in the laboratory: solvent
(a) Any injury, broken glass apparatus, fire • If the spill is a lot, wipe it with a mop.
or chemical spill must be reported to the Common fire Wash the mop.
teacher immediately.
(b) Gloves must be used to clean up any spill Clothes or • Use fire extinguisher or splash with a
or broken apparatus. hair on fire pail of sand.
(c) Mercury poisoning occurs if one is
exposed to a certain amount of mercury. Eyes/body in • Wrap the victim with the fire blanket or
Some of the symptoms include headache, contact with let him roll on the fire blanket.
difficulty in breathing, nauseous, chemicals
coughing, vomiting, eyesight problems • Seek medical treatment if his/her skin
and etc. is scalded.

• Wash with a lot of water. If eyes
are involved, wash the eyes at
the eyewash station. If the body is
involved, wash the whole body under
the safety shower.

• Then, seek medical treatment.

Table 1.3 Examples of accident management 4. Chemicals should be stored properly. For
example, sodium metal is stored in paraffin
Type of Accident management oil due to its reactive nature towards water
accident and oxygen. Silver nitrate solution is stored
Acid spill • Wash the spill with lots of water and in dark bottles because it can be decomposed
channel it into the drain. by light.
Mercury spill
• Or neutralise the spilled area with 5. Experimental waste must be disposed of
sodium bicarbonate solid/solution. properly in special containers that are labelled.
Then, wash with water. For instance, solid wastes should be disposed
in containers according to its type, which are
• Open the windows and doors to allow chemicals, glass and rubber. Chemicals are
sufficient air ventilation separated to substances that has pH<5 and
pH>9, organic solvents, hydrocarbons (grease,
• Collect the mercury spill with the
mercury collector.

• Put the mercury into a closed bottle.
Label the bottle.

• The spill can also be covered with
sulphur or zinc powder before being
collected.

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Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry  
Table 1.5 Disposal of chemicals
oil, oil paints), hydrogen peroxide, toxic Chapter
substances, heavy metals, volatile substances Chemicals Disposal method
and reactive substances. 1
Volatile • Stored in closed containers and kept
Table 1.4 Storing of chemicals substances away from heat and light sources.

Chemicals Storing method • Placed in plastic bags and left to
evaporate in the fume cupboard.
Heavy metals Then, the waste is tied and placed in
special barrels to be disposed of.
Heavy metals • Stored in special containers with
labels and are kept away from heat.

Toxic Toxic • Placed in plastic bags and left to
substances substances evaporate in the fume cupboard.

• Stored in special containers with Substances • Placed in closed containers with labels
labels and are kept away from heat. with pH<5 and and disposed of.
pH>9

Substances • Stored in dark bottles. Organic • Stored in special containers made of
that are easily solvents and glass and plastic.
decomposed hydrocarbons
Solid wastes • Disposed of in special containers.
Substances • Stored in special storage and locked.
with pH<5 and Hydrogen • Low concentration solution can be
pH>9 peroxide thrown directly into the laboratory sink
while high concentration solution must
Reactive • Kept in paraffin oil to prevent be diluted with water and added with
substances reaction with water. sodium sulphite before being poured
into the laboratory sink.

Checkpoint 1.3

Q1 What is the function of each of the following equipment?

Goggles, safety shower, fire blanket

Q2 Observe Diagrams A and B. State the mistakes made. What should be done?

A B
Figure 1.8

Q3 A student accidentally spills a bottle of dilute acid on his table and the acid has soaked into his laboratory
coat. What should the student do?

01 SPM CHEMISTRY F4.indd 7 7

25/11/2020 9:15 AM

  Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

CONCEPT MAP

Chapter
Development of chemistry
Meaning of chemistry
1 Scientific investigation

Importance of chemistry CHEMISTRY

Chemicals in Using, managing and handling of
daily life apparatus and chemicals

Contribution of Self-protecting and safety equipment
chemical technology Handling of apparatus and chemicals
Accident management in laboratory
Chemistry related
careers

SPM Practice 1

Objective Questions Chemical Use 2. Which of the following
caused chemistry to begin
Choose the correct answer. A Sodium To make
bicarbonate soaps separating from alchemy?
1.1 Development of Chemistry
and its Importance in Life B Oxygen To fill A Theory that all matter is
made up of basic units
1. Which of the following meteorology
chemicals is paired with the B Scientific investigation
correct use? balloon method

C Ammonia To coagulate C Discovery of radioactive
latex substance

D Acetic acid To make D Creation of the Periodic
pickles Table

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01 SPM CHEMISTRY F4.indd 8

Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry  

3. Which of the following I It is a tentative A P and Q only Chapter
explanation B P and R only
careers requires the C Q and R only
II It connects the D P, Q and R
understanding of chemical manipulated variable with
the responding variable
interaction between the
III It is the factor that is 7. If your friend’s eye comes in 1
human body and the purposely changed contact with a chemical, what

substance used in implants? IV It ensures that an is the first action that you
experiment is carried out
A Pharmacist fairly must do?
B Chemical engineer
C Bioengineer A I and II A Report the matter to the
D Biochemist B I and III teacher
C II and IV
1.2 Scientific Investigation in D III and IV B Wash off the chemical
Chemistry spill

4. The following are four steps 1.3 Using, Management and C Bring the friend to the eye
in scientific investigation. Handling of Apparatus and wash station to wash his

P – Controlling variables Chemicals eye
Q – Collecting data
R – Making hypothesis D Ask the friend to sit down
S – Interpreting data and comfort him

6. Figure 1.10 shows three self- 8. In which direction should the
Which sequence is correct? protecting equipment. mouth of a heated test tube
A Q, R, P, S
B R, P, Q, S P Q R be pointed at?
C S, Q, P, R
D R, Q, S, P Figure 1.9 A Towards oneself
B Away from others
Which equipment has to C Away from oneself and
be worn at all times when
working in a chemical others
laboratory?
D Towards others and away
from oneself

5. Which of the following
statements is true of

hypothesis?

Subjective Questions

Section A

1. (a) Rules and safety precautions in the chemistry laboratory is important to avoid accidents. Give the reasons
for these precautions.

(i) Long hair should be tied up.

(ii) Only laboratory shoes or closed-up shoes are allowed in the laboratory.

(iii) Excess solution should not be poured back into the reagent bottle. [3 marks]


(b) Assume that you accidentally broke a test tube and the chemical in it spilled onto the table. What should
[3 marks]
you do?

(c) What is a fume chamber? When is the fume chamber in a chemistry laboratory used? [3 marks]

Section B
2. Scientific method is used by chemists to understand a phenomenon.

(a) Give the meaning of hypothesis, manipulated variable, responding variable and constant variable.
[4 marks]

9

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  Chemistry Form 4  Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Chapter (b) What should be done during the planning of an experiment to verify a hypothesis? [4 marks]
2
(c) Table 1.6 shows the results of an experiment using the scientific method.

Table 1.6 01

1 Mass of salt added to pure water (g)

Time taken for water to freeze (mins) 20 37 45

[2 marks]
Based on Table 1.6, [1 mark]
[2 marks]
(i) identify the manipulated variable and the responding variable in the experiment.

(ii) suggest one hypothesis for the experiment.
(iii) state two constant variables in the experiment.

(d) A student wants to investigate the effect of salt on the density of water. [1 mark]
(i) Suggest one hypothesis for the experiment.

(ii) Identify all the variables in the experiment. Then, describe briefly how he can control all the
[6 marks]
variables.

Section C [10 marks]
3. (a) Using examples, explain the importance of chemicals in daily life.

(b) Iron has many uses in our life. Unfortunately, iron can rust easily. One of the ways to prevent iron

from rusting is to paint it.

Describe an experiment to show that painting can prevent iron from rusting. Your description should

include the observations and conclusion made. HOTS [10 marks]

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01 SPM CHEMISTRY F4.indd 10

CHEMISTRY SPM CCXXXXXX FOCUS SPM
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