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4.5 KSSM KC118942 PELANGI
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W.M: RM19.95 / E.M: RM19.95 Chong Chee Sian
KC118942
ISBN: 978-967-2806-84-4 Shazatul Ezma Mahfudz
Bibiana Toh Siew Siew
PELANGI Chien Hui Siong
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. (89120-H)
02.indd 1 21/03/2022 4:55 PM
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4.2 Energy Sector 37
Form 4 4.3 Waste and Wastewater
Management Sector 38
CHAPTER 1 Safety Measures 1 4.4 Agriculture and Forestry 39
Sector
in the Laboratory
4.5 Transportation Sector 40
1.1 Personal Protective Equipment 2 4.6 Green Technology and Life 41
1.2 Disposal of Waste 4 SPM Practice 42
1.3 Fire Extinguishers 7
CHAPTER 5 Genetics 45
SPM Practice 10
CHAPTER 2 Emergency Help 14 5.1 Cell Division 46
5.2 Inheritance 53
2.1 Cardiopulmonary 5.3 Mutation 57
Resuscitation (CPR) 15 5.4 Genetic Engineering
2.2 Heimlich Manoeuvre 17 Technology 62
SPM Practice 20 5.5 Variation 64
SPM Practice 66
CHAPTER 3 Techniques of Measuring
the Parameters of Body
Health 23 CHAPTER 6 Support, Movement 71
and Growth
3.1 Body Temperature 24 6.1 Support, Movement and
3.2 Pulse Rate 26 Growth in Animals 72
3.3 Blood Pressure 27 6.2 Human Movement and
3.4 Body Mass Index (BMI) 28 Growth 82
6.3 Support, Growth and
SPM Practice 30 Stability in Plants 88
CHAPTER 4 Green Technology SPM Practice 92
for Environmental
Sustainability 34 CHAPTER 7 Body Coordination 96
4.1 Environmental Sustainability 35 7.1 Human Endocrine System 97
ii
Ranger SPM Science.indb 2 3/21/22 3:00 PM
7.2 Disruptions to Body 11.3 Gravitational Acceleration
Coordination 100 and Free Fall 158
7.3 Healthy Mind 103 11.4 Mass and Inertia 161
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SPM Practice 106 SPM Practice 165
CHAPTER 8 Elements and CHAPTER
Substances 109 12 Nuclear Energy 169
12.1 The Use of Nuclear Energy 170
8.1 Matter 110
8.2 Modern Periodic Table 12.2 The Production of Nuclear 171
Energy
of Elements 112
8.3 Isotope 116 12.3 Impact of Using Nuclear 175
Energy
SPM Practice 118 12.4 Nuclear Energy in Malaysia 177
SPM Practice 178
CHAPTER 9 Chemicals in Industry 122
Form 5
9.1 Alloy 123
9.2 Glass and Ceramic 127
9.3 Polymer 129 CHAPTER 1 Microorganisms 182
SPM Practice 132
1.1 World of Microorganisms 183
CHAPTER Chemicals in Medicine 136 1.2 Useful Microorganisms 193
10
1.3
and Health
Prevention and Treatment of
Diseases Caused by Harmful
10.1 Traditional Medicine, Microorganisms 194
Modern Medicine and SPM Practice 198
Complementary Medicine 137
10.2 Free Radicals 141 Nutrition and Food
10.3 Antioxidant Substances 143 CHAPTER 2 Technology 201
10.4 Health Products 145
SPM Practice 146 2.1 Balanced Diet and Calorific
Value 202
CHAPTER 149 2.2 Nutrient Requirements 207
in Plants
11 Force and Motion
2.3 Nitrogen Cycle 211
11.1 Linear Motion 150 2.4 Food Production
11.2 Linear Motion Graphs 155 Technology 213
iii
Ranger SPM Science.indb 3 3/21/22 3:00 PM
2.5 Food Processing Technology 217
2.6 Health Foods and Health CHAPTER 6 Electrochemistry 283
Supplements 220
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SPM Practice 223 6.1 Electrolytic Cell 284
6.2 Chemical Cell 289
CHAPTER 3 Sustainability of the 226 SPM Practice 291
Environment
CHAPTER
3.1 Product Life Cycle 227 7 Light and Optics 294
3.2 Environmental Pollution 231
3.3 Preservation and Conservation 7.1 Formation of Images
of the Environment 239 by Lenses 295
SPM Practice 242 7.2 Optical Instruments 299
SPM Practice 303
CHAPTER 4 Rate of Reaction 246 CHAPTER
4.1 Introduction to Rate 8 Force and Pressure 306
of Reaction 247 8.1 Pressure in Fluids 307
4.2 Factors Affecting Rate SPM Practice 312
of Reaction 253
4.3 Applications of the Concept
of Rate of Reaction 256 CHAPTER 9 Space Technology 316
SPM Practice 259
9.1 Satellite 317
CHAPTER 5 Carbon Compounds 262 9.2 Global Positioning 321
System (GPS)
SPM Practice 323
5.1 Introduction to Carbon
Compounds 263
5.2 Hydrocarbons 265 SPM Model Paper 325
5.3 Alcohol 269
5.4 Fats 272
5.5 Palm Oil 273
SPM Practice 280
iv
Ranger SPM Science.indb 4 3/21/22 3:00 PM
CHAPTER 1 IN THE LABORATORY
SAFETY MEASURES
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Theme 1: Scientific Methodology
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 Personal Protective 1.3 Fire Extinguishers
Equipment
1.2 Disposal of Waste
CONCEPT MAP
Safety Measures
in the Laboratory
Personal Protective Disposal of Fire
Equipment Waste Extinguishers
On students Types of fire
Substances Substances extinguishers
that can be that cannot
In the disposed of be disposed of
Way to
laboratory into sinks into sinks use a fire
extinguisher
Managing
biological waste Auditing
substances
1
F4 Chapter 1.indd 1 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
1.1 Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment on a Student and Their Functions
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1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to the equipment needed to protect
the user from harm while carrying out experiments.
2. Figure 1.1 shows the personal protective equipment that must be worn by students
in the science laboratory or when conducting experiments.
Goggles
Protect the eyes from
Face mask harmful chemical
Protects the nose and substances.
Form 4
mouth from smoke,
vapour and dust,
as well as chemical
substances that are
volatile and harmful to Gloves
the respiratory system. Gloves made of rubber
are used when handling
biological specimens
and to protect the
Lab coat hands from hazardous
Coat with buttons chemical substances.
down the front for easy
removal in the event
of an emergency, and
which is used to protect
the body and clothes
from spills of hazardous
chemical substances
and biological waste.
Closed shoes / Safety
shoes
Fully-enclosed footwear
is used to protect the
feet against spills from
chemical substances
and cuts from broken
glass.
Figure 1.1 Personal protective equipment on a student
2
F4 Chapter 1.indd 2 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
Personal Protective Equipment in the Laboratory
1. Personal protective equipment is also installed in a laboratory for personal safety
and protection from harm while conducting experiments.
2. Figure 1.2 shows some of the equipment that are available in a laboratory.
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Form 4
Laminar flow cabinet Fume chamber
Used when carrying out microbiological Used when carrying out experiments involving
experiments to avoid contamination of substances that are flammable, poisonous,
biological samples. corrosive, pungent and volatile. Therefore, it has
a suction fan that pulls contaminated air out from
the laboratory.
Safety shower
Used to immediately clean and rinse parts of the body or
clothes that have come into contact with a toxic chemical
substance or have caught fire.
Eyewash station
Used to immediately rinse and wash eyes that have come
into contact with chemical substances.
How to Use a Safety
Shower and Eyewash
Station
VIDEO
Figure 1.2 Personal protective equipment in the laboratory
3
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Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
1.2 Disposal of Waste
Waste that Can be Disposed of into Sinks and Waste that Cannot be Disposed
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of into Sinks
1. There are two types of laboratory waste:
(a) substances that can be disposed of into sinks
(b) substances that cannot be disposed of into sinks
2. Table 1.1 shows some examples of these waste substances.
Table 1.1 Types of waste substances
Substances that can be disposed Substances that cannot be disposed
of into sinks of into sinks
Form 4
• Neutral substances such as distilled water, • Solid waste
sucrose solution and dyes • Substances with a pH lower than 5 or higher
• Weak alkaline solutions, pH 8–9 than 9
• Weak acidic solutions, pH 5–6 • Heavy metals (arsenic, lead)
• Organic waste (animal carcasses and microbes)
• Radioactive waste (uranium)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 • Volatile substances
• Reactive substances (natrium, potassium)
• Toxic substances (mercury, cyanide)
Neutral
Acid Alkali • Organic solvent compounds (petroleum,
chloroform)
Examples of pH conditions • Chemical substances (acid, grease, oil, oil
paint, hydrogen peroxide)
pH 2 pH 4 pH 5 pH 7 pH 7.4 pH 10 pH 12
Gastric Tomato Urine Distilled Human Soap Bleach
juice juice water blood
Figure 1.3 The pH scale
3. Among the effects of disposing any waste that cannot be
disposed of into sinks are:
(a) Solid waste causes the sink to be clogged up
(b) Strong acidic substances cause the pipe to be corroded
(c) Chemical substances that flow into a water source are
harmful to aquatic life
(d) Organic waste that is washed into a water source
causes water pollution and poisoning of aquatic life
4
F4 Chapter 1.indd 4 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
Managing Biological Waste Substances
1. Biological waste substances are biological waste substances that can cause harm
or biological hazards.
2. The procedures of managing biological waste substances in the laboratory must
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be in accordance with Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).
3. Biological wastes are separated according to categories. Figure 1.4 is a flow chart
of the Standard Operating Procedure for biological waste disposal.
Form 4
Category A Category B Category C Category D
Sharp equipment Non-sharp solids Carcasses, organs Liquid
(syringe, needle, (gloves, tissue, culture (lab animals and (blood, serum)
scalpel blade) medium) experimental
animals)
Placed in special Packaged in a Wrapped in Decontaminated
containers biohazard plastic bag absorbent material by autoclave
(sharps waste bins) and decontaminated (tissue paper) and
by autoclaving at a then packaged
temperature of 121°C, neatly in a
a pressure of 15 psi biohazard plastic
for 20 minutes bag
After autoclaving, tie Stored temporarily Disposed of
up the plastic bag and in a freezer directly into
label it sewage system
through the sink
or toilet
Stored temporarily in a special storage location such as a
biohazard bin under safe, controlled condition and cooled.
Centralised disposal is carried out
Figure 1.4 Flow chart of Standard Operating Procedure for biological waste disposal
5
F4 Chapter 1.indd 5 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
Steps to Handle Accidents in the Laboratory
1. Some common types of accidents that occur in the laboratory are:
(a) Cut by broken glass
(b) Splashed by concentrated acids or alkalis
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(c) Small fires
(d) Contact with residue from the reaction of reactive metals
(e) Broken thermometer / mercury spillage
(f) Gas leaks
(g) Electric shocks
2. Figure 1.5 is a flow chart showing steps to be taken in the event of a chemical
substance spillage.
Form 4
Inform the teacher or Make the spillage area Prevent the spillage from
laboratory assistant a restricted zone spreading by using sand
immediately to form a boundary
Scoop the chemical
spillage Dispose of it safely
Figure 1.5 Steps to be taken in the event of a chemical spillage
3. Broken thermometers cause mercury
spillage. Mercury spillage can result
in mercury poisoning.
4. Mercury poisoning occurs if someone
touches it or it absorbs through the
skin in certain quantities. Mercury
is toxic and can attack the nervous
system, digestive tract, reproductive
system and the kidneys. A person
who inhales mercury vapour would
suffer from breathing difficulties
and headaches.
5. Figure 1.6 is a flow chart showing
steps to be taken if a mercury
spillage occurs.
Figure 1.6 Steps to be taken in the
event of a mercury spillage
6
F4 Chapter 1.indd 6 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
1.3 Fire Extinguishers
Types of Fire Extinguishers
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1. A fire extinguisher is an equipment used to control and extinguish fires.
2. Fire extinguishers can be classified into four types based on the medium used
in the fire extinguisher.
Water Foam
Form 4
Label colour: red Label colour: cream
• Extinguishes fires involving materials such • Extinguishes fires involving materials such as
as cloth, paper and wood wood, paper and flammable liquids or gases
• Cannot be used to extinguish fires involving such as oil, paint and natural gas
electrical appliances as water is a good • Works by covering the fire and lowering the
conductor of electricity temperature
• The contents can become frozen if stored in
a cool place
Carbon dioxide Dry powder
Label colour: black Label colour: blue
• Extinguishes fires involving electrical • Extinguishes all types of fires involving
appliances, gas and vapour. materials such as metal and non-metal solids,
• Carbon dioxide is a gas that does not liquids, gases and electrical appliances
conduct electricity
• Can extinguish fire in a hidden location
7
F4 Chapter 1.indd 7 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
3. Fires are divided into a few types based on the material that has caught fire.
4. Table 1.2 shows the types of fires and the suitable fire extinguishers to be used.
Table 1.2 Types of fires and suitable types of fire extinguishers to be used
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Type of fire Explanation Fire extinguisher
Class A Fires involving flammable solids (except metal) • Water
such as wood, paper, cloth and any flammable • Foam
materials • Dry powder
Fires involving liquids such as petrol, kerosene, • Foam
Class B diesel, paint, varnish and others • Dry powder
• Carbon dioxide
Fires involving gases such as LPG, LNG, oxygen • Dry powder
Class C
Form 4
and others • Carbon dioxide
Fires involving metals such as magnesium, • Dry powder
Class D
aluminium, sodium, potassium and others
Fires involving electrical appliances • Dry powder
Class E
• Carbon dioxide
Fires involving fats and cooking oils • Dry powder
Class F
• Carbon dioxide
5. Other firefighting equipment include the ABC fire extinguisher,
fire blanket, sand and water from the tap or other sources.
ABC fire extinguisher
• Can be used for all types of fires except for fires caused
by metals and gases
• Not harmful to humans and animals
• Will not pollute the soil
• Easy to be maintained at least once a year
• The moisture produced lasts longer to prevent the fire
from spreading
Figure 1.7 ABC fire extinguisher
Fire blanket
• Made of two layers of glass fibres
• Can extinguish small or medium fires that are difficult
to put out with water
• Can extinguish fire on a victim’s body by wrapping the
blanket around the victim
• Cannot be reused
Figure 1.8
Fire blanket
8
F4 Chapter 1.indd 8 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
How to use a Fire Extinguisher
1 Remove the safety pin from
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the fire extinguisher. Make sure
that the fire extinguisher is
positioned upright.
2
Point the nozzle of
the fire extinguisher
at the base of the
fire. Make sure you 3 Squeeze Form 4
are at a distance of the handle
about 2.0–2.5 metres of the fire
from the fire.
extinguisher.
Quiz 4 Spray evenly over the
Does every household entire source of the
fire by sweeping the
require a fire nozzle from side to
extinguisher?
side.
Figure 1.9 How to use a fire extinguisher
Carrying Out an Audit on Fire Extinguishers at School
• Identify the types of fire extinguishers found in the school.
• Check the labels on each fire extinguisher. The expiry date of the fire extinguisher
is displayed on the label.
• Ensure that the needle of the pressure gauge is in the green zone. If the needle
is deviated to the red zone on the left, then the pressure has reduced whereas
the needle that is deviated to the red zone on the right shows that there is
excessive pressure in the fire extinguisher.
• Record the number of fire extinguishers found in your school according to their
types.
• Ensure that the fire extinguishers are placed in the correct locations according
to the school emergency evacuation plan. Make sure that there are no other
objects obstructing the path to a fire extinguisher making it difficult for anyone
to access it in the event of an emergency.
9
F4 Chapter 1.indd 9 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
Practice
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Objective Questions
1. Which of the following is the function 4. Which of the following is the correct
of a face mask? match regarding biological waste
A Protects the nose and mouth from disposal?
smoke, vapour, dust and volatile
chemical substances Biological Disposal
B Protects the mouth from harmful waste method
microorganisms that could cause
diseases A Syringe, Wrapped with
Form 4
C Protects the nose and mouth from needle and biohazard plastic
harmful ultraviolet and radioactive scalpel and disposed into
rays rubbish bin
D Protects the face from splashes
of chemical substances that could B Gloves Packaged in
injure the face and culture biohazard plastic
medium and autoclaved
2. Which of the following experiments C Animal Wrapped with
must be carried out in a fume chamber? carcass tissue and buried
A Boiling distilled water in the ground
B Sublimation of iodine to gas
C Generating electricity using citric D Blood Stored in biohazard
acid bag and autoclaved
D Reaction of amylase enzyme and
starch
5. While conducting an experiment in
3. Which of the following substances can HOTS the laboratory, a student accidentally
HOTS
be disposed of into sinks? drops a thermometer causing the bulb
which contains mercury to break. What
P : Mercury action needs to be taken to handle the
Q : Acidic solution with pH 5-6 mercury spillage?
R : Alkaline solution with pH 9 A Wipe the spillage using a cloth
S : Organic solvent compounds B Pour sulphur on the spillage and
call the fire department
A P and Q C Pour sand on the spillage and call
B P and R the fire department
C Q and R D Immediately leave the area of the
D R and S mercury spillage
10
F4 Chapter 1.indd 10 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
6. How is the disposal of animal carcasses B Water can cause a bigger fire
done? C Water can cause a big explosion
A Wrapped with tissue and D Water is a good insulator of
decontaminated by autoclaving electricity
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B Wrapped with paper, stored in
biohazard bag and frozen 9. Which of the following is the
C Burned in an incinerator correct sequence for handling a fire
D Wrapped with paper and buried in extinguisher?
an open area A Pull pin Direct nozzle towards
fire source Squeeze handle
7. Figure 1 shows a car fire resulted from Spray from side to side
a fuel tank leak. B Direct towards fire source Pull
pin Squeeze handle Spray Form 4
from side to side
C Squeeze handle Pull pin
Direct towards fire source
Spray from side to side
D Pull pin Squeeze handle
Direct towards fire source
Spray from side to side
Figure 1
What type of fire extinguisher can be 10. What are the important things to do
used to extinguish the fire? when carrying out a fire extinguisher
audit?
P : Water
Q : Dry powder M : Carry out the audit every day
R : Foam N : Check the expiry date on the fire
S : Carbon dioxide extinguisher
O : Check the pressure reading on the
A P and Q C Q and R fire extinguisher
B P and R D Q and S P : Carry out the audit on one fire
extinguisher only
8. Why is water not suitable for A M and N
extinguishing a fire caused by an B N and O
electrical appliance? C M, N and O
A Water can conduct electricity well D M, N and P
11
F4 Chapter 1.indd 11 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
Subjective Questions (c) After conducting the experiment,
HOTS the students need to dispose of
HOTS
Section A the needles and blood samples.
What is the correct method
1. Figure 1 shows the results of an of disposal of both biological
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experiment conducted to identify the wastes? [2 marks]
blood group of the students of Form
4 Zamrud.
A O AB O Section B
B O A B
A A A O 2. Figure 2 shows a fire that took place
AB B B A in a laboratory.
O O O O
Figure 1
Form 4
(a) Complete Table 1 based on Figure
1 above.
Table 1
Blood group Number of students
A 6 Figure 2
B 4 (a) What is the cause of the fire?
AB [1 mark]
O 2 (b) Tick (3) the suitable types of fire
[1 mark] extinguisher that can be used to
(b) Using the data in Table 1, draw put out the fire in Figure 2.
a bar chart of the number of
students against blood group. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
Number of students
10
8
[2 marks]
6
(c) During the fire, a student’s clothes
caught fire causing the fire to
4
spread over the whole body.
State the most suitable type of
2 fire extinguisher that can be used
to put out the fire on the student’s
Blood body. Explain your answer.
A B O AB group [2 marks]
Blood group
[2 marks]
12
F4 Chapter 1.indd 12 3/21/22 3:02 PM
Science SPM Chapter 1 Safety Measures in the Laboratory
(d) What is the important thing that Choose the most suitable type of
needs to be checked when fire extinguisher.
carrying out a fire extinguisher Your answer must be based on
audit? [1 mark]
the following aspects:
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(i) Identify the cause
Section C [1 mark]
3. (a) Explain the method of using a (ii) Reason for your choice
fire extinguisher in the correct [1 mark]
sequence. (iii) State three advantages of
[6 marks] each type of fire extinguisher
in Figure 3.
(b) While boiling some water in [3 marks] Form 4
the kitchen, a small fire broke
out as a result of a gas leak. (iv) Choose the best fire
The blaze flared up and a part extinguisher [1 mark]
of the kitchen in your house is
burning. You have two types of
fire extinguishers in your house.
(a) (b)
Figure 3
Chapter 1 Answers
13
F4 Chapter 1.indd 13 3/21/22 3:02 PM
CHAPTER 10 CHEMICALS IN MEDICINE
AND HEALTH
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Theme 3: Exploration of Elements in Nature
CHAPTER OUTLINE
10.1 Traditional Medicine, 10.3 Antioxidant Substances
Modern Medicine and
Complementary Medicine
10.4 Health Products
10.2 Free Radicals
CONCEPT MAP
Chemicals in Medicine
and Health
Medical Free Antioxidant Health
Methods Radicals Substances Products
Effects on Action on Active
human health free radicals ingredients
Traditional Modern Complementary
Types of medicines
Effects of abuse of medicine
136
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
10.1 Traditional Medicine, Modern Medicine
and Complementary Medicine
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Criteria of Traditional, Modern and Complementary Medicine
1. Traditional medicine, modern medicine and complementary medicine are the three
types of medical methods that are commonly practiced.
Form 4
Traditional Modern Complementary
medicine medicine medicine
Figure 10.1 Medical methods
2. Traditional medicine is a method that involves the use of plant, animal and natural
substances in the diagnosis, treatment and maintenance of health.
3. Modern medicine is a method that involves different branches of knowledge
related to health science and biomedicine.
4. Complementary medicine refers to a variety of health care methods originating
from different cultures and has been practiced since time immemorial.
5. Table 10.1 compares the characteristics of traditional medicine and modern
medicine.
Table 10.1 Comparison between traditional medicine and modern medicine
Traditional Medicine Modern Medicine
Effectiveness is proven through experience Effectiveness is proven through clinical trials
Effectiveness of the treatment is slower and takes Treatment is quicker and more effective
time
The cost of treatment is low The cost of treatment is higher
The treatment utilises chemicals or
The treatment utilises natural substances extracted molecules which are synthesised in
from plants and animals
laboratories
137
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
6. The characteristics of complementary medicine are as follows:
Various health care therapies used together with other
medical practices
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Complementary Does not involve surgery or the use of medicines and
Medicine
synthetic chemicals
• Acupuncture
Example
• Chiropractic therapy
• Traditional massage
Figure 10.2 Characteristics of complementary medicine
Form 4
Medicines used in Traditional, Modern and Complementary Medicine
1. Medicine is a substance that is used to control health, treat or prevent diseases.
2. The following shows some examples of traditional, modern and complementary
medicines:
Traditional Medicines
Ginger Aloe vera (ʻLidah buayaʼ)
Ginger juice is Its leaves are cut open
consumed to relieve and the gel that oozes
body aches, reduce out can be used to treat
bloatedness and rashes or wounds on
prevent a cold. the skin.
Ginseng Quinine
Ginseng is used Quinine is used to
to invigorate and prevent and treat
strengthen the body. malaria.
Garlic Other examples of traditional medicine
Garlic is eaten to Mint (warms the body), longjack or ‘tongkat
prevent a cold, asthma ali’ (treats a fever), Indian penny wort or
attacks and to lower ‘pegaga’ (treats depression), sea cucumber
blood pressure. (treats wounds).
138
F4 Chapter 10.indd 138 3/21/22 3:24 PM
Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
Modern Medicines
Antibiotics Analgesics Psychotherapeutics
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• A group of medicines • A group of medicines • A group of medicines
used to kill bacteria or used for pain relief. used to treat psychiatric
inhibit their growth. • Examples include aspirin, patients.
• Important in the treatment paracetamol and codeine. • The three types of
of infectious diseases. • Aspirin is used to relieve drugs are stimulants,
• Normally produced from headaches but it is not antidepressants and
microorganisms such as suitable for children or antipsychotics.
fungi or bacteria. gastric patients as it is • Stimulants stimulate
• Examples include acidic. and activate the brain Form 4
penicillin (obtained • Paracetamol is used activity, body and feeling
from the fungus to replace aspirin for of the patient. Examples
Penicillium notatum) and children. include amphetamine and
streptomycin (obtained • Codeine is a stronger methamphetamine.
from the bacteria analgesic than aspirin or • Antidepressants manage
Streptomyces griseus). paracetamol. Continuous depression and anxiety.
use of codeine can lead Examples are imipramine
to addiction. and amitriptyline.
• Antipsychotics manage
psychotic disorders. An
example is haloperidol.
Complementary Medicines
Acupuncture Chiropractic therapy
Treat patients by Chiropractors treat
inserting thin needles patients using their hands
into acupuncture points, to adjust and realign
based on the theory of bones and joints.
meridians.
Herbal therapy Traditional massage
Treat patients using plants Improves blood circulation
or plant parts that have to relieve pain by
medicinal value. massaging the affected
part of body.
Homeopathy
Treat patient using natural remedies to
stimulate healing and boost immunity.
139
F4 Chapter 10.indd 139 3/21/22 3:24 PM
Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
The Use of Traditional Medicine, Modern Medicine and Complementary Medicine
1. Modern medicine is widely accepted by most communities because it has been
scientifically proven to be effective. However, synthetic drugs can give rise to
problems such as addiction and side effects.
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2. Traditional medicine is considered to be safer because it does not use dangerous
chemicals.
3. Traditional medicine and complementary medicine are also cheaper compared to
modern medicine.
The Use of Man-made Medicines and Medicines from Natural Resources
1. Figure 10.3 shows a comparison between man-made medicines and medicines from
natural resources.
Form 4
Developed in
laboratories and Derived from
commercialised plants and animals
for the use of (Example: Vitamin
consumers Provides the C is obtained
(Example: Vitamin same health from fruits)
C tablets) benefits
Needs to Medicines Needs to be taken
be taken
continuously Man-made from continuously for a
natural
until the patient medicines resources long period to be
effective
recovers
Risk of
getting side Evidence of
Evidence of effects healing is based
healing is
based on on trust and the
clinical trials experience of
previous patients
Figure 10.3 Comparing man-made medicines and medicines
from natural resources
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
The Effects of Misuse of Medicine
1. Figure 10.4 shows the causes and effects of the misuse of medicines.
Drug abuse and Addiction to medications
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overdependence on drugs
Not taking medications The illness is not cured, but
according to prescribed other health problems arise
dosage and times instead
Not taking medications Serious side effects such as
according to the age allergy, nausea, headaches, Form 4
group specified fever and fainting
Create new resistant strains
Overusing antibiotics / not of bacteria, making antibiotics
following prescription less effective in fighting the
disease
Figure 10.4 Causes and effects of the misuse of medicines
10.2 Free Radicals Quiz
Can fever medication be used to
Definition of Free Radicals relieve a cough?
1. A free radical is an atom or molecule that is lacking one electron, making it
unstable or highly reactive.
2. A free radical tends to attack another atom or molecule by taking an electron
from the atom or molecule.
3. Oxidation is a chemical process in which a reactant loses electrons.
4. Figure 10.5 shows the factors that contribute to the formation of free radicals
in our bodies.
Internal factors • Metabolism
• Inflammation
Production of
free radicals
• Ultraviolet rays
• Air pollution
External factors
• Cigarette smoke
• Ionising rays
• Toxic waste
Figure 10.5 Contributing factors to free radicals production in our bodies
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
The Effects of Free Radicals on Human Health
1. Free radicals damage body cells as shown in Figure 10.6.
Free radical
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Form 4
Human cell
Figure 10.6
2. Excess production of free radicals creates a phenomenon called oxidative stress.
Unstable atoms tend to
Free radicals are toxic Free radicals have obtain electrons from
by-products of body
metabolism unstable atoms other atoms to be more
stable
Oxidative stress exists
when the rate of this Oxidative stress can
This process damages process increases cause various types of
living cells
beyond the capability of chronic diseases
the body to neutralise it
3. Oxidative stress is related to the following health problems:
(a) Effect of aging as seen in wrinkled skin and hair loss.
(b) Cardiovascular disease caused by blockage of arteries.
(c) Malfunction of kidneys, livers and lungs.
(d) Formation of carcinogens which cause cell mutations and cancers.
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
10.3 Antioxidant Substances
Definition of Antioxidant Substances
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1. Antioxidants are chemicals needed by our bodies to neutralise free radicals.
2. Antioxidants can slow down or stop the oxidation process.
3. The production of antioxidants in the human body depends on factors such as
age and health status.
4. Different foods provide different types of antioxidants as shown in Table 10.2.
Table 10.2 Antioxidants in food Form 4
Vitamin C Vitamin E
Antioxidant Beta carotene Lutein Lycopene (Ascorbic (Alpha-
acid) tocopherol)
Carrot, sweet Spinach, Tomato, Citrus Green
potato, broccoli watermelon, fruits and vegetables,
spinach papaya, vegetables beans,
orange cooking oil
Source
The Action of Antioxidants on Free Radicals
1. An antioxidant is a chemical compound which can be obtained through chemical
synthesis or from plants.
2. An antioxidant stabilises a free radical by completing the unpaired electron of
the free radical, as shown in Figure 10.7.
3. An antioxidant reacts with a free
radical to produce a more stable Unpaired
compound. This slows down or Antioxidant electron
inhibits oxidation.
4. In this way, damage to body cells Donate
can be prevented. electron
Figure 10.7 Action of antioxidant
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
5. The following describes an experiment on oxidation.
Aim: Apparatus:
To study the effect of different solutions on Knife, Petri dish, beakers, forceps
the oxidation of apples.
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Procedure:
Problem statement: 1. An apple was cut into 5 equal slices.
How do we slow down the oxidation of A slice was placed in a Petri dish as
apples? a control.
2. The other four apple slices were
Hypothesis: immersed in the following solutions
A solution which contains an antioxidant for 15 minutes:
slows down the oxidation of apples.
(a) Sugar solution
Variables: (b) Lime juice
Manipulated: Types of solutions (c) Sodium bicarbonate solution
Responding: Colour change in apple (d) Common salt solution
Form 4
Constant: Size of each slice of apple 3. After 15 minutes, each apple slice was
removed, placed in a Petri dish, then
Materials: left exposed to the air for 30 minutes.
Apple, sugar solution, lime juice, sodium 4. The changes to all the apple slices
bicarbonate solution, common salt solution
were observed after 15 minutes.
Results: Apple
Apple
Apple
Apple
Apple
Apparatus
set-up
Lime juice
Lime juice
Lime juice
Sugar solution
Sugar solution
Lime juice
Common salt
Common salt
Common salt
Common salt
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sodium
Sugar solution
Petri dish
Petri dish
Petri dish
Petri dish
Sugar solution
Petri dish Sugar solution Lime juice Sodium Common salt
solution
bicarbonate
bicarbonate solution
bicarbonate
bicarbonate
bicarbonate
solution
solution
solution
solution
solution
solution
solution
solution
Colour change
in slices of Yes No No Yes No
apple
Discussion: 3. Sodium bicarbonate solution is not an
1. A change in the colour of a slice of antioxidant. Therefore, the apple slice
apple is an indication that oxidation is changed colour.
taking place in the cells of the apple. Conclusion:
2. Sugar solution, lime juice and common Sugar solution, lime juice and the
salt solution slow down the oxidation common salt solution contain antioxidants
rate in the apple. The three solutions and could slow down the oxidation of the
are antioxidants. Therefore, the apple apple. The hypothesis was accepted.
slices did not change colour.
Experiment
VIDEO
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
10.4 Health Products
Active Ingredients in Health Products
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1. Health products are substances that
are used to maintain good health and
quality of life.
2. Examples of health products are
vitamins, minerals, herbal medicines
and probiotics.
3. An active ingredient is a specific Form 4
component in a health product which
has a healing or preventive effect
on a disease.
Figure 10.8 Example of active ingredient
in a health product
The Use of Health Products Available in the Market
1. Figure 10.9 shows the main reasons for taking health products.
To help maintain
To complement functions of
diet
body systems
Main To supplement
To prevent Reasons for body with
serious nutrients which are
diseases Using Health poorly absorbed
Products
with age
To supplement
body with nutrients To remove toxic
that are lacking substances
as a result of from body
an unhealthy
lifestyle
Figure 10.9 Main reasons for using health products
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
Practice
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Objective Questions
1. Which of the following shows the 4. Which of the following statements is
correct combination of the types of correct about free radicals?
medicines? A A free radical is a complex molecule
B A free radical reacts passively
Traditional Modern C A free radical tends to combine
Medicine Medicine with another atom
A Ginseng Antidepressant D A free radical tends to receive
electrons from another atom
Form 4
B Acupuncture Ginger
C Chiropractic Aloe vera 5. Which of the following health problems
is the result of excessive free radicals
D Antibiotic Traditional in the body?
massage A Hypertension
B Genetic disease
2. The characteristics of a type of C Formation of carcinogens
medicine are listed below. D Insomnia
• Its effectiveness is proven from 6. Which of the following is an external
experience factor contributing to the production of
• The cost of treatment is low free radicals in the body?
• The treatment uses natural
products extracted from plants and A Cigarette smoke
animals B Stress
C Inflammation
What is the type of medicine? D Metabolism
A Supplementary medicine
B Complementary medicine 7. Which of the following substances is
C Traditional medicine a strong antioxidant?
D Modern medicine A Sodium chloride
B Beta carotene
3. Which of the following situations is C Glucose
considered a misuse of medicine? D Calcium chloride
A Taking modern medicines and
complementary medicines 8. Which of the following food is rich in
simultaneously antioxidants?
B Overly dependent on medicines A Seafood
C Taking modern medicine according B Egg
to the prescribed dosage C Common salt
D Taking different types of D Broccoli
supplements
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
9. Figure 1 shows a type of health A The active component in the
product. product
B The natural component
C The main component in the product
D The component which has an effect
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on health
10. Why do consumers take a health
product?
A To complement their diet
Figure 1 B To cure an acute disease
C To absorb excess nutrients
What is the meaning of the active D To reduce the need for physical
ingredients listed on the bottle label? exercise Form 4
Subjective Questions
Section A (b) State the following variables of
the experiment.
1. Figure 1 shows an experiment to study (i) Manipulated variable
the oxidation rates of apple slices using
different types of solutions. (ii) Responding variable
[2 marks]
Apple
slice (c) What is the function of the apple
slice in the Petri dish?
[1 mark]
Section B
Petri Sugar Lemon
dish solution juice 2. (a) State one example for each of
A B C the following types of medicine.
Figure 1 (i) Complementary medicine
(a) Observe the colour changes of (ii) Modern medicine
the apple slices. Record your [2 marks]
observations in Table 1.
(b) Traditional medicine is chosen to
Table 1 treat a chronic illness.
Set Observation What are the advantages of
A Exposed to air traditional medicine over other
type of medicine? [2 marks]
Immersed in sugar
B
solution
Immersed in lemon
C
juice
[2 marks]
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Science SPM Chapter 10 Chemicals in Medicine and Health
(c) Figure 2 shows a remedy that State two negative effects
is commonly used in traditional of excessive free radicals on
medicine. health. [2 marks]
(b) Figure 3.2 shows the factors that
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contribute to the formation of free
radicals in the human body.
Factors that Contribute to the
Formation of Free Radicals
Figure 2
HOTS Your neighbour decides to use the
HOTS
remedy to treat a family member Air pollution Toxic waste
who shows symptoms of serious
and acute asthma.
Form 4
Do you agree with his decision? Smoking
Justify your answer. [2 marks]
Figure 3.2
Study the information in Figure
Section C 3.2 and build a concept on free
radicals. [4 marks]
3. (a) Figure 3.1 shows the effect of
free radicals on a healthy body
cell. Our body cells can be (c) Figure 3.3 shows an example
damaged, which subsequently of foods taken by a person who
wishes to reduce the effect of
causes various diseases such
as premature aging. aging.
Free radicals snatch
electrons from healthy
body cells
Free radical
Figure 3.3
HOTS In your opinion, are the foods
HOTS
Healthy suitable for the person to achieve
body cell her objective? Justify your
Figure 3.1 answer. [4 marks]
Chapter 10 Answers
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CHAPTER 6 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
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Theme 2: Exploration of Elements in Nature
CHAPTER OUTLINE
6.1 Electrolytic Cell 6.2 Chemical Cell
CONCEPT MAP
Electrochemistry
Electrolytic Cell Chemical Cell
Electrolysis Chemical energy ➞
electrical energy
Electrolysis Electrolysis Applications
of a molten of an aqueous of electrolysis Extraction of metals
compound solution in industries
Electroplating
Factors affecting
the products in
electrolysis Purification of metals
Wastewater treatment
Position of Concentration Type of
ions in the of electrolyte electrode
electrochemical
series
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
6.1 Electrolytic Cell
Electrolysis
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1. Electrolysis is the decomposition of a compound in the molten or aqueous
state into its constituent elements when electric current flows through it.
2. Electrolysis occurs in an electrolytic cell. The figure below shows the structure
of an electrolytic cell.
BATTERIES Battery as a source
of electrical energy
+ –
Anode Cathode
Electrode that is connected to the Electrode that is connected to the
positive terminal of the batteries negative terminal of the batteries
Anion
Negatively-charged particles –
– +
Electrolyte – Beaker
Molten compound or aqueous +
Form 5
solution which contains free Cation
moving ions + Positively-charged particles
Figure 6.1 Electrolysis
SPM TIPS SPM TIPS
An electrode is an electric conductor (metal A solid ionic compound is not an
plate or carbon rod) that is dipped into an electrolyte because its ions cannot
electrolyte and carries electric current into move freely.
or out from the electrolyte.
4. Processes that take place at the (b) In the connecting wire
anode and the cathode of the • The electrons released by anions
electrolytic cell when an electric flow to the cathode through the
current is passed through it: connecting wire.
(a) At the anode (c) At the cathode
• Anions (negatively-charged • Cations (positively-charged
particles) move toward the particles) move toward the
anode. cathode.
• Anions release electrons at • Cations receive electrons at
the anode to form atoms or the cathode to form atoms or
molecules. molecules.
• Anions are discharged at the • Cations are discharged at
anode. the cathode.
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
5. Electrolysis of an ionic compound in the molten state:
Example 1
Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr 2
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Electrolyte
1 The bulb lights up when lead(II)
bromide starts to melt. Anode (+) Cathode (–)
–
+ +
3 – – – + – – + – + + + + +
+
Electrons released by e – – – – – – – – + +
bromide ions move – – – + + + + – + +
from the anode to the Carbon electrodes e –
cathode through the Anions and Cations move freely.
connecting wire. Br – Br – Pb 2+
Lead(II)
Br – Pb 2+
Pb 2+ bromide
4
2 Heat • Lead(II) ions
2+
• Bromide ions (cations), Pb ,
(anions), Br , move toward the Form 5
–
move toward the Anode Cathode cathode.
anode. • Lead(II) ions
• Bromide ions e e are discharged
are discharged by receiving
by releasing e e electrons.
electrons. e e • Grey solid
• Brown bromine e Br – 2+ lead atoms are
gas is released at e e Pb deposited on the
the anode. e Br – Pb cathode.
Br Br
2 Br – Br Br + 2e – Pb 2+ + 2e – Pb
Bromide Bromine Lead(II) Lead(II)
ion molecule (Br ) ion atom
2
Figure 6.2 Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide
6. Electrolysis of an ionic compound in aqueous solution:
(a) Other than anions and cations found in the ionic compound, an aqueous solution
also contains hydrogen ions, H and hydroxide ions, OH .
–
+
(b) However, only one type of cation and one type of anion are preferentially
or selected to be discharged during the process of electrolysis.
(c) The products of the electrolysis depend on three factors, which are:
(i) Position of ions in the electrochemical series
(ii) Concentration of electrolyte
(iii) Type of electrodes
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
(i) Position of ions in the electrochemical series
Example 2
Electrolysis of sodium nitrate solution using carbon electrodes (inert electrodes):
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The electrolyte consists of
Anode Cathode
Anions Cations
• Nitrate ions and • Sodium ions and
hydroxide ions move nitrate ion sodium ion hydrogen ions move
toward the anode. hydroxide ion hydrogen ion toward the cathode.
• The hydroxide ion • The hydrogen ion
is selected to be is selected to be
discharged because Carbon electrodes discharged because
its position in the its position in the
electrochemical series electrochemical
is lower. series is lower.
• The product of Dilute • The product of
electrolysis at the sodium electrolysis at the
anode is oxygen gas nitrate cathode is hydrogen
(colourless gas) solution gas (colourless gas)
• Hydroxide ion ➞ oxygen A • Hydrogen ion +
+ water + electrons electrons ➞ hydrogen
Form 5
Figure 6.3 Electrolysis of sodium nitrate solution
Cation Electrochemical Series Anion
Potassium ion, K + Flouride ion, F –
Sodium ion, Na + Sulphate ion, SO 4 2–
Calcium ion, Ca 2+ Nitrate ion, NO 3 –
Magnesium ion, Mg 2+ Chloride ion, Cl –
Aluminium ion, Al 3+ Bromide ion, Br –
Zinc ion, Zn 2+ Iodide ion, I –
Iron(II) ion, Fe 2+ Hydroxide ion, OH –
Tin ion, Sn 2+
Lead(II) ion, Pb 2+
Hydrogen ion, H +
Copper(II) ion, Cu 2+
Silver ion, Ag +
Aurum ion, Au +
Easier to discharge
Figure 6.4 Position of the cations and anions in the electrochemical series
(ii) Concentration of electrolyte
Example 3
Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride, NaCl, solution using carbon electrodes (inert
electrodes):
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
Anode Electrolysis of sodium Cathode
chloride solution at different
• Chloride ions and hydroxide ions concentrations. • Sodium ions and
move toward the anode. Cell I: dilute sodium chloride hydrogen ions move
Cell I solution toward the cathode.
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• The hydroxide ion is selected to be Cell II: concentrated sodium • The hydrogen ion
discharged because its position chloride solution is selected to be
in the electrochemical series is discharged because
lower. Concentrated its position in the
Carbon
• The product of electrolysis at the electrodes sodium electrochemical
anode is oxygen gas (colourless gas) chloride series is lower.
• Hydroxide ion ➞ oxygen + water solution • The product of
+ electrons electrolysis at the
cathode is hydrogen
Cell II gas (colourless gas)
• The chloride ion is selected to be
discharged because it has higher The electrolyte consists of
concentration.
• The product of electrolysis at the Anions Cations
anode is chlorine gas (colourless A chloride ion sodium ion
gas)
• Chloride ion ➞ chlorine + electrons hydroxide ion hydrogen ion
Figure 6.5 Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution Form 5
(iii) Type of electrodes used
Example 4
Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using carbon or copper electrodes:
Anode Electrolysis of copper(II) Cathode
sulphate solution using
Cell I different electrodes In both cell I and cell II
• Carbon electrodes (inert electrodes) Cell I: Carbon electrodes • Copper(II) ions
• The hydroxide ion is selected to be Cell II: Copper electrodes and hydrogen ions
discharged because its position move toward the
in the electrochemical series is cathode.
lower. • The copper(II) ion
• Oxygen gas is released as the is selected to be
product. discharged because
• Hydroxide ion ➞ oxygen + water Carbon/ Carbon/ its position in the
+ electrons copper copper electrochemical
Cell II electrode electrode series is lower.
• Copper electrodes (reactive Copper(II) • The product of
electrodes) sulphate electrolysis at the
• The copper electrode dissolves solution cathode is copper
to form copper(II) ions metal (brown solid).
• Copper atom ➞ copper(II) ion + The electrolyte consists of • A brown solid is
electrons Anions Cations deposited on the
• Copper(II) ions are formed as cathode (cathode
the product sulphate Ion copper ion thickens)
• The copper anode becomes hydroxide ion hydrogen ion • Copper(II) ion +
thinner electrons ➞ copper
Figure 6.6 Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
Applications of Electrolysis in Industries
A Extraction of metals
1. Metals such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium are more
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reactive than carbon, hence these metals cannot be extracted by heating with
carbon.
2. Metals such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium must be
extracted using electrolysis.
3. The figure below shows the process of extracting aluminium using electrolysis.
Anode + Carbon electrodes
• Oxide ions move toward the – Insulator
anode.
• Oxide ions release electrons Carbon Molten aluminium
and form oxygen gas. oxide in cryolite
• Oxide ion ➞ oxygen + electrons Molten aluminium
Cathode
Form 5
• Aluminium ions move toward the cathode
• Aluminium ions receive electrons and form
molten aluminium
• Aluminium ion + electrons ➞ aluminium
Figure 6.7 Extraction of aluminium by electrolysis
B Electroplating of metals
Cathode
• Copper(II) ions and
hydrogen ions move
toward the cathode.
Anode
• The copper(II) ion is
• Copper dissolves to + – selected to be discharged
produce copper(II) because its position
ions in the electrochemical
• Copper ➞ copper(II) Copper Key series is lower.
ion + electrons (Anode) (Cathode) • A thin layer of copper
metal is plated onto the
Copper(II) sulphate solution metallic object (iron key)
which acts as cathode.
• Copper(II) ions + electrons
➞ copper atoms
Figure 6.8 Electroplating
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
C Purification of metals
An impure metal can be purified using electrolysis.
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Cathode
Anode • Copper(II) ions and
hydrogen ions move
• Atoms of the metal toward the cathode.
(copper) in the impure + – • Copper(II) ions receive
metal electrode release Impure Pure electrons and form a
electrons forming metal copper copper
anions (copper ions). (Anode) (Cathode) layer of copper on the
pure copper electrode.
• Copper atoms ➞ copper(II) Impurities • Copper(II) ions + electrons
ions + electrons Copper(II) sulphate solution ➞ copper atoms
Figure 6.9 Purification of a metal by electrolysis
D Wastewater treatment using electrocoagulation
Form 5
+ –
Anode Flocs
• Metal atoms in e – Floatation H 2 e – Cathode
metal electrodes OH – • Hydrolysis breaks
release electrons M M n OH down water into
+
to form metal ions. M(OH) n hydrogen gas and
• Metal ➞ M ions + Coagulation H O hydroxide ions.
2+
2
electrons Anode Precipitate Cathode
Sludge
• Metal ions and hydroxide ions coagulate the solid
suspension, heavy metal and emulsified oil found in
the wastewater to form clumps called flocs.
• The flocs are then removed from the water through
filtration.
Figure 6.10 Wastewater treatment using electrocoagulation
6.2 Chemical Cell
Energy Change in a Simple Chemical Cell
1. A chemical cell is an apparatus set-up that converts chemical energy to electrical
energy.
2. A chemical cell consists of two different metal electrodes that are immersed
in an electrolyte.
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
3. The figure below shows the structure of a simple chemical cell.
Cathode
Electrons flow from the zinc electrode (Positive terminal)
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to the copper electrode through the
Anode connecting wire. • Electrons always
(Negative terminal) flow out from the
negative terminal to
• Zinc is more reactive the positive terminal,
than copper. Chemical energy ➞ electrical energy therefore the copper
• Zinc atoms release electrode acts as
electrons. the positive terminal.
• Zinc ➞ zinc ions + e – V • Copper(II) ions and
electrons e – e – hydrogen ions move
• Electrons flow toward the cathode.
out from the zinc • Copper(II) ions
electrode, hence – + receive electrons
zinc acts as the Zinc Copper and form copper
negative terminal. atoms.
e Copper(II) • Copper(II) ions +
– sulphate electrons ➞ copper
solution
Zinc e
e +
Zn 2+
Form 5
• The blue copper(II) sulphate e
solution becomes paler because Cu 2+ e Cu
the concentration of copper(II)
• The zinc electrode ions decreases with time. Cu 2+ Cu 2+
becomes thinner. • This is because copper(II) ions
are discharged at the cathode. • The copper electrode
becomes thicker.
Figure 6.11 The structure of a simple chemical cell
SPM TIPS
A more reactive metal will act as the anode or the negative terminal.
A less reactive metal will act as the cathode or the positive terminal.
Quiz
A simple cell uses a magnesium ribbon and a copper Electrochemistry
strip. Which will be the negative terminal?
VIDEO
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
Practice
Objective Questions
1. Which of the following is an electrolyte?
A Aluminium
B Ethane Carbon Figure 2Reserved.
Carbon
C Calcium carbonate electrode X electrode Y
D Lead(II) bromide Dilute sodium
chloride solution
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2. Figure 1 shows an electrolytic cell.
What are the products of electrolysis
accumulated at the X and Y electrodes?
X Y
X Y
Z A Hydrogen Oxygen
Figure 1 B Oxygen Hydrogen Form 5
Which of these parts are labelled C Hydrogen Chlorine
correctly?
D Chlorine Hydrogen
X Y Z
A Anode Cathode Electrolyte 5. A student conducts an investigation of
HOTS
HOTS the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate
B Cathode Electrolyte Anode solution using an electrolytic cell as
C Electrolyte Anode Cathode shown in Figure 3.
D Cathode Anode Electrolyte
3. Which of the following factors does Carbon
not affect the product of electrolysis at electrodes Copper(II)
the electrodes during the electrolysis sulphate
solution
of aqueous solution?
A Concentration of ions in the Figure 3
aqueous solution What is the expected observation at
B Position of ions in the the electrode acting as the positive
electrochemical series terminal?
C Type of electrodes used A Colourless gas bubbles are
D Volume of the aqueous solution liberated
B Greenish-yellow gas bubbles are
4. Figure 2 shows the electrolysis of released
sodium chloride solution using an C Becoming thinner
electrolytic cell. D Becoming thicker
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
6. Which of the following is not an B Extraction of metals from mineral
HOTS
HOTS application of electrolysis in our daily ores
life? C Purification of metals
A Generation of electricity D Prevents rusting of iron
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Subjective Questions
Section A (b) Based on the observations in
Table 1, state one inference.
1. Figure 1 shows an experiment to study [1 mark]
electrolytes and non-electrolyte.
(c) State the variables in this
experiment.
Switch Switch (i) Constant variable [1 mark]
(ii) Responding variable
Carbon Carbon
electrodes Crucible electrodes Crucible [1 mark]
Molten Naphthalene
lead(II)
bromide Section B
Heat Heat
Cell I 2. Figure 2 shows an electrolytic cell
Form 5
for the electrolysis of sodium nitrate
solution using carbon electrodes.
Switch Switch
Gas X Gas Y
Carbon Carbon
electrodes Crucible electrodes Crucible Sodium
nitrate
Molten Naphthalene solution
lead(II) Electrode Q
bromide Electrode P
Heat Heat
Cell II
Figure 1 Figure 2
(a) Observe the condition of the bulb
after the solid compound in the (a) Name electrodes P and Q using
crucible melts and record your the following terms:
observations.
Electrolyte Anode Cathode
Table 1
[2 marks]
Cell Observation
I (b) Name gas X and gas Y.
[2 marks]
II
[2 marks]
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Science SPM Chapter 6 Electrochemistry
(c) Explain the formation of gas X at electrode P based on the selective discharge
HOTS
HOTS of ions. [2 marks]
Section C
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3. (a) Compare and contrast an electrolytic cell and a chemical cell. [2 marks]
(b) Figure 3 shows three examples of the application of electrolysis.
Carbon electrodes
Dilute sodium
chloride solution
A
Form 5
Electrolysis
+ – + –
Impure Pure
Copper Key copper copper
(cathode)
(anode) (cathode) (anode)
Foreign
Copper(II) sulphate solution substance Copper(II) sulphate solution
Figure 3
Study the information in Figure 3 and construct the concept of electrolysis. Your
answer should be based on the following aspects:
(i) Identify three common characteristics. [3 marks]
(ii) Give one example of an application of electrolysis other than the examples
given in Figure 3 above and state one of its characteristics. [1 mark]
(iii) Relate the common characteristics to construct the actual concept of electrolysis.
[6 marks]
Chapter 6 Answers
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F5 Chapter 6.indd 293 3/21/22 3:59 PM
Science SPM SPM Model Paper
Model Paper
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PAPER 1
1 hour 15 minutes
[40 marks]
Questions 1 to 40 are followed by four answer choices, A, B, C, and D. Choose the best
answer for each question.
1. Figure 1 shows a face mask commonly C Contact the authorities
worn in the laboratory. D Contact a medical officer
3. The statement below describes one
type of thermometer.
No need to come into contact with
any part of the human body
Figure 1
Which of the following is the
What is the use of face masks in thermometer described in the
the laboratory when conducting an statement above?
experiment?? A
A Protects eyes from chemical
splashes
B Protects the body from spilled
chemicals
C Avoid toxic gases affecting the
respiratory system B
D Avoid contact with harmful organic
matter such as bacteria
2. In December 2021, heavy rains
caused floods in several states in C
Peninsular Malaysia. If you come
across a drowning victim as a result
of falling into a river, and his or her
heart stops beating for more than 5
minutes, what quick action can you
take to rescue the drowning victim? D
A Perform Heimlich Manoeuvre
techniques
B Perform cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
325
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Science SPM SPM Model Paper
4. Ariq has a SEGAK test at school. He 7. Which of the following is correct about
obtained his information as below. chromosomes?
A The basic unit of inheritance that
Body mass: 70 kg determines individual characteristics
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Height: 170 cm B Consists of a basic unit of
nucleotides
C Fine thread-like structures which
Calculate Ariq’s Body Mass Index consist of nucleic acids and
(BMI). proteins
A 24.2 kg m –2 D Consists of two twisted antiparallel
B 41.2 kg m –2 polynucleotide chains
C 33.1 kg m –2
D 18.6 kg m –2 8. Which of the following is correct about
meiosis and mitosis?
5. Which of the following is correct about
Green Technology? Mitosis Meiosis
A Increases waste production
B Helps to control environmental A Has variation No variation
quality degradation B Cell division
C Increases greenhouse gases occurs only Cell division
D Increases the use of natural once occurs twice
resources
C Crossing over Crossing over
6. Figure 2 shows the energy efficiency occur does not occur
label found on electrical and electronic D Involves
equipment. reproductive Involves
cells somatic cells
9. Figure 3 shows the inheritance of
traits for the presence of dimples.
P represents the dominant gene
for the presence of dimples while p
represents the recessive gene for the
absence of dimples.
Figure 2 Has No
dimples dimples
What conclusions can be drawn about
the number of stars on the label? Parents : Pp pp
A The label shows the average
energy consumption per year. Gametes: P p p p
B The most efficient number of stars
is 3 stars on electrical appliances. Offspring:
C The more stars, the higher the
energy efficiency. Figure 3
D The fewer stars, the more you How many children have dimples?
save on electricity consumption. A 1 C 3
B 2 D 4
326
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Science SPM SPM Model Paper
10. Figure 4 shows the growth curve for 12. Figure 6 shows a graph of human
animal Q. growth.
Body length (mm) Human growth
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Imago
I II III IV V
V
IV
III
II
I Y
Time (day) Age
Egg 1 12 20 60
Figure 4 Figure 6
Which of the following is correct about Which of the following is correct about
Y? the growth at stage IV?
A The process of ecdysis occurs. A Fastest growth.
B The animal will exhale air to shrink B Negative growth.
its body. C New cells replace damaged and
C The growth of the animal is rapid. dead cells.
D This is a sigmoid-shaped growth D Body size decreases.
curve.
13. Which of the following is correct about
11. Diagram 5 shows a part of the human the human endocrine system?
skeleton. A The system controls the growth
rate of the body.
B The response was fast.
C This system consists of the spinal
cord and brain.
P D Information is transmitted in the
Q form of electrical signals.
14. During the flood season in Ariq’s
village, he had to cross the floods
using his vehicle to return home.
Figure 5
What are P and Q?
P
P Q Q
A Ulna Radius
B Tibia Fibula
R
S
C Fibula Tibia
Figure 7
D Femur Patella
327
SPM Model Paper .indd 327 3/21/22 4:04 PM
Science SPM SPM Model Paper
In your opinion, which endocrine gland A 2.4
is involved in such a situation? B 2.2.2
A P C 0.2.4
B Q D 6
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C R
D S 18. Which of the following is correct about
the use of isotopes in daily life?
15. The following information shows two A Carbon-12 is used to determine
examples of drugs. the age of fossils and artifacts.
B Cobalt-60 is used to kill bacteria in
• Ketamine food.
• Lysergic acid diethylamide C Uranium-235 is used in agriculture.
D Sodium-24 is used to control the
Which of the following are the effects thickness of paper, plastic and
of the abuse of the drugs above? metal.
A Causes fatigue
B Slows down responses towards 19. Figure 9 shows an airplane made of
stimuli P which is a light and strong material.
C Speeds up the impulse transmission
D Causes hearing of voices and
seeing objects that are non-
existent
16. An atom is the most basic unit in an Figure 9
element. Which of the following shows
an example of such a material? What is P?
A River water A Duralumin
B Carbon dioxide in the air B Steel
C Salt C Pewter
D Gold bars D Cupronickel
17. Figure 8 shows the electron 20. Figure 10 shows two materials that
arrangement of atom X. It is given that have a similar physical property.
the number of protons for X is 6.
X
Figure 8
Which of the following is the electron Figure 10
arrangement for element X?
328
SPM Model Paper .indd 328 3/21/22 4:04 PM
Science SPM SPM Model Paper
What is the similarity? 24. Figure 12 is a graph of velocity against
A Both are metals. time.
B Both are produced from the same
–1
material. Velocity (m s )
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C Both have high resistance to heat.
D Both have high electrical
conductivity.
21. Surayya is holding a cup of hot
water which she suddenly spills onto
her hand. In your opinion, which Time (s)
traditional medicine can be used to Figure 12
treat Surayya? Which of the following is correct about
A Aloe vera the graph above?
B Ginseng A Constant velocity
C Ginger B Constant acceleration
D Hibiscus C Constant deceleration
D Zero acceleration
22. Free radicals can cause damage to a
person’s DNA. Which of the following
is an example of a disease caused by 25. Figure 13 shows a cargo ship that has
free radicals? its engine turned off some distance
A Damage to heart, liver and lungs away before arriving at the port.
B Fever and cough
C Nausea
D Diarrhea
23. Figure 11 shows a car moving east for
40 km and then north for 30 km. The
time taken by the car is 1 hour.
30 km
40 km
Figure 13
Figure 11 What is the reason for the above
Calculate the average velocity of the action?
car. A Force
A 8.3 m s –1 B Inertia
B 19.4 m s –1 C Momentum
C 13.9 m s –1 D Acceleration
D 11.1 m s –1
329
SPM Model Paper .indd 329 3/21/22 4:04 PM
Science SPM SPM Model Paper
26. Figure 14 shows the energy A Mucor
conversion which occurs in a nuclear B Paramecium sp.
power station. C Spirogyra sp.
D Coronavirus
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Nuclear energy ➞ P ➞ Q ➞
Electrical energy 29. Ismail suffers from atherosclerosis.
Which of the following is the possible
Figure 14 side effect and risk for him?
A Causes diabetes
What are P and Q? B Affects vision and the nervous
system
P Q C Increases the risk of heart disease
and stroke
A Heat energy Kinetic energy D Causes malnutrition
B Solar energy Heat energy 30. Figure 15 shows the logo found on
food products that go through process
C Chemical R.
energy Kinetic energy
D Chemical
Kinetic energy
energy
27. Which of the following shows the
correct statement about normal flora?
A May spread disease to other living
things Figure 15
B Weakens antibodies in the body What is process R?
C Stimulates the growth of A Vacuum packaging
pathogenic colonies in the body B Canning
D Consists of bacteria that C Irradiation
synthesise vitamins
D Freezing
28. The statements below refer to a group 31. The carbon handprint is aimed at
of microorganisms.
increasing the positive impacts on
environmental sustainability. What
• Does not carry out respiration, is a way of improving your carbon
excretion and growth handprint?
• Does not respond to stimuli A Generating electricity from fossil
• Reproduces by infecting its host fuel sources
cells B Using electrical devices that have
a 2-star energy efficient label
C Using timber in house construction
Which microorganisms have the
above characteristics? D Optimising the use of fossil fuel
sources
330
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Science SPM SPM Model Paper
32. Which of the following shows an A The tail of the soap molecule
example of a fast reaction? B Known to be hydrophobic
A Combustion of magnesium ribbon C Can dissolve in water
in oxygen D Can dissolve in grease or oil
B The process of photosynthesis
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C Precipitation of sulphur 35. Figure 18 shows the arrangement
D Rusting of iron of the apparatus for electrolysis of
substance X.
33. Figure 16 shows the carbon cycle.
Carbon
dioxide
P Substance X
Plants
Q
Figure 18
Animals What is substance X?
Figure 16 A Naphthalene
B Copper(II) sulphate
What are processes P and Q? C Acetamide
D Ethanol
P Q
36. Figure 19 shows a chemical cell after
A Excretion Respiration 2 hours.
B Photosynthesis Excretion V
C Respiration Photosynthesis
Metal X Metal Y
D Photosynthesis Respiration
34. Figure 17 shows the molecular
structure of soap.
Figure 19
X Which of the following statement is
correct?
123
A The voltmeter needle does not
deflect.
B Metal X is a positive terminal.
C Electron flows from metal X to
Figure 17
metal Y.
Which of the following is correct about D The position of metal Y is higher
X? than metal X in the electrochemical
series.
331
SPM Model Paper .indd 331 3/21/22 4:04 PM
Science SPM SPM Model Paper
37. Figure 20 shows a convex lens with 39. Figure 22 shows a drone.
focal point, F.
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P Q R S
2F F F 2F
Figure 20
Figure 22
Where should the object be placed so
that the image is real, inverted and What is the principle used by drones
same size as the object? to fly?
A Pascal’s principle
A P
B Q B Inertia
C R C Bernoulli’s principle
D S D Pressure in liquid
40. The following information describes a
38. Figure 21 shows a hydraulic jack.
satellite orbit.
Force
• Orbital plane on the equatorial
Piston X plane
• The orbit is perfectly circular
Piston Y
What is the orbit?
Figure 21 A High Earth Orbit
B Low Earth Orbit
If pistons X and Y have a surface area C Geostationary Orbit
2
of 0.02 m and 4.0 m respectively, D Geosynchronous Orbit
2
calculate the maximum load that
piston Y can accommodate if the force
applied to piston X is 4 N.
A 80 N
B 40 N
C 400 N
D 800 N
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Science SPM SPM Model Paper
PAPER 2
2 hours 30 minutes
Section A
[20 marks]
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Answer all questions in this section.
1. Figure 1 shows an experiment to study (b) State one inference for this
the effect of different solutions on the experiment.
oxidation of a slice of an apple. [1 mark]
(c) State the manipulated variable in
this experiment.
[1 mark]
Sodium (d) Based on this experiment, state
Lemon bicarbonate
juice solution the operational definition for the
Beaker D Beaker E oxidation of food.
[1 mark]
Figure 1
After 1 minute, each slice of apple is (e) Lemon juice is a natural food
removed and set aside for 15 minutes. preservative. State another
Then, any change in the colour substance which can be used to
of the slices of apple is observed replace lemon juice.
and recorded. The results of the [1 mark]
experiment are shown in Table 1.
2. Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2 show the
Table 1 apparatus set-up for an experiment to
study the hardness of a pure metal
Change in
Type of and its alloy.
solution colour of the
slice of apple
Metre
rule
Lemon juice No change
Thread
Sodium
bicarbonate The slice of apple Weight
turned brown
solution
Retort Steel ball
stand Cellophane
(a) State the hypothesis for this tape
experiment. Copper block
[1 mark]
Figure 2.1
333
SPM Model Paper .indd 333 3/21/22 4:04 PM
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