Fokus SPM 2022 - Biology

PELANGI BESTSELLER

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.BIOLOGYSPM
FORM
4∙5
KSSM

Jariah Khalib (Textbook Writer) D ual L anguage
Sudani Sudin (Textbook Writer) P rogramme
Rodiah Abd Wahid (Textbook Writer)
Noor Haniyatie Ibrahim (Textbook Writer) NEW SPM ASSESSMENT
Tan Moi Ho
FORMAT 2021

CONTENTS

FORM 4

1Chapter 4.4 Lipids 57
4.5 Nucleic Acids 59
SPM Practice 4 62

5Chapter Metabolism and Enzymes 64
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Introduction to Biology and1
Laboratory Rules

1.1 Fields and Careers in Biology 2 5.1 Metabolism 65
1.2 Safety and Rules in Biology Laboratory 3
1.3 Communicating in Biology 4 5.2 Enzymes 65
1.4 Scientific Investigation in Biology 10
11
SPM Practice 1

2Chapter Cell Biology and Organisation 13 5.3 Applications of Enzymes in Daily Life 73

SPM Practice 5 74

2.1 Cell Structure and Function 14 6Chapter Cell Division 77
2.2 Living Processes in Unicellular
19 6.1 Cell Division 78
Organisms 6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis 79
2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular 21 6.3 Meiosis 84
6.4 Issues of Cell Division on Human
Organisms 25 89
2.4 Levels of Organisation in Multicellular 27 Health 91
SPM Practice 6
Organisms 94
7Chapter Cellular Respiration
SPM Practice 2

3Chapter Movement of Substances 30
across the Plasma Membrane

3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane 31 7.1 Energy Production through Cellular
Respiration
3.2 Concept of Movement of Substances 32 99
Across a Plasma Membrane 7.2 Aerobic Respiration 96
7.3 Fermentation 98
3.3 Movement of Substances Across a 103
Plasma Membrane in Living Organisms 37 SPM Practice 7

3.4 Movement of Substances Across a 45 8Chapter Respiratory Systems in
Plasma Membrane and its Application Humans and Animals
in Daily Life

SPM Practice 3 47 105

4Chapter Chemical Composition in a Cell 51 8.1 Types of Respiratory System 106
8.2 Mechanisms of Breathing 112
4.1 Water 52 8.3 Gaseous Exchange in Humans 117
4.2 Carbohydrates 53 8.4 Health Issues Related to the Human
4.3 Proteins 56 119
Respiratory System 121

SPM Practice 8

iii

9Chapter Nutrition and the Human 12.3 Neurones and Synapse 191
Digestive System
124 12.4 Voluntary and Involuntary Actions 194

9.1 Digestive System 125 12.5 Health Issues Related to the 196
Nervous System

9.2 Digestion 126 12.6 Endocrine System 197

9.3 Absorption 133 12.7 Health Issues Related to the Endocrine
System 200
9.4 Assimilation 134
SPM Practice 12 202
9.5 Defaecation 136
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9.6 Balanced Diet 136 1 3Chapter

9.7 Health Issues Related to Digestive 142 Homeostasis and the Human 205
System and Eating Habits Urinary System

SPM Practice 9 145 13.1 Homeostasis 206

1 0Chapter Transport in Humans 13.2 The Urinary System 211
and Animals
148 13.3 Health Issues Related to the 215
Urinary System

10.1 Types of Circulatory System 149 SPM Practice 13 217

10.2 Circulatory System of Humans 155 1 4Chapter

10.3 Mechanism of Heartbeat 160 Support and Movement in 220
Humans and Animals
10.4 Mechanism of Blood Clotting 161

10.5 Blood Groups of Humans 163 14.1 Types of Skeletons 221

10.6 Health Issues Related to the Human 165 14.2 Musculoskeletal System of Humans 221
Circulatory System
14.3 Mechanism of Movement and
10.7 Lymphatic System of Humans 168 Locomotion 227

10.8 Health Issues Related to the Human 170 14.4 Health Issues Related to the Human 232
Lymphatic System Musculoskeletal System

SPM Practice 10 172 SPM Practice 14 234

1 1Chapter Immunity in Humans 176 1 5Chapter Sexual Reproduction, 237
Development and Growth
in Humans and Animals

11.1 Body Defence 177 15.1 Reproductive System of Humans 238

11.2 Actions of Antibodies 180 15.2 Gametogenesis in Humans 239

11.3 Types of Immunity 181 15.3 Menstrual Cycle 242

11.4 Health Issues Related to Immunity 183 15.4 Development of a Human Foetus 245

SPM Practice 11 184 15.5 Formation of Twins 248

1 2Chapter Coordination and Response 187 15.6 Health Issues Related to the Human 250
in Humans Reproductive System
188
189 15.7 Growth in Humans and Animals 251

12.1 Coordination and Response SPM Practice 15 256
12.2 Nervous System

iv

FORM 5

1Chapter Organisation of Plant Tissues 260 5.3 Application of Phytohormones in
and Growth Agriculture 344
261
263 SPM Practice 5 347
269
1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues 277 6Chapter Sexual Reproduction in 349
1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth Flowering Plants
1.3 Growth Curves

SPM Practice 1
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved. 6.1 Structure of a Flower 350

2Chapter Leaf Structure and Function 281 6.2 Development of Pollen Grains and 352
Embryo Sac

6.3 Pollination and Fertilisation 354

2.1 Structure of a Leaf 282 6.4 Development of Seeds and Fruits 356
2.2 Main Organ for Gaseous Exchange 285
2.3 Main Organ for Transpiration 289 6.5 Importance of Seeds for Survival 358
2.4 Main Organ for Photosynthesis 293
2.5 Compensation Point 302 SPM Practice 6 360
305
SPM Practice 2 7Chapter Adaptations of Plants in 363
Different Habitats

3Chapter Nutrition in Plants 7.1 Adaptations of Plants 364

308 SPM Practice 7 369

3.1 Main Inorganic Nutrients 309 8Chapter Biodiversity 372

3.2 Organ for Water and Mineral Salts 8.1 Classification System and Naming
Uptake 313 of Organisms

3.3 Diversity in Plant Nutrition 315 373

SPM Practice 3 317 8.2 Biodiversity 379

8.3 Microorganisms and Viruses 382

4Chapter Transport in Plants 320 SPM Practice 8 388

4.1 Vascular Tissues 321 9Chapter Ecosystem 391
4.2 Transport of Water and Mineral Salts 324
4.3 Translocation 329 9.1 Community and Ecosystem 392
4.4 Phytoremediation 331
334 9.2 Population Ecology 409
SPM Practice 4
SPM Practice 9 416

5Chapter Response in Plants 338 1 0Chapter Environmental Sustainability 419

5.1 Types of Responses 339 10.1 Threats to the Environment 420
5.2 Phytohormone 341 10.2 Preservation, Conservation and 429

Restoration of Ecosystems

v

10.3 Practices in Environmental 1 2Chapter Variation 463
Sustainability 430

10.4 Green Technology 434

SPM Practice 10 437 12.1 Types and Factors of Variation 464

12.2 Variation in Humans 468

1 1Chapter Inheritance 441 12.3 Mutation 471

SPM Practice 12 478

11.1 Monohybrid Inheritance Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.4421 3Chapter

11.2 Dihybrid Inheritance 448 Genetic Technology 481

11.3 Genes and Alleles 450

11.4 Inheritance in Humans 450 13.1 Genetic Engineering 482

SPM Practice 11 461 13.2 Biotechnology 485

SPM Practice 13 489

SPM MODEL PAPER 492

ANSWERS 503

vi

3Chapter Form 4

Movement of Substances across
the Plasma Membrane

Sarah, please help me to fertilise
my flower plants. I’m going out
to the market for a while.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
Okay, mommy.

Mommy, why all these plants You need to given
wilt? I have put a lot of the plants plenty of
fertilisers two days ago. water immediately.
If not, all the
plants will wilt.

CHAPTER FOCUS
3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane
3.2 Concept of Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane
3.3 Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane in Living
Organisms
3.4 Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane and its
Application in Daily Life
30

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane

1. Plasma membrane separates the internal 1. In 1972, S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson
environment of cell from the external introduces a model of plasma membrane
environment. which is known as fluid mosaic model to
explain the structure of plasma membrane.
2. This separation is important to maintain the
internal environment of cell at an optimum 2. Based on this model, plasma membrane is
level. made up of phospholipid bilayer and protein
molecules that is dispersed throughout the
3. Glucose and oxygen are required to carry out plasma membrane.
cell respiration. These substances are obtained
from the external environment of cell. 3. Phospholipid, protein molecules and other
components are not static but constantly
4. Carbon dioxide that is produced during cell moving which cause the structure of plasma
respiration must be excreted from cell together membrane to be dynamic and flexible.
with other waste substances.
4. Protein molecules float on phospholipid
5. The movement of these substances is regulated bilayer to form a mosaic pattern which
by plasma membrane. changes constantly. This causes the plasma
membrane to have the ‘fluid’ characteristic.
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4

Plasma Carrier protein Pore protein Glycoprotein
Membrane Protein molecules which • Protein molecule Lipids and
carbohydrate that
INFO functions as carrier of large which forms pore attached to them
• Allows small
molecules such as glucose,
amino acid and nucleic acid molecules and ions
to pass through

Phospholipid
bilayer
Acts as a barrier
that separates
both sides of the
membrane

Phospholipid Cholesterol
• A type of triglyceride that consists of polar head and • Binds fatty acids together
• Makes the plasma membrane
nonpolar tail
more stable, stronger, flexible
Hydrophilic head – polar head is and less permeable to water
attracted to water soluble substances such as
ion
Hydrophobic tail – nonpolar tail is not
attracted to water

Figure 3.1 Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane

31

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Checkpoint 3.1 Concept of Movement of

1. State two types of proteins found in plasma 3.2 Substances Across a Plasma
membrane.
Membrane
2. All cells have plasma membranes, but cell walls
are only found in plant cells. Differentiate the two 1. Not all substances can pass through plasma
structures in terms of their characteristics and membrane. Plasma membrane allows small
properties. molecules such as water to pass through
easily but not large molecules such as glucose
3. S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson introduces fluid and starch.
mosaic model based on structure of plasma
membrane. Justify. 2. The factors that determine the ability of
molecules to pass through plasma membrane
4 are molecule size, polar molecule and ionic
charge
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Characteristic of substance that can pass
through plasma membrane

Substances that can pass through Substance that cannot pass through
a plasma membrane a plasma membrane

• Small molecules • Large molecules
• Nonpolar (hydrophobic / lipid soluble) • Polar (hydrophilic / lipid insoluble)
• No charge • Charged ions

Dissolve in lipid Small molecules with Large molecules Charged ions
no charge
1. Fatty acid 1. Amino acid 1. Na+
2. Glycerol 1. Carbon dioxide 2. Glucose 2. K+
3. Steroid compound 2. Oxygen 3. Ca2+
4. Fat soluble vitamins 3. Water molecule

(A, D, E, K)

EEkxsppeerrimimeennt 32.1

Aim: To investigate movement of substance across a selectively permeable membrane

Problem statement: Does the size of dissolved particles affect the movement of subtances across
selectively permeable membrane?

Hypothesis: Visking tubing is selectively permeable which only allows glucose to diffuse.

Variables:
Manipulated variable: Size of molecule of solute
Responding variable: Colour of solution in Visking tubing
Constant variable: Volume of solution, time of immersion, surrounding temperature

Materials and apparatus: Benedict solution, 1% starch suspension, iodine solution, 30% glucose

solution, distilled water, Visking tubing, thread, scissors, beaker, test tubes,

dropper, measuring cylinder, Bunsen burner, spotting white tile, tripod stand,

wire gauze and lighter.

Procedure: 15 ml of glucose 400 ml of
1. Immerse Visking tubing in water to soften it. Tie one solution + distilled water
15 ml of starch
end of the tubing tightly with a thread. suspension Visking tube

2. Fill Visking tubing with 15 ml of glucose solution
and 15 ml of starch suspension. Tie the other end of

tubing tightly with a thread. Figure 3.2

32

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

3. Rinse the Visking tubing with distilled water a few times. Precaution

4. Fill a beaker with 400 ml of distilled water. Ensure Visking tubing content
is not spilled into beaker with
5. Immerse the Visking tubing into the beaker as shown in Figure 3.2 distilled water
for 40 minutes.

6. After 40 minutes, remove the tubing and transfer it into a dry
beaker.

7. (a) Place a drop of solution from the beaker onto a drop of iodine on a spotting white tile.
Record the observation.
(b) Repeat step 7(a) for solution in the Visking tubing.
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8. Carry out Benedict test for the solution in the Visking tubing and the solution in the beaker. Record
the observation. 4

(a) Transfer 2 ml of each solution into two separate test tubes and mix with 1 ml of Benedict
solution.

(b) Heat the solution in a water bath for about 5 minutes and record the colour changes.

Observation:

Test Beaker Visking tubing

Iodine test No change Brownish yellow solution turns dark
blue

Benedict test Formation of brick red precipitate Formation of brick red precipitate

Discussion:
1. Glucose molecules diffuse out across the wall of Visking tubing.
2. Starch molecules cannot diffuse out across the wall of Visking tubing.
3. Size of glucose molecule is smaller than size of starch molecule.

Conclusion:
The hypothesis is accepted. Wall of Visking tubing is selectively permeable because it only allows
molecules that are smaller than its pores to pass through but not larger molecules.

Movement of Substance Across a Plasma MEMORY TIPS!
Membrane: Passive Transport
Passive transport
1. Passive transport is the movement of
substances across a plasma membrane, that Move down
is from an area of high concentration to the concentration
an area of low concentration. No energy
is required because the movement is down gradient
the concentration gradient. The substances
moves across the plasma membrane through Simple Diffusion
phospholipid bilayer, pore protein or
carrier protein. 1. Simple diffusion is a random movement
of molecules or ions from an area of
2. The substances can move across the plasma high concentration to an area of low
membrane by simple diffusion, osmosis and concentration until a dynamic equilibrium is
facilitated diffusion. achieved.

33

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

2. The movement of substances will occur if Lipid-soluble molecules, High
there is a concentration difference between
the two areas. oxygen, carbon dioxide or water concentration

3. After dynamic equilibrium has been achieved, Concentration
the substances will continue to move but the gradient
concentration gradient will no longer exists.

4. The characteristics of substances cross a

plasma membrane through phospholipid
bilayer by simple diffusion are as follows:
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Form Low
Form concentration

(a) Small and neutral molecules such as Figure 3.3 Random movement of molecules in

4 oxygen, carbon dioxide or water. simple diffusion

(b) Lipid soluble molecules such as fatty

acids, glycerol, steroid compound and vitamins A, D, E and K.

Water Diffusion: Osmosis

Osmosis is a process where water molecules from an area of high water potential (low concentration of
solutes) move across a selectively permeable membrane towards an area of low water potential (high
concentration of solutes) until dynamic equilibrium is achieved.

Selectively permeable membrane Movement of water molecules from B to A ( )
• Only allows movement of water molecules Sucrose molecule
Water molecule
across it
• Prevents movement of large solute molecules

10% sucrose solution A B AB Selectively permeable membrane
• Low concentration
Water molecules can
of water molecules cross the membrane
• High concentration

of solutes

5% sucrose solution Sucrose molecules
• High concentration of water molecules are too big to cross
• Low concentration of solutes the membrane

Figure 3.4 Osmosis

Facilitated Diffusion Glucose, amino acid, nucleic acid High
concentration
or non-soluble lipid molecules Ion
1. Facilitated diffusion is the movement of large

molecules such as glucose, amino acid, nucleic

acid and lipid insoluble molecules down Gradient
the concentration gradient through plasma concentration

membrane with the help of pore protein or

carrier protein. Carrier protein Pore Low
2. Pore in pore protein possesses special protein concentration

characteristics which allows only specific ions Figure 3.5 Facilitated diffusion through carrier protein
and pore protein
to pass through.

34

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

3. The characteristics of molecules that can cross plasma membrane by facilitated diffusion:
(a) Small charged molecules such as ions – through pore protein
(b) Large molecules which do not dissolve in lipid such as glucose, amino acid and nucleic acid –
through carrier protein

4. Each carrier protein can specifically bind to a specific molecule. For example, glucose molecule can
only bind with carrier protein that is specific for glucose molecule.

Active site
Glucose
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Form

Carrier protein 4

Binding of glucose Carrier protein changes Carrier protein
molecule to active site shape to allow glucose restores its original
of carrier protein molecule to move into cell shape

Figure 3.6 Facilitated diffusion through carrier protein

EEkxsppeerrimimeennt 32.21

Aim: To investigate osmosis using a simple osmometer

Problem statement: How do the water molecules permeate across selectively permeable membrane?

Hypothesis: Osmosis occurs when water molecules move from a diluted solution to a concentrated
solution through a selectively permeable membrane.

Variables:
Manipulated variable: Concentration of solution
Responding variable: Level of sucrose solution in capillary tube
Constant variable: Volume of solution, time of immersion, surrounding temperature

Materials and apparatus: 30% glucose solution, distilled water, Visking tubing, thread, scissors, 35 cm
long capillary tube, syringe without needle, ruler, 250 ml beaker, marker pen,
stopwatch

Procedure:

1. Cut Visking tubing to a length of 15 cm.

2. Immerse the Visking tubing in water for 5 minutes to Capillary tube
soften it. Level of sucrose
solution at the
3. Open the Visking tubing and tie one end of the tubing beginning of
tightly with a thread. experiment
30% sucrose
4. Use a syringe to fill the Visking tubing with 30% sucrose Distilled solution
solution. water
Figure 3.7
5. Tie another end of the Visking tubing to a capillary tube Visking
tightly (Figure 3.7). tubing

6. Rinse the surface of the Visking tubing with distilled
water.

7. Clamp the capillary tube vertically to a retort stand.

8. Immerse the Visking tubing in a beaker filled with distilled water.

35

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

9. Mark initial sucrose solution level in the capillary tube with a marker pen at the beginning of the
experiment.

10. Mark sucrose solution level in every 10 minutes for 40 minutes. Measure and record the rise of
sucrose level in the capillary tube in each 10 minutes.

Observations:
Final sucrose solution level in the capillary tube is higher than the initial sucrose solution level.

Discussions:
1. Visking tubing acts as a selectively permeable membrane. The tubing consists of fine pores which

water molecules can pass through but not the sucrose molecules.

4 2. Since the concentration of sucrose solution is higher than the distilled water in the beaker, therefore
water molecules diffuse into the Visking tubing. This causes sucrose solution in the capillary tube
to rise.
3. At equilibrium stage, the water potential in both the Visking tubing and the beaker are the same,
therefore the level of solution in the capillary tube does not change. This is because the rate of
movement of water molecules in and out of the Visking tubing is the same.

Conclusion:
Hypothesis is accepted. Water molecules diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane from an
area of high water potential to an area of low water potential until equilibrium is reached.
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Movement of Substance Across a Plasma Membrane: Active Transport

1. Active transport is the movement of ions and MEMORY TIPS!
molecules across a plasma membrane from an
area of low concentration to an area of high Active Transport
concentration.

2. The substances moves against a concentration Move
gradient in which requires energy from against the
metabolism. The required energy is in the form concentration
of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which can
only be generated by organisms through cell gradient
respiration.

3. The substances move across the plasma membrane through a carrier protein.

Carrier protein Na+
Na+
Extracellular High concentration Na+

fluid of Na+ P
Na+ ions move across the plasma
Na+ Na+
membrane.The carrier protein
Na+ Na+ changes back to its original shape

Cytoplasm Low concentration Na+
Na+ of Na+
P ATP
Na+ ions binds to ADP
the active site of ATP decompose into ADP and P
to provide energy to carrier
carrier protein protein to change its shape

Figure 3.8 Active transport mechanism

36

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Table 3.1 Comparison between passive transport and active transport

Similarities

• Both processes occur in living cell.
• Both processes are important to supply nutrients, oxygen, water and other essential molecules into cells as well as to

excrete waste materials.

Differences

Passive transport Aspects Active transport

Moves down the concentration gradientPenerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Concentration gradientMoves against the concentration gradientForm
Moves through pore protein or carrier Passage involved Form
protein for facilitated diffusion Only moves through carrier protein
Moves in both directions across plasma Direction of molecules 4
membrane movement Moves in one direction across plasma
membrane
Occur until dynamic equilibrium is achieved Dynamic equilibrium
This process does not achieve equilibrium
Does not require energy or ATP Energy requirement but involves accumulation of substances
Not hindered by inhibitor Hindered by inhibitor in cell or excretion of waste substances
Hindered by level of from cell.
Not hindered by level of oxygen content
oxygen content Requires energy or ATP

Hindered by inhibitor

Rate is reduced when oxygen content is
low.

Checkpoint 3.2

1. What is the meaning of osmosis?

2. How do the following molecules can cross the plasma membrane?
(a) Nucleic acid
(b) Sodium ion
(c) Glycerol

3. State the differences between passive transport and active transport in terms of:
(a) Energy usage
(b) Movement of substances across the concentration gradient

4. Describe how potassium ions move across the plasma membrane by active transport.

Movement of Substances Across Soil
particles
3.3 a Plasma Membrane in Living
Vacuole
Organisms
Low water Water
Movement of Substances Across Plasma potential diffuse in
Membrane in Organism Root hair
cell
1. Water Absorption by a Plant Root Hair cell
(a) Water is absorbed by a plant root hair cell High water
by osmosis. potential
(b) Cell sap of root hair with low water
potential (high mineral concentration) Cell membrane
compared to the ground water. Cell
(c) Therefore, ground water diffuses into wall
root hair cell along the concentration Figure 3.9 Absorption of water by cells of plant root hair
gradient.

37

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

2. Exchange of Gases between Alveolus and 4. Fructose Diffusion in Villus
Blood Capillaries (a) Fructose diffusion from lumen of small
(a) Simple diffusion takes place between intestine into villus is by facilitated
alveoli and blood capillary during diffusion.
gaseous exchange. (b) Fructose concentration in small intestine
(b) The oxygen concentration is higher in lumen is higher than the concentration in
the alveolus rather than in the capillary villus.
blood arount it (c) Therefore, fructose enters villus along
(c) Carbon dioxide concentration in blood concentration gradient.
capillaries are higher than in the alveolus.

4 Deoxygenated
blood flows from
pulmonary artery
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Form cell

Lacteal Fructose

Blood
capillary

Alveolus Carbon Carbon dioxide Figure 3.12 Absorption of fructose in villus
dioxide diffuse from blood
Oxygenated capillary into
blood flows to Oxygen alveolus
pulmonary vein
Examples of Active Transport in Organism
Blood
capillary 1. Diffusion of Glucose and Amino Acid in
Villus
Figure 3.10 Gaseous exchange in alveolus (a) Diffusion of glucose and amino acid
from small intestine lumen into villus is
3. Reabsorption of Water from Renal Tubules by active transport.
(a) Reabsorption of water from renal tubules (b) Glucose and amino acid move into villus
into blood capillaries in kidney is by against concentration gradient.
osmosis.
(b) This happens when a person loses a lot Amino acid Glucose
of water through sweating or after eating Epithelial
salty food. cell Blood
(c) Higher concentration of water in renal capillary
tubules compared to the blood capillaries Lacteal
causing water to diffuse into the blood
capillaries to restore water content at Figure 3.13 Absorption of fructose in villus
normal range. Urine produced becomes
more concentrated and less. 2. Proton Pump
(a) Proton pump refers to carrier protein that
Renal moves proton, H+ against concentration
tubule cells gradient.
(b) Energy is used by proton pump to
Blood capillary Movement of water transfer proton out of the cell and create a
from lumen of renal stronger gradient.
Reabsorption tubule into tubule cells (c) Proton pump is involved in secretion of
of water by gastric acid by cells of stomach wall, and
blood capillary sucrose transport from green leaves to
phloem tissues.
Figure 3.11 Reabsorption of water in kidney

38

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

– Fluid outside cell (b) The carrier protein involved in such
ATP – + High H+ transport is known as sodium-potassium
pump.
+ H+
(c) For example, reabsorption of glucose in
H+ Proton pump H+ kidney uses sodium-potassium pump.

– + H+ H+
Cytoplasm – +
Carrier
Low H+ – H+ protein
+
Extracellular
fluid

Na+
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Figure 3.14 Proton pump [Na+] High FormNa+
[K+] Low Form Na+
Na+
3. Absorption of Mineral Ions by a Plant Root Na+ Na+ 4
Hair Cell P
Cytoplasm Na+ [Na+] Low Na+
(a) Soil contains minerals exists as charged [K+] High
ions. Example of ions absorbed into Na+
root hairs are nitrate, phosphate and P ATP
sulphate. ADP

(b) Intake of mineral ions by cells of root K+
hairs is by active transport because it
is against concentration gradient and K+
requires energy. K+

K+ K+

PP K+

Figure 3.16 Sodium-potassium pump

Soil particles

Xylem Root hair Osmosis: Hypotonic, Hypertonic and
cells Isotonic Solutions
absorbs
mineral 1. Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic
ions solutions are used to compare concentrations
from the of solutes in two different solutions separated
ground by a selectively permeable membrane.

Mineral ions 2. This causes the movement of water molecules
to occur by osmosis. Direction of movement
Figure 3.15 Absorption of mineral ions by root hair of water molecules depends on the relative
concentrations between the solutions.
4. Sodium-Potassium Pump

(a) Transport of potassium ions into animal
cell and transport of sodium ions from
animal cell are by active transport.

Table 3.2 Definitions of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions

Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution Isotonic Solution

Solution that has lower concentration Solution that has higher Solution that has similar
of solutes and higher water potential concentration of solutes and lower concentration of solutes and water
than the other solution. water potential than the other solution. potential with the other solution.

39

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Table 3.3 Effect of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal cell and plant cell

Type of Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution Isotonic Solution
solution

Effects to the Water Water Water
animal cells
(red blood Water
cells)

FormPenerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.• Water molecules diffuse into red • Water molecules diffuse out • Similar rates of diffusion of
Form
blood cell by osmosis. of red blood cell by osmosis. water molecules in and out of

• Red blood cell expands and • Red blood cell shrinks. red blood cell by osmosis.

4 finally burst because it does not • This phenomenon is known • Volume of cell is stable.
have cell wall. as crenation. • Red blood cell maintains its

• This phenomenon is known as normal shape.

haemolysis.

Effect to the Water Water Water
plant cells

Vacuole Plasma Vacuole
membrane
Vacuole

• Water molecules diffuse into • Water molecules diffuse out • Water molecules diffuse in
plant cell sap by osmosis. of plant cell by osmosis. and out of plant cell sap at
the same rate by osmosis.
• Vacuole expands. Cytoplasm • Cell vacuole and cytoplasm
pushes plasma membrane shrinks. Plasma membrane • Cell becomes flaccid.
towards cell wall. Cell becomes moves away from cell wall.
turgid. Presence of cell wall Cell becomes flaccid. Plant
prevent cell from bursting. will wilt.

• Turgor pressure provides • Cell does not shrink because
support and prevents herbal the presence of cell wall.
plants from wilting.
• This process is known as
• This pressure causes guard plasmolysis.
cells to bend outward and
stoma to open. • Flaccid cell will regain its
turgidity when it is immersed
in hypotonic solution. This
phenomenon is known as
deplasmolysis.

EEkxsppeerrimimeennt 32.31

Aim: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of solutions on animal cell

Problem statement: What are the effects of hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions on animal cell?

Hypothesis: 1. Animal cell expands and burst in hypotonic solution.
2. Animal cell maintain its normal shape in isotonic solution.
3. Animal cell shrinks and becomes smaller in hypertonic solution.

Variables:
Manipulated variable: Concentration of solution
Responding variable: Condition of animal cell
Constant variable: Volume of solution, temperature of environment

Materials and apparatus: Fresh chicken blood, distilled water, 0.15 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution,
0.50 M NaCl solution, filter paper, light microscope, glass slides, cover slips,
mounting needle

40

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Procedure:
1. Prepare and label 4 slides as A, B, C and D.
2. Place a drop of blood on slide A and close gently with a cover slip.
3. Observe shape of red blood cells under a light microscope. Record your observation.
4. Place a drop of distilled water on slide B and close with a cover slip. Place a drop of blood at edge

of cover slip and allow blood to diffuse under the cover slip by placing a piece of filter paper at the
opposite edge of the cover slip.
5. Observe the slide under a light microscope and draw your observation.
6. Repeat steps 4 until 5 with 0.15 M NaCl and 0.5 M NaCl on slides C and D, respectively.

Results:
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Form

Slide Condition of cell Drawing of cell 4

A Red blood cell has a biconcave shape
(red blood cell)

B Red blood cell expands and bursts
(cell in distilled water)

C Red blood cell does not undergo any change.
(cell in 0.15 M NaCl Water diffuses in and out of the cells at the same

solution) rate.

D Red blood cell shrinks and becomes smaller
(cell in 0.50 M NaCl

solution)

Discussions:

Solution Types of solution

Distilled water Hypotonic

0.15 M NaCl solution Isotonic

0.50 M NaCl solution Hypertonic

1. Slide B
• H aemolysis took place. Water diffuses into red blood cell by osmosis. The cell expands until it

bursts.

2. Slide D
• C renation took place. Water diffuses out of red blood cell by osmosis. The cell shrinks and

becomes smaller.

Conclusion:
1. Hypothesis is accepted.
2. Animal cell expands and bursts when placed in hypotonic solution.
3. Animal cell maintains its normal shape in isotonic solution.
4. Animal cell shrinks and becomes smaller in hypertonic solution.

41

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

EEkxsppeerrimimeennt 32.41

Aim: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of solutions on plant cell

Problem statement: What are the effects of hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions on plant cell?

Hypothesis: 1. Plant cell becomes turgid in hypotonic solution.
2. Plant cell becomes flaccid in isotonic and hypertonic solutions.

Variables:
Manipulated variable: Concentration of solution
Responding variable: Condition of plant cell
Constant variable: Volume of solution, temperature of environment

4 Materials and apparatus: 0 .5 M sucrose solution, 1.0 M sucrose solution, distilled water, onion, filter
paper, light microscope, glass slides, cover slips, forceps, mounting needle,
dropper, small knife

Procedure:
1. Prepare and label 3 glass slides as A, B and C.
2. Use forceps to peel a layer of epidermis from the surface of a fleshy scale leaf of an onion.
3. Place the layer of epidermis on glass slide A and add a drop of distilled water. Close with a cover slip.
4. Observe under a microscope. Draw and label the epidermal cells.
5. Peel another layer of epidermis from the onion scale leaf and place it on glass slide B. Place a drop of

0.5 M sucrose solution at the edge of the cover slip and allow the solution to diffuse below the
cover slip by placing a piece of filter paper at the opposite edge of the cover slip. Observe shape of
epidermal cells under a light microscope. Record your observations.
6. Repeat steps 2 until 5 by using 1.0 M sucrose solution on slide C.

Observations:
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Form

Slide Condition of cell Drawing of cell

A Cell becomes turgid, vacuole becomes bigger
(cell in distilled water)

B Cell maintains its shape
(cell in 0.5 M sucrose

solution)

C Cell becomes flaccid, vacuole becomes smaller
(cell in 1.0 M sucrose

solution)

Discussion:

Solution Type of solution
Distilled water Hypotonic
0.5 M sucrose solution Isotonic
1.0 M sucrose solution Hypertonic

42

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

(a) Slide A
• T urgid cell. Water molecules diffuse into plant cell by osmosis. Vacuole expands and cell becomes

turgid.
(b) Slide B
• Flaccid cell. Water molecules diffuse in and out of the cell at a similar rate by osmosis.
(c) Slide C
• F laccid cell. Plasmolysis occurs. Water molecules diffuse out of plant cell by osmosis.

Conclusion:
Hypothesis is accepted. Plant cell becomes turgid when placed in hypotonic solution. Plant cell
maintains its normal shape in isotonic solution. Plant cell becomes flaccid in hypertonic solution.
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Form

4

Eksperimen 23.15

Aim: To determine concentration of external solution isotonic to cell sap of plant

Problem statement: Which concentration of external solution is isotonic to cell sap of plant?

Hypothesis: Isotonic concentration of external solution is the sucrose solution concentration that does
not change mass of plant tissue.

Variables:
Manipulated variable: Concentration of sucrose solution
Responding variable: Change in mass of potato
Constant variable: Initial length of potato

Materials and apparatus: Potato, cork borer, Petri dish, knife, ruler, tile, forceps, 50 ml beaker, measuring
cylinder, electronic balance, tissue paper, distilled water, 0.1 M sucrose
solution, 0.2 M sucrose solution, 0.3 M sucrose solution, 0.4 M sucrose
solution, 0.5 M sucrose solution and 0.6 M sucrose solution

Procedure:
1. Label 7 Petri dishes as A, B, C, D, E, F and G.
2. Fill each of the Petri dishes A, B, C, D, E, F and G respectively with distilled water, 0.1 M sucrose

solution, 0.2 M sucrose solution, 0.3 M sucrose solution, 0.4 M sucrose solution, 0.5 M sucrose
solution and 0.6 M sucrose solution.
3. Bore a big potato with a cork borer to produce 7 cylinders of potato with equal diameter.
4. Measure and cut each potato cylinder to a length of 5 cm.
5. Dap each piece of potato with tissue paper until it is dry.
6. Weigh and record the mass of each cylinder of potato.
7. Place one cylinder of potato into each of the 7 Petri dishes.
8. After 40 minutes, remove the potato cylinders and dap them dry. Weigh and record the mass of
each of the 7 potato cylinders (Figure 3.17).
9. Record the condition of each potato cylinder in the table provided.
10. Calculate the percentage of change in mass of each cylinder of potato using the following formula:

Percentage of change = Final mass of potato slice – Initial mass of potato slice × 100%
in mass of potato slice Initial mass of potato slice


11. Plot a graph of change in mass of potato cylinder against concentration of sucrose solution.

43

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Get a potato strip Get the required length
of potato strip
Cut off both ends
of potato strip

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Form Soak potato strip in PCS MODE ON
Form sucrose solution OFF
for 40 minutes
PCS MODE ON
OFF Figure 3.17

Remove from solution. Weigh the potato strip
Wipe dry and weigh.
4

Keputusan:

Petri Dish Mass of potato Difference in Percentage of Condition
cylinder (g) mass of potato difference in mass of potato
A of potato cylinder cylinder
(Distilled water) Initial Final cylinder (g)
(%)
1.4 1.79 + 0.39
+ 27.9 Hard

B 1.4 1.70 + 0.30 + 21.4 Hard
(0.1 M sucrose solution)

C 1.4 1.61 + 0.21 + 15.0 Hard
(0.2 M sucrose solution)

D 1.4 1.52 + 0.12 + 8.6 Hard
(0.3 M sucrose solution)

E 1.4 1.43 + 0.03 + 2.1 Hard
(0.4 M sucrose solution)

F 1.4 1.29 – 0.11 – 7.9 Soft
(0.5 M sucrose solution)

G 1.4 1.18 –0.22 – 15.7 Soft
(0.6 M sucrose solution)

Discussions:

1. Concentration of isotonic sucrose solution to cell sap of potato can be determined from the
intersection of a graph at the X-axis.

2. Cell sap of potato is hypertonic to 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M and 0.4 M sucrose solutions. Therefore,
water diffuses into potato cylinders by osmosis and increases their masses and lengths. The cell
becomes turgid.

3. Cell sap of potato is hypotonic to 0.5 M and 0.6 M sucrose solutions. Therefore, water diffuses out
of potato cylinders by osmosis and decreases their masses and lengths. The cell becomes flaccid.

Conclusion:
Hypothesis is accepted. Concentration of external solution isotonic to cell sap of potato is the sucrose
solution concentration that does not change the mass of potato cylinder. 0.42 M sucrose solution is
isotonic to cell sap of potato.

44

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Checkpoint 3.3 (b) Water deficiency
Flaccid cells cannot provide support to
1. Animal tissue is immersed in a concentrated salt
solution. plant, especially herbal plants and non
woody plants. Cells will regain their
(a) State an example of animal tissue. turgidity after receiving a lot of water.
(b) Explain what happen to the animal tissue in
4
1(a) when it is immersed in the solution.
(c) After 30 minutes in the concentrated salt

solution, the cells were immersed in distilled
water, but the cells were unable to regain their
original shape. Explain why and support your
answer by drawing the shape of one of the
animal cells.

2. A type of herbicide is used to kill love grass
in a home compound. The poison inhibits cell
respiration of the grass. Predict this effect on
transport of mineral ions from soil to the grass.
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Form

Movement of Substances Across Figure 3.18 Wilted plant

3.4 a Plasma Membrane and its Method of Food Preservation by Using
Concentrated Salt Solution
Application in Daily Life 1. Concentrated salt solution is hypertonic

1. In a normal condition, cells must always compared to cell sap of vegetable.
maintain osmotic balance with their 2. This condition causes water molecules from
environment.
the vegetable to diffuse out by osmosis.
2. Concentration of external fluid of cell is the 3. Vegetable cells become dehydrated.
same as the concentration of fluid in the cell. 4. This condition is not suitable for bacteria
Rates of water diffusion in and out of cell are
the same. growth and activity, causing them to die.
5. Hence, vegetable can be stored for a longer
Plant Wilting Phenomenon
period.
1. Wilting phenomenon is a condition whereby
a plant loses excess quantity of water. The Figure 3.19 Preserved food
phenomenon may be due to excessive use of
fertilisers or water deficiency.
(a) Excessive use of fertilisers
Fertiliser contains a lot of minerals.
Soil fertilisation will increase solute
concentration and makes ground water
hypertonic to cell sap of roots. This
causes water to diffuse out from root cell
sap into soil by osmosis and results in
water loss from cells. Plasmolysis takes
place, which causes cells to be flaccid and
plant to wilt.

45

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Applications of Movement of Substances Across Plasma Membrane in Daily Life

Isotonic drink Rehydration Drink

• Isotonic drink is a specially • Rehydration drink or oral

formulated drink to help athletes rehydration salt (ORS)

replace loss of electrolytes and contains salt, sugar and

stimulates rehydration during or water. Loss of liquid

after a physical activity. and mineral salts during

• This drink contains solute diarrhoea can be replaced

concentration which is the by taking this drink. Natural rehydration drink

Figure 3.21
Rehydration Drink
FormPenerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved. • Osmotic pressure increases
Form
same as the body cells.

Diffusion rates in and out of cells in the presence of minerals

are the same. and sugar in intestine and

4 • This condition maintains Figure 3.20 Isotonic causes water to diffuse into
osmotic pressure of body drink that is prepared blood vessels.
fluid and ensure cells function • This condition will expedite
at the optimal level. for runner rehydration.

Saline Solution in Medicine

• Saline solution consists of sodium chloride (common salt) and water.
Type of saline depends on the ratio of sodium chloride to water.

• Saline solution has the same concentration as the blood concentration
therefore it can be used intravenously to treat patient with dehydration
and electrolyte imbalance.

• Saline solution is also used as nose drops, eye drops, diluent and to
clean wound.

Figure 3.22 Saline solution is introduced into
body of patient through drip

Liposome in Medicine and Cosmetics

• Liposome is a microscopic sphere which consists of Nutrient Hydrophilic
phospholipid bilayer which surrounds an aqueous space in head

the middle. Hydrophobic
tail
• In medicine, liposome is used to deliver drugs and vaccine
to target tissues in the body.

• Liposome is also known as nanosphere. In the field of
cosmetics, liposome is used to deliver active substances or

cosmetic products to the inner skin layer.

Figure 3.23 Liposom

Checkpoint 3.4

1. Osmosis concept is used in food processing.
(a) State the food processing method.
(b) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the method in 1(a).
2. Kamal noticed cat faeces in a flowerpot in his house. Two days later, the plant in the flowerpot wilted. Kamal’s

mother watered the plant with a lot of water. Justify the action of his mother.

46

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

cCONCEPT MAP MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

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Form

4

SPM Practice 3

Objective Questions III Do not require energy After 60 minutes, the starch
IV Against concentration suspension turns dark blue.
1. Figure 1 shows movement Based on the result, which
SPM of substance Z across a gradient characteristic is shown by
2016 plasma membrane. A I and II Visking tubing?
B I and III A Less permeable
Extracellular C II and IV B Selectively permeable
fluid D III and IV C Not permeable
D Completely permeable
Substance Z 2. Figure 2 shows an
experiment to investigate 3. Figure 3 shows movement of
P movement of substance mineral ions by proses X in
P ATP across plasma membrane by root hair of plant.
P using Visking tubing.
Substance Z
Cytoplasm A Visking tubing

Figure 1 Starch Soil
suspension particle
Which statement is true about Vacuole
movement of substance Z? Brown solution
I Through pore protein of iodine Soil
II Use active transport Figure 2 water

Figure 3

47

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

What is process X? Based on the table below, C Distilled water level goes
A Osmosis which salt solution is down
B Active transport hypertonic solution?
C Simple diffusion D Sucrose solution level
D Facilitated diffusion Salt Initial mass Final mass remains the same
solution of potato of potato
4. Figure 4 shows condition of 9. Figure 8 shows an
a cell before and after it is cylinder (g) cylinder (g) experiment set up to study
immersed in solution Y. osmosis.
A 10.0 7.0
Visking tube
B 10.0 10.0
FormPenerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
Form C 10.0 11.2 Sucrose
solution
4 Before After D 10.0 12.6 30%

Figure 4 7. Figure 6 shows a plant cell in Distilled
isotonic solution. water
What is solution Y and the Figure 8

process that is involved? Which is observed at the
end of an hour?

Solution Y Process Distilled Condition
Figure 6 water level of Visking
A Hypotonic Plasmolysis Which of the following in beaker tubing

B Hypertonic Plasmolysis represents the plant cell A Goes down Hard
that is immersed in isotonic
C Hypotonic Deplasmolysis solution? B Unchanged Hard
A C
D Hypertonic Deplasmolysis C Goes down Soft
B D
5. What happens when red D Goes up Soft
blood cell is immersed in
hypertonic solution? 10. The statements below
A Crenation describe characteristics of a
B Haemolysis process.
C Plasmolysis
D Deplasmolysis • Movement of molecules and
ions
6. Four pieces of potato 8. Figure 7 shows a potato
cylinders were weighed osmometer. • Need carrier protein
and each was immersed in • Result in accumulation or
salt solution with different Cooked potato
concentrations as shown in with groove excretion of molecules or
Figure 5 below. ions from cell
Concentrated
Salt sucrose solution Which statement explains
solution the process?
Distilled A Do not require energy
Potato water from ATP
strip B Movement is along
Figure 7 concentration gradient
ABCD C Movement is against
Figure 5 Which is true about the concentration gradient
The potato cylinders were experiment? D Movement occurs until
A Potato becomes turgid a dynamic equilibrium is
weighed before and after B Water enters potato by achieved.
one hour and the results are osmosis
shown in the table below.

48

Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Subjective Questions

Section A

1. (a) Explain how amino acid is transported across plasma membrane into cell. [2 marks]

(b) Concentration of iodine in Nitella sp. is higher than the environment. However, the plant still absorbs
[3 marks]
iodine from the environment. Explain how this process happen.

2. Figure 2 show structure of plasma membrane based on fluid mosaic model.

SPM
2018

R4
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Form

S

Q


Figure 2

(a) (i) Name structures Q, R and S. [3 marks]

(ii) State the characteristics of structure Q. [2 marks]

(iii) Name the process in which substance moves freely across the plasma membrane through Q and
[2 marks]
give an example of the substance.

3. Plasma membrane is important in controlling exchange of
substances such as nutrients and water in and out of cell. Figure 3.1

shows components of plasma membrane.

(a) (i) Name P and Q. [2 marks]

(ii) State the functions of P and Q. [2 marks]

(iii) Water molecules diffuse through P. Justify your answer.
[1 mark]
P Q R
Figure 3.1
(b) State two differences between processes that occur via Q
and R. [1 mark]

(c) Figure 3.2 shows an own method in preparing crispy potatoes.

1. C ut a potato into 2. I mmerse the pieced 3. R inse the pieces a 3. Fry the pieces in hot
pieces in a solution few times and dry cooking oil
them

Figure 3.2

In your opinion, explain which step is important to produce a crispy potato chip. [3 marks]

49

  Biology SPM  Chapter 3  Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

Section B

4. (a) Plasma membrane surround cell protoplasm which has a ʻfluidʼ characteristic like a layer of oil in a
[5 marks]
beaker filled with water. What is the meaning of ʻfluidʼ characteristic?

(b) An experiment is carried out using substance R on the outside of cell. The aim of the experiment is
to investigate the effect of differences in concentrations of R towards its rate of movement across cell
membrane into cell.

Rate of movement
of R / mg s–1
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Form
Form
1

4

10–1

10–2

10–3

10–4 Concentration of R (unit)
5 10
Graph 4

Based on Graph 4, state an example of substance R and explain how substance R moves across
[5 marks]
plasma membrane.

(c) Figure 4 shows one plant cell immersed separately in 5% and 20% sucrose solutions as well as in
distilled water.

Cell in 5% sucrose solution Cell in 20% sucrose Cell in distilled water
for 30 minutes solution for 30 minutes for 30 minutes

Figure 4 [10 marks]

Explain what happens to each cell in each solution in Figure 4.

50

6Chapter Form 5

Sexual Reproduction in
Flowering Plants

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved. Ok. I'm going to
another flower.

Hi, can i have
some nectar?

Sure!

CHAPTER FOCUS
6.1 Structure of a Flower
6.2 Development of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac
6.3 Pollination and Fertilisation
6.4 Development of Seeds and Fruits
6.5 Importance of Seeds for Survival

349

  Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

6.1 Structure of a Flower

1. Flower is the reproductive organ of flowering plants.
2. Most flowers consist of five main parts: peduncle, sepals, petals, stamens and carpels.

Stigma Anther Stamen
Filament
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Style

Carpel

Ovule Petal
Ovary Sepal

Form Peduncle
Form
Structures Figure 6.1 The structure of flower
Peduncle Table 6.1 The structure of flower and their functions
Sepal
Petal Functions
Stamen Supports the flower.
Anther Covers and protects the flower when in bud, often green.
Filament May be brightly coloured and scented to attract pollinating insects.
Male reproductive organ made up of anther and filament.
5 Carpel Produces pollen grains which carry male gametes.
Supports the anther.
Stigma Female reproductive organ – made up of stigma, style and ovary.
Style Receives pollen grains during pollination.
Ovary Supports the stigma.
Ovules Contains ovules and will develop into a fruit.
Contains the female gametes and will develop into seeds.

350

Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Table 6.2 Comparison between the male and female structures in a flower

Male structure of a flower Female structure of a flower

Pollen grain Stigma
Style
Anther Ovule
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Filament
Ovary

Stamen: Occurs outside the carpel Carpel: Occurs at the centre of the flower

Each stamen made up of a long filament, with an anther A carpel contains an ovary, style and stigma at the top.
at the top.

The anther produces pollen grains, which contain the male There are many ovules inside the ovary, which contain the

gametes. female gametes.

The anther releases pollen grains to the environment during The stigma receives pollen grains.
pollination.

Checkpoint 6.1

Match each part of the flower to its function.

Flower parts Functions Form
(a) Pollen To support anther Form
(b) Peduncle To secrete a sugary solution
(c) Style Contains female gametes 5
(d) Filament To protect flower when in bud
(e) Anther To produce pollen grains
(f) Sepal To support flower
(g) Petal To support stigma
(h) Nectar To attract pollinating insects
(i) Stigma To receive pollen grains during pollination
(j) Ovule To deliver male gametes

351

  Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Pollen Pollen mother
sac cell (2n)
6.2 Development of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac

Pollen
sac

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Anther1 Each anther has four

pollen sacs. 2 Each pollen sac contains

Ovary a large number of pollen
mother cells (2n).

Ovule Embryo sac Megaspores (n)
Integument mother cell
(2n) 2 The diploid embryo sac mother

Meiosis cell divides by meiosis to form
four haploid megaspores.
1 An embryo sac

develops inside

each ovule.

FormSPM Highlights SPM Highlights
Form
Why does an ovary of a plant not develop into a fruit if Which part of a flower produces pollen grains?
its stigma is cut? A Anther
B Filament
5 A Its ovule does not accept nutrient C Stigma
B The fertilisation does not occur inside the ovule D Ovule
C Its ovule fail to produce embryo sac
D Its ovule fail to get oxygen from the air Examinerʼs Tips:
The anther contains pollen mother cells. Each pollen
Examinerʼs Tips: mother cell will undergo meiosis to produce haploid
No stigma to receive pollen grain that carries male pollen grains.
gametes. Double fertilisation does not occur. The
ovule does not develop into seed, the ovary does Answer: A
not develop into fruit.

Answer: B

352

Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Pollen grain
Generative cell

Pollen 4 Microspores (n) Single microspore
mother cell

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Nucleus Tube cell
Meiosis
Mitosis

3 Each pollen mother cell undergoes 4 Each microspore 5 Each microspore then

meiosis to form four haploid becomes a pollen undergoes mitosis,
grain.
microspores (n). producing the tube cell
and generative cell.

Figure 6.2 The development of the pollen grain

Surviving Eight nuclei Embryo sac
megaspore within Antipodal cells

Disintegrating cytoplasm Polar nuclei
megaspores Egg cell (n)
Mitosis Synergid cell
(3 times)

3 Only one megaspore 4 The nucleus of the 5 The embryo sac consists

continues to develop, surviving megaspore of these cells:
divides by mitosis three
the others disintegrate. times resulting in one • One egg cell,
cell with eight haploid associated with two
nuclei.
synergid cells;
Figure 6.3 The development of the embryo sac • One central cell, with

two polar nuclei;
• Three antipodal cells

of unknown function.
Form
Form

5

Checkpoint 6.2

1. Name the cell that gives rise to the embryo sac in a flowering plant.
2. State one difference between a male gamete of a flowering plant and a male gamete of a human.

353

  Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

6.3 Pollination and Fertilisation

1. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of flowers.

2. Through this process, the male gametes carried in pollen grains can reach the carpel for fertilisation
to take place.

Pollen grain 1

Pollination occurs when mature pollen grain lands on the
stigma of a carpel.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Pollen tube
Male gametes

Tube nucleus 2

Sugary solution on the stigma stimulates germination of the
pollen grain. A pollen tube develops from the pollen grain.

Ovary Antipodal cells 3
Ovule Synergid cell
Egg cell The pollen tube grows down through the style towards the
ovule by secreting enzymes to digest the tissues of the
style.

4

During the growth of pollen tube, the generative nucleus
divides by mitosis to form two male nuclei (n). These
nuclei are the male gametes.

5

The male nuclei are carried towards the ovule.

Form 6
Form
When it reaches the ovule, the pollen tube grows through
the micropyle and into the embryo sac. The tip of the
pollen tube breaks down and the nucleus of the pollen tube
disintegrates to release the male nuclei into the ovule.

7

The two male gametes move into the embryo sac and a
double fertilisation occurs.

5
8

One male nucleus fuses with the egg cell, forming a
diploid zygote (2n).

Figure 6.4 The formation of pollen tube and 9
male gametes
The other male nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to
form a triploid endosperm cell (3n). The other five nuclei
within the embryo sac disintegrate.

354

Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

EkAspcteirviimtye6n.12.1

Aim: To observe the germination of pollen grains
Materials: Hibiscus flower, 0.4 M sucrose solution, acetocarmine stain, filter paper
Apparatus: M icroscope, cavity glass slide, cover slip, paintbrush, forceps, dropper
Procedure:

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved. Filter paper

Sucrose Paintbrush Forceps Acetocarmine
solution stain

Depression Cavity glass
slide

Figure 6.5 Observing the germination of pollen grains

1. A drop of sucrose solution is placed in the depression of a cavity slide.
2. Some pollen grains are transferred into the drop of sucrose solution by using a paintbrush.
3. The slide is then covered with a cover slip and kept in the dark for an hour.
4. The slide is observed at intervals under a light microscope.
5. Using the irrigation method, the nuclei in the pollen grains are stained with acetocarmine.
6. All observations are recorded.

Observations:

Generative Pollen Male nuclei
nucleus tube

Tube nucleus

Tube nucleus

The germination of pollen grain Form
Form
Discussion:
1. Sucrose solution stimulates the germination of pollen grains. 5
2. When a pollen grain germinates, it sends out a pollen tube.
3. Initially, a tube nucleus and a generative nucleus can be observed near the tip of the pollen tube. As

the pollen tube grows longer, the generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form two male nuclei.

Conclusion:
In the presence of sugar, pollen grains will germinate and produce a pollen tube containing a tube
nucleus and two male nuclei.

355

  Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Double Fertilisation in the Formation of SPM Highlights
Diploid Zygote and Triploid Nucleus
Which of the following structures are in haploid
1. The process in which two separate cell fuse is condition?
called double fertilisation. I Pollen mother cell
II Embryo sac mother cell
2. Subsequent development after the fertilisation: III Egg cell
(a) A zygote will develop into an embryo IV Pollen grain
plant. A I and II
(b) An endosperm cell forms a mass of food B II and III
tissue called endosperm. C III and IV
(c) An ovule develops into a seed, with its D I and IV
integuments forming the seed coat.
(d) An ovary develops into a fruit. Examinerʼs Tips:
Egg cell and pollen grain are formed through meiosis.
3. The importance of double fertilisation for the
survival of flowering plants: Answer: C
(a) Double fertilisation ensures that
endosperm develops only in ovules Checkpoint 6.3
where the egg has been fertilised
(b) Endosperm provides nutrients that are 1. State the difference between pollination and
needed by the developing embryo for fertilisation in a flowering plant.
growth.
2. Double fertilisation is unique to flowering plants.
What is meant by double fertilisation?
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6.4 Development of Seeds and Fruits

1. After double fertilisation:
(a) The seed develops from the fertilised ovule.
(b) The zygote grows by repeated mitotic division to form an embryo, consisting of a radicle, a
plumule and cotyledons.
(c) As the embryo develops, the integuments of the ovule become the seed coat.
(d) The whole ovary develops into the fruit which provide protection for the enclosed seed.
(e) The floral parts (sepal, petal, stamen, stigma and style) often wither and fall off.

Stigma and style Scar

Form
Form

5 Petal Seed
Seed coat
Wither Stamen Fruit
and Sepal
fall off

Ovule
Integument
Ovary

Figure 6.6 The development of the ovarry into a fruit after fertilisation

356

Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

The Structure of Seeds to Ovules
1. A mature seed contains an embryo plant and food stored in the cotyledons or endosperm.
2. The seed is surrounded by a tough, protective seed coat. The seed coat encloses and protects the

embryo and its food supply.
3. The water content of the seed decreases and the seed move into a dormancy period.

Integument Seed coat
Endosperm nucleus Endosperm
Zygote Embryo
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Fertilised ovule Seed

Figure 6.7 Change in an ovule to become a seed

Monocot seed Coleoptile Eudicot seed
Plumule Seed coat
Pericarp
Endosperm Radicle

Cotyledon
Figure 6.8 Transverse section of monocot and eudicot seeds

The Structure of Fruit to Ovary MEMORY TIPS!

1. A fruit is the mature ovary of a flower. • The ovary becomes the fruit.
• The ovule becomes the seed.
2. There are several types of fruits, based on the number of ovaries
and the number of flowers involved in their formation. Fruit

Table 6.3

Types of fruit Characteristics Flower

Simple fruits A simple fruit develops Example: Peas Form
Form
from a single carpel of one
flower. 5

Carpel

Seed

Ovule Ovary

357

  Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Aggregate fruit An aggregate fruit develops Example: Raspberry Carpels
Carpels
from many separate carpels
of one flower.

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved. Ovaries

Ovaries

Multiple fruit A multiple fruit develops Example: Pineapple

from many carpels of the
many flowers that form an
inflorescence.

Flower

One
flower

Accessories An accessory fruit develops Example: Apple Receptacle
fruit largely from tissues other Seed
than the ovary. In the apple
fruit, the ovary is embedded
in a fleshy receptacle.

Ovule Ovary
(in receptacle)

Checkpoint 6.4

1. State the change that happen to the flower after fertilisation.
Form
Form

5 6.5 Importance of Seeds for Survival 3. Seeds contain stored food that allows young
plant to develop before photosynthesis begins.
1. Seeds maintain dormancy under unfavourable
environmental conditions for germination 4. Seeds are adapted for dispersal, facilitates
including temperature or water restrictions. the migration of plant genotypes into new
habitats.
2. Seeds afford maximum protection to the
young plant at its most vulnerable stage of Checkpoint 6.5
development.
1. Give one importance of papaya bearing many
seeds.

358

cCONCPEPeTneMrbAP SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS
itan Pelangi Sdn Bhd.Filament
All Rights Reserved.Anther Pollination Relation of
Development structure of
of pollen tube seeds to ovules
Double
fertilisation Relation of
structure of fruits
4 megaspore cells to ovaries
(3 develop,

1 degenerates)

3 times
mitosis

Embryo sac cell
with 8 nuclei
Stigma Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants4 tetrad
Style
Ovary 5mitosis

359 Pollen grain
with 2 nuclei

Form
Form

  Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

SPM Practice 6

Objective Questions 4. Figure 3 shows a vertical 6. Figure 5 shows the section
section through the carpel of a tomato fruit.
1. Which of the following of a flower that has been
groups represents the pollinated. X
female parts of a flower?
A Pollen grains, anther,Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.Pollen tube Y
style
B Stigma, ovary, filament
C Ovary, style, stigma Figure 3 Figure 5
D Anther, filament, stamen What is the correct order
Which of the following
2. Figure 1 shows a vertical of structures through which combinations correctly
section of a flower. the pollen tube must grow shows the floral parts that
in order to bring about develop into structures X
P fertilisation? and Y?
A Micropyle ➞ stigma ➞
Q XY
style ➞ ovary
B Ovary ➞ micropyle ➞ A Sepal Petal

stigma ➞ style B Sepal Ovary
C Stigma ➞ style ➞
C Carpel Petal
Micropyle ➞ ovary
Figure 1 D Style ➞ ovary ➞ D Carpel Ovary
What are P and Q?
Micropyle ➞ stigma 7. Which of the following is the
PQ function of fruit?
5. Figure 4 shows a cross A Protects the flower
A Stamen Stigma section through the carpel B Disperses the seeds
of a flower after successful C Provides food for the
B Anther Stigma pollination. germination of the seed
P D Attracts insect for
C Anther Style pollination
Q
D Stamen Style 8. Figure 6 shows the structure
T of female reproductive organ
3. Figure 2 shows a flower. SR in a flowering plant.

Form Figure 4
Form Which parts will develop
further after fertilisation?
5A B A P and T C S and T
C B P and S D R and S
D

Figure 2
Figure 6
In which structure, A, B, C
or D does seeds develop?

360

How many seeds in the fruit formed by this Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

female organ? Apple is an accessory fruit. Where does it
develops from?
A 1 C 3 A An ovary
B Ovary in receptacle
B 2 D 4 C Unfertilised ovary
D Inflorescence
9. Figure 7 shows an apple flower.
10. A fruit which develops from a single ovary of a
single flower is
A Accessory fruit
B Simple fruit
C Multiple fruit
D Aggregate fruit
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Rajah 7

Subjective Questions

Section A
1. Figure 1.1 shows a vertical section through a flower of soybean, Glycine max, immediately after self-

pollination. Figure 1.2 shows part of the section at a higher magnification.

Stigma Y
Y
P
Q

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

(a) Name the parts labelled P, Q and Y. [3 marks]

(b) Describe what happens to the structures shown in Figure1.1 and 1.2 to bring about fertilisation.
[3 marks]


(c) Differentiate between the ovule, seed and embryo. [3 marks]

Form
Form
2. Figure 2 shows a section through the ovary and pollen tube of a flowering plant just before fertilisation.

5

ABC Structure M
DE
FGH Ovary wall

Figure 2 Male nuclei
Pollen tube

361

  Biology SPM  Chapter 6  Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

(a) Which of the nuclei labelled A to H fuse with a male nucleus to form: [1 mark]
(i) the endosperm [1 mark]
(ii) the zygote

(b) After fertilisation, into what structure does each of the following develop. [1 mark]
[1 mark]
(i) the ovary wall
(ii) the structure labelled M

(c) Seed formation occurs after fertilisation. Seeds are formed inside the fruits and then dispersed.
Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.
(i) Name the part of the flower that develops into the seed. [1 mark]

(ii) Name the part of the flower that develops into the fruit. [1 mark]

(iii) State an advantage of seed dispersal. [2 marks]

Section B

3. Figure 3 shows the embryo sac of a flowering plant and a pollen tube growing towards it to carry out
double fertilisation.

Pollen tube

Embryo sac F
Egg cell G
H
E

Figure 3 [1 mark]
(a) Name the part labelled E. [4 marks]

(b) Explain how the embryo sac is formed.

(c) Describe the sequence of events that take place between the stage of pollination and the completion of
[5 marks]
fertilisation.

(d) Describe how transfer of pollen grains onto the stigma of a flower can lead to fertilisation and fruit
[10 marks]
formation.
Form
Form

5

362

FORM 4 shows how the observations were is produced to prevent against
recorded; the data was analysed and diseases. Enzymes are produced to
1Chapter Introduction to Biology and evaluated. In addition, future research to enhance detergents so that clothes
Laboratory Rules be carried out was suggested; and the get cleaner. In food technology,
conclusion was presented to summarise food can be modified to make it
Checkpoint 1.1 the research outcome based on the taste better and more nutritious.
results. Preservation methods can prolong
Q1 3 research fields in biology:Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved. expiry date of food. Stem cellsForm
• Zoology – The study of animals SPM Practice 1 have the potential to cure chronicForm
diseases such as spinal cord injury
which includes structure, physiology, Objective Question and heart disease. 4
development and classification. 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. D 5. D (c) Examples of personal protective
• Cytology – The study of cells which 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. D equipment that can be worn during
includes structure, cell composition surgery are mask, safety goggles,
and interaction with other cells. Subjective Questions gloves and laboratory coat. The
• Anatomy – The study of bodily equipment is worn to prevent from
structure of humans, animals and Section A contacting with spurted blood or
other organisms. 1. (a) How does physical activity affect other body fluid.
Q2 • Five examples of biotechnological (d) Determine the problem statement,
products that are available at home: pulse rate? make hypothesis, plan investigation,
Clothes detergent, yogurt, cosmetics, (b) As the physical activity increases, determine and control variables,
plastics and fabrics perform experiment, collect data,
pulse rate also increases. analyse data, interpret data, make
Checkpoint 1.2 (c) conclusion and write report.

Q1 Three protective equipments and their 150
functions:
100 2Chapter Cell Biology and
• Laboratory coat – Protects clothing Organisation
from spilt chemical.
50 Checkpoint 2.1
• Gloves – Protects hands from heat
and chemical reactions. 0 Zulfati Sarah Q1 Nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma
Husna Walking Jogging membrane.
• Face mask – Filters fine particles Resting
bigger than 5 micrometres such as Q2 Presence of water in vacuole produces
bacteria, spores, fungi, solid particles (d) As the physical activity increase, turgor pressure in herbal plants. Turgor
and liquid particles from entering pulse rate also increases. This pressure is important for herb to
respiratory system. shows that more oxygen in the maintain its shape and prevent it from
blood is pumped from the heart wilting.
Q2 Materials that can be discarded into to the rest of the body to produce
laboratory sink: 100 ml distilled water, more energy. Checkpoint 2.2
0.1 M sodium hydroxide
(e) Heartbeat Q1 (a) K: Food vacuole
Materials that cannot be discarded into L: Nucleus
laboratory sink: Concentrated sulphuric Section B M: Pseudopodium
acid, matchstick 2. (a) (i) Ecology is a scientific N: Plasma membrane
(b) Structure M is involved in the
Checkpoint 1.3 study on distribution of
organism, interactions among movement and capture of food.
Q1 Vertical axis: Responding variable organisms, and interactions Structure M is projected towards
Horizontal axis: Manipulated variable between organisms and their its target. Cytoplasm flows into the
Q2 Dorsal view of a fish environment. projected structure M to change
(ii) Nanotechnology is a branch its position. Structure M captures
of technology that focuses food and subsequently forms food
on manipulation of materials vacuole.
Q3 Histogram. It shows frequency smaller than 100 nanometres. (c) Nucleus of a matured Amoeba
distribution of data in ranges value. Its (iii) Longitudinal section is a section sp. divides by shrinking along the
x-axis shows range of marks whereas done along the long axis of a middle. Cytoplasm divides into
y-axis shows frequency of pupils. structure of organism, organ or two parts after the nucleus has
tissue. completely divided. Finally, two new
Checkpoint 1.4 (b) Genetic engineering is used cells are formed.
in livestock and agriculture to
Q1 Three things that are needed in produce better quality organisms. Checkpoint 2.3
the procedure when planning an For example, tomato which does
experiment: Data collection, selection of not turn squishy, and remain Q1 Smooth muscle cell, cardiac muscle cell
apparatus and materials, and planning fresh longer. In medicine, vaccine and skeletal muscle cell.
of procedure to be carried out.
Q2 Meristem cells at the tips of shoot and
Q2 A report shows the flow of research root require much energy to perform
methodology in the experiment. It also active cell division for growth.

503

  Biology SPM  Answers

Checkpoint 2.4 information will determine the Q3 (a) In passive transport, movement of
characteristics of offspring. molecules does not require energy
Q1 Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Nucleus also controls all whereas active transport requires
Organism activities of a cell. energy.
(ii) 1. P alisade mesophyll cell
Q2 Nose and lungs (b) Movement of molecules by passive
Q3 Endocrine hormones contains lots of chloroplasts transport is in the direction (along)
Q4 Pancreas. Digestive system and and are closely arranged to of its concentration gradient
ensure maximum absorption whereas in active transport,
endocrine system.

SPM Practice 2 of light energy. molecules move against its
2. Root hair cell has a large concentration gradient.
Objective Questions 4. C 5. C Q4 Movement of potassium ion by active
1. C 2. B 3. A surface area to allow maximum transport:
absorption of water.
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Form (b) Nutrition • Potassium ion requires ATP energy
Form
Subjective Questions Movement of cilia directs food and protein carrier to move against

Section A into oral groove. Food is digested concentration gradient in order to

1. (a) (i) Cell consists of cell wall, by enzymes secreted into food cross plasma membrane.

4 chloroplast and large vacuole vacuole. Nutrient is absorbed into • Potassium ion attaches to active site
(ii) P: Cell wall cytoplasm whereas waste product is of protein carrier.
Q: Chloroplast excreted out through its anal pore.
R: Mitochondria • ATP dissociates to release phosphate
(iii) P is made up of tough cellulose
Osmoregulation molecule which binds to carrier
Paramecium sp. contains contractile protein (of plasma membrane) and

fibres. It provides support to cell vacuole which controls entry of alters the shape of the carrier protein

and maintain its shape. excess water into it. Whenever to allow potassium ion to cross
2. (a) (i) Amoeba sp. is a single-celled contractile vacuole is filled plasma membrane.

microorganism which performs with water, it moves to plasma • Carrier protein regains its original

all functions of a complete living membrane and excretes excess shape.

organism. water. Osmoregulation prevents

(ii) Water diffuses into a vacuole of Paramecium sp. from bursting. Checkpoint 3.3
a flaccid Amoeba sp. Its vacuole
enlarges and pushes against Asexual reproduction Q1 (a) Blood
the plasma membrane until it Paramecium sp. performs asexual (b) Concentrated salt solution is
reaches its maximum size. The
vacuole contracts and excretes reproduction by binary fission. hypertonic to red blood cells. Water
excess water. Amoeba sp. does Each Paramecium sp. divides diffuses out of red blood cell by
not burst. once to produce two similar cells, osmosis. The red blood cells shrink
which develop into two individual and experience crenation.
(b) Lysosome fuses with food vacuole. Paramecium sp. (c) Animal cell does not contain cell
Lysosome releases lysozyme to wall. Absence of cell wall does not
digest bacteria. Digested food is 3Chapter Movement of Substances allow red blood cell to maintain its
absorbed by Amoeba sp. whereas across a Plasma Membrane shape. Shape of red blood cell that
undigested food is excreted. experiences crenation:

3. (a) (i) Reproductive system of man.

Function: Produce sperms to Checkpoint 3.1 Q2 Transport of mineral ions into grass
fertilise ovum. roots of grass is by active transport.
(ii) Sperm has tail to facilitate Q1 Channel proteins and carrier proteins When cell respiration stops, no energy
swimming towards ovum. Q2 • Main components of plasma is produced to carry out active transport,
(b) Cell cannot swim towards ovum therefore transport of mineral ions into
because it does not have energy. membrane are proteins and root stops.
Fertilisation does not occur.
(c) Multicellular organism consists of phospholipids whereas the main
many cells. It requires specialised
cells to perform specific functions. components of cell wall are celluloses.
Multicellular organism requires
specific systems to fulfill the • Plasma membrane is semi-permeable
requirements of its body. whereas cell wall is fully permeable.

Q3 Plasma membrane consists of bilayer
phospholipid with different types of

proteins partially or fully embedded

in the membrane. The description

above is known as the fluid mosaic

Section B model of plasma membrane. Plasma Checkpoint 3.4
4. (a) (i) K is Golgi apparatus. K membrane components are always
in free motion and their positions are Q1 (a) Food preservation method
functions as a centre for constantly changing. This explains why (b) Advantages:
processing, packaging and plasma membrane possesses fluidic • Add flavour
transporting substances such characteristic. • Last longer
as carbohydrate, protein, • Looks better
phospholipid and glycoprotein. Checkpoint 3.2
For examples, K modifies Disadvantages:
protein to enzyme. L is rough Q1 Osmosis is a process by which • Less nutritious
endoplasmic reticulum. L water molecules pass through a • High in sugar/salt content

functions in transporting protein semipermeable membrane from a less Q2 Cat faeces caused soil water to become

synthesised by ribosome to concentrated solute solution (higher hypertonic to cell sap of flower plant.

cell surface and packages concentration of water molecules) into a This caused water to diffuse out of the

the protein into vessicle to be more concentrated solute solution (lower plant and lost a lot of water, and the

transported to other parts of concentration of water molecules). plant wilted. If nothing was done, the
cell. M is the nucleus. Nucleus Q2 (a) Nucleic acid – facilitated diffusion plant would die. A lot of water must be

consists of chromosomes which (b) Sodium ion – active transport sprinkled to reduce the concentration

carry genetic information. This (c) Glycerol – simple diffusion of minerals dissolved in the soil water.

504

SPM CC038442 FOCUS SPM
FORM
4∙5
KSSM
BIOLOGY Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn Bhd. All Rights Reserved.

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