Let's Log In Computer Science Book 8 Revised (2078).indd

Vedanta Let’s Log in Computer Science | Book 8

Step 3 : Click and choose the layout that you want to use. The chart
appears in a new layout.

Changing the Chart Style

You can change the visual style of your chart. Follow the steps below to
change the chart style:

Step 1 : Click on a chart. The Design tab appears. Click on it.
Step 2 : Click on More button in the Chart Styles group.
Step 3 : You will see a gallery of different styles. Click the styles you
like to Apply on your chart.

Adding a Chart Title

Follow the given steps to add a chart title:

Step 1 : Click on the chart. Click on the Design tab.

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Click on the Add Chart Element drop-down list of Chart
Layouts group. A list of different chart elements appears.

Click here to Add
Chart Title

Step 3 : Click on the Chart Title and choose either Above Chart or
Step 4 : Centered Overlay option. A Chart Title text box appears.
Type the text in the Chart Title text box. After typing the
tile, click outside the Chart.

Adding Axis Title

Follow the steps below to add Axis title:

Step 1 : Click on the Chart. Click on the Design tab.
Step 2 : Click on the Add Chart Element drop-down list of Chart
Layouts group. A list of different chart elements appears.

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Step 3 : Click on the Axis Titles and then click on Primary Horizontal
Step 4 : option. An Axis Title text box appears in X-axis on the chart.
Step 5 : Type the text in the Axis Title text box.
Again click on the Axis Titles and then click on Primary
Vertical option. An Axis Title text box appears in Y-axis on
the chart. Type the text in the Axis Title text box.
After typing the title, click outside the Chart.

Y-axis title

X-axis title

Adding Legend

Follow the steps below to add legend:

Step 1 : Click on the chart. Click on
Step 2 : the Design tab.
Click on the Add Chart
Step 3 : Element drop-down list of
Chart Layouts group. A list
of different chart elements
appears.
Click on the select Legend
and then click on the suitable
location where you want to
place legend. Select None
option if you do not want to
display the legend.

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Creating Line Chart

A line chart uses connecting dots to show trends over a period of time. Each
line in the chart shows the changes in the value of one item. Follow the steps
below to create a Line chart in MS-Excel:

Step 1 : Create a worksheet and type data as shown below.

Step 2 : Select the cell range A2:F4.
Step 3 : Click on Insert tab. Click on More button of Charts Group.
Insert Chart dialog box will appear.

Step 4 : From All Charts tab, Select Line.
Step 5 : Click on OK.
Step 6 : Add Chart Title.

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Creating Pie Chart

A pie chart is used to plot only one data series. It is a diagram in the shape
of a circle, divided into triangular sections that represent percentage of
different quantities that add up to 100%. Follow the steps below to create a
Pie-chart in MS-Excel:

Step 1 : Create a worksheet and type data as shown below.

Step 2 : Select the cell range A3:B9.
Step 3 : Click on Insert tab. Click
on More button of Charts
Step 4 : Group. Insert Chart dialog
Step 5 : box appears.
Step 6 : From All Charts tab, Select
Pie.
Click on OK.
Add Chart Title.

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POINTS TO REMEMBER

Intersection of row and column is a cell. In D5, D indicates column and
5 is row.
The group of cells in a rectangular region of a worksheet forms a cell
range. E.g. A2:C6.
A formula in Excel may be made up of cell address, text strings, operators,
and some predefined Excel functions.
A formula must start with an = (equal to) sign.
A function is a predefined formula which allows a user to perform a
particular kind of calculation. SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, etc. are some
examples of Excel functions.
Operators are the symbols used to specify the calculations to be
performed.
Conditional Formatting is a feature in MS-Excel that sets a cell’s format
according to the conditions that you specify.
Charts are pictorial representations of data.

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Exercise

1. Answer the following questions:
a) Write any three features of MS-Excel.
b) What do you mean by a formula in MS-Excel? Explain with the help of an
example.
c) What is a function? Explain with a few examples. Name the various
components of a function.
d) Define Chart. Explain any two types of chart in MS-Excel.

2. State whether the following statements are true or false:
a) Formatting features improve the appearance of data.
b) Only lowercase letters can be used in formula in Excel.
c) Sort & Filter button is available in Insert tab.
d) All Excel functions must begin with a plus ( + ) sign.
e) Legend identifies each data series in a chart.
f) Columns are identified by numbers.
g) There are four types of data we can use in Excel.

3. Write the technical terms for the following statements:
a) Another name for cell address.
b) Rectangular region on a worksheet formed by two or more cells.
c) Arranging data in alphabetical or numerical order.
d) Pre-defined formula to perform calculations.
e) Name of the tab from which we can change the chart layout.
f) A cell that is selected.
g) Pictorial representations of data

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4. Tick (√) the correct option.

a) …………………. tab contains the option for conditional formatting.

(i) Home (ii) Insert

(iii) Formulas (iv) Data

b) Which is not the tab of MS-Excel ribbon?

(i) Data (ii) Page Layout

(iii) Formulas (iv) References

c) Which is not the spreadsheet application?

(i) MS-Excel (ii) Google Sheet

(iii) Calc (iv) MS-Access

d) Which one is the Excel Function?

(i) sum (ii) subtract

(iii) multiply (iv) divide

e) Command to see only the data which matches the criteria given is ............

(i) Sorting (ii) Reference

(iii) Filter (iv) Function

5. Match the following: Group ‘B’
Group ‘A’

a) Line i) Data Type

b) Google Sheet ii) Arranging Data

c) Max iii) Spreadsheet Application

d) Date & Time iv) Excel Function

e) Sorting v) Type of chart

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Lab Activities

1. Create a worksheet as follows and calculate different values using formulae
or functions:

Monthly Salary Report

S. No. Name of Basic Salary DA HRA PF Net
Staffs Pay

1 Rajiv Rai 7800 2000 1000 1400

2 Amisha Rana 8000 1500 1500 1600

3

4

5

Total

Maximum
Salary

Minimum

Salary

Store the data of at least 10 staffs.

a) Use the formula to calculate Net pay as: Basic Salary + DA + HRA – PF.

b) Copy the formula to other cell.

c) Use the function to find Total Net pay, Maximum and Minimum Net pay.

2. Create a worksheet as shown below and do the following tasks:

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a) Use the formula to calculate Total and Average sales.
b) Sort the data in ascending order of Total Sales.
c) Use the Filter command to view only those record whose Item’s Name is

“Mouse”.
d) Apply conditional formatting on the sales data whose value is below 10.
3. Create a Line chart from the below data.

4. Create a Pie chart from the following data.

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Lesson

7

Advanced Features of Presentation

Presentations are creative method of Presentation
representing the information. It is the
mechanism that makes our information
more attractive and eye catching. We can
communicate our message or ideas in
more effective way. A colorful presentation
containing text, pictures, and animation
amazes the viewers and makes them more
interested in what you want to say.

Effective Presentation Techniques

Keep your Slides Simple
Limit Words on your Slides
Use High-Quality Photos and Graphics
Use Accurate and Relevant Charts and Graphs
Choose Appropriate Fonts and Color
Use Suitable Audio and Video if Required

Presentation Application

A presentation application is a software package used to display information
in the form of a slide show. The presentation tells a story or supports speech
or the presentation of information. Some popular presentation applications
are Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides, Prezi, Libre Office Impress, Apple
Keynote, etc.

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Google Slides Prezi MS-PowerPoint Apple Keynote Libre Office Impres
MS-PowerPoint
MS-PowerPoint

MS-PowerPoint is one of the most popular and most
widely used Presentation application softwares
developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is an interactive
way to create multimedia presentation. While creating
a presentation in MS-PowerPoint, you can create, view,
and present slide shows that combine text, shapes,
pictures, graphics, graphs, animation, charts, audio,
video, and much more.

Creating a Presentation

Follow the steps below to create a new presentation:

Step 1 : Run MS-PowerPoint. The MS-PowerPoint screen appears.
Step 2 : Click on the Blank Presentation or you can choose any
other built-in themes also.

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Layout Design of Slides

The arrangement of elements, such as
title and subtitle, text, lists, pictures,
tables, charts, AutoShapes, and
movies, on a slide is the layout of the
slide. A layout contains placeholders
that are boxes with dotted borders
that are part of most slide layouts.
These placeholders hold slide content.

Changing Slide Layout

Follow the steps below to change the slide layout:

Step 1 : Click on the Layout button in the slides group on the Home
Step 2 : tab menu.
Select a Layout you wish to apply by clicking on the chosen
layout from the displayed list.
This applies the selected slide layout to the current Slide.

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Working with Theme

A set of unified design elements that provides a look for your document
by using color, fonts, and graphics is called Theme. PowerPoint contains
many beautiful color themes that you can use. A color theme is a complete
collection of settings for background graphics, fonts, font colors, etc.

Applying a theme

Follow the steps below to apply a theme:

Step 1 : Click on the Design tab menu to view the available theme
in Theme Group.

Step 2 : Move the mouse pointer over any of the available themes
that appears after clicking on the Design tab. Then, the
current slide displays the chosen theme.

Step 3 : For more themes, click on the More button at the bottom of
the scroll bar on the right of the themes

Step 4 : Click on the chosen Theme.

Note: While applying the theme you could apply it to all slides or apply to selected
slides. For this right click on slide and choose whether to Apply to All Slides or Apply
to Selected Slides.

Working with Graphics in PowerPoint

Adding clip art, smart art and pictures to your presentation
can be a great way to illustrate important information or
add decorative accents to existing text.

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Adding SmartArt

Follow the steps below to add SmartArt into your slide:

Step 1 : Click on SmartArt button from Illustrations group in
Insert tab. Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box
Step 2 : appears.
Step 3 : Select the desired SmartArt.
Click on OK.

Adding Shapes

Follow the steps below to add shapes:

Step 1 : Click on Shapes button from
Illustrations group in Insert tab. A list
Step 2 : of different shapes appears.
Step 3 : Click on the required Shape.
Click and drag the mouse on your slide to
draw the selected shape.

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Inserting Pictures

Follow the steps below to insert a picture into your slide:

Step 1 : Click on the Insert tab.
Step 2 : In the Images group, click on Pictures button. Insert
Picture dialog box appear.
Step 3 : Locate and select the chosen image file, then click on Insert.
Step 4 : The selected picture is now added to the slide.

Inserting Screenshots

A copy or image of what is seen on a computer screen at a given time is called
screenshot. PowerPoint allows us to capture an image of entire window or a
screen clipping of the part of a window.

Follow the below steps to insert a screenshot:

Step 1 : Click on the Insert tab.
Step 2 : In the Images group, click on Screenshot button.

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Step 3 : Select a window from the available windows that you need
Step 4 : to insert into your slide.
The screenshot appears in the slide.

Cropping an Image to a Shape

Follow the steps below to crop an image to a shape:

Step 1 : Select an image. The Format tab appears.
Step 2 : Select the Format tab.
Step 3 : Click on Crop drop-down menu from Size group.
Step 4 : Select a shape from the drop-down menu. The image
acquires the shape that you have selected.

Adding Border to a Picture

Follow the steps below to add a border to a picture:

Step 1 : Select the Picture.
Step 2 : Select the Format tab.
Step 3 : Click on the Picture Border button.
A drop-down menu appears.

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Select the desired color, weight, and dashes.

Working with Slide Background

In PowerPoint, we can add various things to the slide background.

Adding a Colored Background

Follow the steps below to add a colored
background to a selected slide:

Step 1 : Select the slide you want to
Step 2 : change the background of.
Step 3 : Click on the Design tab.
In the Customize group, click
Step 4 : on the Format Background
Step 5 : button. The Format
Background pane appears.
In the Fill option, select Solid
Fill option.
Select the Color of your choice
and Transparency value.

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Adding a Picture or Texture fill

Follow the steps below to add a picture or texture background:

Step 1 : Select the slide you want to
Step 2 : change the background of.
Step 3 :
Click on the Design tab.
Step 4 :
Step 5 : In the Customize group,
click on the Format
Step 6 : Background button. The
Format Background
pane appears.

In the Fill option, select
Picture or texture Fill
option.

In the Texture option, click
on a desired texture option.
Select a picture file from
File button of Insert
Picture from.

Click on Apply to All if you
want to apply the texture
or picture background to all
the slides.

Creating a Photo Album

PowerPoint allows you to use a set of pictures into a photo
album presentation. With the photo album, feature you can display a set
of pictures one after another in a slide show. You can select, rearrange,
adjust, and add text to your pictures. By default, one picture appears on
each slide

Follow the given steps to create a Photo Album:

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Select the Insert tab.

Step 2 : Click the Photo Album command in the Images group,
Step 3 : then select New Photo Album.
Step 4 : The Photo Album dialog box appears. Locate and click on
the File/Disk... button.
Select the chosen image file(s). Click Insert.
To select all images in your folder, click the first image, then
press and hold the Shift key and select the last image.

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Step 5 : The Photo Album dialog box provides several options for
moving, adjusting, and changing the layout of pictures. Edit
as needed, then click Create to insert pictures into the photo
album.

A separate presentation is created for the photo album. By default, it
includes a title page and one picture per slide.

Charts in PowerPoint

Chart is an effective way to display text in a graphical and pictorial form.
Charts make it easier to show comparisons and growth, relationship among
the values and trends in text. Charts provide an accurate analysis of the
information.

While inserting a chart in MS-PowerPoint, the text is displayed in a special
window called Datasheet. A chart gets updated automatically with any
change in text.

Components of a Chart

Chart Area : The Chart Area includes the complete area and all
the objects in a chart.

Category Axis : The Category axis (also X-axis) is the horizontal
axis. The matter that is compared and presented
in the chart comes under it.

Value Axis : The Value axis (also Y-axis) is the vertical axis. It
is used to plot the values.

Data Series : Data series refers to the bars, slices or the other
elements that show he data value.

Category Name : The Category names are the labels displayed on
the X and Y-axis.

Plot Area : The Plot Area is a window within the Chart Area.
It contains the actual chart itself and includes
plotted data, data series, category and value axis.

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Legend : The Legend depicts the colors, patterns or the
Chart Title symbols that are assigned to the data series.
Gridlines
: The Chart Title describes the aim and contents of
the chart.

: Gridlines can either be horizontal or vertical lines-
depending on the selected chart type. Gridlines
make the chart easier to read and understand the
values.

Inserting a Chart

Follow the steps below to insert a chart:

Step 1 : Click on the Layout button present in the Slides group on
the Home tab.

Step 2 : Select Title and Content layout from the drop-down menu.
Step 3 : Select the ‘Click to add title’ placeholder and type Monthly
Expenses.
Step 4 : Click on the Insert Chart icon on the slide. The Insert
Chart dialog box appears.

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Step 5 : Select the chart type in the left pane, and the sub-types of
the selected chart is reflected on the right pane.

Step 6 : Select the Column chart and Click OK.

The chart displays with a datasheet that contains the default data. Change
the default data set with your own data.

Changing the Chart Type

Follow the steps below to change the Chart Type

Step 1 : Select the chart.
Step 2 : Click on the Design tab under Chart Tools.
Step 3 : Click on the Change Chart Type button in the Type group.
The Change Chart Type dialog box appears.
Step 4 : Select any chart type and click OK. The Chart changes
accordingly.

Formatting a Chart

Formatting improves the appearance of a chart. We can format the chart to
add title, change the text, font, line color, width, border style, legends, data
series, etc. To format a Chart, first we need to select the required chart. A
floating tab Chart Tools appears with two tabs: Design and Format.

Changing the Chart Layout

Step 1 : Select the chart.

Step 2 : Click on the Design tab under the floating tab Chart Tools.

Step 3 : Click on the More drop-down arrow of the Chart Styles
group to see all the available chart layout options at once.

Step 4 : Select the required chart layout according to your need.

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Additional Chart Formatting

Use the tools on the Format tab to modify the chart in various ways. Using
this tab, we can change the chart outline, format the chart text and more.

Format Tab under Chart Tools

Changing Shape Styles and Color

Follow the steps below to change the shape styles and color:

Step 1 : Select the chart you want to change.
Step 2 : Select any Style from the Shapes Styles group on the
Format tab under.

Changing Background, Colors and Patterns
Step 1 : Right-click on the Plot Area of the chart.

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Step 2 : Select the Format Chart
Area option from the
Step 3 : Context menu. The Format
Step 4 : Chart Area dialog box
Step 5 : appears.
Step 6 : Select the Border Styles,
Border Color, Shadow effect
according to your choice.
Click on the Fill tab. Click
on the Picture or texture
fill radio button.
Select the Texture button
and choose the required
texture form the displayed
options.
Click on Close button.

Animating Text and Objects

Microsoft PowerPoint provides various tools and features to enhance the
appearance of a presentation. These special effects assist you in making
your presentation attractive, effective, engaging and professional. The use
of special effects creates a better impact on the audience.

PowerPoint Animations

Animations are visual effects given to individual objects on a slide or to the
slide as a whole. It also controls the order of flow of information and helps in
increasing the interest of the audience. You can animate the text, pictures,
shapes, tables, and other objects in a presentation by applying sound effects,
visual effects including movements.

Animation Tab

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Applying Animation to an Object

Follow the steps below to apply animation to an object:

Step 1 : Select an object.
Step 2 : Click on the
Step 3 : Animation tab.
From the Animation
Step 4 : group, click on the
Step 5 : More drop-down
arrow to view the
available animation
effect options.
Select the chosen
animation effect.
The object now has
a small number to
show that it has an
animation. Also in
the Animation pane,
the object is added to list of animated object.

Categories of Custom Animation

Entrance

These effects decide the manner in
which an object enters into a slide
during the slide show. Some of these
effects are Appear, Fade, Wheel, Fly
In, Bounce, Zoom, etc.

Emphasis

These effects make an object shrink
or grow in size, change color, or spin

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on its center. Some of these effects are Pulse, Spin, Darker, Underline, Wave,
etc.

Exit

These effects control the manner in
which the object exits during the slide
show. Some of these effects are Disappear, Fly Out, Float Out, Split, etc.

Motion Paths

These effects enable objects to move
from one position to another on a
slide and on the specified path during
slide show. Some of these effects are Lines, Arcs, Turns, Shapes, Loops, etc.

Follow the steps below to view more
animation effects of each type:

Step 1 : Select an Object.
Step 2 : Click on Add Animation
button from Advanced
Step 3 : Animation group of
Animation tab.
Step 4 : Place the pointer on
any animation effect to
preview its result on the
slide.
Click on the chosen
animation effect form the
displayed options.

Adding Transition Effects

Transition effects appear when one slide changes to other during Slide Show
view. You can apply transition effects to a single slide as well as to all the
slides.

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Follow the steps below to add transition effects:

Step 1 : Select the slide you want to add transition effect.
Step 2 : Click on the Transition tab.
Step 3 : Locate the Transition to This Slide group. By default,
None is applied to each slide.
Step 4 : Click on the More drop-down arrow to display all the
transition effect options.
Step 5 : Click on the desired transition effect you want to add to the
selected slide.

Transition Tab

Inserting Sound Clips

Music or sound effects can add a completely new dimension to
any presentation. You can add sound in the form of music or
special effects to give importance to certain points. Sound files
can be added from the files stored on your computer. You can
even record your own sound or can also add music from a CD.

Adding Sound from a File

Follow the steps below to add sound from
a file:

Step 1 : From the Media group
Step 2 : in Insert tab, click the
Audio drop-down arrow
and select Audio on My
PC.
Locate and select the
audio file, then click a Insert.

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Step 3 : The audio file is added to the slide.

Inserting Video Clips

Video clips add liveliness to the presentation. You can add video clips from
your computer. Follow the steps below
to insert video clips:

Step 1 : From the Media group
on Insert tab, click
Step 2 : of on the Video drop-
Step 3 : down arrow and select
Video on My PC.
Locate and select the
audio file, then click
on Insert.
The video is added to the slide.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

Presentations are creative method of representing the information.
A presentation application is a software package used to display
information in the form of a slide show.
Some popular presentation applications are Microsoft PowerPoint,
Google Slides, Prezi, Libre Office Impress, Apple Keynote, etc.
MS-PowerPoint is one of the most popular and most widely used
Presentation application software developed by Microsoft Corporation.
The arrangement of elements is called the layout of the slide.

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A set of unified design elements that provides a look for your slide is
called Theme.
We can add Shapes, Pictures, SmartArt, Screenshots, Audio and Video
in presentation slides.
PowerPoint allows you to use a set of pictures into a photo album
presentation.
Chart is an effective way to display text in a graphical and pictorial form.
An animation effect is a special visual or sound effect added to a text or
an object on a slide or chart.
Categories of custom animation are Entrance, Emphasis, Exit and
Motion Paths.
Transition effects appear when one slide changes to other during Slide
Show view.

Exercise

1. Answer the following questions:
a) Mention any four effective presentation techniques.
b) Write any two popular presentation application software.
c) What is a Theme?
d) How do you crop an image?
e) What is the use of Photo Album?
f) Define animation and transition effect.

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2. Match the following:

(a)

(b) (ii) Photo Album

(c) (iii) Screenshot

(d) (iv) Video

(e) (v) Shapes

(f) (vi) SmartArt

3. State whether the following statements are true or false:

a) Presentations are creative method of representing the information.

b) Google Sheet is a popular presentation software.

c) Layout button is available on Insert tab.

d) Different themes can be applied in different slides.

e) Shapes, SmartArt, and Chart are available in Illustrations
group on Design tab.

f) Chart is an effective way to display text in a graphical and
pictorial form.

g) There are four categories of custom animation.

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4. Complete the crossword given below:
ACROSS
1 The effect that appears when one slide changes to another
4 One of the object available in Illustrations group
5 A popular presentation software
6 Unified design that provide a look to your slide
8 Graphical and pictorial form of information

DOWN
2 Special visual or sound effect
3 Arrangement of elements
7 A group where the Video button is available

12

3
4

5

67

8

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Lab Activities

Task #1 : Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on a topic “Environment.” Explain
the importance of environment for our everyday life. Place pictures and videos to
make your presentation more attractive. Apply different animations and transition
effects and save your presentation in your computer.

Task #2 : Collect the different pictures of your school activity and prepare a Photo
Album using PowerPoint slides. You can present the best photo album during the
annual function of your school.

Task #3 : Prepare a PowerPoint slides presenting the student’s pass record of
your school for the past 5 years using the charts/graphs. You can collect the data
from the school administration. Data should be collected in the format shown below:

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Boys
Girls

Task #4 : Create a PowerPoint slide on the topic “Places to visit in Nepal”
explaining about the places in a brief. Apply the different theme to each slide. Also
add a background music to be played during slide show. Save your presentation
in your computer.

Task #5 : Create a PowerPoint slide on any topic and include the following
elements:
a) SmartArt b) Shapes c) Pictures d) Chart e) Audio f) Video
Apply an attractive theme as well as animation and transition effects.

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Lesson

8

Introduction

ICT Stands for “Information and Communication Technologies.”
ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through
telecommunications. ICT is a technology that is used to collect data and store
data, process data into information and communication the information all
over the world through computer, Internet and broadcasting technologies
such as radios and televisions. It is similar to Information Technology
(IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the
Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computer, and network hardware
and software, satellite systems, and other communication medium.
Modern information and communication technologies have created a “global
village,” in which people can communicate with others across the world as
if they were living next door. For this reason, ICT is often studied in the
context of how modern communication technologies affect society. ICT as a
tool for improving a learner’s access to information and knowledge in formal
and non-formal learning situations.

Information and Communication Technologies Devices
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Cyber Ethics

Cyber ethics is a code of safe and responsible behaviour for using Internet.
Just as we are taught to act responsibly in everyday life with lessons such as
"Don't take what doesn't belong to you" and "Do not harm others," we must
act responsibly in the cyber world as well.
Cyber ethics is distinct from cyber law. Laws are formal written directives
that apply to everyone, interpreted by the judicial system, and enforced by
the police. The objective of cyber ethics is to ESTABLISHING A CULTURE
OF PROPER USE of the Internet and Computers.

Do’s and Don’ts of Cyber Ethics

DO DON’T

You can use Internet to take help for Don't copy information from Internet and
your schoolwork. call it your own.

You can learn about music, video, Don't use Internet to download or share
and games using Internet copyrighted material.

You can use Internet to Don't use Internet to communicate with
communicate with friends and strangers.
family.
Don’t pretend to be someone else

Don't be rude or use bad language.

Don't give anyone personal information
or passwords.

Don’t break into someone else’s
computer.

Don’t use someone else’s password.

Cyber Law and Cyber Crime

The law that controls the legal issues regarding Internet or WWW for
digital data processing and transaction is called cyber law. It is a term
that summarizes the legal issues related to use of communicative,
transactional, and distributive aspects of networked information devices
and technologies. Cyber law is important because it deals with almost all

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aspects of transactions and activities on
the cyberspace. It controls cyber crimes
and misuse of computer.

Cyber crimes are criminal acts
that use the computer or Internet.
These types of crimes are prevalent
in modern technological society as a
greater number of serious crimes are
committed. The criminal or illegal
activities involving the information Cyber Crime

technology with the help of computers is known as cyber crime. It
includes traditional crimes conducted through Internet.

The main purpose of the formulating cyber law is to legalize the transaction
through electronic media, to control and stop the various types of electronic
frauds, to punish a person or institution that commits cyber crime. It also
helps the IT sector to create a suitable environment for conducting and
promoting IT business in the country. Cyber law of Nepal was passed in
Nepal on 30 Bhadra 2061 BS (15 Sep 2004). The cyber law of Nepal is also
known as Electronic Transaction and Digital Signature Act (ETDSA) – 2061.

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is bullying that takes
place over digital devices like cell
phones, computers, and tablets.
Cyberbullying can occur through
SMS, text, and apps, or online in
social media, forums, or gaming
where people can view, participate
in, or share content. Cyberbullying
includes sending, posting, or sharing
negative, harmful, false, or mean
content about someone else. It can
include sharing personal or private
information about someone causing Cyberbullying

embarrassment or humiliation. Some cyberbullying crosses the line into
unlawful or criminal behaviour.

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Computer Ethics

Computer ethics is defined as the set of
moral standards that regulate the use of
a computer. It refers to ethical principles
focused on how users, programmers, and
others who are involved with the use
and development of computer programs
and equipment. Computer ethics is
set of moral principles or code of
conduct that regulate the use of
computers systematically without Computer Ethics

causing harm to other users. It gives awareness to the user regarding
the immoral behavior and activities in the computing field. Some important
commandments of computer ethics are:

Do not use a computer to harm other people.
Do not use a computer to publish fake information.
Do not search the file or record of other people.
Do not destroy or delete the records of other people.
Do not use a computer to steal someone’s privacy.
Do not interfere with other people’s computer work.
Do not snoop around in other people’s files.
Do not use or copy software for which you have not paid.
Do not use other people’s computer resources without authorization.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

ICT covers all forms of computer, communications equipment, and
software.

Cybercrime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the
crime.

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Law that controls the legal issues in Internet for digital data processing
and transaction is called cyber law.
Computer Ethics is a set of moral principles that handles the use of
computers systematically without causing harm to other users.
Cybercrime is any criminal act that is carried out via computer.
Cybercrime is a growing problem.
Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment
using electronic means.

Exercise

1. Answer the following questions:
a) What is Information and Communication Technology?
b) Define data and Information.
c) List some ICT tools that are used for information processing.
d) What is computer ethics?
e) What is cyber law?
f) Define cyber crime.
g) Write any four commandments of computer ethics.
h) What is cyber bulling?

2. State whether the following statements are true or false:
a) ICT stands for Internet and Computer Technology.
b) Cyber-crimes are criminal acts that use the computer
or Internet.

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c) ICT controls cyber crimes and misuse of computer.
d) Cyber Law is set of moral principles or code of conduct

that regulate the use of computers systematically.
e) Computer Ethics is a set of moral principles.

3. Write the technical terms:
a) A technology that provide access to information through
telecommunications.
b) The law that controls the legal issues in Internet or www.
c) Any criminal or illegal activities involving the information technology with
the help of computers.
d) A tool for improving a learner’s access to information and knowledge in
formal and non -formal learning situations.
e) Set of moral principles or code of conducts that regulate the use of
computers systematically.

Activities

1. Make a PowerPoint presentation in a group and present it in the class “How
can we prevent cyberbullying and stay cyber-safe”.

[You will have to do much interviewing with the colleagues in your
school.]

2. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on a topic “Computer ethic and its
important commandments” and demonstrate in your class.

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Lesson

9

Introduction

A computer virus is destructive program able
to replicate itself by making copies of itself
without the knowledge of the user. Virus is a
small executable program that spreads from
one computer to another and interferes with
computer operation. When a virus is introduced
to a computer system, it can attach itself to, or
sometimes even replace, an existing program.
Thus, when the user runs the program the virus
is also executed. This usually happens without
the user being aware of it. Depending on the nature of a virus, it may
cause damage to your hard disk contents, and/or interfere with the normal
operation of your computer. A virus can be introduced to a computer system
along with any software program. For Internet users, this threat can come
from downloading files, or referencing email attachments. CryptoLocker,
ILOVEYOU, MyDoom, Storm Worm, Anna Kournikova, Slammer, Stuxnet
C-Brain, Jerusalem, Cascade, etc. are some famous and popular example of
computer virus.

Symptoms of Virus

Different viruses show different symptoms in the computer. Some viruses
produce unnecessary messages on the screen, some viruses hide files, some
virus corrupt files and programs, some viruses reduce memory size, etc.
Here are some symptoms that may indicate that your system may have
been infected with viruses:

Programs take a longer time to load.
Programs start automatically without any instructions.

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Viruses change the size of executable files.
Files, folders or programs getting deleted or corrupted automatically.
Sometime computer may not boot and hang quickly.
The Hard disk, CD/DVD is suddenly accessed without any logical

reason.
Programs disappear from the computer.
New programs cannot be installed correctly.

Effects of Virus

Virus is destructive programs. It can affect computer in many ways. The
real effect of virus depends on their types. Different types of viruses can
produce different effects to the computer. Here are some signs that may
indicate that your system may have been infected by viruses:

Modifies configuration setting of the system.
Disrupt computer network resources.
Deletes or change the contents of important files.
Renaming the files with different names.
Reduces memory or disk space of our computer.
Changes the size of files or folders.
Changes the extension of files.
Disables the antivirus program for no reason.
Restarts computer in every few minutes.

Spreading of Computer Virus

Computer viruses can spread from one computer to other computers through
many different media or sources. Some of the ways of spreading viruses are
listed below:

By downloading files from the Internet.
While removing media or drives.

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Through pen drive.
Through e-mail attachments.
Through unprotected or poor administrator passwords.
Viruses spread by the use of pirated software.
Through exchanging of infected data or files over a network.
By sharing of infected portable disks among the computers.

Types of Computer Virus

The computer gets infected through the replication of malicious code.
Computer viruses come in different forms to infect the system in different
ways. Some of the most common viruses are:

Boot Sector Virus

Boot sector virus infects the master boot record. It is challenging and a
complex task to remove this virus and it often requires the system to be
formatted. It spreads through removable media.

Multipartite Virus

Multipartite virus spreads through multiple ways. It infects both the boot
sector and executable files at the same time.

Polymorphic Virus

Polymorphic viruses are difficult to identify with a traditional anti-virus
program. This is because the polymorphic virus alters its signature pattern
whenever it replicates.

File infectors

File infector viruses come attached with program files, such as .com or
.exe files. File infector viruses infect any program for which execution is
requested, including .sys, .prg, and .mnu files.

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Macro viruses

The macro viruses particularly target macro language commands in
applications like Microsoft Word. In MS Word, the macros are keystrokes
that are embedded in the documents or saved sequences for commands. The
macro viruses are designed to add their malicious code to the genuine macro
sequences in a Word file.

Antivirus Software

Antivirus software is a type of
computer program that is designed to
scan, detect, and remove viruses from
computer system to make a virus free
environment. It scans downloaded
files as well as your entire computer
system in order to detect the
presence of an infection. Antivirus Antivirus Software

can be a memory resident and keeps
monitoring the computer system and informs a user about the virus if virus
is found. Some of the popular antivirus programs are Bitdefender, Norton
AntiVirus Plus, Webroot SecureAnywhere, ESET NOD32, F-Secure,
Kaspersky, Trend Micro Antivirus+ Security, Panda Dome Essential, etc.

Protection from viruses

Viruses are harmful programs that affect our system, damage important
files and programs, slow down the system. So, protection and prevention of
our computer from viruses is necessary. There are a number of steps that
you can take to ensure the security and prevent an infection of your system
from computer viruses. They are:

The latest and updated version of Anti-Virus and firewall should be
installed on the computer.

Download software only from reputable and well known sites.
USB drives should be scanned for viruses, and should not be used on

infected computers.

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Junk or unknown emails should not be opened and must be deleted
straightaway.

Use always genuine software: do not use any pirated software.
Install the latest security patch software.
Lock the computer system-using password to prevent computer from

being used by others.

POINTS TO REMEMBER

The computer virus is small destructive program whose intension is to
harm computer software and data.
Some viruses produce unnecessary messages on the screen, some virus
hide files; some viruses corrupt files and programs; and some viruses
reduce memory size.
Computer viruses can spread from one computer to other computers
through many different media or sources.
Boot sector virus infects the master boot record.
Multipartite virus infects both the boot sector and executable files at the
same time.
The polymorphic virus alters its signature pattern whenever it replicates.
File infector viruses come attached with program files, such as .com or
.exe files.
The macro viruses particularly target macro language commands in
applications like Microsoft Word.
The computer program which is used to scan, detect, and remove viruses
from the computer is called antivirus.

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Exercise

1. State whether the following statements are true or false:

a) Virus is a destructive computer program.
b) Viruses are easily identified as other programs.
c) Use always pirated software to control virus infection.
d) Viruses mostly spread through computer network.
e) Viruses change the size of file and memory.
f) Antivirus software is a program designed to detect and

remove viruses from computer system.

2. Fill in the blanks.

a) A computer …………… is destructive program able to replicate itself by
making copies.

b) Viruses are …………… programs that affect our system.
c) Viruses spread by ………. files or programs from unsecured web sites.
d) Use always genuine software do not use any ………….. software.
e) …………..… is program that prevents and cleans up computer viruses.
f) Kaspersky is an example of ……………

3. Write the technical terms of the following.

a) A program with the ability to generate multiple copies of itself.
b) Software that protects computer system from computer viruses.
c) It helps to prevent computer from being used by others.
d) The virus infects both the boot sector and executable files at the same

time.
e) The viruses difficult to identify with a traditional anti-virus program.

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4. Write very short answer of the following question.
a. Why is computer virus not a useful program?
b. What do you mean by multiuser operating system?
c. Give one example of computer virus.
d. Is Bitdefender antivirus software?
e. Which type of virus attached with program files?

5. Answer the following questions.
a) What is computer virus?
b) What are the symptoms of computer virus?
c) Write any four effects of computer viruses.
d) How does virus spread from one computer to other computers?
e) What is antivirus software? Name some popular antivirus software.
f) Write some methods for protecting computer from viruses.

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Lesson

10

Introduction

The word communication means sending and receiving information
between two or more devices or persons through different medium
where telecommunication refers to communication at a distance using
electrical signals or electromagnetic waves through the communication
medium. They include telephones, telegraph, TV, radio, microwave
communication arrangements, fiber optics, satellites, and the Internet.

A Simplex A to B only B

AB
Half-Duplex A to B or B to A

A Full-Duplex A to B and B to A B

Transmission Mode

The fastest growing field of telecommunication is data communication. A
data communication system is the collection of hardware, software and
other devices that allow exchanging data, information between two or more
devices through wire or wireless medium. Communication can be in one
direction or both directions.

a. Simplex Mode

Simplex is one way data transmission that takes place
only from sender to receiver. Radio, newspaper, television
broadcasting, and books are the examples of simplex mode.

Radio

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b. Duplex mode

Duplex is two way data transmission that takes place both directions
over a communication channel. Mobile phone and landline phone are the
examples of duplex mode. Two types of duplex modes are:

i. Half Duplex

Half duplex is two way data transmission that takes place in only one
direction at a time. Walky-talky is the examples of half duplex mode.

Walky-talky

ii. Full Duplex

Full duplex is two-way data transmission that takes place in both
directions at a time. Cell phone and land line phone are the examples of full
duplex mode.

cell phone land line
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Components of Data Communication

The five basic components (message, sender, medium, receiver and protocol)
are required to make data communication.

Protocol
Messages

Sender

Receiver

Transmission Media

Protocol

Data Communication

i. Message

The message is the information or data that is communicated.

ii. Sender

The computer or device that sends the data or messages is called
sender.

iii. Medium

The path through which data is send or transmitted from one location
to another is called medium or communication channel.

iv. Receiver

The device that receives the data or messages is called receiver.

v. Protocol

It is the standard set of rules that allow electronic devices to
communicate with each other.

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Computer Network

A computer network is simply two or more computers connected together so
they can exchange information and share resources (hardware and software).
A small network can be as simple as two computers linked together with a
single cable. Alternatively, it may be a group of several computers connected
at a central networking device through wired or wireless medium.

Computer Network

Advantages of Computer Network

The advantages of computer network are:
Communication is easy and fast.
Data and software sharing.
Sharing of hardware devices like printers, hard disk, DVD drive,
scanner, routers, modems, wireless access points, networking cables,
switches, etc.
Sharing and transferring files within networks.
The network computers can communicate with each other.
Office automation can be very effective and properly managed.
Only authorized user can use the facilities of the network.

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