44 6. Pour blue-coloured water into the first plastic cup and label it “human body”. Then, pour red-coloured water into the second plastic cup and label it “lungs”. Fasten two binder clips to each cup. 8. For the right side of the heart, attach the end of the shorter tube to the mouth of the cup labelled “lungs”. Then, attach the longer tube to the base of the cup labelled “human body”. 7. For the left side of the heart, attach the end of the shorter tube to the mouth of the cup labelled “human body”. Then, attach the longer tube to the base of the cup labelled “lungs”. 9. Alternately, squeeze and release the bottles. Observe the movement of the red-coloured water (blood rich in oxygen) and the blue-coloured water (blood rich in carbon dioxide). human body lungs human body lungs human body lungs side of Right heart Left side of heart human body lungs Left side of heart
45 1. The functions of the main human skeleton are as follows: MIND REFLECTION MIND REFLECTION 2. A joint is a place where two or more bones are joined together. 3. The positions of the joints in the human body are as follows: Main skeleton backbone skull ribs hand and leg bones supports the body protects the brain protect the internal organs for support and movement Function Main part Function pumps blood to the lungs and to the whole body transport blood throughout the body transports oxygen, nutrients, water, and waste products place where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged heart blood vessels blood lungs 4. Joints allow movement and flexibility of the body. 5. The main parts in the blood circulatory system and their functions are as follows:
46 MIND TEST Answer all questions in the Science exercise book. 1. Label the skeletal system below. 2. Sketch the diagram of the human skeleton. Identify and circle the positions of joints in the diagram. 6. Blood circulatory pathway: • blood rich in oxygen: lungs heart human body • blood rich in carbon dioxide: human body heart lungs 7. The importance of the human blood circulatory system are: • to transport oxygen, nutrients, and water throughout the body. • to transport carbon dioxide and other waste products out of the body. 8. Ways to protect the systems in the human body are as follows: Skeletal system • consume foods that are rich in calcium. • do physical activities. • wear protective gear and seat belts. Respiratory system • avoid cigarettes. • live in a clean environment. • clean hands frequently. Blood circulatory system • reduce the consumption of foods that are high in fat and sugar. • exercise. Digestive system • eat food that are rich in fibre. • drink enough water. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
47 3. State the functions of joints in the human skeletal system. 4. The figures below show the three main parts of the human blood circulatory system. human body lungs HEART blood rich in oxygen blood rich in carbon dioxide X Y Z State the functions of X, Y and Z in the system. 5. Complete the concept map of the blood circulatory pathway in humans with the answers provided below. You may use the answers more than once.
48 6. Write the correct answers to show the importance of the blood circulatory system using the list given below. 7. The following pictures show several situations that disrupt the systems in the human body. 8. The picture below shows a habit that can disrupt the digestive system. Based on this situation, state another system in the human body that is also disrupted. nutrients food other waste products water (a) Transports oxygen, _____ , and water throughout the body. (b) Transports carbon dioxide and _____ to be removed from the body. A. choking on food (digestive system) Situation B. fractured bone (skeletal system) C. heart failure (blood circulatory system) Based on the situations above, explain how the disruptions of the systems can affect other systems in the human body. 9. State two ways of protecting the systems in the human body to ensure a healthy life.
49 Unit ANIMALS 49 Animals need to protect themselves to maintain the survival of their species. How do animals protect themselves and their species?
50 SURVIVAL OF ANIMAL SPECIES Do you know that animals have specific characteristics and behaviours to protect themselves so that their species can survive? Observe the situation below. 3.1.1 Based on the situation, how do the crab and horseshoe crab protect themselves to ensure the survival of their species? This shell is for my protection. It’s not easy for you to attack me because I have big and sharp claws. Wow! You have a really hard shell, Mr Horseshoe Crab! ZAKI The survival of an animal species is the ability for animals to maintain their species to avoid extinction.
51 Specific characteristics of the body of animals can protect them from their enemies. Observe the situation below. Based on the situation above, how did the tortoise save itself from the eagle? Are there other animals that have the same characteristics as the tortoise? 3.1.2 We are protected by our hard shells. Fortunately, the eagle is gone. PROTECTION FROM ENEMIES
52 Let us follow the adventure of Ana, Melia, and Chan. bee wasp crocodile Bees, centipedes, and wasps have stings that can release venom to hurt or kill the enemies. What other animals have similar characteristics? Bedbugs, beetles, and cockroaches produce bad smell causing the enemies not to come near them. bedbug beetle cockroach Moths have patterns that resemble fake eyes on their wings to deceive the enemies. moth The hard scales found on crocodiles and arapaima fish can protect them from injuries. What other specific characteristics do crocodiles have to protect themselves from enemy threats? 52 arapaima fish centipede
53 rabbit gaur Horses, rabbits, and frogs have strong leg muscles to move fast so that they are able to escape from the enemies. What other animals have similar characteristics? Sharp horns of deers, buffaloes, and gaurs are used for self-defence. What are other specific characteristics of deers, buffaloes, and gaurs that can be used to protect them from the enemies? buffalo deer horse How do the specific characteristics of the part of an animal’s body protect it from the enemies? Explain these characteristics with examples. Some animals such as buffaloes, rhinoceros, and elephants have thick and hard skin. How do these thick and hard skin protect them from the enemies? frog
54 Some animals have specific behaviours to protect themselves from the enemies. Let us identify what these specific behaviours are. 3.1.2 Pufferfish are poisonous and have sharp spines. However, the pufferfish often become prey. Why? Porcupines’ spines are actually hard prickly quills that protect them. They can reach up to 30 000 spines. These spines can stick on the skin of the enemies that are trying to catch or touch the porcupines. SCIENCE INFO Porcupines will run into their burrows when they are attacked. If they fail to escape, porcupines will raise the sharp spines on their bodies to scare the enemies. The enemies trying to touch porcupines’ bodies will be pierced with those sharp spines. porcupine 54 When pufferfish feel threatened, they will inflate their bodies that have sharp spines three times of their size to scare the enemies. Pufferfish are also poisonous. pufferfish
55 Lizards and octopuses will detach certain parts of their bodies when they are attacked. This will distract their enemies while they escape. Cuttlefish and octopuses will spurt out black ink towards their enemies when they are attacked. After that, these animals will run away quickly to save themselves. lizard cuttlefish octopus
56 ZAKI The specific characteristics on the parts of the body of animals and their behaviours can protect them from the enemies and ensure the survival of their species. Hmm! Why are you behaving like these? I also roll myself up to protect my head when I am feeling threatened. I withdraw parts of my body into the shell when I feel threatened. I curl myself up when I feel threatened. tortoise pangolin elephants millipede ants We live in groups to protect ourselves and reduce the risk of being attacked by enemies. Like the elephants, we live and move in groups to ensure our safety. How do specific behaviours of animals protect them from enemies? Explain with examples.
57 FUN ACTIVITY FUN ACTIVITY DIGITAL BOOK OF ANIMALS DIGITAL BOOK OF ANIMALS Computer software and internet access. 1. Use the internet to identify and gather information on the specific characteristics and behaviours of animals that can protect them from the enemies. 3. Prepare the information discussed using Microsoft PowerPoint or digital scrapbook. 2. Discuss the information gathered in groups. 4. Present the discussed idea of your group in front of the class. 3.1.2, 3.1.6 How do predatory animals such as snakes, spiders, eagles, and lions protect themselves from enemies? Animal digital book APPARATUS AND MATERIALS STEPS SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS TO PROTECT THEM FROM ENEMIES SCIENCE YEAR 5
58 PROTECTION FROM EXTREME WEATHER SCIENCE INFO Hibernation is a condition where certain animals become inactive and sleep throughout winter. The short and densed feathers make the penguins waterproof. These densed feathers also serve as a thermal insulator to maintain their body temperature. Animals that live in extreme weather have specific characteristics on parts of their bodies and specific behaviours to protect themselves. How do the animals in the polar regions protect themselves from extremely cold weather? Observe the situation below. The thick fur of a polar bear traps its body heat to keep warm. Polar bears also hibernate to reduce movement and prevent themselves from losing energy. polar bears penguins
59 Some animals cannot survive in the polar regions and areas that are too cold. How do animals like birds and whales protect themselves from extreme weather? ZAKI How do the thick layers of fat and fur of animals in the polar regions able to maintain the animals’ body temperature and protect them from extremely cold weather? Walruses and sea lions have small ear lobes to reduce heat loss from their bodies. These animals also have thick layers of fat under their skin to maintain body heat in very cold weather. sea lion walruses snow geese
60 Migration of birds at Kuala Gula, Perak Whales and some species of birds migrate across continents and oceans to avoid cold weather of their origin country. This is called migration. The Kuala Gula Bird Sanctuary in Perak is one of the places for birds from cold regions of northern Asia and Europe to stop and rest before continuing their migration to hot regions such as Australia. Milky stork, lesser adjutant, and sandpiper are examples of migratory birds in Kuala Gula. SCIENCE INFO In 2012, Malaysia became a member of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership (EAAFP). This international organisation plays a role in protecting migration and habitat of birds. Malaysia through the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) or also known as PERHILITAN has successfully gazetted Kuala Gula, in Perak as a Flyway Network Site for migratory birds. whale migration route bird migration route Legend: milky stork lesser adjutant sandpiper By winter, whales will migrate to warmer seas to breed and to find food. 60 whales Name other animals that migrate. ZAKI
61 Buffaloes wallow in water or mud to cool their bodies and avoid insect bites and parasites. buffaloes hippopotamus elephant Hippopotamuses wallow themselves to control their body temperature in extremely hot weather. Wallowing in water and mud also prevents skin diseases and bites of horseflies, a type of fly that sucks blood of other animals. Elephants also regularly wallow themselves in mud and water. Search information from various sources and explain the reason they need to wallow.
62 Extremely hot weather in deserts is only suitable for certain animals. Let us have a closer look at how animals living in this area protect themselves. camel desert fox desert rat How do the specific characteristics of parts of the body and behaviours of the animals protect them from extreme weather? Explain those specific characteristics and behaviours with examples. We have large ear lobes so that our bodies can release more heat. Specific characteristics of parts of the body and behaviours of animals can help protect them from extreme weather to ensure the survival of their species. ZAKI It’s so hot! No grass to eat. Thankfully, I have a food storage hump in the form of fat. I can survive two weeks without water and food. 62
63 FUN ACTIVITY FUN ACTIVITY POCKETBOOK OF ANIMALS POCKETBOOK OF ANIMALS Computer, internet access, printer, scissors, stapler, A4 paper of various colours, and glue. State the importance of specific characteristics and behaviours of the animals to protect them from extreme weather. 3.1.3, 3.1.6 1. By using the internet, find pictures of animals and words related to their specific characteristics and behaviours that are used to protect them from extreme weather. Print and cut the pictures and the word cards. 3. Then, fold and combine the coloured paper using a stapler. 2. Arrange three pieces of A4 coloured paper as shown in the picture. 4. Paste the pictures of animals and their matching characteristics or specific behaviours on each page of the pocketbook. 5. Present your work. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS STEPS 4 cm 2 cm
64 ANIMALS PROTECT THEIR EGGS Animals lay eggs and protect them to ensure the survival of their species from extinction. Let us read the story below. 3.1.4 Dear friends, I am ordered by the King of the Jungle to make sure that all animals are to protect their eggs from any threats. I would like to know about the ways you protect your eggs. I hide and incubate my eggs to keep them warm in a bushy nest filled with dried leaves. The toad and I lay many eggs. Our eggs smell bad and are covered with mucus to make them difficult for the enemy to eat. Isn’t that so, toad? That’s right, frog. mosquito mousedeer toad crocodile frog
65 I hide my eggs in gaps found in cupboards or any hidden places. Some animals such as mosquitoes and turtles do not take care of their eggs. How are their eggs being protected from enemy threats? cockroach woodpecker grasshopper tortoise I hide my eggs in nests or tree holes and incubate them until they hatch. water strider I lay eggs on the surface of rocks or leaves near river banks with calm water. I hide my eggs in the soil. I lay eggs in a hole that I dig using my hind legs. The eggs are covered with soil that is dug earlier.
66 FUN ACTIVITY FUN ACTIVITY ROLE-PLAY ROLE-PLAY Marker pens, glue, envelopes, pictures of animals, and A4 paper. Explain with examples other ways animals protect their eggs. 3.1.4, 3.1.6 1. A representative from each group picks an envelope containing two pieces of animal picture cards. The animals in the pictures are not known to the other groups. 3. A representative from each group role-plays the animals protecting their eggs. Other groups will identify the characteristics and behaviours and guess the names of the animals being acted out. 4. Paste the results of the discussion at the Pupils’ Corner. A member of the group will explain or answer questions from the other groups. – Telur berlendir – Telur berbau busuk – Bilangan telur yang banyak - Slimy eggs. - Smelly eggs. - Large number of eggs. 2. Discuss how the animals care for their eggs and write the information on the A4 paper. – Telur berlendir. – Telur berbau busuk. – Bilangan telur yang banyak. – Bertelur di dalam sarang. – Ayam betina menjaga dan mengeramkan telur sehingga menetas. SUDUT HASIL KERJA MURID - Slimy eggs. - Smelly eggs. - Large number of eggs. - Lay eggs in the nest. - Hens take care and incubate their eggs until they hatch. PUPILS’ CORNER APPARATUS AND MATERIALS STEPS MELIA TEACHER'S NOTE Teachers will prepare several pictures of animals that lay eggs and some envelopes.
67 ANIMALS ENSURE THE SURVIVAL OF THEIR YOUNG Mammals such as rabbits, cats, and goats care and suckle their young until they are able to find their own food. Animals protect their eggs and young in many ways to ensure that their species can continue to live and prevent extinction. crocodiles 67 rabbits goats Crocodiles and tilapia fish protect their young by placing them in their mouths while moving and looking for food. 3.1.5 cats kangaroos The joeys suckle and grow in the pouches of their mothers to ensure their safety. tilapia fish
68 Chickens and monkeys will attack the enemies when their young are in danger. Besides caring for their young, animals such as birds and lions will also feed their young. birds Animals protect their eggs and young to ensure the survival of their species. monkeys chickens lions
69 FUN ACTIVITY FUN ACTIVITY SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES Scissors, glue, pictures of animals, and manila cards. (a) Why do animals protect their young? Explain. (b) How do geese, lizards, and snails protect their eggs? 3.1.5, 3.1.6 1. Select some examples of how animals ensure the survival of their young. 2. Draw or print some pictures of your choice of animals and their young. Paste them on the folded manila cards as shown below. 3. Paste the pictures showing how the animals ensure the survival of their young on each fold. 4. Exhibit your work and discuss with your friends. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS STEPS Animals feed their young Animals take care of their young Animals take care of their young Animals feed their young
70 IMAGINARY ANIMAL The pupils of Year 5 Zamrud are helping Mr Zaki to clean the school storeroom that stores recyclable materials. The materials are collected from the pupils and their parents during the recycling campaign conducted by the Science Committee of the school. Observe the situation below. 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.3 Surely we are able to earn some money. 70 Wow, there are so many items! Let’s sort these recyclable materials by their types before selling them.
71 Mr Zaki, can I have some of these boxes and tools? I want to do a project using recyclable materials. Sure, Chan. What do you want to do with them? That’s good. All your projects will be displayed during the science fair later. ZAKI ZAKI ZAKI Oh, I see! The Science Committee of the school will be organising a competition to create an imaginary animal model. We have just learned about the specific characteristics and behaviours of animals to protect themselves. I encourage all of you to join the competition. Sure, Mr Zaki. I will join it. This box will be used to make the wings of my imaginary animal model. Wow, that’s interesting! I will also join the competition. This plastic bottle will be used to make the nose of my imaginary animal model.
72 This is a model of my imaginary animal that has been completed. I named it Muri-muri. Muri-muri is very unique, special, and is capable of saving itself. Great! Why are there spikes on its thick-fur body? This is its speciality. Its thick and smooth fur can deceive the enemy by hiding sharp spines for self-protection. Its thick fur also functions as a thermal insulator. wings nose sharp claws sharp spines small ear lobes scales antennae thick and smooth layer of fur Name: Muri-muri Let us look at the imaginary animal model made by Ana. The sketch of Ana’s imaginary animal model Ana’s imaginary animal model 72 small ear lobes to reduce heat loss sharp spines for self-protection thick and smooth layer of fur thermal insulator in cold weather sharp claws to scratch and grip the enemy nose very sensitive to unfamiliar odours wings small but strong to fly high antennae sensitive to touch scales protection from injuries thick fat to control body temperature in cold weather This is the sketch of my imaginary animal model.
73 1. Sketch a model of your imaginary animal on the A4 paper. 2. Label the specific characteristics and behaviours of your imaginary animal model. 3. Suggest the needed materials and apparatus to build your imaginary animal model. 4. Then, make your imaginary animal model. 5. Present your work in front of the class. ZAKI Wow, that’s good, Ana! What about Melia, Ravi, and Chan? I am sure your imaginary animal models are also interesting to be shared. Tell us about their specialities. (a) Explain the specific characteristics of your imaginary animal that can be used to protect it from enemies and extreme weather. (b) What will happen if your imaginary animal does not have the specific characteristics as mentioned? (c) In your opinion, why does God create different specific characteristics for animals to protect themselves? (d) How those characteristics ensure the balance of nature? 73 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 3.2.4 FUN ACTIVITY FUN ACTIVITY A4 paper, pencils, and coloured pencils. IMAGINARY ANIMAL IMAGINARY ANIMAL APPARATUS AND MATERIALS STEPS
74 FOOD CHAIN Living things in a habitat is interdependent for food sources. Identify the animals in the situation below and state their food. 3.3.1 stork monkey crab fish otter squirrel eagle bird snake crayfish
75 Based on this situation, what is the meaning of a food chain? Based on the situation at the mangrove swamp, what is the food for each identified animal? I observed a squirrel eating a fruit and an otter eating a fish. What are the foods for other animals such as crabs, monkeys, snakes, and birds? This means that the interdependence among these animals is in the form of a food relationship which is connected like a chain. Crabs eat small animals. Birds and monkeys eat fruits. Snakes eat monkeys, birds, and squirrels. Wow! It seems like all the animals are interdependent. Some animals eat plants and some eat other animals. ZAKI 75 A food chain is the food relationship among living things.
76 Therefore, based on all the living things identified in the habitat at the mangrove swamp, we can state that: The food relationship among the living things above is an example of a food chain in a mangrove swamp habitat. Build examples of other food chains in this habitat. fruits squirrel eaten by eaten by eaten by eagle ZAKI snake The relationship is shown as follows: fruits squirrel snake eagle arrow ( ) means eaten by This food chain can finally be summarised as follows: fruits squirrel snake eagle 3.3.1
77 PRODUCER AND CONSUMER Let us identify the producers and consumers based on the food chain in a mangrove swamp habitat. 3.3.2 Do you still remember about photosynthesis? In the presence of sunlight, plants make their own food. Therefore, plants are called producers. Mr Zaki, can other living things be producers? No, because only plants can carry out photosynthesis. Where do plants get their energy from? Plants get their energy from the sunlight. The sunlight is the source of energy for plants to carry out the process of photosynthesis. That’s right. So, can you identify the producers and consumers by using other examples of living things found in the mangrove swamp? ZAKI ZAKI ZAKI
78 Thus, the squirrel and otter obtain energy from the food they feed on. 3.3.2 Producers obtain energy from the Sun. What about other animals such as squirrels, otters, snakes, and eagles that cannot make their own food? Where do these animals get their energy source from? 78 Living things can also be related in terms of energy transfer as follows: Squirrels are consumers that obtain energy by eating fruits. Eagles are consumers that obtain energy by eating snakes. Snakes are consumers that obtain energy by eating squirrels. arrow ( ) also shows the flow of energy transfer in a food chain An otter is a consumer that feeds on fish. A squirrel is a consumer that feeds on fruits. ZAKI What is the main source of energy for the food relationship above?
79 3.3.3 Thus, the food chain also shows the food relationship among living things in terms of energy transfer. FOOD RELATIONSHIP AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS consumer consumer consumer consumer consumer consumer consumer consumer consumer consumer producer consumer consumer vegetable producer vegetable producer vegetable producer vegetable producer vegetable caterpillar caterpillar duck chicken chicken goat duck snake snake snake snake snake 3.3.3 79 Therefore, the food chain also shows the relationship between the living things in terms of energy transfer. The relationship in a food chain also causes energy to be transferred. Observe the situation in this farm. Living things that are found in this vegetable farm form food relationships between the producer and the various consumers. ZAKI Based on the identified consumers and producer, energy transfer in several food chains can be made as follows: caterpillar goat snake chicken goat duck
80 The diagram below shows the food relationship among living things. It shows the process of photosynthesis in terms of energy transfer in the food chain of a paddy field habitat. SCIENCE INFO An ecosystem is an ecological system of natural living things that live together, interact, and depend on one another in a habitat. An ecosystem includes its environments such as water, soil, air, and the Sun as the source of energy. Energy is transferred to the end consumer which is the eagle that eats the snake. The eagle also eats the duck and the chicken. 80 eagle The Sun is the main source of energy in an ecosystem. The Sun provides light and heat energy. The paddy plant is the producer that absorbs energy from sunlight to carry out the process of photosynthesis. paddy plant
81 What is the importance of the food relationship among living things in terms of energy transfer? The duck and the chicken are among the consumers that eat paddy plants. Therefore, these consumers get energy from the paddy plants. 81 ZAKI chicken duck snake Energy is transferred to the next consumer which is the snake that eats the duck and the chicken.
82 Below are the food chains that can be built based on the habitat in the vegetable farm. These food chains can be combined to form a food web as shown below. vegetable vegetable vegetable vegetable vegetable (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) duck goat caterpillar caterpillar chicken snake snake duck chicken snake snake snake FOOD WEB Now, you have identified the living things in several habitats including those in the vegetable farm. Caterpillars, ducks, chickens, goats, and snakes are the living things found in this vegetable farm. 3.3.4, 3.3.5 What is a food web? ZAKI ZAKI snake goat vegetable caterpillar duck chicken
83 Observe the pond habitat in the picture above. What are the living things that can be found in the habitat? Below are some food chains that can be built based on the pond habitat. There are waterweeds, small fish, big fish, tadpoles, frogs, storks, grasshoppers, and snails in this habitat. (c) waterweed small fish frog stork (a) waterweed snail stork (b) waterweed tadpoles stork (e) waterweed small fish big fish stork (g) waterweed tadpoles big fish stork (h) waterweed tadpoles small fish big fish stork (d) waterweed grasshopper frog stork (f) waterweed tadpoles small fish stork frog tadpoles grasshopper snail small fish big fish storks waterweed It seems that tadpoles, small fish, snails, and grasshoppers also eat the same food which is the waterweeds.
84 Identify other food chains in this habitat and combine them to form a food web. waterweed grasshopper frog stork big fish tadpoles snail small fish ZAKI Mr Zaki, this is a food web diagram that I have built based on all the earlier food chains. Now, let’s combine all the food chains that have been built into a food web as shown below. ZAKI snail tadpoles small fish big fish stork waterweed grasshopper frog The food web can be summarised as shown below.
85 Marker pens, pictures of various habitats, and manila cards. FOOD WEB FOOD WEB (a) What is the main source of energy in this habitat? (b) Classify the producer and consumers in each habitat using suitable graphic organisers. Discuss. 3.3.4, 3.3.5, 3.3.7 1. Observe the given pictures. Identify the habitats in the pictures. 3. Build some food chains on the manila cards. Based on the food chains, build a food web. 2. Discuss and identify the producer and consumers in each of these habitats. 4. Present your work in front of the class. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS STEPS KUMPULAN : 1 Habitat : KOLAM Pengeluar: Rumpai air Pengguna: Ikan, bangau, belalang katak, siput dan berudu. rumpai air rumpai air rumpai air Rantai Makanan Siratan Makanan siput belalang berudu bangau katak bangau bangau (a) (c) (b) rumpai air siput belalang berudu katak bangau Group: 1 Habitat: pond Producer: waterweed Consumers: fish, stork, grasshopper, frog, snail, and tadpoles. waterweed waterweed waterweed Food chain Food web snail grasshopper tadpole stork frog stork crane (a) (c) (b) waterweed snail grasshopper tadpole frog stork TEACHER'S NOTE Teachers prepare pictures of different habitats. FUN ACTIVITY FUN ACTIVITY 85 Group: 1 Habitat: pond Producer: waterweed Consumers: fish, stork, grasshopper, frog, snail, and tadpoles. waterweed waterweed waterweed Food chain Food web snail grasshopper tadpole stork frog stork crane (a) (c) (b) waterweed snail grasshopper tadpole frog stork waterweed waterweed waterweed Food chain Food web snail grasshopper tadpole stork frog stork crane (a) (c) (b) waterweed snail grasshopper tadpole frog stork tadpoles tadpoles Group: 1 Habitat: pond Producer: waterweed Consumers: fish, stork, grasshopper, frog, snail, and tadpoles. waterweed waterweed waterweed Food chain Food web snail grasshopper tadpole stork frog stork crane (a) (c) (b) waterweed snail grasshopper tadpole frog stork tadpoles tadpoles
86 In the food web, energy is also transferred from one living thing to another. Situation 1 What will happen if all the fish die from poisoning? Be thankful. The relationship among these living things is still complete and interdependent. Predict the effects on other living things if all the vegetables in the farm were destroyed due to a flood. ZAKI stork fish goat vegetable chicken duck snake grasshopper tadpoles grasshopper waterweed Situation 2
87 ZAKI EFFECTS OF POPULATION CHANGE In a habitat, the energy transfer occurs continuously in the food chain. Any changes in the population of living things will affect the whole ecosystem. Forest fire. Unplanned forest exploration. Mr Zaki, how does a population change occur in a food chain? There are many reasons for the changes in the population of living things. For examples, tremendous weather changes and the spread of a pandemic. 87 SCIENCE INFO A population is a group of living things or species found in a habitat. Population change indicates a change in the number of species in the habitat. 3.3.6 Illegal hunting activities.
88 Animals will lose their natural habitats and food resources. Animals may also die or they have to move elsewhere in search of a new habitat. ZAKI Population change in the food chain of a habitat will disrupt other living things. Food relationships among living things are also affected. This causes a major change to food chains and food webs. Predict other effects on living things due to a population change in the food web of a habitat. Describe. What are the effects on living things if there is a population change in the food web of a habitat? ZAKI tiger SCIENCE INFO It is estimated that 480 million animals died due to a bush fire in Australia since the end of August 2019. At least 8000 koalas perished in the fire. About 30 percent of the koalas’ habitats are also destroyed. kangaroos elephants
89 FUN SCIENCE FUN SCIENCE MINI TERRARIUM MINI TERRARIUM Build a mini terrarium using used materials such as aquariums, pebbles, soil, small plants, and suitable small animals. Decorate your mini terrarium creatively. MIND REFLECTION MIND REFLECTION SCIENCE INFO Terrarium is a transparent container used to preserve plants or small animals by creating a similar environment to their natural habitats. 1. The survival of an animal species is the ability for animals to maintain their species to avoid extinction. 2. Animals have specific characteristics on parts of their bodies and behaviours to protect themselves from enemies as follows: • big and sharp claws. • stings that can release venom. • patterns that resemble fake eyes on the wings. • strong leg muscles. • sharp spines. • inflating the bodies that have sharp spines. • poisonous. • spurting out black ink. • curling up the bodies. • hard shells. • produce bad smell. • hard scales. • sharp horns. • raising quills with sharp spines. • detaching parts of the bodies. • withdrawing parts of the bodies into the shells. • live in groups.
90 3. Animals have specific characteristics on parts of their bodies and behaviours to protect themselves from extreme weather as follows: • thick fur. • hibernate. • short and densed feathers. • small ear lobes. • thick layers of fat. • migrate. • wallow in water or mud. • humps. • large ear lobes. 4. Animals protect their eggs in various ways as follows: • hide their eggs. • lay many eggs. • incubate their eggs. • slimy eggs. • lay their eggs on the • smelly eggs. surface of rocks. • bury their eggs in the soil. 5. Animals ensure that their young survive in various ways as follows: • protect their young. • feed their young. • suckle their young. • place the young in their mouths. • raise their young in pouches. • attack the enemies when their young are in danger. 6. Survival of species is important for the balance of the ecosystem. 7. A food chain is the food relationship among living things. 8. A food web is a combination of more than one food chain. 9. Producers are living things that can make their own food by carrying out the process of photosynthesis. 10. Consumers obtain energy from eating other living things. 11. The Sun is the main source of energy in an ecosystem. 12. The balance of an ecosystem will be affected when there is a major population change in a habitat. 13. If population change occurs in a food web of a habitat, animals will lose their natural habitat and food source. The animals may also die or migrate to other places to look for a new habitat.
91 MIND TEST Answer all questions in the Science exercise book. 1. What is meant by the survival of animal species? A. The ability of animals to protect their young. B. Animals migrate to other places when there is no food. C. Animals can prevent their species from extinction. D. Animals have specific behaviours to find a mate. 2. Identify the following animals with their specific characteristics to protect themselves from enemies. lays many eggs incubates its eggs produces slimy eggs 3. Match each phrase to the correct animal. 4. How do the following animals keep their young alive? (a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c) (d)
92 producer food chain food web (a) Build three food chains based on the living things in this habitat. (b) How many omnivorous animals are present in this food web? (c) If K were destroyed due to a pandemic, predict the impact on the populations of N and O. (d) What is the main source of energy, producer, and consumers in this habitat? (e) Based on the diagram, predict K, L, N and O. (f) What is the importance of food relationship among living things? 5. Observe the situation below and answer the following questions: A cat tried to catch a lizard but it only managed to catch the tip of the lizard’s tail. (a) In your opinion, has the cat succeeded in catching the lizard? Give an inference for your answer. (b) What is the specific behaviour of the lizard that protects it from the cat? (c) How can this behaviour protect the lizard? (d) Give an example of another animal that has similar specific behaviour as the lizard. 6. State the meaning of each of the following terms. 7. The diagram below shows the food web in a habitat. J K L M N O
93 Unit PLANTS SEKOLAH KEBANGSAAN SINAR 93 Look at these lotus plants. How do they reproduce in the pond? Look at the dandelion seeds too. Why do the dandelion seeds fly when the wind blows? How do plants maintain their species?