Rural tourism to benefit industry and La Trinidad strawberry and lettuce Loboc, Bohol, Philippines
communities; pictured, village in the UNESCO- farms in Benguet, Philippines offers both day and night cruises. During the
listed Batad Rice Terraces, Cordillera day, visitors are treated to a vista of lush
Administrative Region, Philippines tropical vegetation such as nipa palms,
coconut trees, banana groves, and bushes.
Suyac Island, Sagay City, Neg. Occ. Philippines Neg. Oriental, Philippines
Patag, Silay City, Neg. Occ. Philippines
• Numerous initiatives were undertaken by government
agencies, non-government organizations, and private sectors
to improve and sustain the rural tourism in the Philippines.
SUPPORT IN FARM TOURISM ACTIVITIES
• bring back jobs and livelihoods to rural areas.
“Farm tourism holds the promise of food sufficiency and additional income for our tourism
stakeholders, including farmers, farmworkers and fisherfolk,” (Puyat, 2021)
SUCCESS STORY Members of the Ulot
Watershed Model Forest
Stakeholders Federation
(UWMFSF) comprised of 11
people’s organizations now
help guide and operate
Torpedo Boats in Samar
Island National Park. (Photo:
Wayne Pan/UNDP
Philippines)
Before they cut trees to sell in sawmill so that they could have money to buy food and other necessities for their
family according to Eugene Igdalino, a resident of Samar and former harvester and transporter of illegal logs
from Samar Island Natural Park. His story, like many others in the province and around the country, is one of
people utilizing the resources around them in order to survive. Today, Eugene is proudly in the tourism business
as a Torpedo Boat operator in the Park earning around 800 pesos on a regular day, sometimes more from tips.
SUCCESS STORY
Suyac Island Mangrove Eco-park, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
• A community-based rural tourism initiatives primarily run by Barangay Taba-ao Mangrove Peoples’
Association. The island is known for its century-old mangroves which are now attracting many tourists. After
enjoying snorkeling activity, tourists decided to proceed of having lunch with delicious and yummy seafoods.
• Entrance fee is P40.00-50.00 per person with an average income of P30,000-40,000.00 per day
(BTMPA,2019). Excluding cottage and food accommodation, these were arranged in advance or during the
booking arrangement.
• The Suyac Island Mangrove Eco-park is true to its tenets as pro-community, pro-environment, and pro-family
eco-tourism destination which provides economic opportunity to the province’s fishing communities, making
them the champions of the environment and sustainable tourism. Members of the organization are earning an
average of P600.00-700.00 per day as share of their net proceed.
• MANGROVE ECO-PARK is a form of rural tourism that is growing and beneficial
to the rural community and POs. It directly benefits them economically and
environmentally through awareness and empowerment.
Issues and Challenges
• Carrying capacity during peak season;
• Coordination among members of the POs;
• Governance (transparency and accountability);
• Weather condition;
• Amenities;
• Seasonal patterns of demands;
• Congestion
• Sustainability
• Pandemic
Loboc River Cruise, Bohol, Philippines
Loboc River Cruise is an adventures in 1.5 kilometers distance cruise in natural scenery of Loboc (jungle)
river surroundings. This is a floating restaurants that offer P800 price for a buffet lunch during river
cruising. The terminal fee of P100 (around $2.50) per pax and the cruise itself is P350/pax (roughly $9). The food
and Boholanos live music and entertainment played by the community made the cruise relaxing and worth
remembering. Community of Loboc, children, students and adults at varying ages earned an income for their played
songs, cultural presentations, dances and other forms of entertainment. All are working together to give tourists/visitors
an authentic and unforgettable Boholanon experiences.
END NOTES
• Sustainable Rural Tourism Development in the Philippines is a growing form of tourism
that encompasses agritourism, farm tourism, ecotourism and nature tourism. It has multi
and encompassing benefits that includes Conservation of natural ecosystems,
biodiversity and culture; Community participation in the growth of the local tourism
industry; Inclusive growth that involves, women, children, indigenous peoples, informal
sector; and balanced development by taking into consideration economic benefits for
the host community, and inclusive growth.
• Great opportunities and challenges are everywhere in the philippines’ rural areas,
having its rich biodiversity as its main tourist attraction, beaches, heritage towns and
monuments, mountains, rainforests, islands and diving spots are among the country's most
popular tourist destinations now and in the future. Availability of indigenous knowledge
and resources such as sustainable culinary and catering enterprise, arts and craft in the
development of souvenir items, skills development, and other tourism products.
• However, its journey would take a long way because it needs massive
advocacy campaign, empowerment and embracement of the community,
thorough science-based information support, making of a sound plan,
recognition by the policy makers, planners, and Department of Tourism.
Sustainable Rural Tourism Development
ABSTRACT 4
Rural Tourism and Livelihood Change: A Study on Local Community
in Kadamaian, Sabah
Noor Fzlinda Fabeil
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
[email protected]
Rural tourism has emerged as a good option for poverty alleviation in the rural area. Nevertheless,
there is still lack of detailed study of community’s involvement in rural tourism and the impact of
tourism development on their livelihood. This paper explores from the local community’s point of
view how tourism contributes as a new livelihood, in terms of changes in household income. This
study involves face-to-face structured interviews with 12 local communities from 6 tourism cites
in Kadamaian, one of the popular ecotourism attractions in the rural area of Sabah. The impact
of tourism activities on community livelihood was investigated based on the level of household
participation in tourism and the impact on household income they received from tourism activities.
Findings showed that local community perceived their economic status as ‘moderate’ though their
income level is below the National Poverty Line Income (PLI). Two-third of them agreed there is
an increase in their household income after joining tourism. They are mainly engaged in tourism
as a small business owner (e.g. food caterer, homestay owner, handicraft maker), and some are
part-time workers or helpers at the tourism site (e.g. as the guest registration staff, guard man or
tour guide). The results also showed that although they perceived tourism as important to local
community livelihood, they are still ambivalent that tourism can alleviate poverty. This study also
provides insights on the challenges faced by the local community that hinder them to gain benefit
from rural tourism.
Keywords: rural tourism, livelihood change, poverty alleviation
4
Rural Tourism and
Livelihood Change: A Study
on Local Community in
Kadamaian, Sabah
NOOR FZLINDA FABEIL
FACULTY OF BUSINESS,
ECONOMICS AND ACCOUNTANCY
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
Background to the Study
Rural tourism as good option for rural economic development and poverty alleviation – infrastructure development (Nair
& Sagaran, 2015), concept of endogenous (Kelliher, et al, 2018) and participatory approach (Oakley & Clegg, 1999;
Chambers, 1997).
Impact of rural tourism to local community - changes in household income (e.g. Kim, Xie & Cirella, 2019), quality of life
(Adnan & Mamat, 2018), infrastructure (e.g. Perumal, et al, 2016; Isaac & Wuleka, 2012).
Lack of detailed study from the local community point of view, in terms of their livelihood change, i.e. in what way
tourism provides a better living (e.g. changes in household income, new business or other income generating activities).
Livelihood is defined as source of income (Xue & Kerstetter, 2019) and has been generally benchmarked by National
Poverty Line Income (PLI) based on the basic requirements for a household to live healthy and actively (DOSM, 2019).
Therefore, this study emphasises ‘livelihood’ as types of income-generating activities engaged by local community and
their level of household income gained from the activities.
Research Approach
Purposive sampling – local community in Kadamaian area of Kota
Belud district.
face-to-face structured interview with 12 local communities from 6
tourism sites.
Research aims:
To explore the types of tourism income-generating activities of local
community
To explore how tourism contribute to the household income of local
community
To gain insights on the challenges to tourism participation among
local community
Respondent’s Profile
12 local communities from 6 tourism sites Main Source of Income No. of Household
1-2 persons
Dusun ethnic, 9 females, 3 males Main source of income 1-2 persons
Farming 1
66% aged middle aged (35-45) Small business 1-2 persons
Government worker 5-6 persons
60% finished secondary school Private worker
Part-time workers
Average number of household :=
4 and below = 58% Average Household Income % (n=12)
5 and above = 42% 75%
Monthly Household Income 8.3%
RM 1,500 and below 16.7%
RM 1,502 – RM 2,000
RM 2,001 and above
Main Tourism Businesses in Kadamaian
Tourism Sites Sample (n=12)
Kg Sayap 2
Kg Linkubang 2
Kg Talungan 3
Kg Tokulong 2
Melangkap Tiong 2
PMVCS 1
Years Started Tourism Business % (n=6)
5 years and above 42%
2 – 4 years 33%
1 year and below 25%
Impact of Tourism Business on
Local Community Livelihood
Monthly household income is still below PLI Benefits of tourism from community point
RM 2,208 (DOSM 2019) of view:-
Increase in income 66.7%
Most of them perceived their economic Impact on social standard 50%
status as ‘moderate’ , not ‘poor’ (inline with Impact on environment/infrastructure 50%
optimal food intake of RM 1,038/monthly)
Income from tourism activities:-
Involvement in tourism activities:- RM 500 and below = 59%
Small business = 54.5% RM 501 – RM 1,000 = 41%
Workers = 36.4%
Part-time/odd job = 9.1%
Sources of Income from Tourism Activities
Income of Local Community from Types of Income Generating Activities among Local
Tourism Activities Community from Tourism Business
part-time small Small business Souvenirs and craft, restaurant,
workers business homestay owner, transportation
rental
9% 55%
Full-time workers Guest registration staff, guard man,
@tourism site tour guide, field coordinator
full-time Part-time workers cleaning, care taker, meals
workers @tourism site preparation
36%
Role of Tourism in Livelihood Change?
Perceived Challenges to Tourism Participation among Local Community
Conclusion
The impact of tourism activities on community livelihood in this study was investigated based on the level of
household participation in tourism and the impact on household income they received from tourism activities.
Local community perceived their economic status as ‘moderate’ though their income level is below the National
Poverty Line Income (PLI). Two-third of them agreed there is an increase in their household income after joining
tourism, though they received average RM 1,000 and less from tourism activities
Absence of new business activities in Kadamaian that are potential to contribute as a new livelihood to local people,
e.g. photography services, local dishes, traditional fishing and farming, cultural and heritage activities, batik and craft
making.
The results also showed that although they perceived tourism as important to local community livelihood, they are still
ambivalent that tourism can alleviate poverty, which mainly caused by lack of knowledge in business and interpersonal
skill. Therefore, it is crucial for tourism operator, head of village and co-operative head to provide relevant capacity
building on tourism business, and to ensure total involvement of other actors in tourism supply chain, like NGOs,
universities, volunteers, government,
References
1. Nair, S. & Sagaran, S. (2015). Poverty in Malaysia: Need for a paradigm shift, Institutions and Economies, Vol 7, No. 3, pp. 95-123.
2. Kelliher, F., Reini, L., Johnson, T. G., & Joppe, M. (2018). The role of trust in building rural tourism micro firm network engagement: A multi-case study, Tourism
Management, Vol 68, pp 1-12.
3. Oakley, P. & Clegg, L. (1999). Promoting participatory development as a strategy of poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of some current practice,
Journal of Social Development in Africa, Vol. 14, pp. 31-52.
4. Kim, M., Xie, Y. & Cirella, G. T. (2019). Sustainable transformative economy: Community-based ecotourism, Sustainability, Vol.11, pp. 1-15.
5. Adnan, N. & Mamat, M. P. (2018). Impak dan persepsi ekopelancongan terhadap komuniti setempat di Lumut, Perak. Seminar Kebangsaan Transformasi Sosio-
Ekonomi Wilayah Utara ke-3, 2018, pp. 50-56.
6. Perumal, C., Sakawi, Z. & Zamhari, S. K. (2016). Impak ekopelancongan terhadap komuniti tempatan di Malaysia: Kajian kes komuniti nelayan Bagan Lalang,
Sepang, Selangor, Geografia Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, Vol 12, No. 4, pp. 94-108.
7. Isaac, M. & Wuleka, K. C. (2012). Community-based ecotourism and livelihood enhancement in Sirigu, Ghana, International Journal of Humanities and Social
Science, Vol 2, No 11,, pp 97-108.
8. Xue, L. & Kerstetter, D. (2019). Rural tourism and livelihood change: An emic perspective, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, Vol 43, No. 3, pp. 416-437
9. Department of Statistics Malaysia (2019). Household Income and basic Amenities Survey Report & Household Expenditure Survey Report.
Sustainable Rural Tourism Development
ABSTRACT 5
Sustainable Rural Tourism Development in Nepal
Yogendra Kayastha
Development Fund Norway, Nepal
Nepal, a small mountainous country with an area of 1,47,181 square km and population of
around 30 million, is sandwiched between two giant neighbours - China in the north and India in
other 3 directions. Despite being a small country, it is rich in both natural bio-diversity and cultural
diversity. It's altitude ranges from 59 m above sea level to the summit of Mt. Everest (8848 m)
being the highest point on the earth within a distance of 200 km. Unique flag, living Goddess
Kumari and 125 different ethnic groups with 90 different spoken languages are few examples of
cultural diversity of this small Himalayan country. Nepal is well known for trekking and
mountaineering. Visit to Nepal is incomplete until one visits rural areas and experiences unique
Nepalese hospitality. 16.5% of over a million visitors in a year (2019) visit Nepal for adventure
(trekking and mountaineering) and 36% visitors visited conservation areas in Nepal. Rural tourism
is promoted in the forms of adventure, cultural (homestays) and eco-tourism which are closely
connected with each other. Lately, promotion of rural tourism through community homestays,
trekking and visits to Buffer Zones adjacent to the National Parks are gaining popularity among
the domestic and international tourists. The Nepal Government has accepted it as means to
alleviate poverty in rural areas by drafting policies on promotion of rural tourism and by granting
budgets for this purpose.
5
Sustainable Rural Tourism Development
ABSTRACT 6
Pro-Poor Tourism in the Land Below the Wind: New Evidence from
Empirical Testing
Mori Kogid
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
E-mail: [email protected]
Many years ago, the world has witnessed unforgotten stories of unfortunate people who lived in
poor conditions, homeless, fought for food every day, fought for basic necessities for life, fought
for survival while hope for a brighter future. The terms 'poverty' has lived among the communities
for so long around the globe. However, with the help from many parties including the people,
government and non-government organisations through the implementation of value-added
programmes or activities, the 'black statistics' of poverty is improving from year to year. One of
the programmes that has been considered successful in combatting poverty is 'pro-poor tourism'
(PPT). While the effectiveness of the PPT has been mentioned many times in the literatures, the
empirical evidence supporting the PPT theory is still lacking and insufficient. Therefore, the
purpose of this study is to gain more evidence of the PPT from the empirical perspective in the
case of Sabah or 'the Land Below the Wind' using time series data from 2003 to 2019. This study
uses the well-established interpolation and temporal disaggregation time series techniques to
solve the curse of 'insufficient data'. The statistical evidence of the impact of tourism development
on poverty reduction is tested using the bounds test of cointegration and causality approaches.
Surprisingly, the study was able to prove statistically, of a significant evidence of PPT theory
suggesting that efforts towards empowering the tourism sector by various parties including the
state government, Sabah tourism board and tourism operators need to be continued and
intensified. This will not only stimulate the growth of tourism-based businesses and improving the
standard of living especially to the poor, but also makes the tourism sector a catalyst for Sabah's
economic growth.
Keywords: Sabah, PPT, tourist arrival, relative poverty, household income, ARDL
6
PRO-POOR TOURISM IN THE
LAND BELOW THE WIND
NEW EVIDENCE FROM EMPIRICAL TESTING
MORI KOGID
FACULTY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND ACCOUNTANCY
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT 2021
ABSTRACT
• Many years ago, the world has witnessed unforgotten stories of unfortunate people who lived in poor conditions, homeless,
fought for food every day, fought for basic necessities for life, fought for survival while hope for a brighter future. The terms
'poverty' has lived among the communities for so long around the globe. However, with the help from many parties including the
people, government and non-government organisations through the implementation of value-added programmes or activities, the
'black statistics' of poverty is improving from year to year. One of the programmes that has been considered successful in
combatting poverty is 'pro-poor tourism' (PPT). While the effectiveness of the PPT has been mentioned many times in the
literatures, the empirical evidence supporting the PPT theory is still lacking and insufficient. Therefore, the purpose of this study
is to gain more evidence of the PPT from the empirical perspective in the case of Sabah or 'the Land Below the Wind' using time
series data from 2003 to 2019. This study uses the well-established interpolation and temporal disaggregation time series
techniques to solve the curse of 'insufficient data'. The statistical evidence of the impact of tourism development on poverty
reduction is tested using the bounds test of cointegration and causality approaches. Interestingly, the study was able to prove
statistically, of a significant evidence of PPT theory suggesting that efforts towards empowering the tourism sector by various
parties including the state government, Sabah tourism board and tourism operators need to be continued and intensified. This
will not only stimulate the growth of tourism-based businesses and improving the standard of living especially to the poor, but
also makes the tourism sector a catalyst for Sabah's economic growth.
• Keywords: Sabah, PPT, tourist arrival, relative poverty, household income, ARDL
CONTENTS • Introduction
• Poverty Statistic
• Tourism Statistic
• Definition of Pro-Poor Tourism
• Research Question
• Research Objective
• Literature Review
• Methodology
• Empirical Results
• Conclusion
• References
INTRODUCTION
• Tourism by far is regarded as
a significant contributor to
the economic development of
a country especially in less
develop and developing
countries.
Source: https://hellosabah.my
INTRODUCTION
• The increasingly significant role of the tourism sector as part of the development
process, making it a greater candidate and possibly used as a tool for poverty reduction.
• Praised in the ocean of the theoretical and cross-sectional tourism literatures, the
empirical development of the pro-poor tourism (PPT) theory is unfortunately still lacking
and inadequate.
• What is more interesting, despite being criticised and fewer empirical studies using
longitudinal and panel data analysis, the findings seem to support the PPT theory.
• Nevertheless, the curiosity of past empirical outcomes raised the question of whether
this empirical support can be generalised into the world phenomena of the PPT.
POVERTY
STATISTIC
1. RELATIVE POVERTY (SRP)
2. HOUSEHOLD GROSS INCOME (HGIS)
DATA SOURCE:
ECONOMIC PLANNING UNIT;
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA
TOURISM
STATISTIC
TOURIST ARRIVAL
DATA SOURCE:
SABAH TOURISM BOARD
TTA = Total Tourist Arrival
MT = Domestic/Malaysian Tourist
FT = Foreign Tourist
DEFINITION OF PRO- • Harrison (2008): Tourism which brings net benefits to the
POOR TOURISM poor.
(PPT):
HARRISON (2008) • Sharpley and Naidoo (2010): Tourism as a vehicle of poverty
SHARPLEY AND NAIDOO reduction.
(2010) • Gascon (2015): A development methodology that aims to use
GASCON (2015) tourism as a tool for poverty reduction.
RESEARCH QUESTION
• Does the relationship between
poverty and tourism development
follow the PPT theory?
• Does tourism development reduce
poverty statistically?
• Does tourism matter for poverty
reduction?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
• General objective:
To investigate the long- and short-run relationships between poverty and tourism
development.
• Specific objective:
To analyse the long-run effect of tourism development on poverty.
To determine the causal impact of tourism development on poverty.
LITERATURE 1. Croes and Sr (2008):
REVIEW: Country studied – Nicaragua.
TOURISM- Method – Johansen cointegration and Granger causality.
POVERTY Significant evidence of long-run relationship.
Significant evidence of causal relationship from tourism to poverty.
RELATIONSHIP Tourism reduced poverty.
2. Croes (2014):
Country studied – Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
Method – Johansen cointegration, ECM and Granger causality.
Significant evidence of long-run relationship.
Significant evidence of causal relationship from tourism to poverty.
LITERATURE 3. Vanegas (2014):
REVIEW: Country studied – Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador,
TOURISM-
POVERTY Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua).
Method – static panel data analysis.
RELATIONSHIP Highly significant impact of tourism on poverty.
Tourism matters for poverty reduction.
4. Sr et al. (2015):
Country studied – Costa Rica and Nicaragua.
Method – ARDL.
Significant evidence of long-run relationship.
Negative impact from tourism to poverty.
Significant evidence of causal relationship from tourism to poverty.
LITERATURE 5. Rakotondramaro and Andriamasy (2016):
REVIEW: Country studied – Madagascar.
TOURISM- Method – Granger causality.
POVERTY No evidence of causal relationship.
RELATIONSHIP 6. Nyasha and Odhiambo (2019):
Country studied – Kenya.
Method – ARDL-ECM.
No evidence of causal relationship in the long-run.
Significant evidence of bidirectional causal relationship between
tourism and poverty in the short-run.
LITERATURE 7. Garza-Rodriguez (2019):
REVIEW: Country studied – Mexico.
TOURISM- Method – ARDL and Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality.
POVERTY Significant evidence of long-run relationship.
Significant evidence of causal relationship from tourism to poverty.
RELATIONSHIP Used household consumption per capita as a proxy to poverty.
8. Zhao and Xia (2019):
Country studied – China provinces.
Method – static panel analysis.
Tourism has a positive effect on poverty reduction.
LITERATURE 9. Wakyereza et al. (2020):
REVIEW: Country studied – Uganda.
TOURISM- Method – VAR,VECM and Granger causality.
POVERTY Significant evidence of causal relationship from tourism to poverty.
RELATIONSHIP
• METHODOLOGY
1. RESEARCH PROCESS
2. DATA AND VARIABLE
3. ECONOMIC MODEL
4. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
5. ECONOMETRIC MODEL
6. ECONOMETRIC METHOD
I. KPSS UNIT ROOT TEST
II.ARDL BOUNDS TEST
III. GRANGER CAUSALITY
DATA AND • Data type and time period:
VARIABLE Quarterly time series from 2003 to 2019.
SOURCE:
• Dependent variable: poverty
ECONOMIC PLANNING Relative poverty (SRP)
UNIT; DEPARTMENT OF Household gross income (HGIS)
STATISTICS MALAYSIA;
• Independent variable: tourism development
SABAH TOURISM Tourist arrival (TTA)
BOARD Tourist receipt (but not available)
DATA
INTERPOLATION
CUBIC SPLINE
METHOD
(ALEXANDER, 2008)
1. SRP
2. HGIS
TEMPORAL
DISAGGREGATION
TIME SERIES FROM
LOW TO HIGH
FREQUENCY
DENTON’S METHOD
(DENTON, 1971)
1. SRP
2. HGIS
3.TTA
TEMPORAL
DISAGGREGATION
TIME SERIES FROM
LOW TO HIGH
FREQUENCY
DENTON’S METHOD
(DENTON, 1971)
1. SRP
2. HGIS
3.TTA
BASIC ECONOMIC MODEL
POVERTY FUNCTION
= ( ) (1)
= ( ) (2)
• Equations (1) and (2) can be written in mathematical model of poverty:
= + (3)
= + (4)
ECONOMETRIC MODEL
• The econometric models of equations (3) and (4) in log form can be written as:
= + + (5)
ℎ = + + (6)
ECONOMETRIC METHOD (7)
• ARDL bounds testing to cointegration by Pesaran et al. (2001). In general form: (8)
∆ = + + + ∑ ∆ + ∑ ∆ + (9)
• ARDL model of equations (5) and (6):
∆ = + + + ∑ ∆ + ∑ ∆ +
∆ ℎ = + ℎ + + ∑ ∆ ℎ + ∑ ∆ +
ECONOMETRIC METHOD (10)
(11)
• The general form of ARDL long-run regression of equations (5) and (6):
∆ = + ∑ + ∑ + (12)
∆ ℎ = + ∑ ℎ + ∑ + (13)
• Granger causality based ARDL-ECM:
∆ = + ∑ ∆ + ∑ ∆ + +
∆ ℎ = + ∑ ∆ ℎ + ∑ ∆ + +
EMPIRICAL RESULTS
1. KPSS STATIONARITY TEST
2.ARDL MODEL SELECTION
AND DIAGNOSTIC TEST
3. COINTEGRATION TEST
* and ** indicate significant at 10% and 5% levels respectively.
*, ** and *** indicate significant at 10%, 5% and 1% levels respectively.
EMPIRICAL
RESULTS
*, ** and *** indicate significant at 10%, 5% and 1% levels respectively.
* and *** indicate significant at 10% and 1% levels respectively.
SUMMARY OF • In the long-run:
EMPIRICAL RESULTS
evidence of significant relationship between poverty and tourism
in Sabah.
tourism development has a significant negative effect on relative
poverty.
tourism development has a significant positive impact on
household gross income (indirectly reduce poverty).
• In the short-run:
evidence of short-run relationship between poverty and tourism
development.
change in tourism development does cause change in relative
poverty.
change in tourism development does not cause change in
household gross income.
CONCLUSION • To sum up:
the study was able to prove statistically, of a significant evidence
of PPT theory between poverty and tourism development.
statistically, tourism development does reduced poverty (tourism
development has benefited the poor).
statistically, tourism development is of importance for poverty
reduction.
• However, the total effects of tourism development on poverty
should consider three factors:
1. population,
2. income disparity/inequality,
3. imbalances in economic development.
REFERENCES: • Croes, R. (2014).The role of tourism in poverty reduction: an
empirical assessment.Tourism Economics, 20(2): 207-226.
CROES (2014)
CROES AND SR (2008) • Croes, R. and Sr, M.V. (2008). Cointegration and causality between
GARZA-RODRIGUEZ (2019) tourism and poverty reduction. Journal of Travel Research, 47: 94-103.
GASCON (2015) • Garza_Rodrigues, J. (2019).Tourism and poverty reduction in Mexico:
HARRISON (2008) an ARDL cointegration approach. Sustainability, 11, 845.
NYASHA AND ODHIAMBO (2019)
RAKOTONDRAMARO AND • Gascon, J. (2015). Pro-poor tourism as a strategy to fight rural
ANDRIAMASY (2016) poverty: a critique. Journal of Agrarian Change, 15(4): 499-518.
• Harrison, D. (2008). Pro-poor tourism: a critique.Third World
Quarterly, 29(5): 851-868.
• Nyasha, S. and Odhiambo, N.M. (2019).Tourism development and
poverty reduction in Kenya: a dynamic causal linkage. International
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• Rakotondramaro, H. and Andriamasy, L. (2016). Multivariate Granger
causality among tourism, poverty and growth in Madagascar.Tourism
Management Perspectives, 20: 109-111.
REFERENCES: • Sharpley, R. and Naidoo, P. (2010).Tourism and poverty reduction: the
case of Mauritius.Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development,
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SR ET AL. (2015)
VANEGAS (2014) • Sr, M.V., Gartner,W. and Senauer, B. (2015).Tourism and poverty
reduction: an economic sector analysis for Costa Rica and Nicaragua.
WAKYEREZA ET AL. (2020) Tourism Economics, 21(1): 159-182.
ZHAO AND XIA (2020)
• Vanegas, M. (2014).The triangle of poverty, economic growth, and
inequality in Central America: does tourism matter? Worldwide
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tool for poverty reduction in a developing country? A study on
Uganda. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 15(1): 162-
174.
• Zhao, L. and Xia, X. (2020).Tourism and poverty reduction: empirical
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Sustainable Rural Tourism Development
ABSTRACT 7
How China’s Tourism -Assisting the Poor Policies Strengthen
Tourism-Poverty Link
Yan Guo
Huaihua University, China
Poverty eradication has been listed as SDG1 in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development. China has fulfilled SDG1 ten years ahead of the sched ule in 2020. Tourism
has played a significant role in poverty alleviation in China owi ng to the formulation and
implementation of Tourism-assisting Poverty Policies (TAPPs), which is a typical example of
pro-poor tourism (PPT) initiative in developing countri es. However, the international academic
circles have little knowledge of how TAPPs have made tourism a major poverty alleviation
means that can be perceived by ide ntifying the match of TAPP targets and TAPP
instruments since 1980’s. With Rost an d NVivo, this study, based on the Rothwell ‘s policy
tool taxonomy, proposes a theo retical framework of TAPP targets-TAPP instruments and
analyzes the evolution and d istribution characteristics of policy tools in 64 Chinese national
TAPP texts from 1984 to 2020. It’s found that the TAPP tool mix mainly consists of environmental
policies, supply-side policies besides the less proportion of demand-side policies. Legal & reg
ulatory, financial, public service and project development are the policy tools most f requently
employed to achieve TAPP targets over time. The TAPP evolution follows the path from
boosting regional economic development to promoting endogenous po verty alleviation
capabilities in rural areas, which is consistent with the phased goals of Chinese tourism
development strategies and poverty alleviation programs. This st udy aims to fill in the lack
of the international academic community’s understanding of Chinese TAPP’s role in pushing
tourism to play a major role in poverty alleviation and generate fresh insight into the the
dynamics of policy instrument and mix. It provides reference for China’s efforts to consolidate
the poverty alleviation achieve ments through tourism and sustain TAPP’s positive role in China’s
rural revitalization.
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