DJM20053 THERMOFLUIDS PRACTICAL TASK LAB SHEET 2023
i DJM20053 THERMOFLUIDS PRACTICAL TASK LAB SHEET FIRST EDITION
ii Published by: POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU No.4, Jalan Politeknik, KKIP Barat Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park 88460 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Tel : 088-401800 Faks : 088-4999960 Website : https://polikk.mypolycc.edu.my © Politeknik Kota Kinabalu First Edition, 2023 All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from Politeknik Kota Kinabalu. DJM20053 THERMOFLUIDS: PRACTICAL TASK LAB SHEET
iii Preface Praise to Lord for the successful publication of the practical task lab sheet for Thermofluids. The practical task lab sheet was published as a reference and guide for all students Diploma in Mechatronics Engineering (DEM) who take courses DJM20053 Thermofluids. This course is a core course for DEM and is offered in semester 2. This practical task contains four topics based on the syllabus prescribed by the Ministry of Higher Education for teaching DJM20053 Thermofluid in polytechnics. I would like to give an appreciation to the parties that are involved in helping to complete and finish this lab sheet. Lastly, I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my family, colleagues, and students who continuously support us with ideas, knowledge, and feedback throughout the process. Ts. Sylvester Gindan
iv TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE Preface iii Table of Content iv PRACTICAL TASK 1: VENTURI METER 1 PRACTICAL TASK 2: FLUID PROPERTIES 8 PRACTICAL TASK 3: IDEAL GAS 14 PRACTICAL TASK 4: MARCET BOILER 27 Rubric 40 Reference 44
Practical Task 1 Venturi Meter
PROGRAM : DIPLOMA OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING (DEM) CLASS & SECTION : S1 DEM 2A LECTURER’S NAME : PUAN RAMLATUL RAHILAH BINTI MOHD HUSIN STUDENT’S NAME : REGISTRATION NO. : CHAPTER 2 : FLUID APPLICATION PLO 5 : Modern tool usage CLO 2 : Perform appropriately experiments according to the Standard. Operating Procedures. (P4, PLO5) P4 : Mechanism DK6 : Practical Engineering Knowledge DP1 DP3 DP5 : : : Depth of knowledge Depth of analysis required. Extensive applicable codes DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU LAB SHEET & REPORT DJM20053: THERMOFLUIDS VENTURI PREPARED BY : APPROVED BY :
DJM20053: THERMOFLUIDS VENTURI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 1 LAB MARKING SCHEME PRACTICAL WORK ASSESSMENT CRITERIA MARK(S) GIVEN MARKING FACTOR MAX. MARKS MARKS 5 4 3 2 1 OBTAINED A: Identify the Task (Pre-Lab) (P1) 1 5 B: Understanding the Experiment (P2) 2 10 C: Construct the Experiment (P3) 3 15 D: Fix the Data Experiment (P4) 2 10 E: Analyze the Result (P4) 3 15 F: Awareness Towards the Assessment (P1) 1 5 TOTAL MARKS 60 REPORT G: Data and Calculation (DP3, DP5) (P4) 15 H: Discussion (DP1, DP3) (P4) 15 I: Conclusion (P3) 5 J: References (P2) 5 TOTAL MARKS 40 YOU MAY ENCLOSE ANY ATTACHMENTS RELATED TO THIS LAB REPORT AND PLEASE MAKE SURE IT IS AT THE PROPER SECTION.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS / METER VENTURY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 1.0 Experiment outcome To find the coefficient of discharge Cd for the Venturi Meter 2.0 Theory Consider the flow of an incompressible fluid through the convergent – divergent pipe shown in the figure below. Assuming that there is not loss of energy along the pipe and that the velocity and piezometric heads are constant across each of the sections considered, then Bernoulli’s Theorem states that Figure 2.0: Venturi Meter + + = + + For this apparatus: = and = Hence if Bernoulli’s Theorem is obeyed: + = + ……………………………….(1) h1 h2 a1 a2 Datum
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS / METER VENTURY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU in which V1 and V2 are the velocity of flow through section ( 1 ) and ( 2 ). The equation of continuity is, = = ……………………………….(2) in which Q denotes the volume- flow or discharge rate. Substituting in equation ( 2 ) and solving this equation for V2 leads to , = √( − ) − (/) So that the discharge rate, from equation ( 2 ) becomes ; = √( − ) − (/) Where, Q1 = practical flow rate Q2 = theoretical flow rate Cd = Q1 / Q2 3.0 Apparatus/Equipment Venturi Meter Apparatus 4.0 Safety Precautions 4.1 Make sure the student follows the laboratory or workshop safety regulators. 4.2 Experiment must be conduct by lecturers or experience lab assistance. 5.0 Procedures 5.1 Switch on the pump. 5.2 While this is in progress, value of h1 and h2 are read from scale. Similar reading may be taken at series of reducing value of (h1 – h2). 5.3 Use time watch to obtain the flow rate. The corresponding flow rate should be measured for each value of (h1 – h2). 5.4 Repeat steps (5.2) and (5.3) for the other reading.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS / METER VENTURY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 6.0 Results/Data Time, t sec Volume, v m3 Flowrate Q1 m3 / s Venturi Level, m Flowrate Q2 m3 / s h2 h2 ( h1 – h2 ) Cd 7.0 Data Analysis 7.1 Calculate all data above and show all the unit exchanges. 7.2 Using the graph paper, plotting the graph of 7.2.1 Plot a graph of (h1 – h2) against Q1. 7.2.2 Plot a graph of Cd against Q1. 8.0 Discussion 8.1 Discuss the data that obtained from experiment. 8.2 Give your comment about the two graphs obtained from the experiment.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS / METER VENTURY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 9.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 9.1 Distinguish a conclusion and recommendation from experiment result was done. 10.0 References Cengel, Y.A. and Cimbala, J.M. (2005). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Application. International Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.
Practical Task 2 Fluid Properties
PROGRAM : DIPLOMA OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING (DEM) CLASS & SECTION : S1 DEM 2A LECTURER’S NAME : PUAN RAMLATUL RAHILAH BINTI MOHD HUSIN STUDENT’S NAME : REGISTRATION NO. : CHAPTER 1 : CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES IN THERMOFLUIDS PLO 5 : Modern tool usage CLO 2 : Perform appropriately experiments according to the Standard. Operating Procedures. (P4, PLO5) P4 : Mechanism DK6 : Practical Engineering Knowledge DP1 DP3 DP5 : : : Depth of knowledge Depth of analysis required Extensive applicable codes DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU LAB SHEET & REPORT DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS FLUID PROPERTIES PREPARED BY : APPROVED BY :
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS FLUID PROPERTIES DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 1 LAB MARKING SCHEME PRACTICAL WORK ASSESSMENT CRITERIA MARK(S) GIVEN MARKING FACTOR MAX. MARKS MARKS 5 4 3 2 1 OBTAINED A: Identify the Task (Pre-Lab) (P1) 1 5 B: Understanding the Experiment (P2) 2 10 C: Construct the Experiment (P3) 3 15 D: Fix the Data Experiment (P4) 2 10 E: Analyze the Result (P4) 3 15 F: Awareness Towards the Assessment (P1) 1 5 TOTAL MARKS 60 REPORT G: Data and Calculation (DP3, DP5) (P4) 15 H: Discussion (DP1, DP3) (P4) 15 I: Conclusion (P3) 5 J: References (P2) 5 TOTAL MARKS 40 YOU MAY ENCLOSE ANY ATTACHMENTS RELATED TO THIS LAB REPORT AND PLEASE MAKE SURE IT IS AT THE PROPER SECTION.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUID / FLUID PROPERTIES DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 1.0 Experiment outcome To determine the mass density, specific weight, relative density, specific volume on water and oil 2.0 Theory Mass density, ρ is defined as in Eq. 1. Pure water at 20 0C has a density of 998.2 kg/m3, which is often rounded to 1000 kg/m3. Experimental results should be within 2% of this value. Vvolume s mmas , , ρ = Specific weight, ω is defined as the weight per unit volume. (SI units, N/m3) Vvolume eight Ww , , ω = Relative density, s is the ratio of the weight of the substance. water subs ce s ω ω tan = Specific volume, v is defined as the reciprocal of mass density (SI units, m3/kg). mass m volume V , , ν = 3.0 Apparatus/Equipment Hydrostatics and properties of fluids apparatus 4.0 Safety Precautions 4.1 Make sure the student follows the laboratory or workshop safety regulators. 4.2 Experiment must be conduct by lecturers or experience lab assistance. 5.0 Procedures 5.1 First obtain the mass of the empty beaker. 5.2 Then add a known volume of water to the beaker. 5.3 Next obtain the mass of the beaker plus water. 5.4 Finally subtract the mass of the beaker to get the mass of the water. Since the volume of water is known, properties can be directly calculated from Eq. 1, 2, 3 and 4. 5.5 Repeat this procedure for an oil and dish washing. Record the data. 6.0 Results/Data Mass of empty container (g) = ______________ ……………….. ( 1 ) ……………….. ( 2 ) ……………….. ( 3 ) ……………….. ( 4 )
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUID / FLUID PROPERTIES DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU Method Water Oil Dish Washing Mass of container plus fluid (g) Mass (g) Volume (mL) Mass Density (kg/m3 ) Specific weight ( N/m3 ) Relative density Specific volume (m3/kg) 7.0 Data Analysis 7.1 Calculate all data above and show all the unit exchanges.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUID / FLUID PROPERTIES DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 8.0 Discussion 8.1 Discuss the results for each fluid properties from the experiments. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 8.2 Give your comments about the differential for each fluid properties of the experiments. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 9.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 9.1 Distinguish a conclusion and recommendation from experiment result was done. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 10.0 References Cengel, Y.A. and Cimbala, J.M. (2005). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Application. International Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.
Practical Task 3 Ideal Gas
PROGRAM : DIPLOMA OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING (DEM) CLASS & SECTION : S1 DEM 2A LECTURER’S NAME : PUAN RAMLATUL RAHILAH BINTI MOHD HUSIN STUDENT’S NAME : REGISTRATION NO. : CHAPTER 4 : FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS PLO 5 : Modern tool usage CLO 2 : Perform appropriately experiments according to the Standard. Operating Procedures. (P4, PLO5) P4 : Mechanism DK6 : Practical Engineering Knowledge DP1 DP3 DP5 : : : Depth of knowledge Depth of analysis required Extensive applicable codes DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU LAB SHEET & REPORT DJM20053: THERMOFLUIDS IDEAL GAS PREPARED BY : APPROVED BY :
DJM20053: THERMOFLUIDS IDEAL GAS DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 1 LAB MARKING SCHEME PRACTICAL WORK ASSESSMENT CRITERIA MARK(S) GIVEN MARKING FACTOR MAX. MARKS MARKS 5 4 3 2 1 OBTAINED A: Identify the Task (Pre-Lab) (P1) 1 5 B: Understanding the Experiment (P2) 2 10 C: Construct the Experiment (P4) 3 15 D: Fix the Data Experiment (P3) 2 10 E: Analyze the Result (P4) 3 15 F: Awareness Towards the Assessment (P1) 1 5 TOTAL MARKS 60 REPORT G: Data and Calculation (DP3, DP5) (P4) 15 H: Discussion (DP1, DP3) (P4) 10 I: Conclusion (P3) 10 J: References (P2) 5 TOTAL MARKS 40 YOU MAY ENCLOSE ANY ATTACHMENTS RELATED TO THIS LAB REPORT AND PLEASE MAKE SURE IT IS AT THE PROPER SECTION.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 2 LAB : EXPANSION IDEAL GAS EXPERIMENT 01: TO STUDY THE ISOTHERMAL CHANGE OF STATE BY BOYLE-MARIOTTE LAW 1.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME : Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: 1.1 Organize appropriately experiments according to the Standard Operating Procedures. (P4,PLO5) 2.0 OBJECTIVES : 2.1 Understand the basic working principal of an Ideal gas. 2.2 Describe the processes related with ideal gas system. 2.3 Solve simple problem regarding of an Ideal gas analysis and calculation. 3.0 INTRODUCTION / THEORY: Sci-tech Expansion of Ideal Gases Model TH172, trainer is used to perform Boyle-Mariotte law & Gay-Lussac's law. Each law is a basic ideal gas laws of thermodynamics and very important for learning fundamentals of subject. Boyle – Mariotte law having a relation between pressure and volume as both is inversely proportional to each other & Gay-Lussac’s law concentrating on temperature and pressure which is directly proportional to each other. In Model TH172 it comprises of two transparent glass tanks representing each law as described above. One tank on left side filled with industrial oil represents Boyle-Mariotte law connected with oil sump tank with vacuum pressure pump situated on base panel, with 5/2way manual valve for changing operation from vacuum to pressure and vice versa. On top of tank pressure, level, temperature sensor is connected for data collection on DAQ module with safety pressure relief valve. On other side second glass tank represents Gay lussac’s law mounted with air heater at bottom with ON/OFF switch on front panel and sensors like pressure & temperature connected on top flange with safety pressure relief valve. As sensors connected with DAQ module for data collection. Expansion of Ideal Gases TH172 5 SCITECH DAQ software collaborating all sensors data and representing graphs for both the laws with controlling of Heater and vacuum pressure pump directly form software. The benefit of SCITECH model TH172 having DAQ software which is giving access students to control the unit manually and by software also with data recording in excel format automatically by storing in desired direction in computer/laptop as per user direction. Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charles’s law, Boyle’s law and Gay-Lussac’s law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas where there is none attractive forces exist in the ideal gas. Since perfect gas is an ideal gas, they collide between atoms
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 3 or molecules elastically with no intermolecular attractive forces. Some assumption has been respect to kinetic theory of ideal gas which is the gasses are made up of molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An equation had been introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal gas equation of state: = The subscript R refer to gas constant where different gas would have different value of R. Any gas that obeys this law is called an ideal gas. The equation also can be written as: PV = mRT The properties of ideal gas at two different state is related to each other as long as they has one constant property throughout the experiment where: 11 1 = 22 2 Boyle’s Law The behavior real gas using parameter of pressure, temperature and volume is considered at low density. Ideal gas also obeys the law of Boyle’s, Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s. Boyle’s law describe the relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas. This law works when the pressure increase inversely with the volume of gas where the temperature held constant along the process. The gas inside a system loosely packed and move randomly. If the volume is reduce, then the pressure become high as the molecules having less space to move, to hit the wall of container more frequently. Charles’s Law Second law is Charles’s Law which involves with the effect of heat on the expansion of gases. The pressure will remain constant throughout the process and the volume of gas will go directly proportional to the absolute temperature. The moving molecules increase their speed and hit the wall more frequently as the temperature getting higher because the temperature transfer the heat of energy into the molecule. Thus, as the speed increase and the frequency of collision
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 4 increase, the volume of the container also increase. Therefore the equation of Charles’s law simply show below where the k is a constant. The temperature must be calculated in Kelvin unit. If the constant value of k is not known then, the equation is derived as follow: = 1 1 = 2 2 The relationship of volume and temperature of Charles’s law describe in a graph as follow: Gay-Lussac’s Law The third law involving ideal gas is Gay-Lussac’s law where the volume of the system become constant throughout the process. This law stated that the pressure and temperature are in direct relation. That means as the pressure increase, the temperature also increase. Temperature is a parameter for kinetic energy, as the temperature increase, the kinetic energy also increase, therefore the frequency of collision also increase which causing the pressure to be increase with the constant volume. The equation below can prove the relationship between pressure and temperature in a particular system with constant volume. = 1 1 = 2 2 Graph below show the relationship of temperature and pressure in the Gay-Lussac’s law with constant volume. The conclusion is that the pressure directly proportional to the temperature.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU5 Components List: 1. Boyle-Mariotte law glass tank 9. Pressure sensor 2. Gay-Lussac’s law glass tank 10. Stainless steel pipeline 3. Level sensor 11. 5/2 way manual valve 4. Pressure relief valve 12. Temperature controller 5. Temperature sensor 13. Front panel 6. Vacuum pressure pump 14. Mains ON/OFF 7. Industrial oil 15. System layout 8. Air heater
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 6 4.0 SAFETY AND HEALTH 4.1 Workplace Safety: i. Your safety is your personal responsibility. ii. Always follow the correct procedures. iii. Clean and organize your workspace. iv. ________________________________________________________________ v. ________________________________________________________________ vi. ________________________________________________________________ vii. ________________________________________________________________ 4.2 Equipment Safety: i. Check all hose was connected tightly and all valve are in working condition. ii. Check any oil leakage or any loosen parts iii. Perform a routine safety check before operating the Sci-tech Expansion of Ideal Gases Model TH172. iv. ________________________________________________________________ v. ________________________________________________________________ vi. ________________________________________________________________ vii. ________________________________________________________________
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 7 5.0 APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT: 5.1 Sci-tech Expansion of Ideal Gases Model TH172. State the function of the following components: Level sensor: - ……………………………………….…………………. Pressure relief valve: - ………………………………………………………….. Vacuum pressure pump: - ………………………………………………………….. Air heater: - …………………………………………………………. 5.2 Model TH172 interface.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 8 6.0 PROCEDURES (S.O.P) 6.1 Conducting the experiment: (Manually) 1. Switch ON the MAINS. 2. Switch ON the Pump and make 5/2way valve on compression side. 3. Open the ball valve gradually provided at bottom of the tank A. 4. The oil will start filling inside the tank. 5. Note down the level of the oil. 6. Note down the pressure and temperature depending on the oil level. 7. Switch OFF the pump. 8. Switch ON the pump and make 5/2way valve on vacuum side. 9. The oil level inside the tank starts decreasing as vacuum pump will suck the oil. 10. Note down the pressure and temperature depending on the oil level. 11. Switch OFF the pump. 12. Switch OFF the MAINS. 6.2 Conducting the experiment: (Using DAQ software) 1. Install the software in computer/laptop & click on setup to open it. 2. After opening the software one pop-up window appear that will ask you for direction of file which it will store the data. It should be (.xls) excel format for simplified view. 3. Now connect USB cable to computer/laptop and in software select communication port by dragging the selection window. 4. Now turn on pump and manually set the5/2way valve on compression side to fill the oil in glass tank. 5. After starting the pump data recording has been start and we can see the values of all sensors and graph on window. 6. Same way does it for vacuum also. 7. After completing the experiment, we can open excel file and can draw the graph and visualize it with calculation part.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 9 7.0 RESULT/ CALCULATION • Data obtain from experiment Oil level in mm Air volume in m3 Pressure in bar Temperature in oC Calculations: For experiment 01: Diameter of the tank, d = 225 mm Volume of the oil in tank, V = Area of the tank x height V = π/4 x d2 x height = π/4 x (225) 2 x ___ = _____ mm3 = _____ m3 Volume of the air in tank, V = Area of the tank x height V = π/4 x d2 x height = π/4 x (225) 2 x ____ = _______ mm3 = _____ m3
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 10 • From the data obtained above, sketch a graph of air volume vs pressure 8.0 DISCUSSION 1. What are the applications of (ideal gases that we study) in industries? Give some examples in any industries we use the details of (ideal gases)? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Do ideal gases exist in nature? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Expansion of Ideal Gas DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 11 9.0 CONCLUSION _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 10.0 REFERENCES ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Practical Task 4 Marcet Boiler
PROGRAM : DIPLOMA OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING (DEM) CLASS & SECTION : S1 DEM 2A LECTURER’S NAME : PUAN RAMLATUL RAHILAH BINTI MOHD HUSIN STUDENT’S NAME : REGISTRATION NO. : CHAPTER 3 : PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES PLO 5 : Modern tool usage CLO 2 : Construct digital circuits based on schematic diagrams. (P4, PLO5) P4 : Mechanism DK6 : Practical Engineering Knowledge DP1 DP3 DP5 : : : Depth of knowledge Depth of analysis required Extensive applicable codes DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU LAB SHEET & REPORT DJM20053: THERMOFLUIDS MARCET BOILER PREPARED BY : APPROVED BY : YOU MAY ENCLOSE ANY ATTACHMENTS RELATED TO THIS LAB REPORT AND PLEASE MAKE SURE IT IS AT THE PROPER SECTION.
DJM20053: THERMOFLUIDS MARCET BOILER DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 1 LAB MARKING SCHEME PRACTICAL WORK ASSESSMENT CRITERIA MARK(S) GIVEN MARKING FACTOR MAX. MARKS MARKS 5 4 3 2 1 OBTAINED A: Identify the Task (Pre-Lab) (P1) 1 5 B: Understanding the Experiment (P2) 2 10 C: Construct the Experiment (P3) 3 15 D: Fix the Data Experiment (P4) 2 10 E: Analyze the Result (P4) 3 15 F: Awareness Towards the Assessment (P1) 1 5 TOTAL MARKS 60 REPORT G: Data and Calculation (DP3, DP5) (P4) 15 H: Discussion (DP1, DP3) (P4) 15 I: Conclusion (P3) 5 J: References (P2) 5 TOTAL MARKS 40
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 2 LAB : MARCET BOILER 1.0 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME : Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: 1.1 Organize appropriately experiments according to the Standard Operating Procedures. (P4,PLO5) 2.0 OBJECTIVES : 2.1 Understand the basic working principal of a Boiler system. 2.2 To demonstrate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated 2.3 Solve simple problem regarding of a Boiler analysis and calculation. 3.0 INTRODUCTION / THEORY: Thermodynamics is a physics branch of research that deals with the interaction of energies between a system and an atmosphere, such as work and heat, as the system undergoes a phase that either cools or heats. The loss or gain of the system's energy during a phase has a direct influence on the behavior of thermodynamics. Two of the most significant thermodynamic properties that are being tested in this experiment are absolute pressure and temperature, both of which are changes in the system during the process. The experimental data will be compared with the theoretical value of the steam table. For the purpose of this experiment, we will be using the Marcet Boiler – MCT-HT-06 unit. The MCT-HT-06 experimental unit can be used in a simple way to show the relationship between water pressure and temperature. Via a digital temperature display and a Bourdon tube pressure gauge, temperature and pressure can be continuously controlled. As protection equipment, a temperature limiter and pressure relief valve are fitted and protect the device against overpressure. Marcet Boiler has been developed for investigating the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics, which deals with the energy, and work of a system. Thermodynamics deals only with the large-scale response of a system that we can observe and measure in experiments. Smallscale gas interactions are described by the kinetic theory of gasses, which is a compliment to thermodynamics. An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables: absolute pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature (T). The relationship between them may be deduced from kinetic theory and is called the Ideal Gas Law. The ideal gas law was originally determined empirically and is simply. PV = nRT Where,
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 3 P = Absolute pressure, kPa V = Volume, m³ n = Amount of substances, moles R = Ideal gas constant, kJ/kg.K T = Absolute temperature, K When energy increases within the water, the increasing of activities among the molecules enables the increase in the number of moleculesto escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while less energy required in achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature. Figure: Boiling Water Curve
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 4 4.0 SAFETY AND HEALTH 4.1 Workplace Safety: i. Your safety is your personal responsibility. ii. Always follow the correct procedures. iii. Clean and organize your workspace. iv. _____________________________________________________________ v. _____________________________________________________________ vi. _____________________________________________________________ 4.2 Equipment Safety: i. Read carefully and understand the Marcet Boiler Operational Manual. ii. Read carefully and understand the Marcet Boiler Software User Manual. iii. Perform a routine safety check before operating the Marcet Boiler iv. Always wear eye protection and s when operating an engine. v. ________________________________________________________________ vi. ________________________________________________________________ vii. ________________________________________________________________
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 5 5.0 APPARATUS / EQUIPMENT: 5.1 Marcet Boiler MCT-HT-06 unit assembly
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 6 MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 1. Use only distilled water for the test to prolong the boiler’s life. 2. It is not necessary to drain the water from the boiler as there is no rusting component in the boiler. 3. In the case of draining is necessary, open the V4 at the bottom of the boiler. 4. Always check and rectify any leaks. 5. Always make sure that the boiler vessel is filled with sufficient water to cover the heater element. The water level at 3/4 of the boiler’s height is sufficient to cover the heating element. 6. Restore the system to operating conditions after any repair job. Replace a new seal if necessary. 7. The unit requires no major maintenance. 8. To prevent unnecessary damage to the unit, always consult the manufacturer for any maintenance or repair works. 9. Maintenance and repair must be done by a well-trained technician. 10. Consult the manufacturer for any replacement parts. 11. The unit must be operated under the supervision of trained personnel. 12. All operating instructions supplied with the unit must be carefully read and understood before attempting to operate the unit. 13. Do not open the valves V1 and V2 when the vessel is in operation. 14. Always check and rectify any leaks. 15. Do not touch the hot components of the unit. Be extremely careful when handling liquid at high temperatures.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 7 6.0 PROCEDURES 6.1 General startup procedure: 1. Perform a quick inspection to ensure that the unit is in proper operating condition. 2. Connect the unit to the nearest power supply. 3. Open the valves at the feed port (V1, V2, & V3). 4. Fill the boiler with distilled water through the feed port V1 and make sure that the water comes out from V3. Then, close the valves, V1 & V2. 5. Turn on the power supply switch. 6. Release the emergency switch. 7. Now you are ready to carry on with the experiment. 6.2 General shutdown procedure: 1. Switch off the heater and allow the boiler temperature to drop until room temperature. Note: Do not open the valve at the water inlet port as it is highly pressurized at high temperatures. 2. Switch off the main switch and the main power supply. 3. Retain the water next use. 4. To drain the water open valves V1.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 8 7.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROSEDURES 1. Perform the general start-up procedures as described. 2. Set the temperature controller to 200.0 °C which is slightly above the expected boiling point of the water at 10.0 bar (abs). (Temperature controller is already set at 200.0° C) 3. Open the vent valve, V3 and turn on three heaters. 4. Observe the steam temperature rise upto 90°C then select two heaters instead of three. 5. Allow the steam to come out from the valve, V3 for about 30 seconds, and then close the valve. This step is important to remove air from the boiler as the accuracy of the experimental results will be significantly affected when air is present. 6. Record the steam temperature and pressure when the boiler is heated until the steam pressure reaches 10.0 bar (abs). Warning!!! Never open the valve when the boiler is heated as pressurized steam can cause severe injury. 7. Then, turn off the heater and the steam temperature and pressure will begin to drop. Start to record the steam temperature when the boiler is cooled until the steam pressure reaches atmospheric pressure. 8. Allow the boiler to cool down to room temperature. 9. Record the steam temperatures at different pressure readings when the boiler is heated and cooled.
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 9 8.0 RESULT/ CALCULATION Data obtain from experiment Student can set a reference point on pressure value (gauge) [bar] such as 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30… or 0.00, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0..
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 10 From the data obtained, sketch a graph of Temperature vs Absolute Pressure 9.0 DISCUSSION 1. Why is it necessary to remove air from the boiler at the beginning of the experiment? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Discuss the liquid and vapor behavior observed through the experiment and list some examples of its industrial applications. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________
DJM20053 : THERMOFLUIDS Marcet Boiler DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONIC ENGINEERING, POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU 11 10.0 CONCLUSION (Compare the graph plotted from experiment data to that of the calculated data) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 11.0 REFERENCES ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
Practical Task Practical Skills Rubric (P) Practical Skills Rubric (A)
MARKS ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 Factor Unsatisfactory Fair Good Very good Excellent (A) IDENTIFY THE TASK (PRE-LAB) P1 Student is never prepared for the lab as there is no circuit connection sketch on the handout. Student did the preparation on the handout but got major problems to identify the circuit connection. (More than 5) Student did the preparation on the handout but need improvement on few errors. Student did the preparation on the handout but got minor error to be corrected. (Less than 5) Student nicely did and understood the the task. 2 (B) UNDERSTAND THE EXPERIMENT P2 Student is less interested in understanding the objectives, and procedures and is not ready to conduct the experiments. Student needs assistance in understanding the experiment's objectives, procedures, and preparations. Student needs some explanation in objectives and procedures, yet is adequately ready for the experiment. Student understands the objectives and procedures and is prepared to conduct the experiment. Student has a solid understanding of the objectives and procedures and is wellprepared to conduct the experiment. 2 (C) CONSTRUCT THE EXPERIMENT P3 DK7 DP1 DP5 Student turned in an experiments without concern for its reflections of their work. The student needs extra guidance. Student turned in an experiments simply to receive credit. The student needs guidance. Student turned in an experiments that is semi decent with some assistance. Student turned in an experiments they are pleased with effort. Student turned in an experiments matches diagram in labsheet and carefully planned, they considered a reflection of their diligent efforts. 3 DJM20053 THERMOFLUIDS PRACTICAL TASK (P) – 4 (20%) - LABORATORY PRACTICAL SKILLS RUBRIC PLO 5 : Modern Tool Usage CLO 2 : Perform appropriately experiments according to the Standard Operating Procedures P1 : Perception P2 : Set P3 : Guided Response P4 : Mechanism DK6 : Practical Engineering DK7 : Comprehension DP1 : Depth of Knowledge DP3 : Depth of Analysis Required DP5 : Extent of Applicable Code
MARKS ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 Factor Unsatisfactory Fair Good Very good Excellent (D) FIX THE DATA EXPERIMENT P4 DK7 DP3 DP5 Student does not know the problems and how to fix them. Student misinterprets the problems and unable to fix. Student understands the problems and needs guidance in fixing them. Experimental data can be generated as planned. Students understand problems and can solve them. Experimental data can be generated as planned. Excellent used time well in lab and focused attention on the experiment Experimental data can be generated correctly at the first attempt. 5 (E) ANALYZE THE RESULT P4 DK7 DP3 DP5 Student does not know how to read and analyse the results, hence, no results are achieved. Student is able to read the results with guidance but did not understand them. The results recorded are incorrect. Student is able to read the results with some assistance but did not understand them. The achieved results are not accurate but are within tolerance range. Student is able to read and analyse the results with minimum assistance. Good / accurate results have been achieved. Student is able to read and understand the results. Accurate results have been achieved. 5 (F) AWARENESS TOWARDS THE ASSESSMENT P3 Student has no effort and interest / feel towards the task. Student has little or inconsistent effort, interest / feel towards the task. Student showed reasonable effort, interest / feel towards the task. Student generally worked efficiently to complete the task. Student interested towards the task and willing to assist their friends. 3 TOTAL 100
MARKS ITEM 1 2 3 4 5 Factor Unsatisfactory Fair Good Very good Excellent (A) Student Organizes The Preparedness A1 Student did not have / gather the needed materials and was unable to perform work Student did not have / gather the needed materials to perform work Student had / gathered most materials; however, they needed excess time to do so Student had / gathered most materials and went to work Student had / gathered all materials and was completely ready to go to work 1 (B) Student perform (attitude) during practical A2 Student turned in a experiments without concern for its reflections of their work Student turned in experiments simply to receive credit Student turned in a experiments that is semi decent to receive a fair grade Student turned in a experiments they are pleased with Student turned in a experiments they considered a reflection of their diligent efforts 1 (C) Attend A3 Student never involved with group’s taks Student shows responsibility during completion group’s tasks with major errors Student shows responsibility during completion group’s tasks with minor errors Student shows responsibility during group’s tasks with some assistance Student shows high responsibility during completion group’s tasks without assistance 1 TOTAL 15 DJM20053 THERMOFLUIDS PRACTICAL TASK (A) – 1 (5%) - LABORATORY PRACTICAL SKILLS RUBRIC PLO 9 : Modern Tool Usage CLO 3 : Demonstrate ability to work in team to complete assigned tasks. A1 A2 A3 DK6 : Practical Engineering DK7 : Comprehension DP1 : Depth of Knowledge DP3 : Depth of Analysis Required DP5 : Extent of Applicable Code
Reference BOUCHER, R.F. AND NAKAYAMA, Y., (1999) Introduction To Fluid Mechanics, Butterworth Heinemann. CENGEL, Y.A. AND CIMBALA, J.M., (2005) Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Application. International Edition, McGraw-Hill, Singapore. EASTOP, T.D AND MCCONKEY, A., (1993) Applied Thermodynamics For Engineering Technologists, Prentice Hall. HANNAH, J AND HILLIER, M.J., (1995) Applied Mechanics, Third Edition, Longman. RANALD, V.G., JACK, B.E AND CHENG, L., (1994) Theory and Problems of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill. SAWHNEY, G.S., (2008) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. YASUKI, N., (2018) Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Second Edition, Elsevier Science & Technology. YUNUS, A.C. AND BOLES, M.A., (2006) Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill. YUNUS, A.C., JOHN, M.C AND ROBERT, H.T., (2012) Fundamentals of Thermal – Fluid Sciences, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill. YUNUS, A.C., MICHAEL, B. AND MEHMET, K., (2019) Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, SI, Ninth Edition, McGraw-Hill.