E JOURNAL 2026

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202681

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202682The information contained in Table 1 points to the participation of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces in the humanitarian aid and disaster response efforts. These contributions indicate the value of military logistic capabilities in providing quick response, coordination and effective movement of relief materials to the affected area in cases of national disaster. Transportation equipment of various types is one of the primary benefits of military logistics. These resources enable relief resources and troops to be deployed quickly even to isolated or disaster-impacted regions where the civilian transport systems might be affected.Moreover, the military engineering troops offer a necessary assistance in clearing debris, repairing the roads, building temporary bridges and restoring the elementary infrastructure. These abilities come in handy especially in regions that experience landslides or floods where accessibility routes might be impaired. The other significant area of military logistics is the possibility of creating temporary shelters, field hospitals and supply distribution centers (Fernando, 2021; Perera, 2019). The military men and women are also trained in a hostile environment, which enables them to provide effective human aid when the conditions are not favorable. Efficient command and control in emergency operations is also achieved due to the strict organizational framework of the military.Infrastructure and Resource Mobilization: Availability of infrastructure and logistical resources is one of the core factors that determine the success of any disaster response operations. Military logistics also plays a huge role in the mobilization of resources because of the already developed supply chains, warehouses and transportation systems. Military bases are also used during days of disasters as a logistic center whereby relief supplies can be kept, separated and delivered to communities hit by a disaster (UNOCHA, 2021).The military also has engineering equipment and construction facilities which can be employed to reestablish critical infrastructures like roads, bridges and communication networks. It is important to restore infrastructure very quickly so that the relief agencies can access the affected populations.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202683Besides this, the experience of the military in logistical planning can be used to effectively manage relief supply chains.Civil Military Coordination in Humanitarian Operations: Successful disaster management involves good coordination of both the military and the civil agencies. In Sri Lanka, the management of disasters is distributed across various institutions such as the DMC, government ministries, local government and other humanitarian agencies. The military is involved in these operations as a supporting force in terms of offering logistical support, manpower and technical expertise. Civil-military cooperation helps in ensuring that relief operations are coordinated and channeled effectively with no overlapping of resources.In Sri Lanka, joint disaster response exercises and training programs have been introduced to enhance coordination of various agencies. These are activities used to establish communication paths, define functions of operation and enhance team planning. Regardless of such improvements, there are times when coordination issues arise because of dissimilarities in the organizational structure and operational priorities of military and civilian agencies. Policy frameworks and coordinated command systems should be clear to face such challenges.Strategic Role of Military Logistics in National Disaster Preparedness: The military logistics in addition to emergency response is also strategic in national disaster preparedness and resilience building. Anticipative, planning and preparation skills on what to do in case of any disaster are necessary to reduce the damage and enhance effectiveness. The logistical planning of the military can also be used to prepare the country in terms of disasters by formulating contingency plans, risk assessment and strategic inventories of emergency supplies.Military logistics operations can also be enhanced through advanced technologies like satellite communication, Geographic Information System (GIS) and disaster monitoring systems to enhance situational awareness during a disaster (Gunawardena, 2020). Moreover, Sri Lanka Armed Forces can be involved in disaster preparedness through the conduct of communityawareness programs, training of the local authorities and helping in the creation of evacuation plans.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202684Recommendations1. Strengthening Military Logistics InfrastructureIn order to increase the level of disaster response, needs to build the logistic infrastructure within the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. Setting up logistical centers, emergency warehouses and prepositioned caches of relief stock in disaster-prone areas including the Northern, Eastern and Central Provinces, will go a long way in enhancing response time. Such logistics hubs have the capability to hold crucial humanitarian goods such as food, purification equipment, temporary shelters and medical provisions.2. Enhancing Civil–Military Coordination MechanismsThe military and civilian agencies should have coordination in responding to any disaster. Consequently, it is advised that the coordination systems between the DMC, local governments, the humanitarian groups and the armed forces should be strengthened even further. The creation of a combined chain of command and operational guidelines shall guarantee effective cooperation of the operation in the event of emergencies.3. Conducting Joint Disaster Response Training and ExercisesJoint training and simulation exercises need to be carried out regularly to enhance disaster response operations preparation. The exercises are supposed to include military officials, disaster management officials, police, health services and community officials. The training of emergencies like floods, landslide rescue and humanitarian relief distribution can be useful in enhancing operational coordination and decision-making in actual emergencies.4. Integrating Advanced Technology in Disaster LogisticsDisaster logistics can be greatly improved with the help of modern technologies integration. The disaster monitoring, assessment of damages and coordination of relief could be enhanced with the help of tools like GIS, satellite communication systems and drone usage. These technologies will make it possible to have real-time situational awareness to enable decision-makers to allocate resources more efficiently. Another way of enhancing the monitoring and delivery of humanitarian resources is through the introduction of a digital logistics management system.5. Improving Transportation and Accessibility in Disaster-Prone AreasIt is essential to have efficient transport systems to respond to disasters fast. It is suggested that development plans in national infrastructures should focus on road, rail and air transport in disaster- prone areas. Better transport systems will bring the quick delivery of the army and aid materials to the victims.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202685Furthermore, the provision of military transport equipment including helicopters, amphibious vehicles and engineering equipment will also be enhanced to support humanitarian operations.6. Strengthening Community Engagement and Disaster PreparednessPreparedness and community awareness play a major role in efficient disaster management. Community education on disaster preparedness, evacuation and response to disasters should be undertaken by the armed forces in coordination with the government agencies. Community response teams and training of local volunteers will aid the communities to be more responsive in case of disasters. A good community response is able to minimize casualties, enhance coordination with the military responders and create national resilience to future disasters.ConclusionNaturally occurring disasters present a vulnerability to Sri Lanka and the country needs a well- organized and well-coordinated disaster response system that would deliver humanitarian aid to the affected areas in a prompt and effective manner. This paper has explored how military logistics can be used to enhance the disaster response and humanitarian relief efforts in Sri Lanka. The discussion shows that military logistics offers tremendous benefits in the case of a disaster as it can mobilize and organize itself fast, with a well-organized command, transportation resources and engineering experience.Nevertheless, there are still several issues in the area of enhancing the efficiency of disaster response. These are the infrastructure constraints, a lack of civil-military communication, as well as the necessity of a better logistics organization and technological incorporation. To resolve these issues, there is a need to have a national plan that combines both military solutions and civilian disaster management intervention.To enhance the response to disasters in Sri Lanka there are several measures that should be taken into consideration. To improve operational readiness, the improvement of logistic infrastructure, including regional disaster response centers, emergency supply warehouses and transportation networks, will help. The commitment to enhancing the civil-military coordination structures will guarantee a more effective cooperation between governmental structures and humanitarian institutions.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202686AcknowledgementThe author would express sincere gratitude to the faculty members of the Army School of Logistics, Sri Lanka, who have guided, encouraged and provided academic support to me throughout the period of preparing this study. The author also mentions the useful input of the research, scholars and institutions whose works brought valuable insights on disaster management, military logistics and humanitarian actions.REFERENCESDisaster Management Centre (DMC). (2022). National Disaster Management Plan. Colombo: Government of Sri Lanka. Fernando, R. (2021). Military Support in Disaster Relief Operations. Colombo: Defence Studies Institute.Gunawardena, S. (2020). Civil-Military Cooperation in Disaster Response in Sri Lanka. Journal of Security Studies, 14(2), pp. 45–60. Ministry of Defence. (2022). Role of Armed Forces in National Disaster Management. Colombo: Government Publications.Perera, L. (2019). Logistics and Emergency Response Management in South Asia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Management, 8(1), pp. 67–82.United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). (2021). Humanitarian Logistics and Disaster Response. Geneva: United Nations.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202687SUB THEME 02Integrating Green Transformation and Sustainability into End-to-End Logistics Systems

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202688INTENTIONALLY KEPT BLANK

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202689SUSTAINABLE END-TO-END LOGISTICS:HOW SRI LANKA CAN LEAD THE GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN INNOVATION IN SOUTH ASIAA Strategic Framework for Carbon-Neutral Logistics Transformation under Clean Logistics 2030Commander (S) LD SerasingheSri Lanka NavyAbstractThe global logistics sector accounts for approximately 11% of total greenhouse gas emissions, and South Asia’s rapidly expanding supply chains are among the fastest-growing contributors to this burden. Sri Lanka, a nation of strategic maritime significance at the crossroads of global trade routes, faces a defining choice: whether to continue on a carbon-intensive path that undermines both its economic competitiveness and its environmental commitments, or seize the opportunity to become South Asia’s first green logistics leader. This article proposes a comprehensive Green E2E Logistics Transformation Framework encompassing three strategic pillars, namely Decarbonize, Digitalize, and Decentralize, grounded in a rigorous assessment of Sri Lanka’s current green logistics readiness relative to South Asian peers and the Singapore benchmark. A phased 2026–2030 roadmap requiring USD 62 million is projected to deliver USD 130 million in cumulative economic and environmental benefit, alongside a 55% reduction in logistics-related carbon emissions by 2030.Keywords: Military Logistics, Disaster Response, Humanitarian Assistance, Sri Lanka Armed Forces.Keywords: Green Logistics, Sustainable Supply Chains, Carbon Neutrality, South Asia, Sri Lanka Clean Logistics 2030, Electric Vehicles, Circular Economy, Green ProcurementIntroduction1. The Sustainability ImperativeThe global supply chains are at an environmental inflection point. The logistics sector, encompassing freight transport, warehousing, port operations, and last-mile delivery, contributes an estimated 3.5 billion tons of CO₂ annually, representing 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions (ITF, 2023). In South Asia, where economic growth continues to fuel rapid supply chain expansion, this figure is growing at nearly twice the global average. For Sri Lanka, the stakes are acutely personal: as a small island nation on the frontlines of climate change, the country is simultaneously one of the most significant contributors to maritime logistics emissions in the Indian Ocean and one of the most vulnerable to the consequences of unchecked global warming.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202690This is not a peripheral environmental aspiration. It is a core economic strategy: greener logistics means lower fuel costs, greater energy security, stronger export market access, and an enhanced national reputation as a responsible trading partner. Sri Lanka’s ambition to become the logistics hub of the Indian Ocean cannot be realized on a carbonintensive foundation.2. Sri Lanka’s Green Logistics OpportunitySri Lanka enters this transformation from a position of relative disadvantage but extraordinary opportunity. Its current green logistics readiness score of 2.8 out of 10 places it below every major South Asian economy except Pakistan. Yet this severe gap represents the scale of the prize: countries that have made decisive early investments in green logistics infrastructure, such as Singapore, the Netherlands, and Japan, now enjoy structural competitive advantages that compound year on year. Sri Lanka has the institutional framework, the geographic positioning, and the Clean Logistics 2030 mandate. Therefore, the political will to accelerate this journey faster than any of its regional peers.3. Scope and StructureThis paper proceeds in five parts: a comparative assessment of South Asia’s green logistics landscape; an analysis of Sri Lanka’s specific green readiness gaps across six domains; the proposed Green E2E Transformation Framework; a phased implementation roadmap with investment analysis; and six targeted policy recommendations. Throughout, Singapore serves as the aspirational benchmark not because Sri Lanka should replicate its model wholesale, but because it represents what sustained political commitment to green logistics leadership can achieve within a single generation.The South Asia Green Logistics Landscape1. A Region at a Carbon CrossroadsSouth Asia presents an inconsistency at the point of development and sustainability. Home to over 1.9 billion people and some of the world’s fastest-growing economies, the region’s logistics networks are expanding at unprecedented speed, yet they remain among the most carbon-intensive on earth. India, the region’s dominant logistics market, emits an estimated 82 grams of CO₂ per ton-kilometer of freight movement, more than four times Singapore’s benchmark of 18 grams. Bangladesh’s figure stands at 91 grams, Pakistan’s at 95. Sri Lanka, at 68 grams, performs relatively better than its continental neighbors, whereas it’s reflect of its smaller industrial base and lower heavy freight volumes; nevertheless still sits at nearly four times the Singapore standard.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202691Figure 1 presents a comparative overview of green logistics readiness, carbon intensity, and electric vehicle fleet adoption across the region. The picture is clear: South Asia as a whole faces a green logistics deficit of historic proportions, and the country that moves decisively to close this gap first will define the regional standard for a generation.2. Why Sri Lanka Is Uniquely Positioned to LeadThree structural advantages distinguish Sri Lanka from its South Asian peers in the green logistics race. First, its compact geography, a total land area of just 65,610 km², means that the investment required to electrify the national freight fleet and retrofit logistics infrastructure is a fraction of what India or Bangladesh would require for equivalent coverage. Second, Sri Lanka’s strategic maritime position at the center of Indian Ocean trade routes means that green certification of its port and logistics operations commands a premium in international trade agreements, ESG-linked financing, and shipping partnership negotiations. Third, the Clean Logistics 2030 framework provides a nationally mandated governance structure that most regional competitors lack giving Sri Lanka an institutional head start that political will alone cannot replicate overnight.Sri Lanka’s Green Logistics Readiness Assessment1. A Six-Domain Benchmarking AnalysisSri Lanka’s green logistics capability was assessed across six domains, benchmarked against Singapore as the global best practice standard and India as the regional comparator. The radar analysis in Figure 2 reveals a consistent, sobering pattern: Sri Lanka scores between 2.1 and 3.5 out of 10 across all six domains. a mean readiness deficit of 7.1 out of 10 that mirrors, with striking precision, the digital readiness gap as well.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202692Therefore, Green transformation and digital transformation are not separate agendas; they are two faces of the same systemic challenge.2. Gap Analysis by Domain

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202693The Green E2e Logistics Transformation Framework1. Three Strategic PillarsThe Green E2E Logistics Transformation Framework proposed in this paper is built around three mutually reinforcing strategic pillars: Decarbonise, Digitalise, and Decentralise. Each pillar addresses a distinct dimension of the green logistics challenge; together, they constitute a systemic transformation of Sri Lanka’s end-to-end supply chain from carbon-intensive and analogue-dependent to clean, connected, and resilient. Critically, this framework does not stand in isolation; it is designed as the green complement to the Digital E2E Integration Framework presented in Session 1, with both frameworks governed by the overarching Clean Logistics 2030 mandate.2. Pillar One — Decarbonise: Eliminating Carbon at the SourceDecarbonisation targets the direct emissions embedded in logistics operations, the fuel burned in trucks, the energy consumed in warehouses, the carbon released in port operations. Sri Lanka’s logistics sector currently contributes an estimated 36% of national transport emissions, driven overwhelmingly by a diesel-dependent freight fleet that has seen minimal investment in electrification or alternative fuels. The Decarbonise pillar advances three interlocking interventions.a. Fleet Electrification: A mandatory transition programme, beginning with government and Armed Forces logistics fleets by 2027, provides the critical mass of early adoption needed to justify national charging infrastructure investment. Private freight operators are incentivised through concessionary EV import duties, green logistics certification premiums, and preferential access to government supply contracts.b. Green Port Operations: The Colombo Port, Sri Lanka’s primary gateway for the 70% of its trade that moves by sea, is targeted for a comprehensive green retrofit programme. Shore power systems eliminate vessel auxiliary engine emissions during port calls; solar canopies over container yards generate renewable energy; and a Port Carbon Dashboard provides real-time emissions visibility to shipping lines, positioning Colombo as the preferred call port for ESG-compliant carriers.c. Renewable Energy Integration: All major logistics hubs, warehouses, and distribution centres are required to achieve a minimum 60% renewable energy mix by 2030. Rooftop solar installation programmes, supported by governmentbacked green bonds, accelerate the transition beyond what market forces alone would deliver.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026943. Pillar Two — Digitalize: Making Green MeasurableA green logistics system that cannot measure itself cannot improve itself. The Digitalize pillar integrates carbon accounting, supply chain visibility, and environmental performance management into a unified National Green Logistics Intelligence Platform. Every logistics operator above a minimum threshold is required to report emissions data through this platform, using standardized GHG Protocol methodologies. AI-powered analytics identify the highest-impact decarbonization opportunities in real time, while blockchain-enabled green certification provides tamper-proof documentation for export markets and ESG-linked financing.The strategic value of this pillar extends beyond environmental compliance. Countries with robust logistics carbon data attract green trade finance at rates 1.5–2.5 percentage points lower than those without such data (World Bank, 2024). For a country with Sri Lanka’s debt profile, the financing benefit alone makes the digital investment case compelling.4. Pillar Three — Decentralise: Resilient, Local, CleanThe Decentralise pillar addresses a structural vulnerability that both the 2022 Economic Crisis and the 2025 Cyclone Ditwah exposed with devastating clarity: Sri Lanka’s logistics system is dangerously over-centralized around Colombo. When the capital’s supply chains are disrupted, whether by economic shock, natural disaster, or port congestion, the entire national logistics network falters. Decentralization, powered by distributed renewable energy microgrids, regional green logistics hubs, and droneenabled last-mile delivery networks, simultaneously reduces carbon emissions (by shortening supply chain distances) and builds national resilience (by eliminating single points of failure).This pillar connects the Green Transformation agenda directly to the humanitarian logistics mission as well: a decentralized green logistics network, powered by renewables and enabled by drone logistics, is both a sustainability asset and a disaster resilience asset. The investment serves both agendas simultaneously, maximizing the return on every rupee spent.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202695Implementation Roadmap And Investment Analysis1. A Three-Phase Green Transitiona. Phase 1 — Foundation (2026–2027):b. Phase 2 — Integration (2027–2028):

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202696c. Phase 3 — Leadership (2028–2030):

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026972. The Investment and Environmental ReturnThe total investment of USD 62 million over five years is projected to generate USD 130 million in cumulative economic benefit by 2030 through fuel cost savings (USD 38 million), green trade financing access (USD 32 million), export market premium access (USD 35 million), and disasterresilience value (USD 25 million). The environmental return is equally compelling: a 55% reduction in logistics-related carbon emissions by 2030, positioning Sri Lanka to meet and exceed its Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement. Figure 3 illustrates both the financial and carbon trajectories.Policy RecommendationsSix evidence-based policy recommendations are proposed, each sequenced by implementation priority, assigned to a lead agency, and calibrated to deliver maximum impact within the Clean Logistics 2030 mandate.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202698ConclusionSri Lanka does not need to choose between economic growth and environmental responsibility. The evidence assembled in this paper demonstrates that green logistics is the growth strategy for a cleaner, more efficient, and more resilient supply chain, which is also a more competitive one. The country’s current green logistics readiness score of 2.8 out of 10 is not a ceiling. It is a starting point. And the gap between that starting point and the Singapore benchmark of 8.9 is not an indictment; it is the precise measure of the opportunity that awaits.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 202699ConclusionSri Lanka does not need to choose between economic growth and environmental responsibility. The evidence assembled in this paper demonstrates that green logistics is the growth strategy for a cleaner, more efficient, and more resilient supply chain, which is also a more competitive one. The country’s current green logistics readiness score of 2.8 out of 10 is not a ceiling. It is a starting point. And the gap between that starting point and the Singapore benchmark of 8.9 is not an indictment; it is the precise measure of the opportunity that awaits.The Green E2E Logistics Transformation Framework proposed in this paper provides a clear, sequenced, and fully costed pathway from where Sri Lanka is to where it must go. An investment of USD 62 million over five years, less than the cost of a single modern naval vessel, is projected to generate USD 130 million in cumulative national benefit and a 55% reduction in logistics-related carbon emissions by 2030. These are not aspirational targets. They are conservative estimates grounded in the documented outcomes of analogous green logistics programmes in Singapore, the Netherlands, and Japan.The Green Transformation Framework of this paper constitutes the two essential pillars of Clean Logistics 2030. Neither is sufficient alone. Digital integration without green transformation builds a faster, more efficient system that still poisons the environment it serves. Green transformation without digital integration builds a cleaner system that remains blind, slow, and unaccountable. Together, they build something that South Asia has never seen: a logistics system that is simultaneously fast, clean, accountable, and resilient, worthy of a nation that genuinely aspires to a Thriving Nation, A Beautiful LifeThe window to lead is open. It will not remain open indefinitely. India, Bangladesh, and regional competitors are beginning to invest in green logistics infrastructure. The country that moves with conviction and speed now will set the standard that all others must follow. Sri Lanka has every advantage it needs. The only question is whether it will act.REFERENCESAsian Development Bank (2023) Sustainable Transport and Logistics in South Asia: Regional Assessment and Pathways. Manila: ADB.Ćirović, G. et al. (2023) Green logistics in developing economies: barriers, drivers, and implementation frameworks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 385, 135621.GHG Protocol (2023) Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026100Global Logistics Emissions Council (GLEC) (2023) GLEC Framework for Logistics Emissions Methodologies. Smart Freight Centre.International Transport Forum (ITF) (2023) Transport Climate Action Directory: Decarbonising Freight. Paris: OECD/ITF.Jayasooriya, S. and Pathirana, N. (2024) Green supply chain readiness in South Asian emerging economies. Asian Journal of Sustainability, 12(2), pp.44–61.Ministry of Transport, Sri Lanka (2023) National Transport Policy and Clean Logistics 2030 Strategic Framework. Colombo: Government of Sri Lanka.Rodrigue, J.P. (2020) The Geography of Transport Systems. 5th edn. New York: Routledge.Seuring, S. and Müller, M. (2008) From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(15), pp.1699–1710.Singapore Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (2023) Singapore Green Plan 2030: Sustainable Logistics Chapter. Singapore: MSE.Ülkü, M.A. and Engau, A. (2024) Leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies for sustainable humanitarian supply chains. Sustainability, 16(3), 1321.UNCTAD (2023) Review of Maritime Transport 2023: Decarbonisation and Competitiveness. Geneva: United Nations.World Bank (2024) Logistics Performance Index 2024: Green Logistics and Trade Competitiveness. Washington DC: World Bank Group.World Economic Forum (2023) Net-Zero Industry Tracker: Logistics and Supply Chain Emissions. Geneva: WEF.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026101EXPLORING GREEN LOGISTICS PRACTICES (GLPS) TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SRI LANKAN LOGISTICS SECTORMrs. Kalani MadhuwanthiDepartment of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, University of Sri JayewardenepuraAbstractWith the increasing global emphasis on sustainable development, logistics companies are under growing pressure to integrate environmentally and socially responsible practices into their operations. This study explores the adoption of Green Logistics Practices (GLPs) within the Sri Lankan logistics sector and examines how these practices contribute to organisational sustainability. A qualitative research approach was adopted, and data were generated through semi-structured in-depth interviews with seven logistics companies representing small, medium, and large-scale operations. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that logistics firms in Sri Lanka are increasingly adopting environmental sustainability practices such as route optimisation, renewable energy utilisation, energy-efficient warehouse operations, rainwater harvesting, green packaging, waste management, and digitalisation to minimise their ecological footprint. In addition, organisations demonstrate a strong focus on social sustainability through employee health and safety initiatives, grievance handling systems, ethical labour practices, and safety monitoring mechanisms. These practices collectively contribute to improving operational efficiency while balancing environmental and social objectives. The study contributes to the limited empirical literature on green logistics in developing country contexts by providing insights into how sustainability is operationalised in practice. The findings also offer practical implications for managers and policymakers to promote the adoption of sustainable logistics practices in the sector.Keywords: Logistics sector, Green logistics and sustainable logistics practicesIntroduction1. The Sustainability ImperativeWith the rapid development of the global economy, reducing harmful environmental impacts has become one of the most pressing challenges (Garg, 2023; Vienažindien et al., 2021; Zhang, 2022). Business organisations are increasingly under pressure to adopt sustainable development practices in their operations (Abreu et al., 2015; Jayarathna et al., 2022; Utting, 2000), particularly as countries strive to achieve sustainable development goals. Within supply chain management, logistics plays a central role in driving economic activity while simultaneously consuming substantial resources and contributing to environmental degradation (Jayarathna et al., 2022; Khan et al.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 20261022018; Vienažindien et al., 202; Yu & Tain, 2021). Consequently, logistics operations are expected to integrate sustainable practices that generate economic, environmental, and social value. In practice, such efforts are reflected through Green Logistics Practices (GLPs) (Vienažindien et al., 2021;Yu & Tain, 2021).Existing literature conceptualises GLPs as a broad set of practices, including green transportation, eco-friendly packaging, sustainable waste management, employee health and safety, ethical labour practices, and community engagement (Jayarathna et al., 2022; Vienažindien et al., 2021; Tetteh et al., 2025). These practices are widely recognised as critical mechanisms to address global challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution, and resource depletion. Prior studies further suggest that GLPs enable organisations to achieve a balance between environmental protection, economic performance, and social responsibility, thereby contributing to long-term sustainability. As a result, GLPs have become a key area of interest in both academic research and industry practice (Nikseresht et al., 2024; Jazairy et al., 2025).However, despite this growing body of knowledge, the implementation of GLPs remains uneven and insufficiently understood (Nikseresht et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2020). Much of the existing literature adopts a normative perspective, emphasising what organisations should do, rather than examining what they actually do in practice—particularly in developing country contexts (Reed, 2002; Jamali & Karam, 2008). This limitation becomes more pronounced in today’s BANI (Brittle, Anxious, Non-linear, and Incomprehensible) environment, where uncertainty and complexity make the adoption of sustainability practices increasingly challenging (Bushuyev, 2025). In such contexts, organisations may selectively adopt, adapt, or even symbolically implement GLPs, leading to a potential gap between espoused sustainability commitments and actual operational practices. Despite these realities, there remains limited empirical insight into how logistics firms in countries like Sri Lanka operationalise sustainability in their dayto-day activities (Rathnayake, 2025; De Silva et al., 2026). To address this gap, this study attempts to explore how the logistics sector incorporates sustainability practices in the Sri Lankan context.Research QuestionsWhat sustainability practices are adopted by the logistics sector in Sri Lanka?How do these practices contribute to transforming the logistics sector towards sustainability?

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026103Literature Review1. Sustainable or Green Logistics PracticesAs the logistics sector is one of the major sectors that contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel emissions, environmental pollution, air pollution, and resource depletion, logistics companies are under pressure to practise sustainable logistics practices (Jayarathna et al., 2022). Green logistics refers to “the fact that by realising the purification of the logistics environment and maximising the utilisation of logistics resources, the logistics process is suppressed to avoid any harm to the environment” (Huang et al., 2024, p. 1). Though at the beginning green logistics prioritised the environmental dimension, later definitions of green logistics also highlighted the management of three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. Sustainable or Green Logistics Practices are defined as “supply chain management practices and strategies that reduce the ecological and energy footprints of the distribution of goods, which focus on material handling, waste management, packaging, and transport” (Seroka-Stolka & Ociepa-Kubicka, 2019, p. 472).

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026104

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026105Table 1 depicts what practices are identified in the existing literature as green or sustainable logistics practices. Further, it shows how these GLPs enable the balance of the three pillars of sustainable development: people, planet, and profit. By implementing GLPs, logistics companies can enhance economic performance; for example, ecodriving and the use of alternative energy result in long-run cost savings for companies (Sureeyatanapas et al., 2018). Furthermore, these practices attract more customers to organisations and contribute to expanding the size of the market (Vachon & Klassen, 2008; Agyabeng Mensah et al., 2020). That also helps to improve financial performance.Not only that, but also GLPs such as health and safety assurance, employee wellbeing and welfare programmes, training and development, and working conditions help to assure the social dimension (Padilla-Rivera et al., 2020; Kumar & Anbanandam, 2020; Piecyk & Björklund, 2015; Jayarathna et al., 2022). In the case of the environmental dimension of sustainable development, these practices help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce the carbon footprint, minimise environmental pollution, protect biodiversity, and reduce air pollution (Patra, 2018; Vienažindien et al., 2021). The next section of this paper presents the methodology of this study.Research MethodologyMethodology refers to the systematic way of addressing the identified issue of the study. This study adopted a qualitative research approach to explore the phenomenon under study, as qualitative research works in practice to explore the social world (Mason, 2002). In order to generate data, this study used semi-structured in-depth interviews. To successfully carry out the empirical part of the research design, data were gathered from seven logistics sector companies, and participants were selected purposively to explore the identified research problem. Relevant personnel within the criteria were contacted via telephone, and their consent was obtained to participate in the interviews.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026106All the interviews were scheduled during the daytime via Zoom platforms, using language familiar to the participants, both English and Sinhala. After obtaining prior consent, all the interviews were recorded. Thereafter, all the recorded interviews were transcribed into English. Next, the translated transcripts were read to check the accuracy of the content. Then, the interviews were reread in a “literal and reflective manner” (Mason, 2002) in order to identify themes for data analysis. Thereafter, the themes were identified. Themes capture something important about the data in relation to the research question and represent some level of patterned response or meaning within the dataset (Braun and Clarke, 2006). Thematic analysis is a widely used method in qualitative research. Braun and Clarke (2006) describe thematic analysis as a method used for identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns or themes within data.Data Analysis and DiscussionThis section of the study presents data analysis and discussion based on the identified themes in order to explore the research question of the study.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026107Environmental Protection Most respondents identified environmental protection practices as integral components of green logistics practices within their organisations. Route optimisation emerged as one of the most widely adopted practices. Almost all organisations emphasised this, as transportation is associated with high operational costs, fuel consumption, carbon emissions, and air pollution. For example, A stated that “we as a company are constantly looking for the opportunity for route maximisation as well as optimum usage of vehicle space. We analysed received orders and the location of the customers, based on which we arranged the vehicle route in order to save fuel consumption and emissions.”Similarly, D highlighted that “we are in the process of reducing our carbon footprint. We have the transport fleet. So, they have given a target to reduce the implementation of back-hauling systems. When cargo is transported from one location to another, such as Colombo to Kandy, many vehicles return empty. Therefore, our management has instructed the transport team to utilise return trips for cargo transport. At least 2% of the total running kilometres must involve backhauling, which generates additional revenue and reduces the carbon footprint.”In the same manner, B explained their approach to route optimisation: “customers are widely spread geographically. Once we receive the order, deliveries are dispatched directly to the customer’s doorstep. Before that, we prepare a geographical plan, and based on this plan, vehicles are scheduled efficiently to optimise delivery routes and capacity.” These responses indicate that Sri Lankan logistics companies actively practise route optimisation to reduce their ecological footprint.In addition to transportation efficiency, organisations also adopt energy-saving initiatives within warehouse operations. D mentioned that “…we use translucent sheets in warehouses to allow natural light during the day, thereby reducing the need for artificial lighting. This reduces electricity consumption, except during bad weather conditions.” This practice contributes to both sustainable energy use and cost savings. Similarly, C highlighted the use of LED lighting: “we use LED bulbs throughout our warehouse. Our warehouse spans approximately 550,000 square feet, with more than 5,000 lights, all of which are LED bulbs.”Furthermore, E described their transition towards renewable energy: “we have successfully generated more electricity than we consume through solar power. Currently, we generate 1.7 megawatts, and we plan to expand this by an additional 2.8 megawatts, bringing the total to 4.5 megawatts in the future.” This demonstrates a strategic shift towards sustainable energy utilisation within warehouse operations.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026108At the operational level, small-scale initiatives also contribute to sustainability. G explained a team-based initiative: “we assign projects to team members who evaluate energy consumption, identify gaps, and monitor monthly electricity and water usage. These figures are reviewed regularly. Although these are small initiatives, their cumulative contribution to sustainability is significant when considered annually.”In terms of material handling, E noted that “we use battery-powered equipment such as forklifts, reach trucks, and pallet trucks. Diesel-powered equipment is not used inside the warehouse.” Such practices reduce emissions and support energy efficiency. These initiatives collectively contribute to achieving sustainable development goals and support the transition towards a circular economy (Morseletto, 2020).Rainwater harvesting is another environmental practice adopted by logistics companies. This contributes to biodiversity conservation and reduces environmental impact (Brown et al., 2018). One respondent explained: “…we have a rainwater harvesting system with a tank capacity of 50 cubic metres. The harvested water is mainly used for gardening and landscaping purposes, as it is not used for drinking or sanitation due to audit requirements.”Green packaging is also widely practised as part of sustainable logistics. B stated that “we have eliminated the use of polythene materials as much as possible. Although polythene is still used in packaging and repackaging, its usage has been minimised, and the materials used are recyclable.” Additionally, C described waste management and digitalisation initiatives: “We have established a system for segregating waste materials such as cardboard, polythene, and paper. Some materials are reused while others are recycled. We are also working to eliminate paper usage by introducing digital solutions. Although we cannot eliminate paper completely due to the requirement of hard-copy delivery notes, we have significantly reduced its usage.”D further elaborated on digital transformation within warehouse operations: “previously, we relied heavily on printed documents, using up to 20–25 pages for packing lists. We have now implemented a warehouse management system and scanning mechanisms, which allow us to track cargo digitally and reduce paper usage significantly.”Overall, practices such as route optimisation, renewable energy adoption, energy-efficient warehouse operations, rainwater harvesting, waste management, green packaging, and digitalisation collectively demonstrate how logistics companies in Sri Lanka are integrating environmental sustainability into their operations. These practices contribute to balancing the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sustainable development (Jayarathna et al., 2022) and support organisations in becoming more responsible and sustainable entities.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026109Ensure Social Well-beingAs responsible businesses, organisations need to focus on ensuring social wellbeing rather than solely generating profit. Nowadays, logistics companies are increasingly mindful of this aspect as well. C mentioned that “we have a target to achieve: zero accident hours.” This indicates that employee health and safety has become a top priority within organisations.Further, D stated that “we have ensured a safe work environment in our operations and warehouses. There are many actions that we have implemented. For instance, during meetings, a safety post is conducted for two to three minutes at the beginning of each meeting.” This reflects the integration of safety awareness into daily organisational practices.Similarly, B mentioned that “we have a proper grievance handling system, and as a company, we practise fair and ethical labour practices.” In the same way, E highlighted that they “monitor safety behaviour, and if someone violates the established rules and regulations, such incidents are recorded and monitored. We call this Safety Behaviour Observations (SBO), and we identify hazardous areas and take necessary corrective actions.”These responses indicate that logistics companies are actively implementing structured systems to ensure workplace safety, ethical labour practices, and employee wellbeing. The physical and mental health of employees is vital in enhancing organisational efficiency and productivity. This, in turn, leads to economic benefits (WHO, 2004) as well as the enhancement of social capital (WHO, 2004; Jayarathna et al., 2022). Overall, these practices contribute to the social dimension of sustainability and support broader social development within the logistics sector.ConclusionThis study explored the adoption of Green Logistics Practices within the Sri Lankan logistics sector, highlighting how organisations integrate environmental and social sustainability into their operations. The findings indicate that logistics firms are increasingly adopting environmentally responsible practices such as route optimisation, renewable energy usage, waste management, rainwater harvesting, green packaging, and digitalisation to minimise their ecological footprint. At the same time, there is a growing emphasis on social sustainability through employee health and safety, ethical labour practices, grievance handling mechanisms, and workplace well-being initiatives.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026110From a theoretical perspective, this study contributes to the limited body of knowledge on sustainable logistics in developing country contexts by providing empirical insights into how green logistics practices are operationalised in practice. From a practical standpoint, the findings offer valuable implications for logistics managers and policymakers in designing and implementing strategies that encourage the wider adoption of sustainable practices within the sector, thereby supporting the transition towards more environmentally and socially responsible logistics operations.REFERENCESJayarathna, C. P., Agdas, D., & Dawes, L. (2022). Exploring sustainable logistics practices toward a circular economy: A value creation perspective. Business Strategy and the Environment, 32(1), 704–720. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3170Jazairy, A., Pohjosenperä, T., Prataviera, L. B., & Juntunen, J. (2025). Innovators and transformers: Revisiting the gap between academia and practice: insights from the green logistics phenomenon. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 55(4), 341-360.Khan, S. A. R., Zhang, Y., Anees, M., Golpîra, H., Lahmar, A., & Qianli, D. (2018). Green supply chain management, economic growth and environment: A GMM based evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 185, 588-599.Kumar, A., & Anbanandam, R. (2020). Assessment of environmental and social sustainability performance of the freight transportation industry: An index-based approach. Transport Policy. In Press. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.01.006Morseletto, P. (2020). Restorative and regenerative: Exploring the con cepts in the circular economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 24(4), 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12987Nikseresht, A., Golmohammadi, D., & Zandieh, M. (2024). Sustainable green logistics and remanufacturing: a bibliometric analysis and future research directions. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 35(3), 755-803.Padilla-Rivera, A., Russo-Garrido, S., & Merveille, N. (2020). Addressing the social aspects of a circular economy: A systematic literature review. Sustainability: Science Practice and Policy, 12(19), 7912. https://doi. org/10.3390/su12197912Patra, P.K. Green Logistics: Eco-Friendly Measure In Supply-Chain. Manag. Insight 2018, 14, 785. [CrossRef]

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026111Rathnayake, R. M. N. S. (2025). of the thesis.Reed, D. (2002). Employing normative stakeholder theory in developing countries: A critical theory perspective. Business & Society, 41(2), 166-207.Seroka-Stolka, O.; Ociepa-Kubicka, A. Green logistics and circular economy. Transp. Res. Procedia 2019, 39, 471–479. [CrossRef] Sureeyatanapas, P.; Poophiukhok, P.; Pathumnakul, S. Green initiatives for logistics service providers: An investigation of antecedent factors and the contributions to corporate goals. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 191, 1–14. [CrossRef]Tetteh, F. K., Kwateng, K. O., Tukue, T., & Mensah, J. (2025). Green supply chain management practices: review, framework and future research directions. Journal of Responsible Production and Consumption, 2(1), 112-150.Utting, P. (2000). Business responsibility for sustainable development (No. 2). Geneva 2000 Occasional Paper.Vachon, S., & Klassen, R. D. (2008). Environmental management and manufacturing performance: The role of collaboration in the supply chain. International Journal of Production Economics, 111(2), 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.11.030Vienažindienė, M., Tamulienė, V., & Zaleckienė, J. (2021). Green Logistics Practices Seeking Development of Sustainability: Evidence from Lithuanian Transportation and Logistics Companies. Energies, 14(22), 7500. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227500World Health Organization. (2004). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Summary report. World Health Organization.Yu, Y., Zhu, W., & Tian, Y. (2021). Green supply chain management, environmental degradation, and energy: Evidence from Asian countries. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2021(1), 5179964.Zhang, L., Xu, M., Chen, H., Li, Y., & Chen, S. (2022). Globalization, green economy and environmental challenges: state of the art review for practical implications. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 870271.Zhang, W., Zhang, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Q., & Zhang, X. (2020). What influences the effectiveness of green logistics policies? A grounded theory analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 714, 136731.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026112INTENTIONALLY KEPT BLANK

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026113GREEN LOGISTICS PRACTICES IN SRI LANKA: PATHWAYS TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BY YEAR 2030Major WGNP MadhusankeArmy School of Logistics, Sri Lanka Army AbstractLogistics plays a crucial role in national economic development, trade facilitation, and supply chain efficiency. As global trade expands and environmental concerns increase, countries must modernize their logistics systems in order to remain competitive and sustainable. The concept of Clean Logistics 2030 focuses on improving logistics performance through digital technologies, environmentally sustainable practices, and transparent supply chain governance. Sri Lanka, due to its strategic location in the Indian Ocean, has strong potential to become a major logistics hub in South Asia. However, achieving this objective requires improvements in digital infrastructure, transportation systems, and governance mechanisms.This research article examines the importance of clean logistics development in Sri Lanka by focusing on three key pillars: digital advancement, green transformation, and transparent supply chain governance. The study adopts a qualitative research approach using secondary data sources including academic literature, international organization reports, and logistics sector publications. The findings indicate that Sri Lanka faces several challenges in logistics development, including infrastructure limitations, environmental impacts from transportation, and limited adoption of digital technologies.The article further provides strategic recommendations for strengthening the logistics sector through digital transformation, sustainable transport systems, infrastructure investment, and improved governance frameworks. Implementing these strategies can support Sri Lanka’s ambition of becoming a competitive logistics hub while promoting economic resilience and environmental sustainability.IntroductionLogistics refers to the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient movement and storage of goods, services, and information from the point of origin to the point of consumption (Christopher, 2016). In the modern global economy, logistics plays an essential role in facilitating international trade and supporting economic development.role in driving economic activity while simultaneously consuming substantial resources and contributing to environmental degradation (Jayarathna et al., 2022; Khan et al.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026114Countries with well-developed logistics systems are able to transport goods quickly and efficiently, which improves productivity and competitiveness in global markets. According to Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper (2013), efficient logistics networks reduce transportation costs, improve delivery reliability, and enhance supply chain performance.Sri Lanka occupies a strategically important location in the Indian Ocean along major international shipping routes connecting Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. This geographical advantage provides significant opportunities for Sri Lanka to develop as a regional logistics and maritime hub. The Port of Colombo is already recognized as one of the busiest ports in South Asia and serves as a major transshipment hub for regional trade and despite these advantages; Sri Lanka’s logistics sector still faces several challenges. Infrastructure constraints, environmental concerns, and limited digitalization affect the efficiency of logistics operations. Many logistics processes continue to rely on manual systems, which can create delays and reduce transparency.The concept of Clean Logistics 2030 offers a strategic framework for addressing these challenges. Clean logistics emphasizes the integration of digital technologies, sustainable transportation systems, and transparent governance structures. By adopting these strategies, Sri Lanka can modernize its logistics sector while supporting sustainable economic development.This study therefore aims to examine the role of clean logistics in Sri Lanka and identify key strategies that can improve logistics efficiency, sustainability, and transparency.Literature ReviewLogistics and supply chain management literature highlights the importance of efficient logistics systems in supporting economic growth and international trade. Christopher (2016) explains that logistics ensures the right products reach the right place at the right time while minimizing costs.In recent years, sustainability has become a major focus within logistics research. Sustainable logistics aims to reduce environmental impacts while maintaining operational efficiency (Grant, Trautrims, & Wong, 2017). Environmental concerns such as carbon emissions and energy consumption have led to increased interest in green logistics practices.Green logistics includes measures such as route optimization, fuel-efficient vehicles, renewable energy use in warehouses, and sustainable packaging solutions (Dekker, Bloemhof, & Mallidis, 2012). These practices help organizations reduce environmental impact while maintaining logistics efficiency.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026115Another important development in logistics management is the digital transformation of supply chains. Digital technologies such as automation, real-time tracking systems, and data analytics have significantly improved logistics efficiency and decision-making processes (Ivanov & Dolgui, 2020).Digital logistics platforms enable companies to monitor cargo movements, optimize transportation routes, and improve supply chain coordination. Electronic documentation systems also simplify customs procedures and reduce administrative delays.Transparency and governance have also become important issues in supply chain management. Transparent supply chains enable organizations to track goods more effectively and ensure accountability among logistics stakeholders (Ketchen & Hult, 2011).The literature therefore suggests that integrating digital technologies, sustainability practices, and transparent governance is essential for building modern logistics systems.MethodologyThis study adopts a qualitative research approach to analyze the development of clean logistics systems in Sri Lanka. Qualitative research methods are appropriate for examining policy frameworks, technological developments, and management practices within the logistics sector.The research primarily relies on secondary data sources. Data were collected from academic journals, books, government publications, and reports from international organizations such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and United Nations.A literature review method was used to examine existing studies related to digital logistics, green logistics, and supply chain governance. This method helped identify key themes and trends relevant to logistics development.The study also applied thematic analysis to identify major challenges affecting the Sri Lankan logistics sector. Issues such as infrastructure limitations, environmental impacts, and digital adoption gaps were identified through the analysis of secondary sources.Additionally, international best practices from leading logistics hubs were examined to identify strategies that could be adapted to the Sri Lankan context.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026116Analysis SectionsThe analysis of Sri Lanka’s logistics sector focuses on three key pillars of the Clean Logistics 2030 framework.1. Digital Advancement in Logistics. Digital technologies play an important role in improving logistics efficiency. Automated warehouse systems, electronic documentation platforms, and cargo tracking technologies allow organizations to monitor logistics operations in real time. For Sri Lanka, adopting digital logistics platforms could significantly reduce administrative delays and improve trade facilitation.2. Green Transformation in Logistics.Environmental sustainability is another important component of modern logistics systems. Transportation activities generate large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of fossil fuels and green logistics strategies such as fuel-efficient vehicles, alternative energy sources, and route optimization technologies can reduce environmental impact while improving operational efficiency.3. Transparent Supply Chain Governance.Transparent governance systems improve accountability and coordination among logistics stakeholders. Digital technologies such as block chain and integrated logistics information systems can help improve supply chain transparency and traceability.DiscussionThe performance of national logistics systems is often measured using the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) developed by the World Bank. This index evaluates countries based on customs efficiency, infrastructure quality, international shipments, logistics competence, tracking systems, and delivery timeliness.The data shows that Sri Lanka’s logistics performance is moderate compared with leading logistics hubs. While the country benefits from a strategic geographic location, improvements in digital infrastructure and customs efficiency are necessary.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026117The Port of Colombo plays a major role in regional maritime trade and handles a significant amount of container traffic. However, continuous investments in port infrastructure and automation are necessary to maintain competitiveness.The data indicates that road transportation dominates freight movement in Sri Lanka, contributing to high levels of carbon emissions. Expanding rail freight services and promoting green transport technologies could significantly reduce environmental impacts and overall, the analysis highlights the need for improvements in digital logistics infrastructure, sustainable transportation systems, and governance frameworks.RecommendationsSeveral strategic recommendations can support the development of a modern logistics sector in Sri Lanka. First, the country should accelerate digital logistics transformation by implementing integrated logistics information systems and smart port technologies and second, policies should promote green logistics practices, including electric vehicles and renewable energy use in logistics facilities. Third, investments in transport infrastructure such as highways, rail networks, and logistics hubs should be increased. Fourth, strengthening governance and regulatory coordination will improve transparency and efficiency within logistics operations and finally, developing human capital through logistics education and training programs will help build a skilled workforce capable of managing modern logistics systems.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026118ConclusionLogistics plays a critical role in supporting economic development, international trade, and supply chain efficiency. Sri Lanka’s strategic location in the Indian Ocean provides significant opportunities for developing a competitive logistics sector.The concept of Clean Logistics 2030 offers a comprehensive framework for modernizing logistics systems through digital advancement, green transformation, and transparent governance.Although several challenges remain, strategic investments and policy reforms can significantly improve logistics performance in Sri Lanka. By adopting modern logistics technologies and sustainable practices, Sri Lanka can strengthen its position in global supply chains and achieve long- term economic development. REFERENCESAsian Development Bank (2022) Sri Lanka transport sector assessment. Manila: ADB.Bowersox, D.J., Closs, D.J. and Cooper, M.B. (2013) Supply chain logistics management. 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. Christopher, M. (2016) Logistics and supply chain management. 5th edn. London: Pearson.Dekker, R., Bloemhof, J. and Mallidis, I. (2012) ‘Operations research for green logistics’, European Journal of Operational Research, 219(3), pp. 671–679.Grant, D.B., Trautrims, A. and Wong, C.Y. (2017) Sustainable logistics and supply chain management. London: Kogan Page.Ivanov, D. and Dolgui, A. (2020) ‘Digital supply chain and Industry 4.0’, International Journal of Production Research, 58(7), pp. 2181–2191.Ketchen, D.J. and Hult, G.T.M. (2011) ‘Building theory about supply chain management’, Journal of Supply Chain Management, 47(2), pp. 12–22.McKinnon, A. (2018) Decarbonizing logistics: Distributing goods in a low carbon world. London: Kogan Page. Rodrigue, J.P. (2020) The geography of transport systems. New York: Routledge.World Bank (2023) Logistics Performance Index Report. Washington DC: World Bank. United Nations (2021) Sustainable transport and logistics report. New York: UN.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026119THE ROLE OF REVERSE LOGISTICS IN BUILDING SUSTAINABLE END TO END LOGISTICS SYSTEMLieutenant Commander (S) AAS Bhanuka Long Logistics Managment Course No.10Naval & Maritime AcademyAbstractThe current logistics landscape has made sustainability an important issue as the environmental issues and resource limits continue to grow. The traditional logistics systems are mainly geared toward forward flows of goods, that is, between the supplier and the customer, and not much attention is paid to the reverse flow of goods after consumption. Nevertheless, reverse logistics has been standing out as a major factor in the creation of sustainable end-to-end logistics systems through recovery, reuse, recycling, and proper disposal of products and materials. This paper investigates the effects of reverse logistics in enhancing environmental sustainability, economic effectiveness, and social responsibility in integrated logistics systems.The article discusses the role of reverse logistics in the reduction of waste, optimization of resources, and the creation of the circular economy practices. It also emphasizes the inclusion of the reverse logistics in the end-to-end supply chain, which is backed by digital solutions like data analytics, automation, and tracking. Moreover, the paper addresses some of the major issues such as high operation costs, inadequate infrastructure, poor awareness, and policy barriers, which are obstacles to successful implementation of reverse logistics systems.Lastly, the paper has given strategic suggestions like policy assistance, investment in technology, collaboration of stakeholders and capacity building to improve the practice of reverse logistics. Through proper incorporation of reverse logistics into end-to-end logistics, organizations will be able to attain sustainable operations, enhance their competitiveness and play a role in sustaining the world.Keywords: Reverse Logistics, Sustainability, Circular Economy, Green Logistics, Supply Chain Management IntroductionLogistics is a key factor in economic development as it guarantees efficient, timely and cost-effective movement of goods and services within the supply chains. It promotes production, trade, and consumption by linking suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and consumers in the local and foreign market.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026120The conventional logistics systems have been more concerned with forward logistics which entails product movement between the suppliers to the manufacturers and finally to the end consumers through transportation, warehousing and distribution channels. Most organizations have placed this forward flow as the primary priority because it is directly related to revenue generation and customer satisfaction. Nevertheless, as environmental concerns like global warming, resource shortage and waste disposal become more popular and as the desire to engage in sustainable development grows, the value of reverse logistics has become a major concern over the past few years as a vital addition to the conventional logistics operations.Reverse logistics is the procedure of returning products, material, and packaging to the consumption location back to the producer or stipulated facilities to be reused, recycled, remanufactured, or disposed of correctly. Product returns, repair, refurbishment, recycling and waste management are some of the activities involved in this process. It is regarded as a necessary element of sustainable supply chain management as it assists to decrease the waste production, save the natural resources, and reduce the adverse environmental impact of the logistic processes. Unlike traditional linear supply chains, which are based on the take-make-dispose model, the concept of reverse logistics promotes the shift to the model of a circular economy, in which products and materials are reused, recovered, and recycled, thus prolonging their lifecycle and decreasing the reliance on raw materials.The purpose of the paper is to consider how reverse logistics can help to develop sustainable end-to-end logistics systems, which combine forward and reverse flows of goods. It discusses the major concepts in regard to the reverse logistics, sustainability and supply chain integration and the environmental, economic and social advantages of integrating reverse logistics practices. Moreover, the research indicates the key obstacles that include high operation costs, absence of infrastructure, and low awareness to address the successful introduction of reverse logistics systems. Moreover, it focuses on the role of digital technologies, such as data analytics, automation, and tracking systems, and the essence of efficient governance and policy support in improving the efficiency and openness of reverse logistics activities. The paper, through this analysis, presents practical information, and solutions to the successful incorporation of reverse logistics in the contemporary supply chain to realize a long-term sustainability.Conceptual Framework1. Reverse LogisticsReverse logistics is a process of planning, implementing and controlling the effective flow of goods, materials and information between the point of consumption and the point of origin, or to a designated recovery facility to re-capture value or get a proper disposal. Reverse logistics is contrary to the traditional forward logistics where the emphasis is made on supplying the products to the customers.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026121It encompasses a broad spectrum of practices like product returns because of defects or surplus stock, material recycling, refurbishment and repair of used products, remanufacturing of parts and proper waste management. Such activities ensure that organizations can deal with product life cycles more effectively, and lessen environmental impact and resource use.Rogers and Tibben-Lembke (1999) define reverse logistics as the process of relocating the goods beyond their usual final destination with the aim of reclaiming value or to enable appropriate disposal. This definition points out the dual aim of reverse logistics not only in ensuring that the environment suffers less but also in ensuring that a material and product can be recovered and reused to generate economic value. Through proper implementation of reverse logistics systems, companies can minimize waste, decrease the cost of disposal and earn extra money on refurbished or recycled products. Reverse logistics is therefore important in enhancing sustainable supply chain management by balancing the environment and economic efficiency.2. Sustainability in LogisticsSustainability in logistics aims at balancing the environmental protection, economic efficiency, and social responsibility in the operations of the supply chains. It entails the implementation of practices that decrease the adverse environmental effects, including reducing the carbon emissions, minimizing the energy usage and reducing the waste production and in the process, increasing the efficiency of the operations and remaining profitable. Moreover, sustainable logistics promotes responsible business conducts that take into consideration the welfare of employees, communities and other stakeholders that are influenced by the logistics processes. This combined strategy will make sure that logistics systems are helping to develop long-term but not short-term profits.Reverse logistics is very important in ensuring that the sustainability is realized by reducing waste and encouraging the efficient utilization of resources in the lifecycle of products. Reverse logistics contributes to lowering the needs of new raw materials and reducing the quantity of waste being disposed of in landfills by allowing the recovery, reuse, recycling, and reuse of products and materials. It also contributes to the shift to more sustainable and circular models of the supply chain, where resources are used efficiently and in an environmentally responsible way.3. End–to–End Logistics SystemsEnd-to-end logistics systems combine all the activities of the supply chain in a single and harmonized process, such as procurement, transportation, warehousing, inventory, distribution, and reverses.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026122This integrated strategy will make each supply chain interrelated and enable the chain to be more coordinated, efficient, and visible of goods and information in the supply chain by starting with the sourcing of raw materials and finishing with the delivery of the goods to the end consumer. The incorporation of reverse With the combination of forward and reverse flow, end to end logistics systems can help sustainability objectives through the minimization of waste, enhanced use of resources, and responsible operations in the supply chain.Importance of reverse logistics1. Environmental Benefits.Reverse logistics has a great environmental impact since it helps to reduce environmental harm by reducing waste production and encouraging the recycling, re-use and recovery of products and materials. Reverse logistics by enabling the recycling or reuse of used or unwanted products diverts the waste out of the landfills and therefore reduces the pollution of the land and environmental risks of waste disposal. Moreover, recycling and reusing of materials will reduce the process of extracting new raw materials and hence conservation of natural resources like minerals, water and energy. Another aspect that makes reverse logistics lower carbon emissions is the decrease in the necessity of the new production processes and the optimization of the transportation with the help of the efficient system of returns. Consequently, it is crucial in enhancing environmentally sustainable logistical processes and safeguarding the natural ecosystem.2. Economics Benefits.Reverse logistics produces strong economic value to organizations through cost reduction and is able to reclaim usable materials on returned or end-of-life products. Refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling are the processes through which companies can wring value out of things that are otherwise deemed waste. This saved value can then be re-entered into the supply chain as raw materials or re-used products to be resold hence generating more sources of revenues. Moreover, the reverse logistics can decrease the total disposal expenses because less inventory is disposed of in landfills or other waste management companies. It also enhances the use of resources since the materials, components and products are utilized more effectively during their lifecycle, and this eventually improves the efficiency and profitability of the operations.3. Social Benefits.Reverse logistics encourages responsible consumption and production through fostering accountability in the whole lifecycle of the product, its disposal and recovery by organizations and consumers. It promotes sustainability in terms of behavior through the establishment of systems in which products that are used are reused, returned, or recycled rather than disposed of irresponsibly. This strategy assists in creating awareness of the environment to the stakeholders and promotes more sustainable consumption trends in the community. Moreover, the companies with efficient reverse logistics systems tend to enjoy a better corporate image as well since they are perceived to be environmentally friendly and socially aware organizations. Also, reverse logistics facilitates adherence to environmental regulations and rules, as it assists organizations to avoid legal sanctions and enhance sustainability and corporate social responsibility.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026123Integration With End-To-End LogisticsThe reverse logistics should be successfully incorporated into the end-to-end supply chain system to achieve operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness and sustainability in the long run. Instead of being viewed as a different or isolated process, reverse logistics must be part of the overall logistics network and then operating in harmony with forward logistics operations. Through this integration, there must be a close collaboration and communication among all the key stakeholders in the supply chain, suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers and end consumers. This kind of coordination is done so that the products that are returned, recyclable materials and components that can be reused are collected, processed and redirected in the supply chain in a timely and efficient way.Moreover, modern digital technologies are extremely important to the successful integration of the reverse logistics. Real-time tracking systems, RFID technology, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and data analytics are among the tools that greatly enhance visibility in the reverse flow operations. The technologies provide organizations with the opportunity to track the returned goods, evaluate the product conditions, and make a relevant decision on reuse, refurbishment or disposal. Consequently, the decisionmaking process is more precise and efficient and delays and operational inefficiencies are reduced. Finally, the combination of reverse logistics and digital systems leads to the improvement of the overall performance of the supply chain and helps to attain the sustainable logistics goals.Role Of Digital Technologies1. IoT and Tracking System. Internet of Things (IoT) and advanced tracking systems have become crucial to the contemporary reverse logistics, as they allow tracking of the returned products in real time throughout the reverse supply chain. Such technologies enable organizations to follow the location, condition and the passage of goods when they are sent back to warehouses or processing centers by customers. It enhances efficiency in the operations by eliminating delays, losses, and allowing returned items to be well managed at every point. Consequently, a company is able to make quicker and more precise decisions on how to sort, store, refurbish, or dispose of returned products.2. Data Analytics.Data analytics is a vital instrument in streamlining the reverse logistics operations by studying both past and recent data on its products returns. It assists organizations in detecting patterns and trends in customer returns, including common product defects, seasonal returns behavior or supply chain inefficiencies. Predictive analytics allow companies to estimate the volume of returns more precisely and organize their reverse logistics operations based on this estimation. This results in improved allocation of resources, lesser operational expenses and enhanced overall efficiency in the process of handling returned goods. Moreover, evidence-based information can be used to facilitate a continuous improvement in product design and supply chain performance.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 20261243. ERP Systems.Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are essential to the process of keeping reverse logistics and forward logistics operations integrated in a single platform. These systems facilitate smooth coordination among various departments like the procurement department, production department, warehousing department, distribution department, and returned products are now well coordinated to be reprocessed and reentered into the supply chain when feasible. The centralization of data offered by the ERP systems enhances transparency, minimization of effort redundancy, and decision making in the entire organization. ERP systems can enable organizations to realize high-efficiency of operations, cost savings and sustainability in the overall supply chain management by connecting reverse and forward logistics processes.Challenges In Reverse Logistics1. High-Cost.Low cost is one of the main issues in the application of the reverse logistics as the cost of delivering, handling and processing used products is high. In contrast to forward logistics, reverse flows can be less predictable and can require smaller or more fragmented amounts of shipments, which exacerbates unit transportation expenses. Also returned goods might need to be inspected, sorted, refurbished, or repackaged, which incurs additional operation costs. These expenses will deter organizations to invest fully in reverse logistics programs especially to small and medium enterprises with constrained budgets.2. Lack of Awareness.One of the major obstacles facing adoption of reverse logistics practices is the lack of awareness and understanding of its potential benefits to the economy, society, and the environment by the stakeholders. The returns management within many organizations is considered to be a costly and reactive process as opposed to being a strategic aspect of sustainable supply chain management. Reverse logistics strategies are usually underutilized because of the absence of knowledge regarding the best practices, technological solutions and possible long-term savings. It is consequently necessary to educate, train and create awareness programs to emphasize its importance and promote its use in more industries.3. Infrastructure Limitations.Another significant issue that poses challenge to reverse logistics is infrastructure constraints. Returned products should be handled effectively through proper facilities to sort, recycle, remanufacture and the safe disposal of the waste materials. Such specialized facilities are not always adequate or evenly distributed in most areas including the developing countries and thus cause inefficiencies in returns processing. The environmental and economic potential of reverse logistics cannot be met without the right infrastructure, and the organizations might not be able to sustainably manage the returned products.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 20261254. Policy Constraints.Weak regulations and inadequate government incentives may be impediments in the implementation of reverse logistics. In other situations, the policies might fail to contribute adequately to recycling, refurbishment or extended producer responsibility and the organizations have no clear guidance or incentive to adopt sustainable reverse flows. Moreover, uncertainty can be created by inconsistent implementation of the current regulations or absence of coordinated policies throughout the regions, which will decrease the investment in the reverse logistics infrastructure. Effective policies and regulatory structures are thus essential in supporting organizations to ensure that reverse logistics are incorporated in their end-to-end supply chains.Recommendations1. Policy Supports.Governments must offer robust policy support in the form of incentives, rules, and strategic models to promote the recycling of logistics practices. This can take the form of tax incentives on companies doing two-way recycling and remanufacturing, subsidies on sustainable logistics systems, and explicit instructions on waste management and product recovery systems. Besides this, policies like Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) can be put in effect, as the manufacturers will be held responsible to the full lifecycle of their products. These favorable policy environments will encourage organizations to invest in reverse logistics and make it a more central part of their supply chain processes.2. Technology Investment.Investment in contemporary digital technologies is necessary to enhance the effectiveness, transparency and reliability of reverse logistics systems. To improve the visibility and control of the returned products, the organizations are encouraged to embrace modern technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), tracking system, data analytics and integrated ERP systems. The technologies will allow real-time tracking, proper prediction of returns and effective decision making on whether to recover, recycle or dispose of the products. With the assistance of digital solutions, business organizations will be able to lower operational expenses, minimize errors, and optimize the use of resources in the context of reverse logistics.3. Capacity Building,Capacity building is one of the most important elements in the successful implementation of sustainable logistics practices. To gain the required knowledge and skills in reverse logistics, sustainability principles and digital supply chain technologies, organizations should invest in training and development programs to equip logistics professionals. This involves workshops, professional certification, as well as academic industry collaboration program. With a trained workforce, the company will be in a better position to deal with complex reverse logistics processes, implement new solutions and facilitate the shift to more sustainable supply chain systems.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 20261264. Collaborations.All stakeholders must collaborate in order to ensure the successful operation of reverse logistics. This involves collaboration among the manufacturers, suppliers, logistics service providers, government agencies and customers. Through collaboration, the stakeholders will be able to develop more effective channels of returns, share resources and come up with standard procedure of collecting, recycling and disposal of products. The robust relationships also contribute to enhancing information exchange, minimizing operational inefficiency and encouraging innovation in sustainable logistics practices. Finally, the coordinated actions enhance the overall efficiency of the reverse logistics and contribute to the development of the integrated end-to-end supply chains that are sustainable.ConclusionReverse logistics is a serious and more and more significant factor in creating end-to-end logistics which are sustainable and sustainable as it concerns the efficient management of returned, reused, recycled and end-of-life goods in the supply chain. It plays a major role in mitigating the effect of environmental degradation through minimization of waste, reduction of carbon emissions and suppression of strain on natural resources. Furthermore, reverse logistics also enhances the efficiency of the resources as a whole since the valuable materials and components can be reused and recovered, contributing to the cost-saving efforts and promoting the efficiency of the operations. It is also instrumental in spreading the principles of the circular economy, in which products and materials are reused and recycled instead of being discarded after one use.Although it has a number of operational and structural problems, the successful combination of reverse logistics and current digital technologies and supportive policy frameworks can significantly contribute to the sustainability and competitiveness of the supply chain systems. IoT, data analytics and ERP systems enhance visibility, tracking and decision-making and robust government policies and regulations promote the adoption of sustainable practices. Those organizations successfully implementing and adopting reverse logistics strategies will be more likely to succeed in the long-term operational success, enhancing their environmental performance and reinforcing their corporate reputation. On the final note, these practices are not only beneficial to the growth of the organization, but also to the realization of global sustainability objectives, as well as the creation of more resilient and responsible logistics systems.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026127REFERENCESRogers, D.S. and Tibben-Lembke, R. (1999) Going Backwards: Reverse Logistics Trends and Practices. Pittsburgh: Reverse Logistics Executive Council. Guide, V.D.R. and Van Wassenhove, L.N. (2009) ‘The evolution of closed-loop supply chain research’, Operations Research, 57(1), pp. 10–18. Srivastava, S.K. (2007) ‘Green supply chain management’, International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), pp. 53–80. Christopher, M. (2016) Logistics and Supply Chain Management. 5th ed. London: Pearson. McKinnon, A. (2018) Decarbonizing Logistics. London: Kogan Page.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026128INTENTIONALLY KEPT BLANK

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026129THE ROLE OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE LOGISTICS PERFORMANCELieutenant Commander (S) CN Wehella Long Logistics Managment Course No.10Naval & Maritime AcademyAbstractGreen Supply Chain Management (GSCM) has emerged as a critical strategic framework for organizations’ seeking to align economic objectives with environmental responsibilities. This paper investigates the role of GSCM in enhancing sustainable logistics performance, drawing on a synthesis of contemporary literature and secondary data from manufacturing and logistics-intensive industries. The study examines key GSCM dimensions including green procurement, green manufacturing, green distribution, reverse logistics, and green packaging, and evaluates their individual and collective contributions to logistics performance indicators such as cost efficiency, delivery reliability, environmental compliance, and stakeholder responsiveness. Findings reveal that organisations implementing integrated GSCM practices report measurable improvements in logistics performance across all four indicators. Furthermore, the paper identifies institutional pressures, technological enablers, and managerial commitment as significant antecedents of GSCM adoption. The study concludes with a conceptual framework and strategic recommendations for logistics managers, policymakers, and academics. Practical implications are discussed in the context of developing economies where GSCM adoption remains nascent but increasingly necessary.Keywords: Green Supply Chain Management, Sustainable Logistics, Environmental Performance, Reverse Logistics, Green ProcurementIntroductionThe global logistics industry is under unprecedented pressure to reconcile operational efficiency with environmental stewardship. Rapid industrialization, expanding global trade networks, and heightened regulatory scrutiny have collectively elevated sustainability from a peripheral concern to a strategic imperative. Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) offers a comprehensive response to this challenge by embedding environmental considerations into every node of the supply chain, from raw material sourcing to end-of-life product recovery.

Naval & Maritime Academy Logistics Conference - 2026130The concept of GSCM gained significant scholarly attention in the early 2000s, evolving from a narrow focus on pollution prevention to a broad integrative framework encompassing environmental design, cleaner production, sustainable procurement, and closed-loop logistics. Organizations that successfully integrate GSCM practices are reported to achieve dual benefits: a reduction in environmental impact and concurrent improvements in operational and financial performance.Logistics performance, broadly defined as the efficiency and effectiveness with which goods and services are moved through the supply chain, is an area particularly sensitive to green interventions. Transportation accounts for approximately 24 per cent of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while warehousing, packaging, and returns management contribute additional environmental burdens. The intersection of GSCM and logistics performance is therefore a domain of considerable theoretical and practical relevance.Despite growing interest, the empirical evidence linking GSCM to sustainable logistics performance remains fragmented, particularly in the context of developing economies and sector-specific applications. This paper seeks to address this gap by synthesizing existing literature, proposing an integrative conceptual framework, and deriving actionable insights for practitioners and policymakers. The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section II reviews the relevant literature; Section III presents the conceptual framework; Section IV discusses key findings; Section V outlines strategic recommendations; and Section VI concludes the paper.Literature Review1. Conceptualization of Green Supply Chain ManagementGreen Supply Chain Management is defined as the integration of environmental thinking into supply chain management, encompassing product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, delivery of the final product to consumers, and end-of-life management of the product after its useful life (Srivastava, 2007). This holistic perspective distinguishes GSCM from earlier, narrower concepts such as green purchasing or environmental logistics by recognizing the systemic interdependencies across supply chain actors.Zhu, Sarkis, and Lai (2008) categorized GSCM practices into internal environmental management, green purchasing, cooperation with customers, eco-design, and investment recovery. Each category targets a distinct stage of the supply chain and entails specific managerial and technical interventions. The multi-dimensional nature of GSCM means that its implementation is rarely uniform and must be calibrated to the organizational context, industry norms, and regulatory environment.