Bias, Halo Effect and Horn Effect: A Systematic Literature Review

A bias is a prejudice that generally unfavorably supports or opposes one thing, person, or organization over another. Individuals, groups, and institutions can all have biases, which can have bad or good outcomes, and most of the focus surrounding the Halo and the Horn effect. The present article set out to analyze the existing literature on the bias, the Halo effect, and the Horn effect. Guided by the PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) review method, a systematic review of the Scopus databases, ERIC, JSTOR, and Emerald Insight identified 17 linked studies. Further review of these articles resulted in six main themes: Teachers and teaching, students’ tasks, Management, crime, Psychology, and raters. These six themes further produced a total of 30 sub-themes. Several recommendations are highlighted related to conducting more mixed-method studies, having a specific and standard systematic review method for guide Research Synthesis in bias, the Halo and the Horn effect, and practicing complementary searching techniques such as citation tracking, reference searching, snowballing, and contacting experts.

Keywords: Systematic Literature Review, Bias, Halo, Horn and PRISMA.