-Index cave art and, 105, 309-10 civilization collapse and, 142 components of, 294-95 for creating community, 297 definition of, 294 deities, 301-2 early evidence for, 295-96 fire and, 102 food taboos, 300 functions of, 296-301 healing and, 312 for instilling values, 298 monotheism and polytheism, 302 practitioners of, 305-6 for providing reasons, 299 for renewing faith, 298-99 resistance and, 306-9 revitalization movements, 308-9 for solving problems, 299-301 spirits of nature, 304-5 studying, 295 summary of, 314-15 supernatural beings vs. forces, 301-5 syncretism, 307-8 religious speech, 3n resource processing sites, 93 rites of passage, 297 ritual, 295. See also religious belief rock art, 93, 105, 134, 309-10 Roman Catholic Church, 166, 243-44, 306-8. See also Christianity Rosetta Stone, 138, IJ9 Sagan, Carl, 154 Sahelanthropus genus, 80 salvage ethnology, 15, 16 same-sex marriage, 244, 245. See also homosexuality Samoa, 2751 6 sanctions, 271 Sangerman, Cynthia, 249 San people, see Ju/'hoansi (San) people Sapir, Edward, 10, 198 Sapir-WhorfHypothesis, 198-99 Sasquatch (Bigfoot), 43, 45-46 scarification, 264 scavenging hypothesis, 97-98 Schreyer, Christine, 20 science, 51-53 scientific method, 52-53 semantics, 193 Service, Elman, 273 settlement patterns, 6, 130. See also foragers; horticulturalists; industrial agriculture; intensive agriculturalists; pastoralists sex definition of, 257 marriage and, 242 sexual orientation, 258, 261 Seymour, Susan, 1741 5 shamans, 306 shame cultures, 271 Shang civilization, 139, 300 Shanidar Cave, Iraq, 68 shelters, 93-94 shifting (swidden) cultivation, 223 Shoshone (Newe) people, 327-28 Shostak, Marjorie, 217 silent language, 195-97 snake handling, 299 snowball sample, 177 social and political systems, see political organization; social inequality social anthropology, see cultural anthropology social density, 216 social inequality access to water, 282-84 gender inequality, 280-81 social stratification, 278-80 social mobility, 279 social stratification, 278-80 social sustainability, 323 social systems, definition of, 6 society, 163-64. See also political organization socio-cultural anthropology, see cultural anthropology sociolinguistics, r 9 8
sodalities, 2741 5 South Africa, 74, 82, 310 South America, civilizations in, 139 space, cultural use of, 195-96 space trash, 152 spears, 103-4, ro5 special-purpose money, 232-33 species/speciation, 62-63 speech community, 201-2 spirits of nature, 304-5 Stahl, P.W., 155 states, 277-78. See also industrial agriculture Steger, Manfred, 333 Steward, Julian, 327 Stonehenge, r48, 149, r50 subcultures, 164 subsistence, 6, 144-45. See also domestication; food production; foragers; horticulturalists; industrial agriculture; intensive agriculturalists; pastoralists Sufi dancers, 298 Sumerian civilization, 133, 138, 141 supernatural, definition of, 295 supernatural beings and forces, 301-5 sustainability introduction to, 4, 317-18 anthropology and, 4, 21, 337-40 archaeology and, 150, 153 biodiversity and language, 338 concentric model of,324 cultural ecology and, 327-28 definitions of, 321-2 3 ethnoecology and, 331 globalization of food and, 333-34, 335 political ecology and, 329 population growth and, 332-33 primates and, 26, 45 summary of, 340-41 systems theory and, 328-29 three pillars model of, 323-24 Traditional Ecological Knowledge and, 329-31 tragedy of the commons and, 324-27 Swaziland, 277 swidden (shifting) cultivation, 223 symbols, 163, 189-90 syncretism, 307-8 syntax, 193 systems theory, 328-29 Tannen, Deborah, 202 taphonomy, 70 Tasmania, Australia, 206 Tattersall, Ian, 69 tattoos, 310-12 technology, 6, 102-4, 212 Teotihuacan, 278 text messaging (electronically mediated communication), 203-5 theory,52 third genders, 259-60 Tibet, 246-47 Tibetan Buddhists, 296 time, perception of, 197 Tlingit people, 247, 262 tools, see technology Topper,r2r touch, cultural use of, 196-97 tourism, 263 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), 313-14 Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), ro, 329-31. See also Indigenous peoples Traditional Use Studies (TUS), ro tragedy of the commons, 324-27 transgender people, 258 transhumance, 226 tribes, 2741 5. See also horticulturalists; pastoralists Trobriand Islanders, 223-24, 252, 253 Tsembaga Maring people, 328-29 Turkana people, IJJ, 246 Turner, Victor, 199 Tuttle, Russell, 75 two-spirit people, 259-60 UNESC0,149 Index •
• Index uniformitarianism, 57 unilineal descent, 256 unilinear theory of cultural evolution, 14, 15, 328 universe, as knowable, 51-52 Upper Palaeolithic, 96, 97, roo, 102, 103, n6 US military Human Terrain System, ro, 19, 179 Ussher,James, 57 Vanuatu, 308-9 Venus figurines, ro5, 106 violence alternatives and limits to, 287 among primates, 40-41 cannibalism, 288-89 evolutionary thoughts on, 75, 289 types of, 285-87 vocalizations, 194 voice qualities, 194 Wade, Robert, 325 Wallace, Alfred, 58-59 Wallace, Anthony F.C., 308 Wansink, Brian, 249 Wape people, 299 warfare, 285-87-See also violence Wari people, 288 water, access to, 282-84 Wendigo psychosis, 1751 6 Westermarck effect, 248 wheel, 131 Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 198 Wiber, Melanie, 107 Wiessner, Polly, 218 Wilk, Richard, 141 Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) tribe, 207 women, see gender world biocapacity, 333 World Heritage List, 149-50 Wrangham,Richard,99 writing, 133-34, 138, 203-5 Yanomamo people, 221-22, 277, 288, 306 yantra tattooing, 3n yerba mate, 326 Zhoukoudian, China, 68 Zoroastrians, 296 Zuk, Marlene, n4
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