Blue Science Portfolio

Name Rahul Iyer Period 2 Date 5/30/18
PreAP Physics – Circuit Construction Kit (DC Circuits) PhET Lab

Today, you will use the Circuit Construction Kit PhET lab to qualitatively explore series and
parallel circuits.
PreLab
Draw a simple diagram for a series and parallel circuit below using your notes/homework.

Series Circuit Parallel Circuit

Beginning Observations
1)​ ​Open the Circuit Construction Kit (DC Only) PhET simulation.
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/circuit-construction-kit-dc
What can you change about the simulation?
I can change the wires, replace the wires with various objects, and change how many light
bulbs there are

2) Build a simple circuit with a battery, wires, light bulb and voltage source. Draw it below.

PhET diagram (draw what you see on the Circuit diagram (use symbols we have

screen) learned in class)

3) What are the main differences between what you see on the screen and what you drew in
your circuit diagram?
There are symbols for the light bulb and power source in the circuit diagram that is drawn. In
the drawn circuit on the right there is no symbol to represent the flow of electrons.

4) What flows through the wires when there is a closed circuit? What on the screen represents
these?
The electrons flows through the wires and power the lightbulb. The blue dots in the simulation
diagram represent it.

Part 1 – Series Circuit
Construct a simple series circuit with the following amounts of light bulbs using the PhET
simulation. Remember in a series circuit, there is only on path for electricity to flow. Keep the
battery source the same. Draw the proper circuit diagram in your table and rank the relative
brightness in your table.

Number of Circuit Diagram Relative Brightness of
Light Bulbs bulbs (use words like
brightest, least bright, etc.)

1 The bulb in this circuit is
the most bright

2 The bulbs in this circuit is
the second brightest.

3 The bulbs in this circuit are
the least brightest

What can you conclude about what happens to the brightness of the bulbs as you add more
bulbs in series? Why do you think this is the case?
When more bulbs are added to the circuit the bulbs brightness will decrease. This is because
there is only one power source and multiple light bulbs. If the number of lightbulbs decreased
then more power could go to the remaining light bulbs which will make it brighter

Part 2 – Parallel Circuit
Construct two parallel circuits one with 2 light bulbs in parallel and one with 3 light bulbs in
parallel and rank the relative brightness of the bulbs. Remember, in a parallel circuit there are
multiple pathways for electricity to flow. Keep your battery source the same.

Number of Circuit Diagram Relative Brightness of
Light Bulbs in bulbs (use words like
brightest, least bright, etc.)
Parallel

2 Both are the same
brightness

3 Both are the same
brightness

What can you conclude about what happens to the brightness of the bulbs as you add more
bulbs in parallel? Why do you think this is the case?

The brightness of the bulbs stays the same. This is because all of the bulbs are directly
connected to the power source instead of being connected to each other.

Conclusion Q’s
1. How does the parallel circuit compare to the series circuit?
In a parallel circuit all of the bulbs are directly connected to the power source but in a series
circuit all of the bulbs are connected through the other bulbs.
2. What happens when you break a parallel circuit (try it out in the sim if you need to!)? How
would this property be useful when designing circuits?
It you break one of the wires that is connected to a bulb then that bulb will stop working because
there is no power going to it but all of the other bulbs will continue working. If you break a wire
that is connected to the battery then all of the bulbs will stop working because all of the power
was cut off. It is useful in cases where they are designing circuits where if one thing were to fail
then the other devices connected to the same circuit needs to keep on working normally.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits?
One advantage to a series circuit is that they use minimal wiring. In a parallel circuit if one bulb stops
working then the other bulbs would continue to work. This would not happen in a series circuit. A
disadvantage of a series circuit is that if more bulbs were added the the brightness would decrease.

Nikola Tesla was born on July 10th 1856. He is well known for designing the alternating current
electric system. He also created the Tesla coil which is still used today in radio technology. In
1884 Tesla came to the US to work with Thomas Edison for a short period of time. In 1895
Tesla designed one of the first AC hydroelectric power plants at Niagara Falls. In 2003 a group
of engineers created a electric car company named after tesla. The company started making
cars in 2008 and is one of the most popular vehicles today.

Name: Rahul Iyer
Class: Science 2
Teacher: Mr.Lopez
Date: 5/10/18

Investigation Title: Finding Specific Heat

I. Investigation Design
A. Problem Statement:

The specific heat of the metals is needed.

B. Hypothesis: (Hint: Something about comparing metals to water - use increase or decrease)

The specific heat of metal would be more than water because it is more heavy.

C. Independent Variable: x
Levels of IV
*What metals did you use?

Copper-34 Aluminum-34 Copper-57 Aluminum-57

D. Dependent Variable:y
Specific Heat

Specific Heat

E. Constants:

Amount of Water Temperature of Water Size of Metal

F. Control:
*What substance makes good control in many labs?

Water

G. Materials: (List with numbers)
1. Copper-34

2. Aluminum-34

3. Copper-57
4. Aluminum-57
5.

H. Procedures: (List with numbers and details)
1. Gather materials
2. Measure mass of metal on triple beam balance to nearest tenth of gram and record.
3. Fill Calorimeter Cup (Foam coffee cup) with exactly 100 grams of water.
4. Record temperature of water in calorimeter cup to nearest tenth of degree Celsius
5. Fill glass beaker halfway with hot water and submerge metal in beaker.
6. Leave metal in hot water until the temperature stops rising.
7. Record the hot water temperature after temperature stops rising. - ​Metal Initial Temp​.
8. Use tool to remove metal from hot water and carefully place into calorimeter cup and
close lid with thermometer placed in spout.
9. Record Final Temperature for Metal and Water after the water temperature stops rising.
10. Perform the calculations using the examples discussed class - Record Specific Heat for
the metal.

A. Heat Gained Water = mass of water * Change in temp of water * Specific Heat of Water

B. Heat Lost Metal = Mass of metal * Change in Temp of Metal * Specific Heat of Metal

II. Data Collection
A. Qualitative Observations: (Describe the metals using characteristics)

T

B. Quantitative Observations: (Key data)
1. Data Table

100 mg of water
2. Graph - Metal and Specific Heat
*Compare your results to Periodic Table (Think about this graph)

3. Calculations - Show examples of how you solved for specific heat (2 or 3 examples)

III. Data Analysis/Conclusions
Purpose
Hypothesis correct?
Data to support your hypothesis

IV. Research
1. How does Specific Heat relate to a real life application?
(Land/Sea Breezes, Cooking, Mercury in Thermometers?, Water in engines, think of others…)
2. Include 2 sources for evidence

Speci
fic
Heat
Data
Table

Object Mass Mass Δ Temp Δ Temp Heat Gain Heat Lost SH
Example Metal Water H20 Metal H20 Metal Metal

65 100 27-21 = 6 75-21 = 54 600 Use
600 Note

Copper-34 28.4 100 24.3-22.5 180 180 180 0.103
170 170
Aluminun-5
4 19.6 100 25.5-22

Copper-57 24.8-23.1=1.
28.6 100 7

Aluminum-
57 19.5 100 25.5-22=

28.4 100 -22.5 7.8-1.25

Thermal (Heat) Energy Project
Chapter 6 (pg. 156-180)
DUE: Friday May 16th

1. Vocabulary - Define and make note cards or quizlet

Conduction: The Heat: the state of a Insulator: a material Calorie: used to
act of conducting body perceived as of such low express the heat
having or conductivity that the output of an
generating a flow of current organism and the
relatively high through it is fuel or energy value
degree of warmth negligible of food

Convection: the Temperature: the Second Law of Turbine: any
transfer of heat by measure of the Thermodynamics: various machine
the circ ulation of warmth of coldness The branch of using a rotor
movement of the of an object or physical science
heated parts of a substance with that deals with the
liquid or gas reference to some relations between
standard value. The heat and other
temperature of two forms of energy
systems is the and, by extension
same when the of the relationships
system are in between all forms
thermal equilibrium of energy

Radiation: the Heat Engine: a Specific Heat: the Generator: a
process in which device for heat required to machine that
energy is admitted producing motive raise the converts one form
in particles or power from heat, temperature of the of electricity to the
waves such as gasoline unit mass of a other.
engines or steam given substance by
engines a given amount

First Law of Conductor: a Kinetic Energy:
Thermodynamics: substance or body energy that a body
the branch of that readily possesses by virtue
physical science conducts heat, of being in motion
that deals with the electricity, or
relations between sound.
heat and other
forms of energy

2. Provide a diagram showing molecular motion in Solids, Liquids, and gases.

*How are they different?
Solid: It has one definite shape and a definite volume
Liquid: It has a definite volume and a shape that is not definite
Gas: It has a shape and volume that is not definite
3. Discuss the energy needed to change a 15 gram ice cube into steam. Use a
graph and one calculation from our unit on Phase Changes.

4. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature? Provide a definition,
picture and video link to help you review.
Definition: The heat is the total energy of molecular movement inside the object
and temperature is the measure of average heat

5. Construct a graph showing the average monthly temperatures in Hartford, CT.,
a city on the equator and a city in the Southern Hemisphere.

Hartford: 27
January 30
February 38.5
March

April 49.5
May 60
June 68.5
July 72.65
August 71.6
September
October
November
December

Questions:
1. What do you notice about the temperatures?
They are highest in the middle of the year
2. How is heat transferred throughout the Earth?
It travels through the atmosphere and earth’s surface by conduction

4. How is Steam used to create electricity in Power Plants?
A. Coal Plant

- Water is turned into steam which drives an electrical generator
B. Natural Gas Plant

- Water is turned into steam which uses a turbine to power a generator.
C. Nuclear Plant

- They use steam to turn a turbine
D. Where did Fossil Fuels originate?

- They were formed millions of years ago
E. What is the difference between Renewable and NonRenewable forms of energy?
NonRenewable forms are in limited supply

Part II - Water, Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil
1. Conduct an experiment to determine the Heat Gained by 20 g of each substance
2. You must measure the mass of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil.

3. Research the Specific Heats of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil in Calories/g C not in
Joules.
4. Make a data table
5. Construct a 3 Line graph for 2 minutes of data collection - 1 pt every 10 seconds
6. Write a conclusion about your results.

Critical Thinking Questions
1. What happens to the molecules in each of the beakers as heat is added?
2. Which substance showed the greatest temperature change? Least? Use data
3. Which substance does research say should show the greatest temperature increase?
Least? Why? How does this relate to Specific Heat?
4. How does Average Kinetic Energy relate to this experiment?
5. Why is water a great substance to put into a car engine radiator?
Practice Calculation
1. How much heat was gained by a 50 g sample of Orange Juice that increased its
temperature from 35 C to 75 C?

2. How much heat was gained by a 350 g sample of Vegetable oil that increased its
temperature from 24 C to 95 C?
Lopez Lab
Water (32 - 23) Oil (39-23)
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm
Use this to help solve problems

6. Lab Experiment:
*Conduct an experiment that tests 3 different cups for their ability to insulate.
A. Conduct experiment
B. Create Data Table - Include Specific Heat
C. Write short conclusion paragraph that relates your data to research about the
effectiveness of the 3 materials to provide insulation.

Critical Thinking - Choose 2 out of 3 to research
Provide pictures
1. How did NASA protect the astronauts in their space vehicles from the harmful
radiation from space?
2. How is your home insulated? Research the “R” value system for insulation.

- Insulation is put in the walls
3. How does the atmosphere act as an insulator?
It absorbs the heat made by the sun and keeps the earth warm

7. Lab Experiment: April 28-30
*Conduct an experiment to determine the Specific Heat of 3 different metals.
A. LAB TEMPLATE
B. LAB RUBRIC - Focus on DATA ANALYSIS SECTION
C. Research a Phenomenon in nature that relates to Specific Heat

8. SPECIFIC HEAT WORKSHEET
WORKSHEET LINK​ - Use this worksheet and show your work

Use this website for examples
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm

9. TEST REVIEW

QUIZ:​ Isotopes Date:
Name: Rahul Iyer
2/6/18
Directions​ construct a graph that will help you determine the age of fossils.

​Isotope A Percent Isotope
Years 100
0 50
5730 25
11,460 12.5
17,190 6.25
22,920 3.125
28,650 1.06
34,380 .5
40,110 .25
45,840 .125
51,570

57,300 0

Hint: Remember to add gridlines

Graph: (​ place graph here)

Questions: (Use your graph above to answer the questions below)
1. How old is the following fossil?
Fossil A - 73% of Isotope A remaining

2000 years old
2. How old is the following fossil?

Fossil B - 15% of Isotope A remaining

15000 years old
3. What percentage of Isotope A is remaining if the fossil is 1200 years old?
(Use your graph)
20%

Average Atomic Mass Calculations

1. Naturally occurring chlorine that is put in pools is 7​ 5.53 percent 35Cl (mass = 34.969
amu)​ and 2​ 4.47 percent 37Cl (mass = 36.966 amu).​ Calculate the average atomic mass
of chlorine.

(75.53 x 0.7553) + (36.966 x 0.2447) = 66.09 amu

2. Calculate the atomic mass of silicon. The ​three​ silicon isotopes have atomic masses and
relative abundances of 2​ 7.9769 amu (92.2297%)​, ​28.9765 amu (4.6832%)​ and 2​ 9.9738
amu (3.0872%).

(27.9769 x 0.922297) + (28.9765 x 0.046832) + (29.9738 x 0.030872) = 28.08538954

Writing:
Use one of the examples above to discuss how you determine the number of neutrons for each
isotope. You also need to discuss how the %abundance contributed to the Average Atomic
Mass of the element. (HINT: Think of the M&M Lab!)

To calculate how many neutrons are in a isotope the atomic mass and the atomic number are
needed. Both of these can be found on the periodic table. To calculate the atomic mass from its
isotopes you need to use the following equation: atomic mass=mass1 x %1 + mass 2 x %2 …
On the periodic table the atomic mass is the number closest to the bottom. The atomic number
can be found closest to the top. The atomic number is also the number of protons. The
difference between these numbers is how many neutrons are in a certain isotope.

Isotope - Radiometric Dating

Directions:​ Use the following Isotopes and decay rates to determine the age of the fossils in the room.

Isotope #1 Isotope #2

Years % Remaining `
Years (millions) % Remaining
0 100
0 100
2,800 50 3.2 50
6.4 2
5,600 25 9.6 12.5
12.8 6.25
8,400 12.5 16 3.125
19.2 1.56
11,200 6.25 22.4 0.78
25.6 0.39
14,600 3.125 29.8 0.19
32 0.095
17,400 1.56 35.2 0

20,200 0.78

23,000 0.39

25,8000 0.19

28,600 0.095

29,600 0

Questions:

Fossil 1: 4,200

1. How old is each years

fossil if there is 29% Fossil 2: 4.8

remaining? years

2. How old is each 2600
fossil if there is 46%? 3.2

3. How much of
Isotope #1 is
remaining if the fossil
is 8000 years old?

4. How much of
Cabrerianite is
remaining if the fossil
is 11,000 years old?

5. How old is each
fossil if there is 23%
remaining of both
isotopes?

% remaining Isotope #1 Isotope #2

Fossil A 32% remaining

Fossil B 18% remaining

Fossil C 75% remaining

Fossil D 65% remaining

Fossil E 20% remaining

Fossil F 42% remaining

Average Atomic Mass Practice Problems

1. Calculate the atomic mass of lead. The four lead isotopes have atomic masses and relative
abundances of 203.973 amu (1.4%), 205.974 amu (24.1%), 206.976 amu (22.1%) and
207.977 amu (52.4%).
How many neutrons would each isotope have in its nucleus?

2. Calculate the average atomic mass of sulfur if 95.00% of all sulfur atoms have a mass of
31.972 amu, 0.76% has a mass of 32.971amu and 4.22% have a mass of 33.967amu.

How many neutrons would each isotope have in its nucleus?

Activity:​ ​Determine which fossil is older

Directions: Watch videos, take notes and construct the graphs below using
your spreadsheet.

Film:

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=radiometric+dating&&view=detail&mid=0913F60FB719
BC5912690913F60FB719BC591269&&FORM=VDRVRV
Film #2:
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=radiometric+dating&&view=detail&mid=33AAFAE1F005
C0E7E25833AAFAE1F005C0E7E258&&FORM=VDRVRV

Take notes:
-

Isotope #1 100
0 50
25
2300 12.5
4600 6.25
6900 3.125
9200 1.06
11,500 .5
13,800 .25
16,100 .125
18,400 0
20,700
23,000

Isotope #2 100
0 50
25
1500
3000

4500 12.5
6000 6.25
7500 3.125
9000 1.06
10,500
12,000 .5
13,500 .25
15,000 .125
0

QUIZ REVIEW2:​ GPE/KE

Scenario:​ You are an engineer for a major engineering firm that will design the lift motor and
safety restraints for the next roller coaster on the planet Hoth in Star Wars. Hoth has a gravity
equal to 37% greater than Earth’s. The Star Wars Theme Park needs to provide you with the
velocity of the roller coaster on this planet to help you with your design. Your roller coaster will
be called the Millenium Falcon and will have a height of 125 m. Your roller coaster will “The
Falcon” will have a mass of 7000 kg. You will need to compare the needs for safety on Earth to
the needs on Hoth. Explain your reasoning for the changes on Hoth.

Hoth:​

Directions:​ Provide a data table showing the comparisons between the Millenium Falcon Roller
Coaster on Earth and Hoth. Describe the types of restraints that you would need on the faster
coaster.

Calculations:

Earth Hoth

G = 9.8 m/s​2 G = (9.8 x 0.37) + 9.8
G = 13.4 m/s2​
GPE = M x H x G
GPE = 7000kg x 125m x 9.8m/s​2 GPE = M x H x G
GPE = 8575000 J GPE = 7000kg x 125m x 13.4m/s2​
GPE = 11725000 J
8575000J = 0.5 x 7000v2​
8575000J = 3500v2​ 11725000J = 0.5 x 7000v2​
2450 = v​2 11725000J = 3500v2​
49.49 = V 3350 = v​2
57.87 = V
The velocity of the roller coaster on earth
is 49.49 m/s The velocity of the roller coaster on Hoth
is 57.87 m/s

Data Table:

Earth Mass Height Gravity Velocity
Hoth 7000kg 125m 9.8m/s2​ 49.49m/s
7000kg 125m 13.4m/s​2 57.87m/s

Graph:

Conclusion:

The purpose of this lab was to find out what safety restraints would need to be on a roller
coaster on the planet Hoth. There would need to be more safety restraints on this coaster
if it was on Hoth because of the increased velocity. The velocity was increased by 8.38
m/s. This is because the gravity of hoth is increased by 3.6 m/s​2.​ The roller coaster would
have more gravity pulling it. That is why it would be faster.

Extra Problems:

1. The Millenium Falcon Roller Coaster has a mass of 3200 kg on Planet Tatooine.
The height of the roller coaster is 15 m which results in a Potential Energy of
800,000 J. What is the gravity on Planet Tatooine?

GPE = M x H x G
800,000 = 3200 x 15 x G

800,000 = 48000 x G
16.66 = G

The gravity on Tatooine is 16.66 m/s.

2. The Tie Fighter Roller Coaster has a height of 150 m. on Planet Hoth. Hoth has a
gravity of 5.2 m/s2​ .​ This roller coaster has a Potential Energy of 600,000 J. What is the
mass of the Tie Fighter?

GPE = M x H x G
600,000 = M x 150 x 5.2
600,000 = M x 780
769.23 = M

The mass of the Tie Fighter is 769.23kg.

Potential Energy Project
Due: Friday 3/17

Define and make note cards or QUIZLET for the following words:

Energy: The strength Joules: A standard Chemical Potential Law of Conservation
and vitality required unit of work or Energy: It is the of Energy: The total
for sustained physical energy. energy stored in energy in a system
or mental activity. chemical bonds of should remain
the substance constant.

Kinetic Energy: Kilojoules: A standard Elastic Potential Gravity: ​the force of
energy that a body unit of work or Energy: It is stored as attraction by which
possesses by a virtue energy. a result of the terrestrial bodies
of being in motion deformation of a tend to fall toward
elastic object. the center of the
earth.

Potential Energy: Gravitational Mechanical Energy:
energy possessed by Potential Energy: The It is the sum of kinetic
a body when it is not potential energy of an and potential energy
in motion. object when it is at a

certain height.
Resource: h​ ttp://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/Lesson-1/Potential-Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy

Determine the Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) of 3 different masses (g) at 3 different
heights.
3 objects: ​You, African Elephant, Chevy Camaro (research the masses)
*2.2 lbs = 1 kg

Data Table:
Your data table will need: Object, mass, gravity, height, GPE

Videos: ​http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5JeLiSBqQY
*Video shows you how to use the GPE equation.

Determine the GPE of one of the masses on the following planets:
Star Wars Planet #1 - 17% greater than Earth’s Gravity
9.8 x 0.17 = 6.86
6.86 + 9.8 = 16.66
16.66 m/s2​
Star Wars Planet #2 - 39% less than Earth’s Gravity
9.8 x 0.39 = 3.8
3.8 - 9.8 = -6.8 m/s2​
Star Wars Planet #3 - 82% greater than Earth’s Gravity
9.8 x 0.82 = 8.03
9.8 + 8.03 = 17.83

*Use the height of your favorite Roller Coaster. You will use this to figure out the
Velocity at the bottom of the hill on the Star Wars Planets.

Calculations:
Choose 3 planets from the Star Wars Universe and use 3 different
Examples:

A. Star Wars Planet #1
Jakku

B. Star Wars Planet #2:
Yavin
C. Star Wars Planet #3:
Onderon

Data Table:

Planet #1 mass (kg) gravity ? H1 = your coaster GPE
Object 1514 29.4
1 64 3028

Planet #2 mass (kg) gravity H2 = your coaster GPE
Object 1514 39.2
1 64 6056

Planet #3 mass (kg) gravity H1 = your coaster GPE
Object 1514 49
1 64 7570

Use the formula: GPE = mass * acceleration due to gravity (Earth is 9.8 m/s2) * height of object

Graph:

X - axis: Planet
Y -axis: Potential Energy

Critical Thinking Questions:
1. What factors affect Gravitational Potential Energy?
2. Why did the GPE change on the other planets?
3. Which planet would you be able to hit a golf ball further? Explain using data.
4. How does GPE relate to Chemical Potential Energy?
5. How do Energy companies use GPE to generate Electrical Energy? Give an example
6. What happens to the GPE when the object falls to the ground? Describe the Energy
transformations along the way. Use a diagram.

Worksheet 1:
http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0078600510/student_view0/unit1/chapter4/math_practice_2.html
Worksheet 2:​ h​ ttp://go.hrw.com/resources/go_sc/ssp/HK1MSW65.PDF

*We will use our information to see how a roller coaster would be different on those planets.

FINAL PART - Roller Coaster Physics

Objective:
1. When energy is transformed, the total amount of energy stays constant (is conserved).
2. Work is done to lift an object, giving it gravitational potential energy (weight x height). The

gravitational potential energy of an object moving down a hill is transformed into kinetic
energy as it moves, reaching maximum kinetic energy at the bottom of the hill.
Determine the velocity of a full roller coaster of riders at the bottom of the largest hill. You can
use the following roller coasters:
Watch these Videos for help:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je8nT93dxGg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYEWIuQBVyg

Use either:

GPEt​ op​ = KEb​ ottom

QUIZ: Inclined Plane
QUIZ: ​Wednesday and Thursday

Directions: A​ nalyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:
How does the angle of an inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage?

Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using data.

If the angle increases then the output force will increase and it will
cause the mechanical advantage to decrease. A machine could be
impossible if the output force is greater than the input force. This
could happen if the angle is increased.

Hypothesis: (​ Use proper form!)

If the angle is increased then the mechanical advantage would decrease because the
output distance is increasing.

Diagrams of Inclined Planes:​ (Use DRAWING - Label Diagrams)

Possible Machine Impossible Machine

Angle Chart: ​https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Calculations (​ Examples):

IMA = Din/Dout AMA = Fout/Fin Efficiency = Wout/Win * 100
IMA = 300/70 = 4.28 m AMA = 12/4 = 3 Eff = 840/1200 x 100 = 70 m

IMA = Din/Dout AMA = Fout/Fin Efficiency = Wout/Win * 100
IMA = 200/70 = 2.85 m AMA = 12/6 = 2 Eff = 840/1200 x 100 = 70

Data Table: ​(Located on Google Classroom)

Graph:​ (​ Angle and Mechanical Advantage)*Make sure you have Titles!
*Only graph the Angle and Mechanical Advantage

Conclusion:
Option #1 Write a Conclusion.
***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible
and why?

1. Discuss purpose
2. Restate hypothesis - angle and mechanical advantage
3. Data to support hypothesis
4. Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using research on

the Law of Conservation of Energy (Support with research - Use
Explore Tool research - INLINE CITATIONS )1
5. Use this source to explain the relationship of this machine to
Newton’s First Law of Motion.

1 "Introduction to mechanical advantage (video) | Khan Academy."
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/mechanical-advantage/v/introduction-to-
mechanical-advantage​. Accessed 9 Apr. 2018.

The purpose of this experiment was to figure out if a inclined plane was possible or
impossible. The hypothesis was that if the angle increased then the mechanical
advantage would decrease because the output distance would increase. The way a
machine would be impossible if the AMA was less than one. This can happen by making
the input distance less than the output distance. Newton's first law of motion explains
how a object in motion will stay in motion unless an external force is applied. This shows
how hard it is to get up an incline without a proper ramp.

ab Rubric - Data Analysis Sections

1 234

Data/ ____Data is poorly ____Data is ____Data is ___Data is clearly
Observations organized or missing represented in a represented in the and accurately
altogether. table or graph, but table or graph with represented in a
No mention of it is incomplete or minor errors. More table or graph.
observations there are major complete discussion Observations
errors. Some of observations. include discussion
discussion of of both qualitative
observations and quantitative
observations.

Conclusion/ ____No conclusion is ____Somewhat ____Adequately ____Clearly explains
Analysis written in this report or it explains whether or explains whether or whether or not the
is very brief. No data is not the hypothesis not the hypothesis hypothesis was
cited. was supported. was supported. supported. Data
____No analysis is ____ Possible Data is cited to was cited to support
included or it is extremely sources of error are support hypothesis. the hypothesis.
brief no sources of error somewhat ____Possible ____Possible
are explained. explained. sources of error are sources of error are
____No discussion of ____ No discussion adequately clearly explained.
patterns or trends in the of patterns or explained.
data trends ____Some ____Trends and
discussion of Patterns in the data
patterns or trend in are clearly
the data discussed.

Output Output Output Input Input Input Efficie
Force (N) Dist. (m)
Trial Work (J) Force Dist. Work IMA AMA ncy
70
Angle = 12 840 4 300 1200 4.2 3 70
70
Angle = 12 840 6 200 1200 2.8 2 70

Angle = 12 1.
70 840 8 100 800 0.7 5 105

QUIZ: Inclined Plane
QUIZ: T​ HURSDAY

Directions: A​ nalyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:
How does the angle of n inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage? Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using
data.

Hypothesis: ​(Use proper form!)

If the angle is decreased then the mechanical advantage will increase.

Diagrams of Inclined Planes:​ (Use DRAWING - Label Diagrams)

Angle Chart: ​https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Calculations ​(Examples):

IMA: 150/30 = 5 AMA: 7/2 = 3.5 Efficiency:

IMA: 90/30 = 3 AMA: 7/3 = 2.33 Efficiency

Data Table:

Link:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1xleZY6wDjnYV4to26sP-PMk

yGpLQM6bERhfS8owi1Oc/edit#gid=1590054886

Graph:​ (​ Angle and Mechanical Advantage)

Conclusion:

Option #1 Write a Conclusion.

***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible

and why?

1. Discuss purpose
2. Restate hypothesis - angle and mechanical advantage
3. Data to support hypothesis
4. Is there a machine that is impossible? Explain using research on

the Law of Conservation of Energy (Support with research - Use
Explore Tool research - INLINE CITATIONS )
5. Use this source to explain the relationship of this machine to
Newton’s First Law of Motion.

TEXTBOOK REVIEW pg. 152-153 (1-28) Study these
Rubric

Lab Rubric - Data Analysis Sections

Data/ 1 2 3 4

____Data is poorly ____Data is ____Data is ___Data is clearly

Observations organized or missing represented in a represented in the and accurately
altogether. table or graph, but table or graph with represented in a
No mention of it is incomplete or minor errors. More table or graph.
observations there are major complete discussion Observations
errors. Some of observations. include discussion
discussion of of both qualitative
observations and quantitative
observations.

Conclusion/ ____No conclusion is ____Somewhat ____Adequately ____Clearly explains
Analysis written in this report or it explains whether or explains whether or whether or not the
is very brief. No data is not the hypothesis not the hypothesis hypothesis was
cited. was supported. was supported. supported. Data
____No analysis is ____ Possible Data is cited to was cited to support
included or it is extremely sources of error are support hypothesis. the hypothesis.
brief no sources of error somewhat ____Possible ____Possible
are explained. explained. sources of error are sources of error are
____No discussion of ____ No discussion adequately clearly explained.
patterns or trends in the of patterns or explained.
data trends ____Some ____Trends and
discussion of Patterns in the data
patterns or trend in are clearly
the data discussed.

Simple Machines Presentation
Due Thursday

Directions:​ Create a presentation that describes one simple machine per person in your group.
The presentation should cover the following:
Options: ​Inclined Plane, Lever, Pulley, Gear, Wheel and Axle

1. Explain how the machine works
2. How is it used in everyday life?
3. How is Mechanical Advantage determined for your machine?
4. How is Efficiency determined for your machine?
5. 2 or 3 word problems per group with math calculations.
6. Include Research (works cited)

Bill Nye: Simple Machines
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=simple+machines&&view=detail&mid=B8ADE7A636205
C59C7B3B8ADE7A636205C59C7B3&&FORM=VRDGAR

Simple Machines
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=simple+machines&&view=detail&mid=2AB860635CCE0
27D170A2AB860635CCE027D170A&&FORM=VRDGAR

Pulleys
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=simple+machines+mechanical+advantage&&view=detai
l&mid=820AAA3444D7D87BA529820AAA3444D7D87BA529&&FORM=VRDGAR

7. Solubility Graph Practice:
Directions: C​ onstruct a solubility graph that contains 5 substances from
the chart. (Temperature on X-axis and Solubility on 7-axis)

Salt Solubility Data*

Salt Name Chemical Tempe

Formula rature

(​○C​ )

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Ammonium NH​4​Cl 29.4 33. 37.2 41.1 45.8 49.7 55.2 59.1 65.6 69.5 77.3
Chloride 3

Potassium KNO3​ 13.9 21. 31.6 45.3 61.4 83.5 106.
Nitrate 2 0

Sodium NaNO​3 73 87.6 102 122 148 180

Nitrate

Barium Ba(OH)2​ 1.67 3.89 8.22 20.9 101.
Hydroxide 4 4

Potassium KCl 28.1 31. 34.2 40.0 45.8 51.3 56.3
Chloride 2

Lithium LiCl 69.2 83.5 89.8 98.4 112 128
Chloride

Potassium K​2​SO4​ 7.4 9.3 11.1 13.0 14.8 16.5 18.2 19.8 21.4 22.9 24.1
Sulfate

Sodium NaCl 35.7 35. 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.3 37.6 38.1 38.6 39.2
Chloride 8

Copper (II) CuSO4​ 14.3 17. 20.7 24.2 28.7 33.8 40.0 47.0 56.0 67.5 80.0
4
Sulfate
(​Anhydrous​)

Potassium KI 128 144 162 176 192 206
Iodide

*​ Solubility values are given in grams of sal t per 100 grams of water

CREATE GRAP HERE WITH 5 Compounds using different colors for each line. Fill in

the missing solubilities if needed on the chart.

Speed and Velocity Problems

1. What is the average speed of a cheetah that sprints ​100 m in 4 s​? How about if it sprints
50 m in 2 s?​
100m/4s = 25 m/s
50m/2s = 25 m/s

2. If a car moves with an average speed of 60 km/hr for an hour, it will travel a distance of
60 km. How far will it travel if it continues this average rate for 4 hrs?
60 km x 4hrs = 240 km

3. A runner makes one lap around a 200 m track in a time of 25.0 s. What was the runner's
average speed? Answer: 8.0 m/s

4. Light and radio waves travel through a vacuum in a straight line at a speed of very nearly
3.00 ​×​ 108​ ​ m/s. How far is light year (the ​distance​ light travels in a year)? Answer: 9.50
×​ 1
((((3 x 10​3)​ 365)24)60)60 m
((((3 x 1000000000)365)24)60)60 m

((((300,000,000)365)24)60)60 m

(((109,500,000,000)24)60)60 m

((2,628,000,000,000)60)60 m

(157,680,000,000,000)60 m

9,460,800,000,000,000 m
94,608 x 101​ 1​ m
5. A motorist travels 406 km during a 7.0 hr period. What was the average speed in km/hr

and m/s? Answers: 58 km/hr, 16 m/s.

D=VxT

406 km = V x 7.0 hrs

58 km/hrs = V

58,000m/hrs / 60hrs x 60s = 16.11m/s
6. A bullet is shot from a rifle with a speed of 720 m/s. What time is required for the bullet

to strike a target 3240 m away? Answer: 4.5 s.
D=VxT
3240 km = 720 m/s x T
4.5 s = T

7. Light from the sun reaches the earth in 8.3 minutes. The speed of light is 3.0 ​×​ 108​ ​ m/s.

In kilometers, how far is the earth from the sun? Answer: 1.5 ​×​ 10​8​ km.

D = 8.3 x 60 s (3 x 10​8​ m/s)

8. *An auto travels at a rate of 25 km/hr for 4 minutes, then at 50 km/hr for 8 minutes, and

finally at 20 km/hr for 2 minutes. Find the total distance covered in km and the average

speed for the complete trip in m/s. Answers: 9 km, 10.7 m/s.

25/60 x 4 + 50/60 x 8 + 25/60 x 2

25 = V x 4

6.25= V

9. *If you traveled one mile at a speed of 100 miles per hour and another mile at a speed of

1 mile per hour, your average speed would not be (100 mph + 1 mph)/2 or 50.5 mph.

What would be your average speed? (Hint: What is the total distance and total time?)

Answer: 1.98 mph.
T​1​ = D​1​/V1​ ​ = 1/100hrs
T​2​ = D2​ ​/V​2​ = 1/1 hrs
Avg. Speed = (1+1)/(1+1/100) = 2/(101/100) = 200/101 = 1.98 mph

10. *What is your average speed in each of these cases?
a. You run 100 m at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk 100 m at a speed of 1.0
m/s.
20 m/s
b. You run for 100 s at a speed of 5.0 m/s and then you walk for 100 s at a speed of
1.0 m/s. Answers: 1.7 m/s, 3.0 m/s.

11. *A race car driver must average 200 km/hr for four laps to qualify for a race. Because of
60 km/hr engine trouble, the car averages only 170 km/hr over the first two laps. What average
speed must be maintained for the last two laps?
12.
*A car traveling 90 km/hr is 100 m behind a truck traveling 50 km/hr. How long will it
13. take the car to reach the truck?
D/V​1​ + V​2​ = T
100/40000 = 0.025hrs
0.025hrs = 1.5 minutes
The peregrine falcon is the world's fastest known bird and has been clocked diving
downward toward its prey at constant vertical velocity of 97.2 m/s. If the falcon dives
straight down from a height of 100. m, how much time does this give a rabbit below to
consider his next move as the falcon begins his descent?
T = D/V
​T = 100/97.2
​ T = 1.02 seconds

More Speed and Velocity Problems

14. Hans stands at the rim of the Grand Canyon and yodels down to the bottom. He hears his
yodel back from the canyon floor 5.20 s later. Assume that the speed of sound in air is
340.0 m/s. How deep is the canyon?
340.0/5.20 = 65.38 / 2 = 32.69

15. The horse racing record for a 1.50 mi. track is shared by two horses: Fiddle Isle, who ran
the race in 143 s on March 21, 1970, and John Henry, who ran the same distance in an
equal time on March 16, 1980. What were the horses' average speeds in:
a. mi/s?
b. mi/hr?

16. For a long time it was the dream of many runners to break the "4-minute mile." Now
quite a few runners have achieved what once seemed an impossible goal. On July 2,
1988, Steve Cram of Great Britain ran a mile in 3.81 min. During this amazing run, what
was Steve Cram's average speed in:
a. mi/min?
b. mi/hr?

17. It is now 10:29 a.m., but when the bell rings at 10:30 a.m. Suzette will be late for French

class for the third time this week. She must get from one side of the school to the other

by hurrying down three different hallways. She runs down the first hallway, a distance of

35.0 m, at a speed of 3.50 m/s. The second hallway is filled with students, and she covers

its 48.0 m length at an average speed of 1.20 m/s. The final hallway is empty, and

Suzette sprints its 60.0 m length at a speed of 5.00 m/s.

a. Does Suzette make it to class on time or does she get detention for being

late again?

b. Draw a distance vs. time graph of the situation. (Assume constant speeds

for each hallway.)

18. During an Apollo moon landing, reflecting panels were placed on the moon. This

allowed earth-based astronomers to shoot laser beams at the moon's surface to determine

its distance. The reflected laser beam was observed 2.52 s after the laser pulse was sent.
The speed of light is 3.0 ×​ ​ 10​8​ m/s. What was the distance between the astronomers and
the moon?

19. For many years, the posted highway speed limit was 88.5 km/hr (55 mi/hr) but in recent
years some rural stretches of highway have increased their speed limit to 104.6 km/hr (65
mi/hr). In Maine, the distance from Portland to Bangor is 215 km. How much time can
be saved in making this trip at the new speed limit?

20. The tortoise and the hare are in a road race to defend the honor of their breed. The
tortoise crawls the entire 1000. m distance at a speed of 0.2000 m/s while the rabbit runs
the first 200.0 m at 2.000 m/s The rabbit then stops to take a nap for 1.300 hr and

awakens to finish the last 800.0 m with an average speed of 3.000 m/s. Who wins the
race and by how much time?

21. Two physics professors challenge each other to a 100. m race across the football field.
The loser will grade the winner's physics labs for one month. Dr. Rice runs the race in
10.40 s. Dr. De La Paz runs the first 25.0 m with an average speed of 10.0 m/s, the next
50.0 m with an average speed of 9.50 m/s, and the last 25.0 m with an average speed of
11.1 m/s. Who gets stuck grading physics labs for the next month?

Velocity Project 2018

Due: Wednesday night February 21,2018

1. Define the following terms and include pictures if possible:

Motion: Movement Speed Position

Distance: How far two or Acceleration Terminal Velocity
more things are

Time: How long it takes to Initial Velocity Displacement
get there

Velocity Final Velocity Key Metric units

2. What is the difference between Speed and Velocity? Explain using an example
in your own words.
Velocity is the speed in a certain direction. Speed does not have a direction
3. Pick 2 cities (minimum 500 miles apart) in the United States or world and
construct a data table and graph showing the amount of hours that it would take
to travel between the 2 cities with the following modes of transportation: Wichita
KS, Philidelphia PA

A. Fastest Runner
1319/23.35 = 56.48

B. Model T Ford

1319/45 = 29.3

C. Hindenburg
1319/84 = 15.7

D. Tesla Model X top speed
1319/200 = 6.59

E. Fastest train
1319/217.48 = 6.06

F. F35 Fighter Jet
1319/1200 = 1.099

G. 2017 Porsche 911 GT3 RS
1319/193 = 6.83

*Provide a map showing your cities
*Show Detailed Math Steps

4. What would like to see in this city when you arrive? What tourist attraction?
What restaurant would you like to visit in this city? Provide pictures
What is the basic history of this city?

- Simeone Foundation Automotive Museum
- Liberty Bell
- I would eat a the reading terminal market
- It was founded by William Penn

5. Determine and graph an 18% increase in Velocity for each vehicle - Show how
the Times would be affected by the increase in speed. Show a double bar graph
with the 2 different times for each vehicle.
*Include pictures and brief description of each mode of transportation

6. Use a math calculation to show how long it would take the F35 Fighter Jet to
get to

A. Sun:
76666.7

B. Saturn
750000

C. Neptune
2812500

(Use scientific notation)

Usain Bolt: Usain Bolt is a retired jamaican sprinter. He holds the 100 meter and the
200 meter world records

Ford Model T: The ford model T was the first production vehicle. It was made in 1908
until 1927. It was made to be an affordable vehicle for the common man. After it was
discontinued it was replaced by the ford model A

Hindenburg: In 1937 this airship caught fire at Lakehurst, New Jersey and killed 35
people. 62 crew members and 97 passengers survived this disaster.

2018 Tesla Model X: The Model X is a 3 row luxury suv made by Tesla. It is powered by
electricity and not fuel like most cars. The base price is $79,500. Unlike most other
luxury Suvs it uses falcon wing doors to access the rear seats.

Bullet Train: These trains are used in Japan. There are 6 main lines. These trains reach
speeds up to 320 km per hr.

F35 Fighter Jet: It is a single seater aircraft that could reach speeds up to 1,200 miles
per hour.

2017 Porsche 911 GT3 RS: The 911 GT3 RS is a 2 door sports car made by the
german luxury brand Porsche. The base price is $187,000. The top speed is 198 miles
per hour.

Velocity Story

Name: Rahul Iyer Date:2/12/18

Directions:​ Work in a group to tell a story of a classmate in motion. You must include 3 turns
(change in direction) and 3 different velocities. Your story must also have an amount of time
where the classmate does not move. What did the person do when they stopped? Where were
they going?

Data Table:

Example: Velocity = Distance/Time
V = 12 m/3 sec
V = 4 m/sec.

Description Distance (m) Time (sec.) Velocity (m/s)
Walking .8
Drinking 45 0
Falling then combat rolling 3
walking 08 2
walking
walking 26

18 9

13 15

77

Graph:​ (X-axis is Time; y axis is Distance)

Story: First I went from Ms.Montano’s room to get a drink of water. After I got a drink of
water I tripped over a “Wet Floor” sign and fell. After I fell I combat rolled and got up.
Then I walked to locker 991 to talk to a friend. After that I walked to Mr.Lopez’s room and
went to my desk.