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Index

Acoustic adaptation hypothesis, Assortative mating, 68 Carnivory, 256–259
392–393 Audience effect, 145–146 Carotenoids, 383
Auditory map, 112–113 Central pattern generator, 123–124
Action potential, 102–104 Autism, 54 Chain of reactions, 16–17
Activational effects of steroid hor- Autonomic responses, 388–389 Chase-away model, 329
Autotomy, 291–292 Chimpanzees
mones, 139–141 Avian maternal hormones, 156
Adaptation Avoidance conditioning language, 397–401
rehabilitation after social isolation,
definition, 60 classical conditioning, 80
testing hypotheses about, 70–76 fruit flies, 35–36 180–182
Adoption studies, 33 tube task, 94
African clawed frogs, 133–134 Balloon flies, 13–15 Chipmunks, 194
Aggregations, 423 Barn owls, 111–113 Cichlids
Aggression Bats, 109–111 dominance relationships, 47–48
anoles, 135–136 Bateman, A. J., 306, 308–309 parental care, 340–341
game theory and, 406–409 Batesian mimicry, 289–290 sexual size dimorphism, 310–311
hormones and, 136, 138, 145–146 Bees Circadian time, 187–188
song sparrows, 137–138 Clamworms, 78–79
Agriculture, 255 dances, 374–379 Clark’s nutcrackers, 88–91
Alarm signals, 298–299, 372–373, 402 learning, 85 Classical conditioning
Alex the parrot, 96, 99, 401 Begging, 382–383 conditioned stimulus, 80
Allee effects, 241 Behavioral genetics, 27–56 definition, 18, 80
Allele, 30 Behaviorism, 19–20 examples of, 80–82
Allogrooming, 365, 372 Biological clock, 185–202 extinction, 80
Alternative male reproductive strategies Bird song Pavlov, I., 80
bluegill sunfish, 312 acoustic adaptation hypothesis and, unconditioned stimulus, 80
natterjack toads, 312–313 Cleaner fish, 258
plainfin midshipman fish, 127–129 392–393 Clever Hans, 95–96
salmon, 51–52 deafening and, 175–176 Coalitions, 437
tree lizards, 141 environment and, 392–393 Cockroaches, 108
Altruism, 427–434 own-species bias, 178 Cognition, animal, 23
Amfor gene, 39 role of learning, 174–178 Color
Anoles sensitive periods and, 176–177 change, 279–280
aggression, 135–136 song nuclei and, 172–174 functions, 284–285
habitat selection, 241, 242 Bluefooted boobies, 384 polymorphism, 285–287
hormones and aggression, 135–136 Bluegill sunfish Coloration matching the visual back-
hormones and courtship, 135–136 alternative male reproductive strate-
Antihormone, 137 ground, 277–279
Antipredator behavior, 32, 275–302 gies, 312, 337 Communication, 355–380
group defenses, 298–302 certainty of paternity, 337–338
maintenance of, 302 Bombykol, 363–364 changing views of, 381–382
Ants Bottleneck, 65 channels, 356–366
agriculture in, 255–256 Bowerbirds, 324–325 definition, 356
behavioral development, 170–171 Breeding dispersal, 234 multimodal, 366–367
castes, 448 Brood parasitism, 343–345 Comparative method
learning, 84–85 Budgerigars, 85–86 definition, 73–74
social behavior, 448–449 Burrowing owls, 5–9 example in learning studies, 88–91
Aposematism, 287–289 Comparative psychology, 17–20
Artificial selection, 33–35, 59 Camouflage, 277–284 Compass orientation, 204–206
Associated reproductive pattern, 143 Canaries, 48–49 Conditional strategy, 410
Associative learning, 80, 82 Candidate gene, 38–42 Confusion effect, 301
Cannibalism, 322 Conservation behavior, 24

523

524 Index

Constant reproductive pattern, Directional selection, 62, 63 evolutionarily stable strategies, 68
143–145 Dispersal, 234–240 gene flow, 63
genetic drift, 65
Constraints, in modeling, 265 breeding, 234 macroevolution, 60
Cooperative breeding natal, 234–240 microevolution, 60
Displacement activities, 388 misconceptions about, 60
acorn woodpeckers, 439 Disruptive coloration, 280–282 natural selection, 58–60
benefits to helper, 444 Dissociated reproductive pattern, pleiotropy, 65
benefits to relatives, 439–442 Evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS)
costs to helper, 442 143–144 definition, 68
delayed dispersal and, 443–444 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), 28–31 digger wasps, 69–70
Florida scrub jays, 146–147, 440, 443 Dogs, 147–148 hawk-dove game, 408
meerkats, 441–442 Dominance mixed ESS, 68– 69, 608
pied kingfishers, 442 pure ESS, 68, 608
Seychelles warblers, 443–444 costs and benefits of, 413–415 rock-paper-scissors, 70
Cooperative hunting, 424 hierarchies, 413 side-blotched lizards, 70
Copulatory plugs, 317–318 hormones and, 420–421 Evolutionary arms race, 67
Correlated traits, 65 intrasexual selection and, 309–310, Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Cortisol and corticosterone, 131, 181,
312 (EPSP), 106–107
420–421 relationships, 47–48 Extinction, in classical conditioning, 80
Countershading, 282–283 Dunce mutation, 35–36 Extra-pair fertilizations, 314, 345–346
Counting, 95–97 Dwarf mongooses, 3–5 Eyespots, 294–296
Courtship
Ecological traps, 244–245 False heads, 290
fruit flies, 30–31 Egl-4 gene, 39 Familiarity, 430
stickleback fish, 16–17 Electric fish FAP (Fixed action pattern), 15–16
Cowbirds Female defense polygyny, 351
brood parasitism, 343–344 communication, 365–36 Fighting, 405–422
song development, 178–179 orientation, 229–230
Crabs Electrolocation, 229–230 asymmetric fights, 410–413
blue, 107 Elephant seals, 409 experience in, 411
fiddler, 189, 305–306, 358, 359 Elephants game theory, 406–410
hermit, 412 communication, 360–361 resource holding potential, 410
stone, 320 infrasound, 360 Filial imprinting, 161–165
Crickets Emancipation of signals, 390 Finches, 121–122, see also Zebra finches
communication, 369 Endocrine gland, 129 Fireflies, 258, 309
learning, 82 Endocrine system, 129–130 Fish
Critical period, 159–161 Entrainment, 187–188 bluegill sunfish, 312, 337–338
Cross-fostering, 32–33 Environmental enrichment, 157–158 cichlid, 47–48
Crows Epigenetics, 52–54 cleaner, 258
carrion, 287 EPSP (Excitatory postsynaptic poten- electric, 365–36
New Caledonian, 93–94 paddlefish, 155
optimal foraging in, 269–270, tial), 106–107 paradise fish, 32
Erg-1 gene, 48 plainfin midshipman, 127–129
272–273 Escape behavior salmon, 51–52, 148–150, 224–226
Cryptic female choice, 329–330 stickleback, 16–17
Cuckoos, 343–344 cockroaches, 108 swordtail, 73
Currency, in modeling, 264 moths, 109–111 Fitness
ESS, see Evolutionarily stable strategies definition, 60
Daily rhythms, 189 Estradiol, 131, 138 direct, 60
Dance flies, 13–15 Ethology, 13–15 indirect, 60
Darwin, C., 12, 58–60, 306 Eusociality nest building and, 34
Darwin’s finches, 65, 75 castes, 448 Fixed action pattern (FAP), 15–16
Death feigning, 292–293 colony organization, 448 Flehmen, 363
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 28–31 definition, 445 Flies, see also Fruit flies
Desert ants, 205 evolution of, 446–448 balloon, 13–15
Detouring behavior, 94–95 haplodiploidy and, 446–448 sandflies, 328–329, 363
Developmental homeostasis, 180–182 Eusperm, 315–316
Diet selection model, 265–267 Evolution
Dilution effect, 299–300 artificial selection, 59
Direct fitness, 60 correlated traits, 65
definition, 12, 58

Florida scrub jays Index 525
cooperative breeding, 440, 443
hormones and helping, 146–147 hawk-dove, 407–409 History of animal behavior, 11–25
Prisoner’s Dilemma, 432–434 Home range, 415
Flying squirrels, 188 Gene activity, 28–31 Homozygosity, 30
Foraging (for) gene, 37–42, 45, 50–51 Gene flow, 63 Honest signals, 382–387
Foraging, 253–274 Gene networks, 22–23, 44–45 Honeybees
Gene regulation, 30–31
aggressive mimicry, 257 Genetic drift, 65 candidate genes, 41
avoiding predation while foraging, Genetic modules, 44–45 foraging, 38–39
Genetic monogamy, 345 juvenile hormone, 43
271–272 Genetics of behavior, 27–56 learning, 82
carnivory, 256–259 Genomics, 22–23, 31 microarray analysis, 41–42
definition, 253 Geomagnetic field, 214–215 nurse, 39–42
desert ants, 205 Global warming and selection, 66 polyandry, 353–354
detecting prey, 259–264 Goal-directed emulation, 85 QTLs, 41
fruit flies, 28, 36–39, 40–41 Good genes time sense, 193, 194
harvester ants, 39–40 fluctuating asymmetry, 324 vitellogenin gene, 43–44
herbivory, 254–256 models, 327–328 worker, 39–42
honeybees, 38–39 parasite resistance, 323–324 Hormone, 129–132
nematodes, 40 Gould, S. J., 70–71 peptide, 130
omnivory, 253 Gouramis, 80–82 steroid, 130–132
pursuit, 256–257 Ground squirrels types of, 130–132
risk sensitivity, 273 Belding’s, 427, 434–436 Hybridization in fruit flies, 37
traps, 258–259 biological clock, 194 Hyenas
Free-running period, 187 California, 72–73 natal dispersal, 236–237
Frequency-dependent selection natal dispersal, 239–240 spotted, 236–237
definition, 67 Group living Hypothesis testing, 5–8
frequency-dependent predation, 67 benefits, 424–426
frequency-dependent reproduction, costs, 426–427 Ideal free distribution
Gulls habitat selection and, 241
67–68 black-headed, 71–72 space use and, 415–416
polymorphism and, 287 herring, 57–58
Frogs kittiwake, 57–58, 72 Imitation, 85
calls, 133–134, 360, 368, 390–391 Immediate early genes, 47, 48
clawed, 133–134 Habitat selection, 241–245 Inbreeding, 31–33
dendrobatid, 287–288 anoles, 241, 242 Inclusive fitness, 21, 60
habituation, 79 conservation biology and, 244–245 Indirect fitness, 60
túngara, 390–391 conspecific attraction and, 241–242 Infanticide
ultrasound, 360 heterospecific attraction and,
Fruit flies 242–243 hormones and, 137
avoidance conditioning, 35–36 natal experience and, 243–244 hypotheses to explain, 319–320
biological clocks, 195 phases, 241 langurs, 319
courtship, 30–31, 308–309 mice, 137
CREB gene, 36 Habituation Information sharing, 425
dunce, 35–36 definition, 78–80 Infrasound, 360–361
emergence, 192 fruit flies, 42–43 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
foraging, 28, 36–44 rhesus monkeys, 402–403
habituation, 42–43 (IPSP), 106–107
hybridization, 37 Handicap principle, 383–384 Insight, 92–93
learning, 35–36, 42–43 Handling time, 265 Intellectual continuity, 18–19
olfactory learning, 35–36 Hawk-dove game, 407–410 Intention movements, 388
rover, 37–40, 42–43, 50–51 Helpers at the nest, see Cooperative Intruder pressure, 416
rutabaga, 36 IPSP (Inhibitory postsynaptic poten-
Shaker, 104 breeding
sitter, 37–40, 42–43, 50–51 Herbivory, 254–256 tial), 106–107
Fruitless (fru) gene, 30–31 Heritability, 31
Heterozygosity, 30 Jacanas, 342–343
Game theory Hippocampus Jacobson’s organ, 363–364
aggression, 406–409 Japanese quail, 166–167
comparative studies of, 91 Juvenile hormone (JH), 43
learning and, 119–120

526 Index

Kin discrimination, 429–432 Major histocompatibility complex Monarch butterflies
Kin selection, 428–429 (MHC), 326 antipredator behavior, 275–276
Knocking in (a gene), 40 migration, 248–249, 250
Knocking out (a gene), 40–41 Manakins, 438–439
Knockout mice, 44–45, 137 Manipulation, 382, 434 Mongooses, dwarf, 3–5
MAP (Modal action pattern), 15–16 Monogamy
Landmark use, 206–207 Marginal value theorem, 267–268
Language Mark test, 97 biparental care, 346–348
Masquerade, 284 definition, 346
ape language studies, 397–400 Master biological clock, 192, 194 genetic, 345
definition, 396–397 Mate attraction, 369 social, 345
Langurs, 319 Mate guarding, 313–315 Monthly rhythms, 189–190
Latent learning, 84 Maternal attachment, 169–170 Morgan’s canon, 17–18
Learning Maternal behavior Müllerian mimicry, 289
Aplysia, 113–115 Mutation
classical conditioning, 80–82 rats, 27–28, 52–53 definition, 30
comparative studies of, 86–89 taxonomic patterns in vertebrates, role in learning, 35–36
definition, 78 role in natural selection, 61–62
epigenetics and, 53–54 340–341
habituation, 78–80, 114–115 Mating systems, 345–354 Naked mole rats
heritability of, 87 countershading, 282–283
instrumental conditioning, 82 monogamy, 345, 346–349 perineal muscles, 134–135
latent, 84 polyandry, 345, 353–354 social behavior, 446
olfactory, 35–36 polygynandry, 345
operant conditioning, 82–84 polygyny, 345, 349–353 Natal dispersal
reinforcement schedules, 84 Meadow voles conservation biology and, 240
reinforcer, 83 dominance and reproductive success, costs and benefits, 235–238
sensitization, 114–115 definition, 234
shaping, 83–84 312 sex biases in, 238–240
social, 85–87 hormones and social preference, spiders, 235–236
song, 48–50, 118–119, 174–180 spotted hyenas, 236–237
spatial, 88–91, 119–120 132–133 squirrels, 239–240
traditions, 86–87 parental behavior, 33, 45–46
Lek polygyny, 352–353 Meerkats, 441–442 Natal philopatry
Lewontin, R., 70–71 Memory, 113–115 costs and benefits, 234–235
Lexigrams, 399–400 Meta-analysis, 393 definition, 234
Lions, 437–438 Mice
Lizards California, 346–347 Natural selection
anoles, 394 hormones and infanticidal behavior, definition, 12, 58–60
Jacky dragons, 394 directional, 63
leopard gecko, 157 137 fitness, 60
side-blotched, 70 house, 34–35 frequency-dependent, 67–68
tree, 141 intrauterine effects, 155–156 humans and environmental change,
Local enhancement, 85 knockout, 44–45, 137 65–67
Locust flight, 122–126 mound-building, 347–348 kin selection, 428–429
Long-term depression (LTD), 115–116 primer pheromones, 364 misconceptions about, 60
Long-term potentiation (LTP), Microarray analysis, 23, 42–43, 45 nest building and, 34–35
Microevolution, 60 stabilizing, 53
115–116 Migration, 245–251
Lorenz, K., 13–14, 159–160, 161–162, benefits, 248–251 Negative-assortative mating, 68
conservation biology and, 251 Nest building, 34–35
165 costs, 246–248 Neuroethology, 23, 99–125
Lunar day rhythms, 189 definition, 245 Neurogenesis, 117–120
hormones and, 148–150 Neuromodulators, 106–107
Macroevolution, 60 monarch butterflies, 248–249, 250 Neurosteroid, 132
Magnetic compass, 214–218 salmon, 148–150 Numbers and counting, 95–97
Magnetite, 223 types of, 246 Nuptial gifts, 321–322
Magnetoreception, 222–224 Migratory restlessness, 191, 209–210
Mobbing, 301–302 Observational conditioning, 85
Modal action pattern (MAP), 15–16 Olfactory learning, 35–36
Mole rats, see also Naked mole rats
magnetic compass, 215–216
social behavior, 446

Index 527

Olfactory navigation Pigs, 335–336 Resource defense polygyny, 351–352
pigeons, 226–229 Piloerection, 389 Resource holding potential, 410
salmon, 224–226 Piloting, 204 Resting potential, 102
Pinyon jays, 88–91 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 29–30
Operant conditioning, 18–20, 82–84 Plainfin midshipman fish, 127–129 Risk-sensitive foraging, 273
Operational sex ratio, 342 Plant defenses, 254–255 Ritualization of signals, 387–390
Opportunistic reproductive pattern, Play, 158–159 Ritualized flight, 390
Pleiotropy, 65 RNA (Ribonucleic acid), 29–30
143–145 Polarized light orientation, 212–214 RNA interference (RNAi), 43–44
Optimality modeling, Pollen QTL, 41 Round dance, 374–377
Polyandry, 353–354 Rover fruit flies, 37–40, 42–43, 50–51
currency, 264 Polygyny threshold, 349–350 Runaway selection, 328
diet selection, 265–267 Polygyny Rutabaga mutation, 36
game theory, 406–410
marginal value theorem, 267–268 female defense, 351 Salmon
overview, 75–76, 264–265 lek, 352–353 alternative reproductive histories,
rules of thumb, 269–271 resource defense, 351–352 51–52
Organizational effects of steroid threshold, 349–350 behavioral development, 152, 153
Polymorphism homing, 224–226
hormones, 139–141 color, 285–287 hormones and migration, 148–150
Owls Potential reproductive rate, 342
Prairie voles, 33, 45–46 Scent-marking
burrowing, 5–9 Predation, 256–159 chemical communication, 362
hunting, 111–113 Prisoner’s Dilemma, 432–434 common marmosets, 362
Oxytocin, 44–45, 53 Progesterone, 131, 137 dogs, 147–148
Prolactin, 147 hormones and, 147–148
Paddlefish, 155 Promoter (of gene), 46, 52–53 sex differences in, 147–148
Pair bonds, 371–372 Pronghorn, 325–326
Paradise fish, 32 Proteomics, 31 Schreckstoff, 300
Parasperm, 315–316 Pursuit of prey, 256–257 SCN (Suprachiasmatic nucleus), 192,
Parental care, 333–345
QTLs (Quantitative trait loci), 41 194
biparental care and monogamy, Quantitative trait loci (QTLs), 41 Scrub jays, 88–91
346–348 Sea turtles
Rare male effect in mating, 67
direct, 334 Rats magnetic compass, 218
indicator of male quality, 322–323 magnetic map, 218–219, 220–222
indirect, 334 epigenetics and, 52–53 Seabirds, 260–261
mode of fertilization, 341–342 learning, 86 Search image
overall patterns, 339–343 maternal behavior, 27–28, 52–53 color polymorphism and, 285,
voles, 33, 45–46 perineal muscles, 134
Parental investment, 334 sexual behavior, 134, 139–141 286–287
Parrot, Alex, 96, 99, 401 ultrasonic calls, 361 formation, 263–264
Paternity, 337–338 Ravens, 92–93 Seed caching in birds, 88–91
Pavlov, I., 80 Receiver-bias mechanisms in communi- Selection, see Natural selection
Payoff matrix, 407–408 Selfish herd, 300
Pelicans, 426 cation, 390–392 Self-recognition, 97
Period (per) gene, 195 Reciprocal altruism, 432–434 Self-shadow concealment, 282–283
Phenotype matching, 430–432 Recognition alleles, 431–432 Semilunar rhythms, 189–190
Phenotypic variation, 61 Recombination, 62 Sensitive periods, 159–161
Pheromones Reductionist approach, 23 bird song and, 175–177
aggregation, 373–374 Reinforcement schedules, 84 examples of, 161–171
definition, 363 Reinforcer, 83 Sensory bias, 329
mouse, 364 Relative plasticity hypothesis, 141 Sensory drive, 395–396
primer, 363–364 Repellents Sex allocation, 338–339
releaser, 363 Sex-role reversals, 307, 342–343
silk moth, 363–364 defense mechanism, 296–297 Sexual conflict, 330–331
Phylogenies and comparative analysis, intrasexual selection, 317 Sexual dimorphism, 309–311
Reproductive suppression, 3–5 Sexual imprinting, 166–169
73–74, 288 Sexual interference, 318–320
Physiological psychology, 20
Pied kingfishers, 442
Pigeons

concept learning, 96–97
homing, 206–207, 221

528 Index Testosterone
aggression and, 138, 419
Sexual selection, 306–331 Spatial learning, sexual behavior and, 136, 140–141,
intersexual selection, 306, 320–330 corvids, 88–91 142
intrasexual selection, 306, 309–320 mammals, 119–120 stress and, 420–421
structure of, 131
Sexy son hypothesis, 350–351 Species recognition, 368–369
Seychelles warblers, 314, 443–444 Speckled wood butterflies, 412–413 Tinbergen, N., 13–14
Shaker gene, 104 Sperm competition, 315–317, 318 Tobacco hornworms, 152–154
Shaping, 83 Sperm heteromorphism, 315–316 Tool use, 92–94
Sharks, 261, 357 Spiders Traditions, 86–87
Siblicide, 335, 336 Transcription, of gene, 29–30
Sibling rivalry, 335–336 detour behavior, 94–95 Transformer (tra) gene, 31
Sign language, 397–398 fighting experience, 411 Translation of gene, 29–30
Signals funnel web, 63–65 Translocation, 244
gene flow, 63–65 Transparency, 283
alarm, 298–299 jumping, 94–95, 257 Trial-and-error learning, 18–20
auditory, 358–361 multimodal communication, 367 Trivers, R. L., 307
body size and, 392 natal dispersal, 235–236 Tube task, 94
chemical, 361–364 webs, 258–259 Turkeys, 436–437
cost, 384 wolf, 367 Twin studies, 33
definition, 356 Squirrels
electrical, 365 color polymorphism, 285–286 Ultrasound, 360, 361
environment and, 392–395 fox, 285–286
honest and dishonest, 382–387 natal dispersal, 239–240 Vampire bats, 433–434
human effects on, 395 Stabilizing selection, 63 Vasopressin, 45–47
receiver-bias mechanisms, 390–391 Star compass, 211–212 Vasotocin, 132, 142
ritualization, 387–390 Starlings, 209–210 Vector navigation, 205
seismic, 361 Star-nosed moles, 260 Vervet monkeys, 385–386, 402
sensory drive, 395–396 Stealth, in pursuit of prey, 257 Vitellogenin gene, 43–44
sensory exploitation, 390–392 Stickleback fish, 16–17 Voles
tactile, 364–365 Stimulus enhancement, 85
unintended receivers, 396 Stimulus filter, 22 meadow, 33, 45–46, 132–133, 312
visual, 356–358 Stomatopods, 386, 387 parental behavior, 33, 45–46
Silk moths, 363–364 Stotting, 297–298 prairie, 33, 45–46
Sitter fruit flies, 37–40, 42–43, 50–51 Stress, 181, 420–421 Vomeronasal organ, 363–364
Skinner, B. F., 19–20, 83 Stridulation, 359
Snakes Sturgeon, 233–234 Waggle dance, 374–377
garter, 142, 288–289 Sun compass, 207–210 Warning coloration, 287–289
hunting, 297 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 192, Wasps
rattlesnakes, 258–259, 297
Snow monkeys, 86–87 194 cicada killer, 418–419
Social behavior network, 120–122 Surfperch, 395–396 digger, 69–70
Social bonding, 44–45 Survival of the fittest, 60 paper, 431
Social isolation, 170–171, 180–182 Swordtail fish, 73 Water mites, 391
Social learning, 84–86 Symbol use, 398–401 Whales
Social monogamy, 345 Synapse, 105–106 bubble nets, 258–259
Social recognition, 44–45 Synaptic transmission, 104–107 mate guarding, 314
Sociality, 3–5, 423–450
Sociobiology, 20–22 Temperature compensation, 188–187 Zebra finches
Song learning, 48–50, 118–119, Territories reproductive pattern, 144–145
sexual imprinting, 166
174–180 boundaries, 418–419 song learning, 48–50, 118–119
Song sparrows, 49–50 definition, 415 song nuclei, 133, 172–174
Sound localization, 108 economics of, 416–419
Sparrows hummingbirds, 417 Zenk, 48–50
shape, 417–418 Zugunruhe, 191
song, 137–138, 176
white-crowned, 174–176