SBB VIRTUAL FIELD WORK

THE PLANT
Virtual Fieldwork
Issue 001
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THE PLANT
Table of Contents

SPECIES 03
04
Editors 06
Fern Allies 08
Bryophytes 10
Lycophytes 12
Marattialean Fern 14
True Fern
Gymnosperms REFLECTION

Nor Azmina 16
Muhammad Firdaus 16
Nurul Najihah Ezwanie 16
Nur Aqilah 16
Nurul Ain Farhana 16

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03 Virtual Fieldwork CONTRIBUTORS

Editors GROUP1MEMBERS

NOR AZMINA BINTI MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS

MOHD AMIN BIN MUZAMIL

D20191088445 D20191088428

NUR AQILAH BINTI NURUL NAJIHAH

ZULKIFLI EZWANIE BINTI JURIF

D20201095499 D20201095498

NURUL AIN FARHANA

BINTI MOHAMAD HOSAIN

D20211099162

04 Virtual Fieldwork

FERN ALLIES

Psilotum nudum (L.) Stems Leaves & Roots
P. Beauv
Dichotomously Simple, spiral,
Psilotum nudum, known as the whisk branched
fern. Its name, Psilotum nudum, horizontal distichous leaves.
means "bare naked" in Latin, Small and
because it lacks (or seems to lack) underground subulate leaves.
most of the organs of typical rhizome system
vascular plants. covered with Sterile leaves
along aerial shoot.
rhizoids. Fertile leaves
Erect aerial shoot
Clade Tracheophytes (terete, ridged / bear synangium.
Class Polypodiopsida Roots are absent.
Family flattened).
Genus Psilotaceace deep green shoot

Habitat Psilotum Sw. (photosynthetic
activity)
Male /
Female Terrestrial
Tropical / subtropical
region
Forest floor, rock piles
Moist areas

Monoecious, organ
homothallic &
has both sex
(antheridia
archegonia)

Life Cycle

Gemmae developed
in rhizomes.
Spore germinate
after 4 months into
gametophytic plant.
Antheridia devleop
contain
multiflagella sperms
Archegonia consist
of egg cell.
Egg fertilizes sperm
and diploid zygote
formed.
Diploid sporophytic
generation begins.

REFERENCE
1.KEVIN BOYCE, C. (2005). THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF ROOTS AND LEAVES. RETRIEVED FROM
HTTPS://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/B9780120884575500290/PDFFT

Virtual Fieldwork 05

Fern allies are seedless, vascular plants. They have an alternation of
generations in which the sporophyte is dominant and has an axis
containing xylem and phloem.

Spores & Gametes

Homosporous
Strobilus in terminal position on
chloro-phyllous vegetative shoot
Spores: spherical, densely
packed with chloroplasts. Stems

Haploid spores germinate to Aerial part:
form gametophyte.
herbaceous &
annual
Life Cycle Rhizome: perennial,

Antherozoid horizontal,
branched, creeping
swim to Sporophytic plant
archegonia.
One sperm develop into stem,
roots & leaves.
fuses with one vegetative shoot:
egg and diploid
zygote is profusely branched,
green
formed. (chlorophyllous)
More than one
archegonia are Fertile shoot:
unbranched,
fertilised. brownish, terminal
Epibasal and
hypobasal strobilli

divides and
form four-
celled embryo.
Each part of
cell develops as
roots and reach
soil.
Number of
sporophytes
Leaves & Roots develop from Equisetum arvense L.

Small, simple, isophyllous large mature Equisetum arvense L., the field
gametophyte if horsetail or common horsetail, is
leaves an herbaceous perennial.

Sheath has free and more than one
egg is
pointed toothed leaves. fertilized. Clade Tracheophytes
No photosynthetic Class Polypodiopsida
function; provide Family
protection to young buds. Genus Equisetaceae

Primary root is ephemeral Habitat Equisetum L.
and adventitious root.
Root show epidermis, Male /
cortex & stele. Female Wet or damp habitats
Epidermis consist of Marshes, swamps &
ditches
Neutral / slightly basic
clay loams

elongated cells. Homothallic
Has both sex organ
(antheridia &
archegonia)
2 types: projecting &
REFERENCE embedded type

CHECKLIST DATA SET: EQUISETUM ARVENSE L. (2018, OCTOBEER 8). RETRIEVED FROM URL
HTTPS://WWW.GBIF.ORG/DATASET/A9B3EC93-9BD3-4132-833A-5840EEB0EB79

06 Virtual Fieldwork

BRYOPHYTES BRYOPHYTES

MOSSESS Mosses, Liverworts and
Hornworts
LIVERWORTS
Mosses
HORNWORTS
Distributed throughout the
Hornworts world except in salt water.
Commonly found in moist
Have an ancient shady locations.
lineage. Have green, flat structures
Thought to be that resemble true leaves.
some of the Mosses break down exposed
earliest plants to substrata, releasing
evolve on land. nutrients for the use of more
Molecular complex plants that succeed
evidence suggests them.
that hornworts
have evolutionary Liverworts
history distinct
from both mosses Liverworts are land plants
and liverworts. that do not have a vascular
system.
The most ancient liverwort
fossils known provide the
earliest evidence of plants
colonizing the land.
The fossils, which appeared
as cryptospores (spore-like
features) were discovered in
Argentina in rocks dating to
between 473 million and 471
million years ago.
The plants are not
economically important to
humans but do provide food
for animals, facilitate the
decay of logs, aid in the
disintegration of rocks by
their ability to retain
moisture.

REFERENCE

1.VANESSA. C. (2021, 21 FEBRUARY). SMITSONIAN, BRYOPHYTES TINY PLANTS IN A BIG CHANGING WORLD. RETRIEVED FROM URL
HTTPS://STRI.SI.EDU/STORY/BRYOPHYTES.

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Polytrichum commune Lunularia cruciata L. Anthoceros agrestis
Hedw Dumort. ex Lindb Paton

MOSSES LIVERWORTS HORNWORTS

Erect 'stems' and Flat or 'leafy' Flat
'leaves' No axial No axial
Have axial gametophytes gametophytes
gametophytes No stomata but Have a stomata
Have a stomata have spores No protonema
Have a protonema No protonema (in No 'leaves'
and can produce general) Have 1 large
many identical 1 layer of leaves, chloroplast
leafy overlapping Have a symbiotic
gametophytes Have many bacteria
The leaves are a chloroplast Have a cuticle
spiral with midrib Have some No determinate
Have many symbiotic bacteria sporophyte
chloroplast No cuticle The sporophyte
Does not have a Sporophyte are are long and
symbiotic short and small, slender, lasts for
relationship with a does not last long a long time
bacteria Contain seta Does not contain
Have a cuticle seta
Have a
determinate
sporophyte
The sporophyte
are short and
small
Contain seta

BRYOPHYTES

REFERENCE

1.LAKNA. (2018, NOVEMBER 22). WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIVERWORTS AND HORNWORTS?. RETRIEVED FROM URL HTTPS://PEDIAA.COM/WHAT-IS-THE-
DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-LIVERWORTS-AND-HORNWORTS/

08 Virtual Fieldwork

LYCOPHYTES

Lycophytes, also known as the 'fern allies' are a clade vascular plants similar
to ferns but have unique leaves called microphylls. They are primitive plants
an lack seeds, woods, fruits and flowers.

Stems Leaves & Roots
Simple, sessile, serrate
Creeping stem, erect tips margin, pointed tip,
Dichotomously branched single median vein
(1 small, other long) Called as microphylls
Smaller, erect branches Branches with fertile
bear strobili containing strobilus have yellowish
Lycopodium clavatum L. spores green microphylls
Sterile branches have
Lycopodium clavatum L. is Rhizome remain green microphylls
also known as Stag's-horn subterranean Thin adventitious roots
clubmoss. It doesn't bear Densely covered by
flowers and is abundant in microphylls spirally
New England to make wreaths arranged
and Christmas decoration.

Clade Lycophytes Reproductive Cycle

Class Lycopodiopsida Reproduce sexually
Family Lycopodiaceae Spore germinate in soil & reach maturity to form
gametophyte
Genus Lycopodium Antheridia and archegonia contained in rhizoids
Subgenus Antheridia contain sperm & archegonia contain egg
Rhophalpstachy Require water to allow sperm swim, leave
Habitat antheridia and fertilize egg in archegonia to form
Anthropogenic zygote.
Forest edge, Zygote form young
meadows sporophyte then
Terrestrial (upland, mature sporophyte
non-aquatic habitat) After mature, the
sporangium contain
Homosporous: mother cell in
produce one type of strobilus is
spores released
Spores are identical, Sporangium
cannot differentiate undergo meiosis to
Male / which turn male or produce spore
Female female plants.

Archegonia &
antheridia (female &
male reproductive
organ) in 1 plant
REFERENCE RETRIEVED FROM URL
1.GARDEN GUIDES: LYCOPODIUM LIFE CYCLE. (2017, JULY 17).
HTTPS://WWW.GARDENGUIDES.COM/13426475-LYCOPODIUM-LIFE-CYCLE.HTML

Virtual Fieldwork 09

Stems

Long wiry branching stems, imparting fluffy
appearance to plant
Dichotomously branched, later become
monopodial

Leaves & Roots Selaginella plana
(Desv. Ex) Poir Hieron
Fronds green, scally and tripinnate
Small, simple, sessile, thin microphyllous Commonly known as Asian
leaves, unbranched midrib spikemoss and native to
Roots are creeping rhizomes tropical Asia. A type of
Adventitious roots herbaceous erect shrub.
Each leaf have ligule for secretory organ,
keep sporangium and young leaf wet Clade Lycophytes

Reproductive Cycle Class Lycopodiopsida

Reproduce sexually Family Selaginellaceae
In strobilus, microsporophyll contain Subgenus Selaginella
microsporangium and megasporophyll
contain megasporangium Habitat Terrestrial
Undergo meiosis to become microspore (Primary Rainforest)
and megaspore
Microspore will develop to become Male / Heterosporous plant
endosporic microgametophyte with Female Produce microspore &
sperm (n) megaspore
Megaspore will develop and become In mature sporangia,
megagametophyte with rhizoids and microsporangia are
archegonia. elongated and reddish.
Sperm will fertilize egg and produce zygote. Megasporangia are
Embryo will be formed and plant develop as mature sporophyte larger, lobed, whitish-
containing strobilus. yellow or light orange.

Lycopodium Definition Selaginella plana
clavatum L. (Desv. Ex) Poir Hieron
Types
Homosporous Order Heterosporous
Genus of club moss No. of spore Genus of spike mosses
Lycopodiales Stems
1 type of spore Gametophyte Selaginellales
Prostrate Ligules 2 types of spores
One kind, bisexual gametophyte Creeping, dichotomously branched
Absent 2 kinds, male and female gametophyte
Present on adaxial side of leaf

Both Lycopodium and They are primitive plants They are herbaceous plants
Selaginella belong to the that do not seed, wood, and have adventitious
fruit and flowers. roots.
clade of Lycophyta. Sporophytes are the
They are also known as dominant generation of They are epiphytic species
lycophytes. in both genera.
fern-allies.
They are seedless Branching is usually
dichotomous in both
vascular plants.
They show alternation of Lycopodium and
Selaginella.
generation.

REFERENCE

1.PREMA ISWAY. (2018, DECEMBER 30). PREMABOTANY: SELAGINELLA - CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE OF SPOROPHYTE, REPRODUCTION, STRUCTURE OF
GAMETOPHYTE, FERTILIZATION, MORPHOLOGY OF RHIZOPHORE OF SELAGINELLA. RETRIEVED FROM URL
HTTP://PREMABOTANY.BLOGSPOT.COM/2018/12/SELAGINELLA-CLASSIFICATION-STRUCTURE-OF.HTML

10 Virtual Fieldwork

Marattialean Ferns

Marattialean ferns come from the family of Marattiaceae.
This family has 6 genera (Angiopteris, Christensenia,
Danaea, Eupodium, Marattia and Ptisana) and about 110
species. Marattiaceae diverged from other ferns very early
in their evolutionary history. Many of them have massive,
fleshy rootstocks and largest known fronds of any fern.
Marattiaceae is known as eusporangiate ferns, meaning
that the sporangium is formed from a group of cells.
Marattiaceae are considered one of the most primitive
living lineages of ferns. The earliest members of the family
appeared during the carboniferous period (300 million
years ago).

Chosen species:

Angiopteris evecta
(King Fern)

REFERENCE

1.ROJAS-SANDOVAL J, 2020. ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA (KING FERN). INVASIVE SPECIES COMPENDIUM. WALLINGFORD, UK: CABI. RETRIEVED
FROM URL HTTPS://WWW.CABI.ORG/ISC/DATASHEET/22973091

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Features Habitat

Most primitive extant families of ferns Dark primary forest
Rainforest
Distinguished by the disposition of Wet valleys
Along roadsides
sporangia (spore-producing structures) -

which located on the lower side of the

leaves

Angiopteris (have separate sporangia)
Marattia, Ptisana, and Eupodium

(sporangia united in clusters called

synangia)

Danaea (have single synagia, extending

from the midrib of the leaflet to the

margin)

Christensenia (the synangia are circular

in outline)

Psaronius, genus of extine ferns (found

from Carboniferous through Permian

Period - 358.9 million to 251.9 million

years ago)

Angiopteris evecta (King Fern)

Reproduce Reproduce by
Vegetatively / spore / sexually

Asexually Spores
produced by
Occur when sporophyte
fleshy stage
stipules germinate
produce and produce
proliferous gametophyte
buds called
It breaks off prothallium
on suitable Homosporous
substrate and
produce new Prothallium is short-lived,
plants heart-shaped, liverwort-like
structure, bears both sex
organ (homosporous)
After gamete production and
fertilization, new sporophyte
emerge.

REFERENCE

1.GLOBAL INVASIVE SPECIES DATABASE (2022) SPECIES PROFILE: ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA. RETRIEVED FROM URL
HTTP://WWW.IUCNGISD.ORG/GISD/SPECIES.PHP?SC=1550

12 Virtual Fieldwork

Leaves & Roots Stems

Roots are thin, wiry & grow Slightly grooved
along stem.
Absorb water and nutrient. Fiddlehead is new
Leaves are called frond.
Athyrium filix- Frond composed of leafy unrolling fronds
femina (L.) Roth blade and petiole.
Midrib is main axis of blade. and edible.
Blade is divided into pinna.
Clade Tracheophytes

Class Polypodiopsida

Family Athyriacea Sori
Genus Athyrium
Sporangia contain spore
Habitat Moist wood, Young sori covered with
meadows kidney-shaped indusia

Reproductive Cycle

Spores are formed using meiosis and released from
soprangium.
The released spores grow into a small heart shape
plant called gametophyte.
Gametophyte has both male and female reproductive
organs. They will matured at different times to aid in
cross fertilization.
The present of water can makes ferns undergoes
fertilization when the sperm swim to eggs and form a
zygote.
Zygote undergoes mitosis to grows. The plant is
sporophyte and known as a fern.

True ferns have megaphylls, large fronds TRUE
with a branching vein network. At the FERN
origin of this adaptation, true ferns were
able to capture more sunlight than other
competitors due to the increased surface
area of their leaves, giving them a clear
competitive advantage among plants.

REFERENCE

1.GLOBAL INVASIVE SPECIES DATABASE (2022) SPECIES PROFILE: ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA. RETRIEVED FROM URL
HTTP://WWW.IUCNGISD.ORG/GISD/SPECIES.PHP?SC=1550

Virtual Fieldwork 13

Leaves & Roots

Roots are thin, long cable-like creeping rhizome.
Leaves are small, round, heart-shaped scales.
Scales have long hairs.
Sterile leaves have no stalk, nearly circular.
Foliar attachment to stem is sessile.

Stems Pyrrosia piloselloides
(L.) M.G. Price
Slightly grooved

Fiddlehead is new Epiphytic plant

unrolling fronds No fiddlehead

and edible. Pyrrosia piloselloides Sessile folliar
(L.) M.G. Price
No fiddlehead. attachment

Clade Tracheophytes Elongated leave

Sori shape

Class Polypodiopsida No Sori protection

Distinct brown Family Polypodiaceae

continuous sori Genus Pyrrosia

along surface of Habitat Terrestrial & Differences
Male / Epiphytes
frond. Female
Heterosporous plant
Circular or oval Produce microspore &
megaspore
Pasted on trunks In mature sporangia,
microsporangia are
and branches of elongated and reddish. Terrestrial plant
Megasporangia are
larger, lobed, whitish- Has fiddleheads
yellow or light orange.
trees. (new unrolling

fronds)

Petiolate folliar

Reproductive Cycle attachment

Lanceolate-ovate

leave shape

Has kidney-shaped

indusia (sori

protection)

Athyrium filix-
femina (L.) Roth

REFERENCE

1.GLOBAL INVASIVE SPECIES DATABASE (2022) SPECIES PROFILE: ANGIOPTERIS EVECTA. RETRIEVED FROM URL
HTTP://WWW.IUCNGISD.ORG/GISD/SPECIES.PHP?SC=1550

G 14 Virtual Fieldwork
Y
The gymnosperms were the first seed
plants and bear their ovules and seeds
exposed on the plant surface. This is in
marked contrast to the more recent group
of seed plants, the flowering plants, which
have their ovules sealed within the flower
and their seeds contained within a fruit.
The name gymnosperm describes this
feature. It literally means naked seed.

M LEAVES P. sylvestris
N
O simple and filiform (needle-like)
S
P arranged in an alternating spiral and have Pinus sylvestris, commonly
E
parallel venation.

CONES called Scots pine, is a fast-
growing, conical to columnar,

Male pine cones have smaller forms than medium sized conifer with
female cones distinctive flaking orange/red-
They have a central axis from which project

modified leaves - or microsporophylls; these brown bark.
produce pollen.

A female pine cone has a short stem, which HABITAT
attaches the cone to a branch

The species is mainly found on
POSITION OF THE MALE AND poorer, sandy soils, rocky

FEMALE CONES ON THE TREE outcrops, peat bogs or close to

male and female cones occur on the same plant the forest limit. On fertile sites,
female usually on the higher branches towards
the pine is out-competed by

the top of the plant. other tree species, usually

male cones are located at the base of the branch spruce or broad-leaved trees.

female at the tip (of the same or a different

branchlet).

R

M MALE CONES FEMALE CONES

REFERENCE
1.J. EARLE, C., 2021. PINUS SYLVESTRIS (SCOTS PINE) DESCRIPTION. [ONLINE] CONIFERS.ORG.HTTPS://WWW.CONIFERS.ORG/PI/PINUS_SYLVESTRIS.PHP

Virtual Fieldwork 15

LEAVES

A. araucana Green, spiky, stiff, leathery, glossy and
triangular-shaped.
Araucaria araucana, commonly Thick and broad at the base, sharp at the
called monkey puzzle tree or edges and tips
Chilian pine, is an evergreen Arranged in a spiral around the trunk.
conifer that is native to
woodland volcanic slopes up to CONES
6,000 feet in elevation in the
Andes Mountains in Chile and Male cones are smaller, long and narrow to broad
Argentina. cylindrical
The female cones, are globose, and vary in size
They contain large edible seeds, similar to pine
nuts, though larger.

POSITION OF THE MALE AND

HABITAT FEMALE CONES ON THE TREE

Mountain slopes in deep sandy The male and female cones on different
soils in coniferous woodland tree
The female cones, usually high on the
top of the tree

MALE CONES FEMALE CONES

REFERENCE

1.J. EARLE, C., 2021. ARAUCARIA ARAUCANA (PEHUÉN) DESCRIPTION. [ONLINE] CONIFERS.ORG.HTTPS://WWW.CONIFERS.ORG/AR/ARAUCARIA_ARAUCANA.PHP

16 Virtual Fieldwork

Reflection

FROM THE BOTTOM OF OUR HEARTS

SBB 3014 - VIRTUAL FIELDWORD

Azmina, Firdaus, Aqilah, Najihah, Farhana

TODAY

NURUL NAJIHAH EZWANIE BINTI JURIF (D20201095498)

I have acquire lots of new skills. I managed to identify in
detail and gain new knowledge regarding the species on
the task given. In the process of learning, there will be
times that we will be in the dark but the knowledge
searched for will be valuable.

MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN MUZAMIL (D20191088428)

Upon completing the task given, I learnt plenty of valuable experiences. I
learnt that we need further research to answer the questions such as, what
are bryophytes, how are they different, what are the different characteristics
or evidence that splits up mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Once we manage
to answer those questions, we are able to identify and recognize the species
much better. The challenges that I faced are that the species look so similar to
each other, and I got confused and unsure.

NOR AZMINA BINTI MOHD AMIN (D20191088445)

First and foremost, I would like to give my thanks to Dr
Fatimah for giving me a chance to create a magazine
regarding on species of plants. I learnt about the species
in detail as i go further in my research. Recognitive skills
on identifying a flower is a new skill I managed to
acquire in completing this task. At first, it was difficult
and hard but I managed. Thank you again to my fellow
teammates and Dr Fatimah for the pleasant experience.

Type a message

Virtual Fieldwork 17

Reflection

FROM THE BOTTOM OF OUR HEARTS

SBB 3014 - VIRTUAL FIELDWORD

Azmina, Firdaus, Aqilah, Najihah, Farhana

TODAY

NURUL AIN FARHANA BINTI MOHAMAD HOSAINI (D20211099162)

I learned a lot about plant characteristics and morphology after completing
this task. There are several characteristics that may be used to distinguish
between plant species. In my view, we must maintain all plant species since
they play a vital part in ecological value. Based on this task, I learned how to
discover a range of useful information from credible sources, and I also
encountered some difficulties in locating information on some species.

NUR AQILAH BINTI ZULKIFLI (D20201095499)

After completing this assignment, I had learned many
things about plant characteristics and its morphology.
There are a lot of characters that we can use to
differentiate any species of plants. In my opinion, we
have to conserve all species of plants because they play
an important role in ecological importance. Based on this
assignment, I learned how to find a variety of important
information based on authentic sources and I also faced
some challenges to find the information about some
species.

Type a message

THE PLANT
Virtual Fieldwork
Issue 001
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