cedex®
carbon emissions index
transport | community | industrial & mining | carbon & energy
Combining: Full report, data to June 2015 and National
Electricity Market update, data to August 2015.
Providing a comprehensive and early indication of key
greenhouse gas and energy trends.
cedex®
carbon emissions index
cedex® provides an early indication of key greenhouse gas emission trends in
Australia. Full reports available at www.pittsh.com.au/cedex
Introduction
This CEDEX® report contains data for emissions from all fuels up to the end of June 2015. The Electricity Update, at
the end of the main report, shows emissions from generators in the National Electricity Market (NEM) up to the end
of August 2015.
All emissions data are reported as annual moving averages. This approach removes the impact on the reported
data of seasonal changes, which particularly influence electricity and gas. Annualised data reported in CEDEX® will
show a month on month increase if the most recent monthly quantity is greater than the quantity in the
corresponding month one year previously.
pitt&sherry publishes full reports on a quarterly basis; Electricity Updates are published monthly.
Full report: total energy emissions to June 2015
Energy combustion emissions covered by CEDEX® include all emissions arising from the generation of electricity in
the National Electricity Market (NEM), all emissions from the combustion of petroleum products within Australia,
i.e. excluding international ship and aircraft bunkers, and all emissions from the combustion of natural gas by gas
users in NSW, Victoria, SA and Tasmania. All data are reported as moving annual totals, so as to remove seasonal
effects on consumption of relevant products, and in terms of the changes since June 2009. The emissions reported
by CEDEX® reached their historical maximum in December 2008, i.e. in the calendar year 2008. By June 2009 the
annualised total, i.e. total for financial year 2008‐09, had fallen by 0.7%. The financial year 2008‐09 is also the year
in which Australia’s total emissions from fossil fuel combustion, as reported in Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas
Inventory, reached their historic maximum.
Changes in total emissions from energy combustion as covered by CEDEX® are shown in Figure 1. Total emissions
increased strongly, largely driven by increases from electricity generation. Emissions from natural gas also
increased, but emissions from use of petroleum fuels, which in the March quarter CEDEX® appeared to be resuming
strong growth, have stabilised.
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
Changes in emissions since June 2009 Changes in domestic petroleum emissions since 2009
15 Petro l eum 3.0% 16.0
10 2.0% 14.0
Other natural gas 1.0% 12.0
5 0.0% 10.0
0 Combined % change -1.0%
-5 (right axis) -2.0% 8.0
-10 Electricity -3.0% 6.0
Mt CO2-e-15 -4.0% 4.0 Diesel
-20 -5.0% 2.0
Emissions (Mt CO2-e)-25 -6.0% 0.0 Domestic aviation fuels
-30 -7.0% -2.0
-35 -8.0% -4.0 Petrol plus auto LPG
-40 Jun 15
Jun 09 Jun 09 All other domestic fuels
Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 Jun 15
cedex®
carbon emissions index
cedex® provides an early indication of key greenhouse gas emission trends in
Australia. Full reports available at www.pittsh.com.au/cedex
Over the twelve months from June 2014 to June 2015, i.e. over the financial year 2014‐15, total annual emissions
increased by 9.6 Mt CO2‐e, equivalent to 3.3%. Of this total, just under 6.4 Mt CO2‐e occurred through electricity
generation changes, 1.8 Mt CO2‐e through emissions from petroleum product use, and slightly over 1.4 Mt CO2‐e
through emissions from natural gas use for purposes other than electricity generation.
Petroleum
Figure 1 shows changes in total emissions from combustion of petroleum products and Figure 2 shows how each of
the four main fuel groups contributes to the total national change. It is clear from Figure 2 that sales of all
petroleum fuels other than diesel have shown little growth for at least two years. The slower growth in emissions
from petroleum fuels is thus attributable to the near cessation of growth in sales of diesel fuel since April this year.
Figures 3 and 4 together show that the slow‐down in diesel consumption growth is, in turn, attributable to reduced
growth in bulk sales. Specifically, the steady growth of bulk diesel sales in WA appears, after nearly five years, to be
ending. The Industry Department petroleum sales data provide no information about which industries are using
the fuels. However, the annual Australian Energy Statistics, also compiled by the Office of the Chief Economist in
the Industry Department, show very clearly that almost all the growth in diesel consumption in WA over the past
five years has occurred in the mining sector. Precisely the same trend is seen in Queensland diesel consumption up
to June 2013. There can be little doubt that the rapid growth over recent years in bulk diesel consumption, and
associated emissions, has been almost entirely driven by the mining industry, particularly coal and iron ore mining.
FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4
Changes by state in sales of bulk diesel Changes in emissions from light vehicle fuels
NSW VIC 14
SA
4500 QLD TAS
Australia
4000 12
WA
3500 NT 10
3000 8
Volume (ML)
Emissions (Mt CO2-e)25006 Non-bulk desel
2000 4
1500
l
1000 2 Petro l
500 0
0 -2 LPG
-500 -4
Jun 06 Jun 07 Jun 08 Jun 09 Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 Jun 15 Jun 06Jun 07Jun 08Jun 09Jun 10Jun 11Jun 12Jun 13Jun 14Jun 15
Figure 4 shows that retail sales of diesel, and resultant emissions continue to grow strongly. Growth in retail sales
offsets declining bulk sales, so that total diesel consumption, as seen in Figure 2, is steady, but not declining. The
main factor driving the continuing strong growth in non‐bulk diesel use, as seen in Figure 4, is likely to be growth in
road freight activity. A growing share of diesel engine passenger motor vehicles is also likely to be contributing to
the growth in retail diesel sales.
Natural gas
In the March 2015 CEDEX® report we noted that consumption of natural gas (excluding consumption for electricity
generation) had been falling steadily for several years. The data in Figures 5 and 6 suggest that this observation is
no longer true, as moving annual consumption appears to have increased strongly over the past three months.
cedex®
carbon emissions index
cedex® provides an early indication of key greenhouse gas emission trends in
Australia. Full reports available at www.pittsh.com.au/cedex
FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6
Consumption of natural gas by state Changes by state in consumption of natural gas
PJ450 30
PJ40025
350 20
300 Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 l 15 Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 Jun 15
250 Jun 14 Jun 15 10
200
150 5
100 0
50 -5
-10
0 -15
Jun 09 -20
-25
Jun 09
NSW VIC SA TAS Four state total NSW VIC SA TAS
Most of this increase has been in Victoria, but there has apparently been a small increase also in NSW. The March
2015 CEDEX® report hypothesised that reductions in residential gas consumption were probably the main driver of
lower total gas consumption. The large share of residential demand in total gas consumption, particularly in
Victoria, means that residential space heating accounts for a large share of total gas consumption. Gas is also used
for space heating in non‐residential buildings, particularly non‐office buildings, such as schools and hospitals.
Consequently, total gas consumption is much higher during the winter months than during summer. In addition,
consumption is higher in years with particularly cold winters and lower in years with milder winter weather.
However, winter weather cannot plausibly explain the increased gas consumption seen in Figures 5 and 6, because
the data run only up to the end of June. The Bureau of Meteorology reports that daily minimum and daily
maximum temperatures in south east Australia were both around the long term average in both May and June this
year. July was definitely colder than average, but the effect on gas consumption, if any, does not appear in these
data. Hence, it is more likely that the increased gas consumption over the six months to June is coming from
industrial and/or commercial sector consumers.
cedex®
carbon emissions index
cedex® provides an early indication of key greenhouse gas emission trends in
Australia. Full reports available at www.pittsh.com.au/cedex
National Electricity Market update to August 2015
In the year to August 2015, demand in the NEM again increased, to a level 0.8% above the minimum level in the
year to February 2015 (Figures 7 and 8). The main source of increase continues to be electricity used in Queensland
by the coal seam gas extraction industry. Significantly, however, it is now one year on from the closure of the Point
Henry aluminium smelter in Victoria (in July 2014) and the first indication of an underlying increase in demand in
Victoria are emerging in the annualised figures. NSW was the only state to record a decrease in annualised demand
in August; and this may turn out to be a one‐off blip. Only in WA is demand for electricity showing a persistent,
though very gradual decline. Total demand in the SWIS in the year to July 2015 was 1.5% lower than the maximum
level reached eleven months previously, in the year to August 2014.
FIGURE 7
Relative changes in electricity demand by State
TWh 20% Jun 07 Jun 08 Jun 09 Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 10
TWh15% 8
10% 6
4
5% 2
0% 0
-5% -2
-10% -4
-15% -6
-8
Jun 06 -10
Jun 15
NSW Vic Qld SA Tas WA Total NEM (TWh, RH axis)
FIGURE 8
Absolute changes in electricity demand by State
3 Jun 07 Jun 08 Jun 09 Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 Jun 15
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
Jun 06
NSW Vic Qld SA Tas WA
Turning to generation, it is significant that data for the year ending August 2015 cover the first full 12 month period
since the end of the carbon price and the associated cut back in hydro generation. It is therefore unsurprising,
though nonetheless striking, that, while generation increased to meet growing demand, annualised emissions
decreased for the first month since June 2014 (Figure 9). The coal share of total generation was virtually unchanged
from the previous month, with a very small decrease in the brown coal share and matching very small increase in
the black coal share (Figure 10). Annual hydro generation increased slightly, also for the first time since June 2015.
cedex®
carbon emissions index
cedex® provides an early indication of key greenhouse gas emission trends in
Australia. Full reports available at www.pittsh.com.au/cedex
FIGURE 9
Changes in electricity sent out generation, emissions and coal share of generation
6 % Coal share of generation Generation
4 % Em issions
2 %
0 % Jun 07 Jun 08 Jun 09 Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 Jun 15
‐2 %
‐4 %
‐6 %
‐8 %
‐10 %
‐12 %
‐14 %
‐16 %
Jun 06
FIGURE 10
Changes in electricity generation by fuel type
15 Wind and other renewables
Gas
10
5
0
TWh -5 Hydro
Black coal
-10 Brown coal
-15
-20
-25
-30 Jun 07 Jun 08 Jun 09 Jun 10 Jun 11 Jun 12 Jun 13 Jun 14 Jun 15
Jun 06
Gas generation went down again with the largest fall again in Queensland, and falls also in Victoria and SA, but a
small increase in NSW. In Queensland, reduced gas generation was offset by a small increase in coal generation and
a large reduction in net exports to NSW. In Victoria and SA, reduced gas generation was mainly offset by the higher
wind generation.
We conclude this issue with two graphs which we normally publish twice a year, to emphasise the difference
between seasonal peak system demand (MW) and seasonal total energy consumption (TWh). For this purpose,
winter is defined as the four months from May to August, and summer as the four months from December to
March. Historically, energy consumption has always been lower in the other four months – September, October,
November and April – than in any of the other eight, which is the reason for the selections. Figure 1 shows winter
total energy consumption in every mainland state except WA, for which complete data for August are not yet
available. In every state except Queensland (and SA very occasionally) winter consumption is higher than summer,
implying that more electrical energy is used for heating than for cooling. Moreover, higher winter demand is
generally correlated with colder winter conditions. Figure 11 indicates that winter demand in Queensland, NSW, SA
cedex®
carbon emissions index
cedex® provides an early indication of key greenhouse gas emission trends in
Australia. Full reports available at www.pittsh.com.au/cedex
and, after adjusting for the effect of the Point Henry smelter closure, Victoria also was the highest for several years.
As explained previously, the Bureau of Meteorology data indicate that May and June were about average but July
was colder than average. It is thus not yet possible to assess the extent to which the observed modest increases n
electricity demand may have been caused by colder than average winter weather over the whole season.
Finally, Figure 12 shows the relationship between seasonal peak demand and seasonal energy consumption for the
two states (other than Tasmania, where both peak demand and highest seasonal energy consumption are always in
winter) which best characterise the differing relationships between peak demand, total energy and seasonal
weather. In Victoria peaks are always in summer, associated with heatwaves, but winter energy consumption is
consistently much higher than summer. In Queensland, both peak demand and total energy consumption are
higher in summer than in winter.
FIGURE 11
Seasonal electrical energy demand by State
125%
120%
115%
110%
105%
100%
95%
90%
85%
80%
Level relative to Winter 2005
Winter 2005
Summer 2005‐06
Winter 2006
Summer 2006‐07
Winter 2007
Summer 2007‐08
Winter 2008
Summer 2008‐09
Winter 2009
Summer 2009‐10
Winter 2010
Summer 2010‐11
Winter 2011
Summer 2011‐12
Winter 2012
Summer 2012‐13
Winter 2013
Summer 2013‐14
Winter 2014
Summer 2014‐15
Winter 2015
NSW Vic Qld SA WA
FIGURE 12
Seasonal electrical energy consumption and peak demand in Queensland and Victoria
140%
130%
120%
110%
100%
90%
80%
Level relative to Winter 2005
Winter 2005
Summer 2005‐06
Winter 2006
Summer 2006‐07
Winter 2007
Summer 2007‐08
Winter 2008
Summer 2008‐09
Winter 2009
Summer 2009‐10
Winter 2010
Summer 2010‐11
Winter 2011
Summer 2011‐12
Winter 2012
Summer 2012‐13
Winter 2013
Summer 2013‐14
Winter 2014
Summer 2014‐15
Winter 2015
Qld Qld peaks Vic Vic peaks
cedex®
carbon emissions index
cedex® provides an early indication of key greenhouse gas emission trends in
Australia. Full reports available at www.pittsh.com.au/cedex
About pitt&sherry’s carbon emissions index CEDEX®
The Energy Sector is the largest source of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions. The energy use covered by the
CEDEX® accounted in 2012‐13 for about 85% of Australia’s total energy combustion emissions, and 58% of total
emissions (excluding land use change and forestry), as reported in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Figure
13 below illustrates the growth in energy sector emissions, with the lines at the right showing the period and
emission sources covered in the CEDEX®.
FIGURE 13
Australia's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Since 1990 (excluding LULUCF)
600
500 All petroleum
Mt CO2‐e 400 Gas electricity
Brown coal
300 electricity
Black coal electricity
200
Other emission
sources
100 Black
0 Brown
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13
Data sourced from Department of the Environment and CEDEX®.
Between 1990 and 2013 Australia’s total emissions, excluding land use change and forestry, Increased by 113.6 Mt
CO2‐e, while energy combustion emissions increased by 116.0 Mt CO2‐e, i.e. 2 % more than the total net increase.
Hence trends in energy emissions are the key indicator of Australia’s ability to achieve significant reductions in total
emissions.
cedex®
carbon emissions index
cedex® provides an early indication of key greenhouse gas emission trends in
Australia. Full reports available at www.pittsh.com.au/cedex
The CEDEX® is calculated monthly from three industry resources:
1 Emissions from coal, petroleum and natural gas consumed at all fossil fuel fired power stations in the National
Electricity Market (NEM): Data on sent out electricity is sourced from the Australian Energy Market Operator
(AEMO), using the service provided by NEM‐Review. Sent out electricity data is multiplied by the emission factor
(combustion emissions per MWh sent out) for the power station, sourced from a report published by AEMO.
2 Emissions from total national sales of petroleum products: Data on petroleum sales are available from the
Department of Industry and Science. Emission factors are from the Department of the Environment.
3 Emissions from natural gas from the National Gas Market (south eastern states). These data were not available
prior to 2009.
The main sources not covered, which account for about 19% of other energy combustion emissions, are:
• Consumption of natural gas in WA and NT
• Consumption of fossil fuels for electricity generation in WA and the NT
• Consumption of coal in uses other than electricity generation (such as in steel, cement and alumina production)
• Petroleum products used as fuel at oil refineries
• Combustion related emissions of CH4 and N2O, other than from NEM power stations.
References
Australian Petroleum Statistics, Office of the Chief Economist, Department of Industry and Science,
www.industry.gov.au
Weekly gas market analysis, Australian Energy Regulator, www.aer.gov.au
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Department of the Environment, www.environment.gov.au
Fuel Resource, New Entry and Generation Costs in the NEM, ACIL Tasman 2009, www.aemo.com.au
NEM‐Review, www.nem‐review.info
Data analysis, text and graphs:
Hugh Saddler, Elena Tinch, Mark Johnston