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(b) Delayed ripening in tomatoes is another example of the beneficial traits possessed by transgenic plants. This type of tomato appears fresh and firm and has a longer shelf life (c) Transgenic plants can be cloned using the tissue culture technique to produce thousands of plantlets (clones) with similar resistance to pests and diseases. Farmers are now planting many of these genetically modified (GM) crops. BY RV 2023
5. Cloning and tissue culture techniques involve vegetative reproduction which does not need pollinating agents. Thus, propagation can take place at anytime without the need for pollination. BY RV 2023
6. Certain transgenic bacteria can be used to control environmental pollution. (a) For example, the gene for the synthesis of lipase is isolated from animals and inserted into the bacterial genome to create a new strain of bacteria that can clean up oil spills in the ocean. (b) There are also some bacterial clones which are able to break down toxic waste materials and help clean up toxic waste dumps. (c) For example, one such bacterium is able to remove sulphur from coal before it is burnt. (d) Therefore, transgenic bacteria are able to help humans overcome pollution by cutting down the time and cost of cleaning required for the removal of oil spills and toxicBY RV 2023 wastes.
• Many ethical and moral issues regarding cloning have been raised. • Many religious groups and organisations have questioned and strongly opposed cloning. BY RV 2023
1a. The long-term side effects of using genetically modified viruses and bacterial clones in various fields such as medicine and industries are not yet known. b. For example, many vaccines, antibodies and hormones are produced by genetically modified bacteria. The period of use and their side effects on humans have not been established. BY RV 2023
2a. The long-term effects and safety aspects of releasing bacterial clones to the environment to solve problems related to the environment such as pollution are not yet known. b. These organisms may mutate and become dangerous to the environment and other living organisms. BY RV 2023
3. Clones do not show any genetic variations. For example, certain plant clones have adapted to the current environment. However, if a drastic change to the environment should occur in the future, the clones may be wiped out entirely, as they would be unable to adapt to the changes. 4. All clones have the same level of resistance towards certain diseases. If a new disease or pest emerges, then all the clones may be eliminated, as they are not resistant to the new diseases or pests. 5. New clones may undergo natural mutations which can endanger mankind, as well as the environment. They may also disrupt the natural equilibrium of an ecosystem. BY RV 2023
6. Certain transgenic crops contain genes that are resistant to herbicides. These genes may be transferred to weeds through viruses. These weeds could then become resistant to herbicides. 7. For reasons still unknown, cloned animals have a shorter lifespan. Research is currently underway to find a solution to prolong the lives of cloned animals. BY RV 2023
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HOTS CHAPTER 8 BY RV 2023
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HOTS CHAPTER 9 BY RV 2023
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HOTS CHAPTER 10 BY RV 2023
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BY RV 2023 Globulins play an important role in liver function, blood clotting, and fighting infection.
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HOTS CHAPTER 11 BY RV 2023
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