Application of PROTAC In The New Field of Attenuated Vaccines

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Application of PROTAC In The New Field of

Attenuated Vaccines

Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus that
spreads worldwide. Influenza viruses are divided into four types: A, B, C, and
D. Influenza A and B viruses can spread and cause seasonal epidemics.
Although influenza has been overshadowed by the COVID-19 pandemic, it
remains a major threat to global health, causing severe illness and death in
high-risk populations [1].

The most effective way to prevent the flu is to get vaccinated. At present, live
attenuated virus vaccines face problems such as poor immunogenicity, low
safety, and cumbersome manufacturing technology. Recently, Longlong Si's
research group at the Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of
Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, developed a live
attenuated influenza A virus vaccine using proteolysis targeting chimera
(PROTAC) technology to degrade viral proteins through the endogenous
ubiquitin-proteasome system of host cells. The related work was published in
Nature Biotechnology [2].

PROTAC is a bifunctional molecule that induces degradation of target proteins
by targeting them to the ubiquitin-proteasome system. They typically contain
two covalently linked moieties, one specific for the protein of interest and the
other specific for the E3 ligase. Targeted protein degradation technology is
mainly studied in the field of anti-tumor. In recent years, it has attracted more
and more attention of researchers as an anti-viral method.

Overview of PROTAC Virus Production system

Given that viral replication depends on virus-encoded proteins, Longlong Si's
group believes that manipulating the stability of viral proteins by using the host
cell's proteolytic machinery may represent a potential way to turn the viral life
cycle on and off for vaccine development. In this study, the
researchers designed a conditionally knockdown proteasome-targeting
domain (PTD) on the matrix protein gene fragment of influenza A virus. The
PTD contains an ALAPYIP peptide that recognizes the von Hippel-Lindau
(VHL) tumor suppressor protein, which is the substrate recognition component
of CRL2VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase. The universal expression of VHL in most
normal tissues and cell types could provide a critical basis for the safety of
PROTAC vaccine.

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PROTAC virus is attenuated by proteasome-mediated targeted degradation of
ubiquitinated viral proteins (M1-PTD), resulting in insufficient protein synthesis
and weakened viral replication. The viral nucleoprotein (NP) not fused to PTD
will not be degraded. Viral replication should not be attenuated during vaccine
production, so PTD also contains the tobacco Etch Virus cleavage site (TEVcs)
linker ENLYFQG, which can be selectively cleaved by tobacco etch virus
protease (TEVp) to avoid viral protein degradation in cells stably expressing
TEV protease. (Figure 1)

Figure 1: Overview of the PROTAC virus production system [3]

The safety of PROTAC viruses as potential vaccines largely depends on how
attenuated they are in conventional cells. To quantify the attenuation of viral
protein M1-PTD, the replication kinetics of M1-PTD and WT viruses in
MDCK-TEVP and MDCK.2 cells were measured with a complex number of
infection (MOI) of 0.01. The results showed that M1-PTD was effectively
replicated only in MDCK-TEVP cells but not in MDCK.2 cells (FIG.2).

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Figure 2: Replication of M1-PTD in different cell lines[2]

Next, the researchers demonstrated that PTD-mediated viral protein
degradation and PROTAC virus attenuation were proteasome dependent by
amplifying M1-PTD virus in conventional MDCK-2 cells in the presence and
absence of the proteasome inhibitor MG-132.

In addition, the attenuated effects of PROTAC virus were evaluated in mouse
and ferret animal models. The results showed that the median lethal dose
(LD50) of WT virus in mice was 104PFU, and 10×LD50 of WT virus caused
death in all mice, accompanied by significant weight loss. In contrast, no death,
weight loss, or other indicative clinical symptoms were observed in mice
infected with the same dose of M1-PTD (FIG. 3A, B). The safety of M1-PTD
was further confirmed in a ferret model study. By day 3 after inoculation,
M1-PTD titers in the nasal wash, trachea and lung of ferrets showed ~2.0-log,
~2.1-log and ~2.9-log, respectively, compared with WT virus (FIG. 3C, D). All
data from animal models indicate that influenza viruses are greatly attenuated
in vivo by using host protein degradation mechanisms.

At the same time, there are also data showing that PROTAC vaccine induces
a robust and broad immune response in mice and
ferrets. M1-PTD (105 PFU) elicited significantly higher (5-50-fold) titers of HI
antibodies, NT antibodies, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) against the viral
surface HA protein and internal conserved nucleoprotein (NP) than those
elicited by the most widely used inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV).

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Figure3: Evaluation of the in vivo safety of PROTAC virus M1-PTD in mice and
ferrets[2]

Summary And Prospect

The ideal vaccine should be sufficiently attenuated in the host to ensure safety,
while maintaining strong immunogenicity to ensure efficacy, and capable of
being efficiently produced in a tissue culture platform suitable for
manufacturing. The research group of Longlong Si's successfully developed
the PROTAC virus vaccine by using the host's protein degradation mechanism
to control the stability of viral proteins. PROTAC virus can be highly attenuated
in conventional cells but retain high-efficiency replication capacity in an
engineered TEVp-MDCK-expressing cell line that has been approved by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human vaccine production [4].
PROTAC viruses can be sufficiently attenuated in vivo but still elicit robust and
diverse humoral, mucosal and cellular immunity, thus providing broad
protection against homologous and heterologous viral challenge.

In addition to the methods used clinically to produce inactivated vaccines (IIV)
and attenuated vaccines (CAIV), several other strategies have been
developed to attenuate viruses in preclinical studies. Compared to these
existing methods, the PROTAC virus vaccine technology employs a unique
vaccine design principle—that is, the conditional targeting of viral proteins to
the host’s protein degradation system to generate proteolytically targeted
viruses as vaccines. The method has five key characteristics:

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(1) The PROTAC virus vaccine can highly attenuate the virus to a low level of
replication capacity, possibly yielding a higher safety profile than existing
methods.
(2) PROTAC virus vaccines may be able to attenuate multiple seasonal or
pandemic virus strains, providing sufficient antigenic match between vaccine
and target virus to enhance efficacy.
(3) Since more than 600 E3 ligases are found in the human
ubiquitin-proteasome system, many PTDs can theoretically be used to
generate PROTAC viruses.
(4) The PROTAC virus vaccine is a simple and general approach that may be
applicable to many other viruses and is available to most laboratories.
(5) By using TEVP-expressing cells or viral proteins expressing interest, it
enables cost-effective vaccine production within weeks under normal cell
culture conditions.

Finally, the potential safety issues of PROTAC vaccines require further study.
Since VHL is a tumor suppressor protein and loss of VHL was found in clear
cell renal carcinoma, this result also raises concerns about the use of VHL as a
PROTAC target. As the researchers such as Longlong Si’s group pointed out,
the PROTAC approach or specific PROTAC viruses may not be suitable for
some people: such as those receiving proteasome inhibitor treatment or those
with defective expression of specific E3 ligases. However, many different
PTD-E3 ligase pairs and PTD-viral protein linkers can also be investigated.

Although personalized selection from a panel of E3 ligases is not feasible for
population-based vaccine production, there is room for the development of
safe, effective and cost-effective improved PROTAC vaccine candidates. As
the method is extended to other viral pathogens, selecting the optimal viral
protein to target and ensuring efficient cleavage is one of the details that needs
to be investigated.

Linkers play an important role in PROTAC, and the linkers commonly used in
the development of PROTAC are PEG linkers, alkyl chains, and alkyl/ethers.
As a leading PEG linker supplier, Huateng Pharma can provide high
purity PROTAC linkers to continuously assist customers’ PROTAC project
development.

References:
[1] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
[2] Si, L., et al. Generation of a live attenuated influenza A vaccine by
proteolysis targeting. Nat. Biotechnol. (2022).

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[3] Brad Gilbertson, Kanta Subbarao. A new route to vaccines using
PROTACs. Nat. Biotechnol. (2022).
[4] Ping, J., et al. Development of high- yield influenza B virus vaccine viruses.
Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, E8296–E8305 (2016).

Related articles:
[1]. Antibody + PROTAC: The Emergence of Degrader-Antibody Conjugates
[2].PROTAC Technology: An Effective Targeted Protein Degrader