SQL Cikgu Amanda

ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei

4.1 SISTEM PANGKALAN DATA
1. Pangkalan data dibinakan dengan menggunakan perisian sistem pengurusan pangkalan data ,

DBMS ( Database Management System ).

2. Perisian ( Software ) DBMS :
a. Microsoft Access
b. Microsoft SQL Server
c. Oracle
d. Informix
e. DB2
f. Sybase
g. Postgress
h. MySQL

3. Langkah-langkah untuk membinakan pangkalan data :

1. Tentukan tujuan pembinaan pangkalan data

2. Menentukan entiti yang diperlukan oleh Sistem Pangkalan Data dibinakan

3. Menentukan atribut yang diperlukan oleh Sistem Pangkalan Data yang dibinakan

4. Menentukan hubungan dan kekardinalan diperlukan oleh Pangkalan Data yang
dibinakan

• Entiti : Kekunci Primer, Kekunci Asing
• Kekardinalan : Hubungan one to many ( 1:M) ,Hubungan one to one ( 1:1) Hubungan

many to many ( M:N)

5. Menghasilkan Pangkalan Data yang dibinakan
• Jadual
• Borang
• Pertanyaan
• Laporan

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei

SISTEM PANGKALAN DATA SMJK YOK BIN
Create Fuction in Ms Access

Table GURU

Table KELAS

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei

Using Lookup Wizard create Nama-Guru Tingkatan from Table GURU.

Table GURU click tab Lookup Lookup at Design view
Row Source :
SELECT [Guru].[ID], [Guru].[Nama Guru] FROM Guru ORDER BY [Nama Guru];

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei
Table MURID

Lookup for atribut kelas
Row source : SELECT [KELAS].[IDKelas] FROM KELAS ORDER BY [IDKelas];

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei
Table MARKAH

Table PENJAGA
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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei

SQL – Structured Query Language

1. Sistem Pengurusan Pangkalan Data (DBMS) menggunakan arahan SQL untuk
mencapaikan data dari rekod yang disimpankan dalam pangkalan.

2. SQL ialah bahasa pengaaturcaraan aras tinggi generasi keempat yang ringkas dan
mudah untuk dibaca serta mempunyai arahan-arahan yang terhad.

3. SQL mempunyai sintaks tertentu yang mesti diikuti semasa digunakan.

4. Sintaks – set peraturan yang menetapkan set perintah yang boleh digunakan dan cara-
cara menulis perintah-perintah dalam bentuk ayat agar boleh difahami dan
dilaksanakan oleh perisian aplikasi Sistem Pengurusan Pangkalan Data ( DBMS).

5. Sintaks SQL berasaskan sintaks dalam bahasa Inggeris.

6. SQL digunakan untuk menyimpan, memanipulasi dan mendapatkan data daripada
pangkalan data.

7. Pertanyaan ( Query )
a. Meminta data yang daripada satu atau lebih daripada satu jadual.
b. Data yang diperoleh boleh dicetak atau dipaparkan.
c. Data yang dipaparkan boleh dibuat perubahan.

8. Contoh Pernyataan SQL :
a. Pernyataan SELECT
b. Pernyataan SELECT ..... WHERE
c. Pernyataan SELECT ...ORDER BY

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei
SELECT sintaks

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
SELECT * FROM table_name;
WHERE sintaks , AND , OR, NOT , ORDER BY ..ASC|DESC
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei

SELECT Nama_Murid
FROM MURID
WHERE Jantina='L';
Output :

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;
select Nama_Murid
from MURID
where Jantina='L ' and Kaum ="Melayu"

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;

SELECT Nama_Murid SELECT Nama_Murid
FROM MURID FROM MURID
ORDER BY Nama_Murid ASC ; ORDER BY Nama_Murid DESC ;

INSERT INTO Sintaks
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
INSERT INTO MURID ( ID_Murid, Nama_Murid, Jantina, Kaum, Kelas )
VALUES ('P015', 'Yong Kai Le', 'P', 'Cina', '3R');

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

UPDATE MURID
SET Nama_Murid = 'Yong Kai Nong '
WHERE ID_Murid = 'P015';

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
DELETE FROM MURID
WHERE ID_Murid ='P015';

MIN , MAX Sintaks

SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei
Join

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name;

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name
WHERE condition;

OUTER JOIN FOR ACCESS

Outer joins are directional: you can specify whether to include all the records from the first data
source specified in the join (called a left join), or to include all the records from the second data
source in the join (called a right join).

An outer join has the following syntax:

FROM table1 [ LEFT | RIGHT ] JOIN table2
ON table1.field1compopr table2.field2

The following table describes the different parts of LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN operations.

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei
Table Murid

TABLE Markah

SELECT MURID.[ID_Murid], MURID.[Nama_Murid], MURID.[Kelas], MARKAH.SEJ
FROM MARKAH INNER JOIN MURID ON MARKAH.ID_Murid = MURID.ID_Murid
ORDER BY Murid.ID_Murid ASC;

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ASK T3 Pangkalan Data Pn Lai Yen Wei

SELECT MURID.[ID_Murid], MURID.[Nama_Murid], MURID.[Kelas], MARKAH.SEJ
FROM MARKAH INNER JOIN MURID ON MARKAH.ID_Murid = MURID.ID_Murid
WHERE MARKAH.SEJ >39
ORDER BY MARKAH.SEJ DESC;

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