BRAYDEN CARL LINUS, 2 AMANAH, SCIENCE PBL FORM 2 2021

SM ST MICHAEL,



PENAMPANG




Project Based Learning



-pbl-

Table of Contents









1. Theme i


Content Standard



Learning Standard


Problem Statement




2. Learning Concepts 1




3. Discussion / Analysis 7



4. Source of references 10

Theme








Content Standard









Learning Standard















Problem Statement































i

1. Learning Concepts

a) The most common diseases in Malaysia.


The most common diseases in Malaysia are:
1. Coronary heart disease

2. Stroke

3. Influenza
4. Lung disease

5. Diabetes































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b) Types of infectious diseases, causes, and method to overcome the diseases.

1. Chickenpox
It is caused by the varicella zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash with small, fluid-filled blisters.
The chickenpox vaccine is the best way to prevent chickenpox. Experts from the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that the vaccine provides complete protection
from the virus for nearly 98 percent of people who receive both of the recommended doses. When

the vaccine doesn't provide complete protection, it significantly lessens the severity of chickenpox.


































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2. Tuberculosis
Caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. When symptoms do occur, they

usually include cough, weight loss, night sweats, and fever. To overcome the spread of
Tuberculosis, we must wash our hands after coughing or sneezing and practice proper hygiene.

















































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3. Hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD)
It is caused by coxsackievirus. It causes fever, sore throat, mouth sores and skin rash. There is no

specific treatment for this diseases. Signs and symptoms of hand foot and mouth disease usually
clear up to seven to 10 days. A topical oral anesthetic may help relieve the pain of mouth sores.

Over-the-counter pain medications other than aspirin, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may

help relieve general discomfort.











































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4. Measles.
Other names include morbilli, rubeola, red measles, and English measles. It is caused by the

measles virus, a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus
within the family Paramyxoviridae. It causes fever, often greater than 40°C, small white spots

known as Koplik’s Spot may form inside the mouth two or three days after the start of symptoms

and a red, flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body typically
begins three to five days after the start of symptoms. To overcome the spread of Measles, we must

take the Measles vaccine, MMR vaccine, and MMRV vaccine.


































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5. Leptospirosis.
It is caused by spirochaete bacteria that belong to the genus Leptospira, which are aerobic, right

handed helical, and 6-20 micrometers long. It causes headaches, muscle pains, fever, bleeding in
the lungs and meningitis. Rates of leptospirosis can be reduced by improving housing,

infrastructure, and sanitation standards. Most leptospiral cases resolve spontaneously. Early

initiation of antibiotics may prevent the progression to severe disease. For mild leptospirosis,
antibiotic recommendations such as doxycycline, azithromycin, ampicillin and amoxicillin were

solely on in vitro testing.


































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2. Discussion / Analysis

a) Progression of diseases based on the statistical graphs of Ministry of Health, Malaysia.























This graph shows the progression of the Chickenpox disease from year 2013 to 2019. From this
graph, we can see that the number of patients infected by the disease is uncertain.
The highest number of cases reported was in 2013. This was most probably caused by poor
human hygiene and environmental factors. The lowest number of cases reported was in 2014 and
this was most probably caused by human activity that decrease the virus or disease transmission.
Human can reduce the risk of viruses transmission by practicing proper hygiene, get vaccinated
and take a balanced diet.













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b) Steps to establish Malaysia as a country that is free of infectious diseases.

Some steps to establish Malaysia as a country that is free of infectious diseases are to spread news
to instill awareness so that people will be alerted about the existence and the danger of the diseases
and could take precaution.


On the other hand, the National Security Council could also enforce some laws in public
health emergencies to instill realization, for example, making vaccination as mandatory or giving
fines to those who disobey the law enforced for public health. Thus, it could minimize the risk of
spreading a disease.


The Ministry of Health could also perform some awareness campaigns, talks, roadshows,
and present some ads in television programme, YouTube, Facebook or Instagram. All this could
be carried out with the help of other governmental or non-governmental organization such as the
Ministry of Education and the NGO. The campaign should aim on educating people about hygiene,
health and self-care.

























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c) Awareness Poster











































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Source of references

1. Form 2 Science Text book
2. Chickenpox – Wikipedia

3. Tuberculosis (TB) – Causes – NHS (www.nhs.uk)
4. Hand, foot, and mouth disease – Wikipedia

5. Measles – Wikipedia

6. Leptospirosis – Wikipedia





































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