Page | 100 LESSON 5: INTRODUCTION TO 3D ANIMATION Objectives: By the end of this Lesson, students will be able to: 1. Understand the historical development of 3D animation and its impact on the entertainment industry. 2. Familiarize students with the key terminologies, theories, and principles of 3D animation. 3. Explore different types of 3D animation, including traditional and digital techniques. Pre-Assessment I. Direction Read the following questions and Encircle the correct answer. 1. What was the first feature-length film entirely created with computer-generated animation? a. Shrek b. Toy Story c. Tron d. Futureworld 2. Which technique of animation involves manipulating physical objects and capturing each frame to create the illusion of movement? a. CGI animation b. Claymation c. Cutout animation d. Puppet animation 3. What is the process of generating the final 2D images or frames from a 3D scene called? a. Rigging b. Rendering c. Keyframing d. Squash and stretch 4. What is the term for specific frames in an animation where important poses or positions are defined? a. Rigging b. Keyframes c. Rendering d. Anticipation 5. Which principle of animation gives your animated characters and objects the illusion of gravity, weight, mass, and flexibility?
Page | 101 a. Squash and stretch b. Anticipation c. Staging d. Follow through and overlapping action 6. Which type of animation uses pre-cut pieces made of paper, cardboard, or other flat materials to animate 2D characters or objects? a. Stop motion animation b. Claymation c. Cutout animation d. Puppet animation 7. Who created the first 3D computer-animated film, "Futureworld"? a. Ed Catmull b. Ivan Sutherland c. Pixar d. DreamWorks Animation 8. Which principle of animation involves adding more frames at the beginning and end of an action sequence to achieve a realistic effect? a. Slow in and slow out b. Arc c. Secondary actions d. Timing 9. What technique involves recording the movements of real actors or objects and transferring them to digital characters or objects? a. Stop motion animation b. Claymation c. Motion capture d. Visual effects (VFX) 10. Which film showcased the capabilities of 3D animation but was still in its early stages of development? a. Shrek b. Toy Story c. Tron d. Futureworld
Page | 102 Welcome to Lesson 5: Introduction to 3D Animation! In this captivating exploration, we will delve into the fascinating realm of the history of 3D animation, The terminologies, theories, and principles of 3D animation, as well as the different types of 3D animation - both traditional and digital. We will trace the roots of 3D animation, appreciating its evolution and significant milestones. Then, we will delve into essential terminologies, theories, and principles that form its foundation. Exploring traditional techniques like stop-motion and claymation, alongside the power of CGI and 3D modeling software, we will uncover the artistry and technology behind bringing virtual worlds and characters to life. Join us on this exhilarating journey to gain a comprehensive understanding of 3D animation's history, concepts, and diverse techniques, and unleash your creativity in this dynamic field. Lesson Discussion I. History of 3D Animation In this lesson, we will delve into the captivating history of 3D animation. We will explore the significant milestones, technological advancements, and influential films that have shaped the evolution of this dynamic art form. The history of 3D animation dates back to the 1960s when Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad, a groundbreaking computer program that allowed usersto create and manipulate graphical objects. This laid the foundation for computer-generated imagery (CGI) and opened the doors for 3D animation. In 1972, the University of Utah's Wireframe program introduced the concept of wireframe modeling, enabling animators to represent 3D objects using lines and vertices. This technique formed the basis for creating complex 3D models. A significant milestone occurred in 1976 when Ed Catmull, co-founder of Pixar, and histeam at the New York Institute of Technology created the first 3D computeranimated film, "Futureworld." This pioneering effort demonstrated the potential of computer animation in the entertainment industry. Another breakthrough moment came in 1982 with the release of the film "Tron," which extensively used CGI. The movie showcased the capabilities of 3D animation, although the technology was still in its early stages. In 1995, Pixar released "Toy Story," the first-ever feature-length film entirely created with computer-generated animation. The film was a massive success and marked a turning point in the animation industry, solidifying the potential and demand for 3D animation. DreamWorks Animation made its mark in 2001 with the release of "Shrek," a film that pushed the boundaries of CGI animation. Its success further propelled the popularity of 3D animated films and showcased the creative possibilities offered by the medium. Over the years, advancements in technology, computing power, and rendering capabilities have fueled the growth of 3D animation. As a result, filmmakers have been able to create increasingly realistic and visually stunning animated worlds, captivating audiences worldwide.
Page | 103 Exploring the growth and improvements of 3D animation gives us with great insights into this dynamic art form. 3D animation has transformed the way we tell tales and bring fictional worlds to life, from its humble origins as experimental techniquesto its incorporation into popular media and entertainment. We get a greater understanding for the enormous creativity, technological ingenuity, and collaborative efforts that have formed the industry by examining the milestones, breakthroughs, and significant contributors in the history of 3D animation. Understanding the historical backdrop enables us to build on the foundation built by pioneers and pioneers, using their accomplishments to push the boundaries of what is possible in the ever-evolving area of 3D animation. II. Terminologies, Theories, and Principles of 3D Animation To understand the foundations of 3D animation, it is essential to familiarize ourselves with the key terminologies, theories, and principles that govern this realm. In this lesson, we will explore the fundamental concepts and techniques that form the backbone of 3D animation. A. Terminologies in 3D Animation Keyframes: Keyframes are specific frames in an animation where important poses or positions are defined. Animators create keyframes to establish the main positions of an object or character at specific points in time. Rigging: Rigging refers to the process of creating a digital skeleton or structure for a 3D character. It involves setting up a system of bones, joints, and controlsthat enable animators
Page | 104 to manipulate and pose the character. Rendering: Rendering is the process of generating the final 2D images or frames from a 3D scene. It involves calculations to determine lighting, shadows, textures, and other visual effects, resulting in the final output of the animation. B. Theories and Principles of 3D Animation 1. Squash and Stretch The squash and stretch principle is considered the most important of the 12 principles of animation. When applied, it gives your animated characters and objects the illusion of gravity, weight, mass and flexibility. Think about how a bouncing rubber ball may react when tossed into the air: the ball stretches when it travels up and down and squishes when it hits the ground. When using squash and stretch, it'simportant to keep the object's volume consistent. so, when you stretch something, it needs to get thinner, and when you squash something, it needs to get wider. 2. Anticipation It helps to prepare the viewer for what's about to happen. When applied, it has the effect of making the object's action more realistic. Consider how if might look if you were to jump in the air without bending your knees, or perhaps to throw a ball without first pulling your arm back. It would appear very unnatural (it may not even be possible to jump without bending your knees). In the same way, animating movements without a flicker of anticipation will also make your motion seem awkward, stale and lifeless.
Page | 105 3. Staging Staging in animation is a lot like composition in artwork. What we mean by that is, you should use motion to guide the viewer's eye and draw attention to what's important within the scene. Keep the focus on what's important within the scene, and keep the motion of everything else of non-importance to a minimum. 4. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose There are two ways to handle drawing animation: straight ahead and pose to pose. Each has its own benefits, and the two approaches are often combined. Straight ahead action involves drawing frame-by-frame from start to finish. If you're looking for fluid, realistic movements, straight ahead action is your best bet. With the pose-to-pose technique, you draw the beginning frame, the end frame, and a few key frames in-between. Then you go back and complete the rest. This technique gives you a bit more control within the scene and allows you to increase the dramatic effect of the motion. 5. Follow Through and Overlapping Action When objects come to a standstill after being in motion, different parts of the object will stop at different rates. Similarly, not everything on an object will move at the same rate. This forms the essence of the fifth of Disney's principles of animation. If your character is running across the scene, their arms and legs may be moving at a different rate from their head. This is overlapping action. Likewise, when they stop running, their hair will likely continue to move for a few frames before coming to rest- this is follow-through. These are important principles to understand if you want your animation to flow realistically.
Page | 106 6. Slow in and Slow Out The best way to understand slowly in and slow out is to think about how a car starts up and stops. It will start moving slowly, before gaining momentum and speeding up. The reverse will happen when the car brakes. In animation, this effect is achieved by adding more frames at the beginning and end of an action sequence. Apply this principle to give your objects more life. 7. Arc When working in animation, it's best to stick with the laws of physics. Most objects follow an arc or a path when they're moving, and your animations should reflect that arc. For example, when you toss a ball into the air, it follows a natural arc as the effects of the Earth's gravity act upon it 8. Secondary Actions It is used to support or emphasize the main action going on within a scene. Adding secondary actions help add more dimension to your characters and objects. For instance, the subtle
Page | 107 movement of your character’s hair as they walk, or perhaps a facial expression or a secondary object reacting to the first. Whatever the case may be, this secondary action should not distract from the primary one. 9. Timing This principle of Animation looks to the laws of physics again, and apply what we see in the natural world to our animations. In this case, the focus is on timing. If you move an object more quickly or slowly than it would naturally move in the real world, the effect won't be believable. Using the correct timing allows you to control the mood and the reaction of your characters and objects. That's not to say you can't push things a little (especially if you're creating an imaginary world) – but if you do, be consistent. 10. Exaggeration Too much realism can ruin an animation, making it appear static and boring. Instead, add some exaggeration to your characters and objects to make them more dynamic. Find ways to push the limits just beyond what's possible, and your animations will pop.
Page | 108 11. Solid Drawing You need to understand the basics of drawing. Thisincludes knowing how to draw in threedimensional space and understanding form and anatomy, weight and volume, and lights and shadows. While you can push the limits here, too, it's important to remain consistent. If your world has wonky doors and a warped perspective, keep that perspective throughout the entire animation. Otherwise, things will fall apart. 12. Appeal Your characters, objects, and the world in which they live need to appeal to the viewer. This includes having an easy-to-read design, solid drawing, and a personality. There is no formula for getting this right, but it starts with strong character development and being able to tell your story through the art of animation. Recognizing the terminology, techniques, and concepts of 3D animation is critical for anybody interested in delving into this enthralling art form. Knowing the language aids for better communication and collaboration within the animation business. While the name "theories" may not be the most appropriate, the principles of animation give animators with basic rules and procedures for bringing their works to life. Animators that understand these concepts may produce aesthetically spectacular and engaging animations that capture viewers while pushing the boundaries of what is possible in the domain of 3D animation. Video Examples Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lYYyR6lwo0
Page | 109 Video Examples Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=uDqjIdI4bF4
Page | 110 Learning Activity #1 “Exploring the Evolution and Concepts of 3D Animation” A. Objectives: To understand the history and evolution of 3D animation, explore the key terminologies, theories, and principles associated with 3D animation and develop critical thinking and research skills while creating an interactive timeline. B. Materials Needed: Chart paper or a whiteboard Markers or colored pens Index cards or small pieces of paper Sticky notes Access to research materials (books, articles, internet) C. Time Needed: Approximately 60 minutes D. Instructions: Split into small groups with your classmates. You will be exploring the fascinating world of 3D animation history and its key terminologies, theories, and principles. Each group will be assigned a specific time period or milestone in the evolution of 3D animation. Conduct research using available resources such as books, articles, or the internet to gather information about your assigned time period. Find out about significant events, key individuals, and technological advancements during that period. Get ready to create an interactive timeline to showcase your findings. You can use chart paper or a whiteboard for this activity. Design your timeline creatively, using markers, colored pens, and index cards or small pieces of paper. Write down the important information you discovered during your research. Remember to include visuals, symbols, or illustrations to represent different aspects of 3D animation history. Make it visually appealing and informative. Once your timeline is complete, take turns presenting it to the class. Explain the major events, key terminologies, theories, or principles associated with your assigned time period. Listen attentively to other groups' presentations. Take notes and prepare questions for the discussion that follows. Engage in discussions with other groups and the class as a whole. Share your thoughts, ask questions, and discuss the connections between different time periods in the evolution of 3D animation. We will also explore the significance of the terminologies, theories, and principles in 3D animation. Share your understanding and insights gained from your research. As we conclude the activity, take a moment to reflect on the impact of historical milestones, terminologies, theories, and principles on the development of 3D animation today.
Page | 111 Optional: If time allows, we can leave the timelines displayed in the classroom for future reference and as a visual representation of the evolution of 3D animation. E. Concluding Statement: This activity encouragesteamwork, research skills, creativity, and critical thinking. It offers an opportunity to delve into the fascinating history of 3D animation and understand its key concepts. Remember, no mobile devices are needed for this activity, as we will be using hands-on materials to create our timelines. Enjoy the journey through the world of 3D animation!
Page | 112 III. Types of 3D Animation (TRADITIONAL) Before the advent of digital tools, animators employed various traditional techniques to bring their visions to life. In this lesson, we will explore the world of traditional 3D Animation, including Stop Motion, Claymation, Cutout Animation, and Puppet Animation. A. Stop Motion Animation Stop motion animation involves manipulating physical objects and capturing each frame to create the illusion of movement. The animator moves the object slightly between frames and takes a photograph after each adjustment. When the frames are played in sequence, the objects appear to come alive. Famous examples of stop motion animation include "King Kong" (1933) and "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (1993). B. Claymation Claymation is a specific technique of stop motion animation that uses clay or similar modeling materials to create characters or objects. The animator sculpts the clay characters, often using armature (a metal framework) for support, and then photographs each frame of movement. The iconic works of Aardman Animations, such as "Wallace and Gromit", "Chicken Run," and “Corpse Bride” are popular examples of Claymation. C. Cutout Animation Cutout animation involves animating 2D characters or objects using pre-cut pieces made of paper, cardboard, or other flat materials. The animator manipulates the cutouts frame by frame, either physically or digitally, to create the illusion of movement. This technique offers a unique aesthetic and has been used in various productions, including Terry Gilliam's animations for Monty Python and the works of Lotte Reiniger, known for her silhouette animations.
Page | 113 D. Puppet Animation Puppet animation involves animating puppets, either physically or through computer-controlled mechanisms. Physical puppets can be made of various materials, such as foam, fabric, or wood, and are articulated using joints and strings. The movements are controlled by puppeteers who carefully manipulate the puppets frame by frame. In modern productions, computer-controlled puppets, known as digital puppets, are used for greater precision and flexibility. These traditional 3D animation techniques offer a hands-on approach to animation, allowing artists to infuse their work with tangible and textured qualities that can be difficult to achieve with digital methods. They require meticulous attention to detail and a keen understanding of movement principles. IV.Types of 3D Animation (DIGITAL) The rise of digital technologies revolutionized the field of animation, offering endless possibilities for creativity and visual storytelling. In this lesson, we will delve into the realm of digital 3D Animation, including CGI animation, Character Animation, Motion Capture, and Visual Effects (VFX). A. CGI Animation CGI (Computer-Generated Imagery) animation involves creating realistic or stylized animations using computer algorithms and digital models. This technique allows animators to construct entire virtual worlds, characters, and objects within a computer software environment. CGI animation is widely used in films, TV shows, video games, and advertisements. Examples of CGI animation include films like "Finding Nemo," "The Incredibles," and "Frozen."
Page | 114 B. Character Animation Character animation focuses specifically on bringing digital characters to life. Animators use techniques like rigging, keyframing, and motion capture to create believable movements and performances. Rigging involves creating a digital skeleton or structure for a character, enabling animatorsto pose and control the movements. Keyframing involvessetting key poses and positions at specific points in time, while motion capture involves recording real-world movements and applying them to digital characters. C. Motion Capture Motion capture, often abbreviated as mocap, is a technique that involves recording the movements of real actors or objects and transferring those movements to digital characters or objects. Using sensors or markers attached to the actor's body, their movements are captured and translated into the digital realm. This technique allows for more realistic and natural character animations. Motion capture has been used in films like "Avatar," "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy, and video games like the "Assassin's Creed" series. D. Visual Effects (VFX) Visual effects involve integrating 3D animation seamlessly with live-action footage to create captivating and realistic visuals. VFX can range from simple enhancements like adding digital objects or backgrounds to complex simulations of natural phenomena, explosions, or fantastical creatures. It is widely used in the film industry to enhance storytelling and create stunning visual spectacles. Films like "Transformers," "The Avengers," and "Jurassic Park" showcase the impact of visual effects.
Page | 115 Learning Activity #2 “Blend and Create: Exploring Traditional and Digital 3D Animation” A. Objectives: To compare and contrast traditional and digital 3D animation techniques andcollaboratively create a short-animated sequence by blending traditional and digital methods. B. Materials Needed: Paper, pencils, markers, or other traditional art supplies Basic digital animation software or online tools(e.g., Blender, Adobe Animate, Toon Boom Harmony) Optional: Cameras or smartphones to capture reference materials or document the creative process C. Time Needed: 1-2 hours D. Instructions: First, explore the characteristics and techniques of digital 3D animation that is discussed in this lesson. Scan the area of computer-generated imagery (CGI), 3D modeling, rigging, and keyframe animation. Talk about the advantages and possibilities offered by digital tools in the animation process. Form small groups of 3-5 students. Each group will collaborate to create a short-animated sequence that combines traditional and digital techniques. Decide on a simple concept or theme for your animation sequence. It could be as basic as a bouncing ball or a short interaction between characters. Keep the scope manageable to fit within the given time frame. Assign roles within your group. Designate members to handle traditional elements (drawing, sculpting, or manipulating physical objects) and others to focus on digital elements (modeling, animation, or effects). Start by creating the traditional animation element. Use paper, pencils, or any traditional art supplies to create key frames or character designs. Experiment with different styles and techniques that align with the concept of your animation. Once the traditional element is complete, digitize it using a scanner or capture it with a camera or smartphone. Transfer the images to a computer. Import the traditional elements into digital animation software or online tools. Begin animating the sequence by combining the traditional frames with digital techniques. Add digital backgrounds, effects, or additional 3D elements to enhance the animation.
Page | 116 Collaborate and communicate within your group as you blend traditional and digital elements. Experiment with different techniques and iterations to achieve a cohesive and visually appealing sequence. Once your collaborative animation sequence is complete, share it with the rest of the class. Present your work, explain the concept, and discuss the process of combining traditional and digital techniques. Reflect on the benefits and challenges encountered during the activity. E. Concluding Statement: In this activity, you explored the fusion of traditional and digital 3D animation techniques. By blending traditional artistry with the power of digital tools, you created a collaborative animated sequence. Through this experience, you gained insights into the unique possibilities and challenges of combining different animation techniques. Embrace the versatility of both traditional and digital approaches as you continue your journey in 3D animation. Video Examples for Activity Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_7CycE2WqI&t=13s
Page | 117 Summary of the Lesson In this lesson, students will dive into the fascinating world of 3D animation. They will begin by exploring the history of 3D animation, learning about major milestones and key contributors who have shaped the industry. Students will gain insights into the evolution of 3D animation techniques and technologies, understanding how it has transformed over time. They will discover the terminologies, theories, and principles that form the foundation of 3D animation, equipping them with a solid understanding of the key concepts involved in this artistic medium. Moving on, students will delve into the different types of 3D animation. They will explore traditional 3D animation techniques, such as hand-drawn animation, stop-motion, or claymation. Through hands-on activities, students will have the opportunity to create their own traditional 3D animations, honing their skills and understanding the unique characteristics of each technique. They will also explore digital 3D animation, where they will learn to use specialized software to model, rig, and animate characters or objects. Through practical exercises, students will develop proficiency in using 3D animation software, enabling them to bring their creative ideas to life in the digital realm. Throughout the lesson, students will engage in collaborative and creative activities, encouraging teamwork and critical thinking. They will have the opportunity to showcase their mastery ofthe topicslearned through a performance task that integrates all aspects of 3D animation covered in the lesson. This task will challenge students to apply their knowledge and skills in creating a captivating and visually stunning animation project. By the end of the lesson, students will have gained a comprehensive understanding of the history, terminologies, techniques, and software involved in 3D animation, empowering them to pursue further exploration and pursue their passion in this dynamic field of art and technology.
Page | 118 Post-Assessment I. Direction Read the following questions and Encircle the correct answer. 1. What was the first feature-length film entirely created with computer-generated animation? a. Shrek b. Toy Story c. Tron d. Futureworld 2. Which technique of animation involves manipulating physical objects and capturing each frame to create the illusion of movement? a. CGI animation b. Claymation c. Cutout animation d. Puppet animation 3. What is the process of generating the final 2D images or frames from a 3D scene called? a. Rigging b. Rendering c. Keyframing d. Squash and stretch 4. What is the term for specific frames in an animation where important poses or positions are defined? a. Rigging b. Keyframes c. Rendering d. Anticipation 5. Which principle of animation gives your animated characters and objects the illusion of gravity, weight, mass, and flexibility? a. Squash and stretch b. Anticipation c. Staging d. Follow through and overlapping action
Page | 119 6. Which type of animation uses pre-cut pieces made of paper, cardboard, or other flat materials to animate 2D characters or objects? a. Stop motion animation b. Claymation c. Cutout animation d. Puppet animation 7. Who created the first 3D computer-animated film, "Futureworld"? a. Ed Catmull b. Ivan Sutherland c. Pixar d. DreamWorks Animation 8. Which principle of animation involves adding more frames at the beginning and end of an action sequence to achieve a realistic effect? a. Slow in and slow out b. Arc c. Secondary actions d. Timing 9What technique involves recording the movements of real actors or objects and transferring them to digital characters or objects? a. Stop motion animation b. Claymation c. Motion capture d. Visual effects (VFX) 10. Which film showcased the capabilities of 3D animation but was still in its early stages of development? a. Shrek b. Toy Story c. Tron d. Futureworld 11. Who developed Sketchpad, a computer program that allowed users to create and manipulate graphical objects?
Page | 120 a. Ivan Sutherland b. Ed Catmull c. Terry Gilliam d. Lotte Reiniger 12. Which film extensively used CGI and showcased the capabilities of 3D animation? a. Futureworld b. Toy Story c. Tron d. Shrek 13. Which principle of animation involves adding more frames at the beginning and end of an action sequence? a. Squash and stretch b. Slow in and slow out c. Follow through and overlapping action d. Arc 14. Which technique of traditional 3D animation involves animating 2D characters or objects using pre-cut pieces made of paper or cardboard? a. Stop motion animation b. Claymation c. Cutout animation d. Puppet animation 15. What is the process of generating the final 2D images or frames from a 3D scene called? a. Keyframes b. Rigging c. Rendering d. Staging
Page | 121 Performance Task "Animation Odyssey: A Journey Through Time and Technique A. Objectives: To demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the history, terminologies, theories, and principles of 3D animation while applying varioustypes of 3D animation techniques, both traditional and digital and create basic animated project to showcase their creativity, technical skills, and knowledge in 3D animation. B. Materials Needed: Computers with Basic 3D animation software Traditional art supplies (paper, pencils, markers, clay, etc.) Access to online resources for research C. Time Needed: 2 sessions (approximately 4-6 hours) D. Instructions: Session 1: Begin by studying the fascinating history of 3D animation. Research and explore key milestones, influential artists, and groundbreaking films that have shaped the field of 3D animation. Dive into the world of terminologies, theories, and principles of 3D animation. Discover concepts like keyframes, timing, spacing, squash and stretch, anticipation, and staging. Create a glossary or reference sheet to help you remember these important terms. Form small groups or work individually. Choose a historical period, animation technique, or significant artist related to 3D animation that piques your interest. Conduct research to gather information, images, and videos that represent your chosen topic. Develop a storyboard that brings your chosen historical period or animation technique to life. Sketch out the key scenes, transitions, and camera angles you plan to include in your final animated project. Get creative and experiment with traditional art supplies. If applicable, use techniques such as hand-drawn frames, clay modeling, or stop-motion animation to create elements that align with your storyboard. Session 2: Transition to the digital realm of animation. Use free basic 3D animation software that you can download in the internt to bring your storyboard to life. Model, rig, and animate characters or objects based on your planned scenes. Remember to apply the principles and terminologies you learned earlier to enhance the quality and realism of your animation. Explore different types of 3D animation, such as basic character animation, motion graphics, or visual effects. Experiment with both traditional and digital techniques to add
Page | 122 depth and complexity to your project. Let your creativity shine! Refine and polish your animation. Pay attention to details such aslighting, textures, camera movements, and sound effects. These elements will elevate the overall quality and impact of your final animated project. It's time to share your creation! Prepare a presentation to showcase your animated project to the class. Introduce your chosen historical period or animation technique, demonstrate the animation process, and highlight the key features and techniques you incorporated. During your presentation, don't forget to share the challenges you faced, the discoveries you made, and the insights you gained throughout the process. Reflect on the significance of your chosen historical period or animation technique in the evolution of 3D animation. E. Concluding Statement: In this performance task, you will embark on an exciting journey through the history, terminologies, theories, and techniques of 3D animation. By combining traditional and digital methods, you will create an animated project that showcases your knowledge, skills, and creativity. Prepare to amaze your classmates with your final presentation, where you will share your understanding of a specific historical period or animation
Page | 123 RUBRICS Category Excellent (10 points) Good (8 points) Fair (6 points) Needs Improvement (4 points) History of 3D Animation Accurate identification and explanation of major milestones and contributors in 3D animation history. Identification and explanation of key milestones and contributors in 3D animation history. Identification of some milestones and contributors in 3D animation history. Limited or incorrect information about 3D animation history. Terminologies, Theories, and Principles of 3D Animation Accurate definition and explanation of key terminologies, theories, and principles of 3D animation. Definition and explanation of key terminologies, theories, and principles of 3D animation. Basic definition and explanation of some terminologies, theories, and principles of 3D animation. Vague or incorrect definitions and explanations of terminologies, theories, and principles of 3D animation. Traditional 3D Animation Exceptional skills in creating traditional 3D animations using techniques such as hand-drawn animation, stopmotion, or claymation. Proficient skills in creating traditional 3D animations using techniques such as hand-drawn animation, stopmotion, or claymation. Basic skills in creating traditional 3D animations using techniques such as hand-drawn animation, stopmotion, or claymation. Limited skills in creating traditional 3D animations using techniques such as hand-drawn animation, stopmotion, or claymation. Digital 3D Animation Exceptional proficiency in using 3D animation software to model, rig, and animate characters or objects. Proficient skills in using 3D animation software to model, rig, and animate characters or objects. Basic skills in using 3D animation software to model, rig, and animate characters or objects. Limited skills in using 3D animation software to model, rig, and animate characters or objects.
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Page | 125 REFERENCES Media Freaks. (2023, April 20). The Process of 3D Animation https://www.media-freaks.com/2023/04/20/the-process-of-3d-animation/ Creative Bloq. (n.d.). Understand the 12 Principles of Animation. https://www.creativebloq.com/advice/understand-the-12-principles-of-animation InFocus Film School. (n.d.). History of 3D Animation. https://infocusfilmschool.com/history-of-3d-animation/ CGMeetup. (2016, March 24). Pixar Animation Studios: The Story Behind Pixar https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lYYyR6lwo0 Pixar. (n.d.). Our Story: Pixar. https://www.pixar.com/our-story-pixar Lesley University. (n.d.). The 12 Principles of Animation. https://lesley.edu/article/the-12-principles-of-animation Bloop Animation. (2018, May 21). The 12 Principles of Animation (with Examples) https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=uDqjIdI4bF4 Animost. (n.d.). 12 Principles of Animation https://animost.com/tutorials/12-principles-of-animation/ Screen Rant. (2020, May 1). 10 Best Claymation Films, Ranked According to IMDb. https://screenrant.com/claymation-films-highest-rated-ranked-imdb/#corpse-bride-2005-- -7-3 Animation Kolkata. (2018, June 11). Tips for Character Rigging in 3D Animation. http://www.animationkolkata.com/blog/2018/06/11/tips-character-rigging-3d-animation/
Page | 126 LESSON 6 SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION USED IN 3D ANIMATION
Page | 127 LESSON 6: SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION USED IN 3D ANIMATION Objectives: By the end of this Lesson, students will be able to: 1. Identify and explain the key features, functionalities, and purposes of popular 3D animation software. 2. Demonstrate proficiency in navigating and utilizing the selected 3D animation software to create basic 3D models, apply textures and materials, and perform simple animations. 3. Evaluate and compare different 3D animation software based on their strengths, limitations, and suitability for specific animation projects, considering factors such as user interface, toolsets, rendering capabilities, and industry relevance. Pre-Assessment Directions: Choose the correct option for each question. Select and Encircle the most appropriate answer. 1. Which software is commonly used in the film, television, and gaming industries? a. Autodesk Maya b. ZBrush c. Cinema 4D d. Lightwave 3D 2. What is the primary purpose of ZBrush? a. 3D modeling and rendering b. Texturing and lighting c. Digital sculpting d. Character rigging and animation 3. Which software is known for its usage in architectural visualization? a. Lightwave 3D b. Autodesk Maya c. 3ds Max d. ZBrush 4. Which software is developed by Maxon? a. 3ds Max b. Cinema 4D c. ZBrush d. Lightwave 3D 5. Which software provides a comprehensive suite of tools for modeling, texturing, rigging, and animation?
Page | 128 a. Autodesk Maya b. Lightwave 3D c. 3ds Max d. ZBrush 6. Which software was initially developed for DOS-based personal computers? a. Cinema 4D b. 3ds Max c. Lightwave 3D d. Autodesk Maya 7. Which software is widely used for creating high-resolution 3D models? a. ZBrush b. Cinema 4D c. Lightwave 3D d. Autodesk Maya 8. What company developed the software Lightwave 3D? a. Autodesk b. Maxon c. NewTek d. Pixologic 9. Which software is favored for motion graphics and advertising? a. Autodesk Maya b. 3ds Max c. Lightwave 3D d. ZBrush 10. Which software offers advanced sculpting tools and a unique brush-based workflow? a. ZBrush b. Autodesk Maya c. Cinema 4D d. 3ds Max
Page | 129 Welcome to Lesson 6: Software and Applications used in 3D Animation! In this lesson, we'll explore the software tools that professional animators use to create amazing 3D animations. These tools are like magic wands that bring imaginations to life. We'll take a closer look at popular software such as Autodesk Maya, 3ds Max, Cinema 4D, ZBrush, and Lightwave 3D. Whether you want to create cool characters or stunning visual effects, understanding these software applications is essential. So, get ready to discover the exciting world of 3D animation software and unleash your creativity! Lesson Discussion I. AUTODESK MAYA Autodesk Maya was first developed by Alias Systems Corporation in 1998 and was later acquired by Autodesk in 2005. It evolved from the Alias software package, which was used primarily in the visual effects industry. Maya quickly gained popularity due to its advanced features and became one of the industry-standard software applications for 3D animation, visual effects, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). Over the years, Autodesk has continued to enhance Maya's capabilities, introducing new tools and features to meet the growing demands of the entertainment industry. Autodesk Maya is a powerful 3D computer graphics software widely used in the film, television, and gaming industries. It provides a comprehensive suite of tools for creating, animating, and rendering 3D content. Maya offers features such as modeling, rigging, animation, texturing, and dynamics simulation. It supports various rendering engines, including Arnold, and allows for complex character animation and visual effects creation.
Page | 130 II. 3Ds MAX Originally known as 3D Studio Max, the software was created by the Yost Group and released in 1990. It was initially developed for DOS-based personal computers and focused on providing 3D modeling and rendering capabilities. Over time, 3D Studio Max evolved and gained recognition for its comprehensive set of tools and its integration with other software applications. Today, 3ds Max, now owned by Autodesk, is widely used in industries such as architecture, gaming, and visual effects. 3ds Max, developed by Autodesk, is another popular software used in 3D animation and visual effects. It offers a robust set of tools for modeling, texturing, animation, and rendering. 3ds Max is favored for architectural visualization, product design, and character animation. It supports various rendering engines, such as V-Ray and Arnold, and includes features like particle systems, dynamics, and character rigging. III. CINEMA 4D Cinema 4D was developed by the German company Maxon Computer GmbH and was first released in 1993. Initially, it was primarily used for creating 3D animations for broadcast graphics and motion design. Over the years, Cinema 4D expanded its feature set, making it suitable for a wider range of applications, including film, advertising, and game development. Cinema 4D's userfriendly interface and powerful tools have contributed to its popularity among artists and designers. Cinema 4D, developed by Maxon, is a versatile 3D modeling, animation, and rendering software used across different industries, including motion graphics, advertising, and visual effects. It provides an intuitive interface and a wide range of tools for creating complex 3D scenes.
Page | 131 Cinema 4D supports various rendering engines, including its built-in Physical Renderer and thirdparty options like Arnold and Octane. IV. ZBRUSH ZBrush was created by Pixologic, a company founded by Ofer Alon and Jack Rimokh, and was first released in 1999. It revolutionized digital sculpting by introducing a unique sculpting method called "pixol," which allowed artists to sculpt with incredible detail and interactively manipulate 3D models. ZBrush quickly gained recognition in the film and gaming industries for its ability to create highly detailed characters and creatures. It has since become a go-to software for digital sculpting and has continually evolved with new features and enhancements. ZBrush is a digital sculpting and painting software primarily used for creating high-resolution 3D models. It offers advanced sculpting tools and a unique brush-based workflow that allows artists to create intricate details and organic shapes. ZBrush is widely used in the film and gaming industries for character and creature design. It also includes features for texture painting and rendering.
Page | 132 V.LIGHTWAVE 3D Lightwave 3D was developed by NewTek and was first released in 1990. It gained popularity in the early days of computer graphics due to its affordability and powerful feature set. Lightwave 3D was initially used in the broadcast and visual effects industries and eventually expanded into film production and gaming. Over the years, Lightwave 3D has evolved with improved rendering capabilities, advanced modeling tools, and enhanced character animation features. Lightwave 3D is a professional 3D modeling, animation, and rendering software known for its versatility and efficiency. It offers a wide range of tools for modeling, texturing, rigging, and animation. Lightwave 3D supports various rendering engines, including its built-in renderer and third-party options like Octane and V-Ray. It is used in film, television, and game production for visual effects, motion graphics, and architectural visualization. These software applications are industry-standard tools that provide artists and animators with the necessary features and capabilities to create stunning 3D animations. Learning these applications can open up opportunities to work in various fields related to 3D animation, such as film, gaming, advertising, and more.
Page | 133 Learning Activity #1 “3D Animation Exploration” A. Objectives: It aims for students to explore different 3D animation software and applications of basic skills in creating 3D models and animations, also to foster creativity and critical thinking through the creation of a simple animation project. B. Materials Needed Computers with 3D animation software installed (e.g., Autodesk Maya, Cinema 4D, Blender). Pen and paper for note-taking and sketching. Optional: Additional learning resources or tutorials. C. Time Needed Approximately 60 minutes D. Instructions Start by familiarizing yourself with the available 3D animation software on the provided computers. Choose one software that interests you the most or one that you would like to explore further. Begin by researching and exploring the software's interface and basic functions. Take notes on important features, tools, and shortcuts that you come across during your exploration. Once you feel comfortable with the software, brainstorm a simple animation project idea. It could be an object rotating, a bouncing ball, or any other basic animation concept. Use the software to create a 3D model of your chosen object or character for the animation. Experiment with different animation techniques such as keyframing, timing, and easing to bring your model to life. Take your time to refine and iterate on your animation, ensuring smooth movements and realistic physics if applicable. As you progress, feel free to consult additional learning resources or tutorials to enhance your understanding and skills. Document your workflow, challenges faced, and any insights or tips you discover along the way. Once you are satisfied with your animation, save your project and be prepared to share it with the class or your peers. Prepare a short presentation where you showcase your animation project, explain your concept, and share your experience with the software. During the presentations, actively engage with your peers by asking questions and providing constructive feedback. Reflect on your learning experience and consider how you can apply your newfound skills and knowledge in future 3D animation projects.
Page | 134 E. Concluding Statement Throughout this self-guided journey, you have taken the initiative to explore different 3D animation software, develop your skills, and create a simple animation project. By actively engaging in the process, you have gained valuable insights and experience in the world of 3D animation. Keep nurturing your creativity and continue to explore the endless possibilities of this exciting field!"
Page | 135 Summary of the Lesson In this exciting lesson, students will embark on a journey into the captivating world of 3D animation software and applications. They will have the opportunity to explore and dive deep into popular software tools such as Autodesk Maya, 3D's Max, Cinema 4D, Zbrush, and Lightwave 3D. Throughout the lesson, students will not only learn about the history and development of each software but also gain insights into how these tools have transformed the field of 3D animation, enabling artists and animatorsto bring their imaginative visionsto life. During the lesson, students will develop proficiency in utilizing these powerful software tools. They will learn to navigate the user interfaces, understand the functionalities, and harness the creative potential offered by each software. Students will gain hands-on experience in creating 3D models, applying textures and materials, and animating their creations using the selected software. Through practical exercises and guided projects, students will learn various techniques and workflows to bring their animated ideas to fruition. By exploring the capabilities of Autodesk Maya, students will discover its versatility in modeling, rigging, and animation. They will explore the robust features of 3D's Max, a comprehensive tool for modeling, rendering, and visual effects. Additionally, students will learn about Cinema 4D, renowned for its user-friendly interface and motion graphics capabilities. They will also delve into Zbrush, a powerful sculpting and texturing software, as well as Lightwave 3D, known for its advanced rendering and animation capabilities. Understanding the strengths and unique features of each software will enable students to make informed decisions when selecting the most suitable tool for their future animation projects. Lastly, students will have acquired a solid understanding of the software and applications used in 3D animation. They will possess the skills to navigate and utilize Autodesk Maya, 3D's Max, Cinema 4D, Zbrush, and Lightwave 3D effectively. This knowledge will empower students to embark on their own creative journeys, explore new possibilities in 3D animation, and bring their imaginative ideas to life with stunning visual effects and animations.
Page | 136 Post-Assessment I. Directions: Choose the correct option for each question. Select and Encircle the most appropriate answer. 1. Which software application is an industry-standard tool for 3D animation? a. Autodesk Maya b. ZBrush c. Lightwave 3D d. Cinema 4D 2. Which software is widely used in the architectural visualization industry? a. Lightwave 3D b. Autodesk Maya c. ZBrush d. 3ds Max 3. What is the primary purpose of Cinema 4D? a. Texturing and lighting b. Digital sculpting c. 3D modeling and rendering d. Character rigging and animation 4. Which company developed Autodesk Maya? a. Maxon b. Autodesk c. NewTek d. Pixologic 5. Which software is known for its intuitive interface and motion graphics capabilities? a. ZBrush b. 3ds Max c. Lightwave 3D d. Cinema 4D 6. What is the primary purpose of ZBrush?
Page | 137 a. 3D modeling and rendering
Page | 138 b. Texturing and lighting c. Digital sculpting d. Character rigging and animation 7. Which software is commonly used in the film, television, and gaming industries? a. Autodesk Maya b. Lightwave 3D c. ZBrush d. 3ds Max 8. What company developed 3ds Max? a. Autodesk b. Maxon c. NewTek d. Pixologic 9. Which software is widely used for creating high-resolution 3D models? a. Cinema 4D b. ZBrush c. Autodesk Maya d. Lightwave 3D 10. Which software provides a comprehensive suite of tools for modeling, texturing, rigging, and animation? a. ZBrush b. Autodesk Maya c. Lightwave 3D d. 3ds Max 11. Which software was initially developed for DOS-based personal computers? a. Lightwave 3D b. Cinema 4D c. Autodesk Maya d. 3ds Max
Page | 139 12. Which software is favored for motion graphics and advertising? a. ZBrush b. 3ds Max c. Autodesk Maya d. Cinema 4D 13. What is the primary purpose of Lightwave 3D? a. Texturing and lighting b. 3D modeling and rendering c. Character rigging and animation d. Creating visual effects 14. Which software is known for its powerful sculpting tools and brush-based workflow? a. Autodesk Maya b. Cinema 4D c. Lightwave 3D d. ZBrush 15. Which software supports various rendering engines, including Arnold and V-Ray? a. 3ds Max b. ZBrush c. Lightwave 3D d. Autodesk Maya
Page | 140 Performance Task “3DAnimation Showcase: Character Animation Short Film” A. Objectives Aims for students to apply skills in 3D animation software to create a character-driven short film and also demonstrate creativity, storytelling, and attention to detail in the final animation and finally for the students to showcase proficiency in character modeling, rigging, and animation techniques. B. Materials Needed Computers with basic 3D animation software installed Pen and paper for brainstorming and planning. Additional resources like tutorials, reference images, or character design concepts (optional). C. Time Needed Approximately 2 hours D. Instructions Choose a character concept for your short film. Sketch your character design and outline the main characteristics and personality traits. Research and gather reference materials (e.g., images, videos) that align with your character's style and movements. Start by creating a 3D model of your character using the selected 3D animation software. Pay attention to proportions, anatomy, and details. Rig your character by setting up a skeletal structure and creating controls for the movements. Animate your character, focusing on creating natural and expressive movements that convey emotions and tell a story. Use animation techniques such as keyframing, timing, spacing, and anticipation to enhance the realism and appeal of your character's performance. Incorporate additional elementslike props, environments, or special effectsto enhance the visual storytelling. Continuously refine and iterate on your animation, adjusting the timing, easing, and overall polish of the movements. Pay attention to details such as facial expressions, body language, and lip-syncing (if applicable) to make your character come alive. Render your final animation, ensuring the resolution and quality settings are appropriate for presentation. Prepare a brief presentation where you showcase your character animation short film. Explain your creative choices, storytelling approach, and the techniques you utilized. During the presentations, actively engage with your peers by providing constructive feedback and appreciating their work. Reflect on your learning journey, highlighting the progress you made, the challenges you overcame, and the areas for future improvement.
Page | 141 E. Concluding Statement Throughout this performance task, you have demonstrated advanced skills in character modeling, rigging, and animation. Your creativity, attention to detail, and storytelling abilities have brought your characters to life. The showcase not only celebrates your individual achievements but also highlights the collective talent and creativity within the class. Well done!" TOTAL POINTS: 40 POINTS RUBRICS Criteria Advanced (10) Proficient (7) Basic (5) Needs Improvement (2) Character Design The character design is highly creative, original, and visually appealing. Attention to detail is evident, enhancing the overall quality of the design. The character design demonstrates creativity and attention to detail The character design is somewhat creative but lacks originality The character design lacks creativity and attention to detail Animation Technique The character's movements are fluid, natural, and exhibit exceptional realism. Animation principles are consistently applied The character's movements are smooth, natural, and demonstrate realism. Animation principles are applied effectively. The character's movements are somewhat stiff and lacking in realism. Animation principles are inconsistently applied. The character's movements lack fluidity and appear robotic or incomplete Storytelling The short film effectively tells a compelling story with welldeveloped characters and engaging plot twists. The short film tells a coherent story with clear characters, plot progression, and engaging plot twists. The short film has a basic storyline but lacks depth and fails to fully engage the audience. The short film lacks a coherent storyline and fails to engage the audience. Attention to Detail Attention to detail is meticulous. The animation demonstrates a high level of craftsmanship and precision. Most details are well-executed, but minor inconsistencies are present Some details are missing or poorly executed. Lack of attention to detail is evident throughout the animation
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Page | 143 REFERENCES Desh Sewak. (n.d.). [Article Title]. Desh Sewak. https://www.deshsewak.org/english/news/-78109 IT-S. (n.d.). How to Create a 3D Game Character in Autodesk Maya. https://it-s.com/how-to-create-a-3d-game-character-in-autodesk-maya/ Before & After. (2020, June 4). A Visual History of 3ds Max. https://beforesandafters.com/2020/06/04/a-visual-history-of-3ds-max/ Maxon. (n.d.). Cinema 4D: Professional 3D Software. https://www.maxon.net/en/#section-cinema-4d Nemetschek Group. (n.d.). MAXON. https://www.nemetschek.com/en/brand/maxon Pro Video Coalition. (n.d.). Cinema 4D R21: MAXON Introduces a New Version with an Affordable Price. https://www.provideocoalition.com/cinema-4d-r21-maxon-introduces-a-new-versionwith-affordable-price/ LightWave 3D Documentation. (n.d.). LightWave History. https://docs.lightwave3d.com/lw2020/appendices/lightwave-history
Page | 144 FINAL REQUIREMENT “Life in Motion: An Autobiographical 3D Animation" I. DIRECTIONS In this final requirement, you will have the opportunity to create a captivating autobiographical 3D animation that reflects your personal journey and experiences. Follow the detailed instructions below to bring your life story to life through the medium of 3D animation. II. DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS A. Conceptualization and Planning: Reflect on your own life experiences and select a specific theme, period, or significant event that you would like to focus on for your autobiographical 3D animation. Brainstorm and create a written outline or storyboard that highlights the key moments, emotions, and characters you wish to include in your animation. Consider the narrative structure, character development, and visual aestheticsthat will best convey your personal story. B. Asset Creation and Character Design: Design and create 3D assets and characters that represent yourself and other significant individuals or elements in your life story. Consider visual details, such as clothing, hairstyles, and facial expressions, to accurately portray yourself and others involved in your journey. It is important to pay attention to small details that add authenticity and enhance the visual storytelling aspect of your animation. C. Scene Creation and Animation: Chose a 3D animation software (e.g., Autodesk Maya, 3D's Max, Cinema 4D) to create the scenes and animate your autobiographical story. Construct environments, settings, and backgrounds that reflect the specific time periods or locations relevant to your life story. Experiment with different camera angles, lighting techniques, and animation styles to enhance the overall impact of your autobiographical animation. D. Sound Design and Voiceover: Integrate sound effects, background music, and voiceover narration to complement your autobiographical 3D animation. Select appropriate music or create original compositions that evoke the emotions and atmosphere of your life story. Record voiceovers or find suitable voice actors to narrate your personal experiences and provide additional context to the animation. E. Final Presentation and Reflection: Present your completed autobiographical 3D animation to the class, sharing the story behind your r creation. During the presentation, you need to explain your artistic choices, discuss the challenges faced, and reflect on the significance of your life story portrayed through the animation. Finally express the lessons learned, personal growth, and insights gained from the process of creating your autobiographical 3D animation.
Page | 145 III. CHECKLIST Video file of your Final Requirements Storyboard (softcopy) Character Design (softcopy) Narrative Report (hardcopy) IV. DEADLINE After starting, you will have 14 days to finish your final requirements, all outputs that will be passed after it will have deduction (-5 points per day) Make sure to change the file name of your output in this format (Surname, First Name, MI – title of your output). TOTAL POINTS: 100 POINTS V. VIDEO REFERENCE SCAN ME SCAN ME Figure 1 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qh1kp44rfYM Figure 2 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9kjLqZwpKg
Page | 146 VI. RUBRICS Criteria Excellent Good Fair Needs Improvement Storytelling and Narrative Coherence (15 points) The animation tells a compelling and coherent life story. The narrative is mostly clear and cohesive. The story lacks clarity and coherence. The story is confusing or does not effectively convey the intended message. Sound Design and Integration (10 points) Sound effects, background music, and voiceover are expertly integrated and enhance the animation. Sound elements are wellintegrated and complement the animation. Sound elements are present but could be better integrated. Sound elements are poorly integrated or detract from the animation. Character Design and Representation (10 points) Characters are well-designed, accurately representing physical appearances and emotions. Characters are visually appealing and mostly represent their intended traits. Characters lack detail or accurate representation. Characters are poorly designed or do not effectively portray their intended traits. Scene Design and Environmental Details (10 points) Environments and backgrounds are visually rich, detailed, and accurately represent the intended time periods or locations. Environments and backgrounds are visually pleasing and mostly appropriate. Environments lack detail or fail to represent the intended time periods or locations. Environments are simplistic or do not effectively represent the intended time periods or locations. Visual Aesthetics and Animation Quality (15 points) The animation is visually stunning, with smooth and polished animations. The visuals are appealing and animations are mostly smooth. The visuals are average, and animations could be improved. The visuals are poor and animations are choppy or unrefined. Reflection and Personal Connection (10 points) The presenter effectively explains artistic choices, challenges faced, and the significance of the life story. The presenter provides insights into artistic choices and challengesfaced. The presenter briefly reflects on the process and the personal connection. The presenter does not effectively reflect on the process or the personal connection. Presentation and Organization (10 points) The final presentation is engaging, wellorganized, and effectively communicatesthe life story. The presentation is mostly clear, organized, and effectively communicates the life story. The presentation lacks organization or clarity. The presentation is disorganized and fails to effectively communicate the life story. Overall Impression (20 points) The animation demonstrates exceptional creativity, technical skills, and personal expression. The animation showcases good creativity, technical skills, and personal expression. The animation shows some creativity and technical skills, but improvements are needed. The animation lacks creativity, technical skills, and personal expression.
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Page | 148 https://armaturenine.wordpress.com/tag/quadruped/ Pinterest. (n.d.). [Wire armature and 3D animation]: https://co.pinterest.com/pin/293859944428911881/ Armature Nine. (2018, January 20). Custom Mouse Armature with Four-Fingered Hands and Long Tail: https://armaturenine.wordpress.com/2018/01/20/custom-mouse-armature-with-fourfingered-hands-and-long-tail/ Instructables. (n.d.). Wire Armature Device: https://www.instructables.com/Wire-Armature-Device/ Wikipedia. (2021, September 22). Polymer clay: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_clay Alcolin. (n.d.). Epoxy Putty (White): https://www.alcolin.com/diy-products/epoxy/epoxy-putty-white/ Rapid Electronics Ltd. (n.d.). Loctite Structural Bonding: https://www.rapidonline.com/brands/loctite/adhesives/structural-bonding Media Freaks. (2023, April 20). The Process of 3D Animation: https://www.media-freaks.com/2023/04/20/the-process-of-3d-animation/ Creative Bloq. (n.d.). Understand the 12 principles of animation: https://www.creativebloq.com/advice/understand-the-12-principles-of-animation InFocus Film School. (n.d.). A Brief History of 3D Animation: https://infocusfilmschool.com/history-of-3d-animation/ Shawn Kelly. (2018, August 28). The Art of 3D Animation | John Lasseter's Pixar Journey. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lYYyR6lwo0 Pixar. (n.d.). Our Story: https://www.pixar.com/our-story-pixar Lesley University. (n.d.). The 12 Principles of Animation: https://lesley.edu/article/the-12-principles-of-animation Jonty Lovell. (2018, August 8). The illusion of life - 12 principles of animation. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=uDqjIdI4bF4 AniMOSity. (n.d.). The 12 Principles of Animation: https://animost.com/tutorials/12-principles-of-animation/ Screen Rant. (2020, September 28). Claymation Films: The 10 Highest Rated, Ranked According To IMDb: https://screenrant.com/claymation-films-highest-rated-ranked-imdb/ Animation Kolkata. (2018, June 11). Tips on Character Rigging for 3D Animation:
Page | 149 http://www.animationkolkata.com/blog/2018/06/11/tips-character-rigging-3danimation/ Desh Sewak. (n.d.). 3D Animation: The Future of Advertising. https://www.deshsewak.org/english/news/-78109 IT-S. (n.d.). How to Create a 3D Game Character in Autodesk Maya: https://it-s.com/how-to-create-a-3d-game-character-in-autodesk-maya/ Befores & Afters. (2020, June 4). A visual history of 3ds Max: https://beforesandafters.com/2020/06/04/a-visual-history-of-3ds-max/ Maxon. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved from https://www.maxon.net/en/#section-cinema-4d Nemetschek Group. (n.d.). MAXON: https://www.nemetschek.com/en/brand/maxon Provider of professional 3D modeling, animation, rendering, and software solutions. (n.d.). Cinema 4D R21: Maxon introduces a new version with an affordable price: https://www.provideocoalition.com/cinema-4d-r21-maxon-introduces-a-new-versionwith-affordable-price/ LightWave Documentation Team. (n.d.). LightWave History: https://docs.lightwave3d.com/lw2020/appendices/lightwave-history